2011 USAREUR.United States Army in Europe

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Copyright © 1992 by CONCORD PUBLICATIONS CO . 603-609 Castle Peak Road Kong Nam Industrial Building 10/F, Bl, Tsuen Wan New Territories, Hong Kong All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced , stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Concord Publications Co. We welcome authors who can help expand our range of books. If you would like to submit material, please feel free to contact us. We are always on the look-out for new, unpublished photos for this series. If you have photos or slides or information you feel may be useful to future volumes, please send them to us for possible future publication. Full photo credits will be given upon publication.

ISBN 962-361-911-1 Printed in Hong Kong

FRONT COVER A M1A1 "Abrams" of 3-66 AR, 2d AD (FWD), passes a M901 on a road near Hannover while on exercise "Free Lion" in September 1988.

BACK COVER A M1A1 of a 4-32 AR, 3rd Armored Division, du ri ng "Caravan Guard" in September 1989. This unit participated in the CAT 89 competition held six months earlier.

Dedication Th is book is dedicated to all "Keepers of the Peace".

Acknowledgements Spec ia l thanks are due to Sabine Rotter for her inva luab le help, to Volkmar Roesner, Stephen "Cookie " Sewell a nd Thomas Laber for helping me with additional photos and informations . A "million thanks" are owed to many friends for their support, especially to Miss Milly Waters a nd SSG Elayne Venema of the Public Affairs Office of USAREUR, Maj Shively and SSG Edgar Stitt of PAO 3rd ID , for their inva luable help in putting this book together.

Preface

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The United States Army, Europe (USAREUR) is a c ornerstone of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) land defenses in Europe - a powerful armored/ mechanized and nuclear supported force . USAREUR 's overall command mission is to maintain a combat ready force to deter and to defeat hostile aggression . The political situation in Europe has changed c onsiderably since November 1989. The Inner German Border (1GB) and the Berlin Wall fell , followed by the p o litical change in the then German Democratic Republic (which then was a member of the Warsaw Pact), and finally led to the reunification of Germany in

Introduction

1990. Along with the political changes in Poland, CSFR, Rumania and Hungary and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in April 1991 considerably lowers the thre at to the free world . Additionally and somehow as a partially reflection of the new political situation, the Conference of Disarmament in Europe (CDE) will bring the reduction of conventional forces, including the military strength of the USAREUR. However, the intension of this book is to present a review of the current organization and equipment of the USAREUR.

---------------~-------------------In case of war USAREUR combat forces would come Europe (SACEUR), a position currently held by US General under NATO command. Most of USAREUR's fighting John R. Galvin who is also the commander-in-chief of elements , until August 1991 organized in Vth and Vllth EUCOM. Corps , are in southern Germany and would therefore USAREUR is the Army component of US European Command (EUCOM). The other two service components c ome under NATO command Central Army Group (CENTAG) . The only US element within NATO's Northern of EUCOM are US Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) with Army Group (NORTHAG) is the 3rd (Heavy) Brigade, 2nd headquarters in Ramstein , and US Naval Forces, Europe (USNAVEUR) with headquarters in London. Armored Division (Forward) of IIlrd Corps. Both, CENTAG and NORTHAG, form Allied Forces Central Europe USAREUR ( " Keepers of the Peace"), with (AFCENT), with headquarters in Brunssum (The headquarters located at Heidelberg , deals with the Netherlands) , which comes directly under the Allied Department of the Army on matters related only to the -:ommand Europe (ACE) , the highest NATO military Army, but matters concerning joint US activities are c ommand in Europe . The ACE headquarters is known as handled 'rhrough HQ EUCOM. Currently,the commander­ the Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, Europe in-chiefofthe United States Army, Europe (CINC USAREUR) (SHAPE), and is located near Mons (Belgium). The is General Crosbie E. Saint. c ommander of ACE is the Supreme Allied Commander

Until August 1991, the USAREUR consisted of: IIlrd (US) Corps (Headquarters at Ft. Hood, Texas) 2nd Armored Division (Forward) Vth (US) Corps (Headquarters at Frankfurt) 11 th Armored Cavalry Regiment 3rd Armored Division 8th Infantry Division (Mechanized) 3rd Support Command 22nd Signal Brigade 41 st and 42nd Field Artillery Brigades 130th Engineer Brigade 205th Military Intelligence Group 12th Combat Aviation Brigade 18th Military Police Brigade Vllth (US) Corps (Headquarters at Stuttgart) 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment 1st Armored Division 1st Infantry Division (Forward) 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) 2nd Support Command 93rd Signal Brigade Vllth Corps Artillery 7th Engineer Brigade 207th Military Intelligence Brigade 11th Aviation Brigade 14th Militarv Police Brigade Other key USAREUR organizations include 7th Army Training Command, 32nd Army Air Defense Command (32nd AADCOM), 5th Signal Command , 7th Medical Command, 4th Transportation Command, 59th Ordnance Brigade and 18th Engineer Brigade. If necessary, such as in the case of war, US forces in Europe will be reinforced by troops from continental USA (CONUS). Until recently, reinforcing units deploy by air regulary from CONUS to Europe to take part in a NATO exercise, and then return to CONUS. This operation is known as return of forces to Germany (REFORGER). Some equipmentforthese units is prepositioned in Europe in special warehouses in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany, officially known as prepositioned material configured to unit sets (POMCUS), and maintained combat ready by 21st Theater Army Area Command. Due to a new training concept of USAREUR, the aid of computer simulation makes large scale deployment of forces unnecessary, as happened at REFORGER 1990 exercise "Centurion Shield", when speCially marked HMMWVs (with Nerf-balls) simulated tanks. The last large scale exercise was at REFORGER 1988 field training exercise CFTX) "Certain Challenge", when Vth and VII

Corps were, together with NATO-allies, facing each other on oppOSing sides. Constant training is a cornerstone to maintain combat readiness. Significant among USAREUR' straining facilities are Grafenwoehr, Hohenfels and Wildflecken training areas, operated by the 7th Army Training Command. Units also train at more than 200 local training areas near their home stations. When not in the field, units use the latest training aids, including computerized electronic training devices and simulators. An extensive exercise and maneuver schedule emphasizes interoperabilitywith the US Air Force and forces of other NATO countries. However, in August 1991 a structural change lead to a series of redeSignating and reassigning of units. The VII'I-h Corps, that fought at "Desert Storm", will not return to Europe, the only remaining US Corps will be Vth Corps and Ilird Corps. 3rd Infantry Division becomes the largest Division with 6 Brigades, a combat aviation BDE, Division Artillery, 3rd Engineer Brigade, DISCOM and a number of divisional troops. 3rd ID takes over several battalions of former 1st Armored Division, which in return takes over battalions from 3rd Armored Division and from 8th Infantry Division_ Therefore the new organization of USAREUR is as follows: Vth Corps with Headquarters in Frankfurt now consists of 1st Armored Division 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) 41 st Field Artillery Brigade 130th Engineer Brigade 22nd Signal Brigade 3rd COSCOM IIlrd Corps consists of 3rd BDE/2nd Division (the rest of the Division, formerly stationed at Ft. Hood/Texas, has been disbanded and the former "2nd AD (forward)" becomes 2nd AD) However, USAREUR is committed to an overall mission to deter war. Maintaining strength and preparedness through rigorous training, force modernization and equipment readiness has contributed to deterring war in Europe for more than 45 years. Michael Jerchel. Hannover/ Germany

An OH-58C "Kiowa" scout helicopter : _-ing "Caravan Guard 89", with the yellow _ _ gle marking of the controller force. Both _ doors have been removed.

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This OH-58D is hovering low over ground during REFORGER 90 FTX "Centurion Shield". This version of the aeroscout has the mast mounted observation/designation sight, improved communication equipment and a four blade rotor. First "Deltas", as they are commonly known, were delivered in November 1985.

The "Deadly Duo", an OH-58D "Kiowa" and an AH-64A "Apache", during "Centurion Shield" in January 1990. Hardly any other army makes such intensive use of helicopters.

An OH-58 "Delta" of 3rd Infantry Division's Army Aviation during a capability exercise recently held at Grafenwoehr training area.

Standard Transportation helicopter is the UH-60A "Blackhawk", highly praised by the crews due to it's reliability. This one here is seen at Dolar Barracks during "Centurion Shield" in January 1990.

Only very few UH-1H "Hueys" are kept in service as command ships. This one here is approaching to land at Schwaebisch Hall airfield during "Centurion Shield" in January 1990.

The space inside the UH-60A "Blackhawk" is acceptable even for soldiers in full combat gear. These soldiers of 11th Cavalry Regiment will soon take­ off for an air assault during REFORGER 90.

For MEDEVAC operations, the "Blackhawk" can be fitted with an ambulance/stretcher kit and winch. This one here is of 159th Medical Company, a specialized unit providing medical support for USAREUR.

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An UH-60A "Blackhawk" MEDEVAC helicopter of 159th Medical Company approaching to land at Dolan-Barracks during "Certain Challenge".

----------UH-60A "Bl ack hawks" of 1 - : ­ Cavalry , part of blue forces du( - ; "Cen turion Shield", take off to def: ~ soldiers in an air assau lt.

This UH -6 0A "Blackhawk" with ESSS (External Store Support System) was used by the Commander-in-Chief, USAREUR (CINCUSAREUR) , General Crosbie E. Saint, during the CAT 89 competition in Bergen . Th.e ESSS would allow even th e fitting of AGM­ 114A "Hellfire" anti-tank missiles to the "Blackhawk". In this case, external fuel tanks are fitted. UH-60A fitt ed with ESSS are still a rare sight.

The CH-47D "Chinook" is the standard medium helicopter of the US Army. Seen in background are a UH­ 1H. a OH-58C and a UH-60A during REFORGER 90.

With their engines still running . these CH-47 "Chinooks" of 159th Aviation Battalion refill at Schwaebisch Hall airfield during REFORGER 90 FTX "Centurion Shield " in January 1990.

A CH-47D "Chinook" of 159th Aviation Battalion undergoing maintenance . This unit was part of gold forces during REFORGER 90.

One of 2d Armored Division's (Forward) AH-1 S (MC) during 1 (NL) Corps FTX "Free Lion" in September 1988. After serving with the US Army for more than 20 years , the "Huey Cobra" is to be replaced by the AH-64A "Apache". "Cobra" was to supply rapid tank killing capability to assist ground armor.

This photo of an AH-64A "Ap ac he" of 2/ 6th CAV was taken infl ight from an UH-60A "Blackhawk" during "Certain Challenge".

This AH-64A "Apache " of gold forces was seen carrying out a simulated attack on blue fo rces during REFORGER 90 FTX/CPX "Centurion Shield".

This AH-64A "Apache" is going to land at the edge of a forest to refuel during "Centurion Shield". This "bird" surely looks like an angry insect!

Hovering low over ground , this ·Apache " waits to carry out a simulation of firing one of it's eight anti­ armor missiles during REFORGER 90 FTX "Centurion Shield". Normally the AH-64A cooperates with a number of OH -58C / D scout helicopters, which provide the target designation for the AGM-114A "Hellfire" - missiles of the "Apache".

Four AH-64A "Apaches" of gold forces take off from a refuelling point located at the edge of a forest during "Centurion Shield". The M230 30mm chain gun fitted to the underside of the AH-64A "Apache" provides additional fire power. External stores include up to 16 AGM-114A "Hellfire" anti-armor missiles or a mix of 8 "Hellfires" and two pods with unguided , fin folding aerial rockets (FFAR).

An AH-64A "Apache" attack helicopters take off from an improvised airfield (field location) after refuelling during "Centurion Shield" in January 1990.

A Major of an anti-armor unit (M901) of 1st Armored Division during "Centurion Shield", a winter exercise of the REFORGER series held in southern Germany in January 1990.

Soldier of 4-7 INF/3rd Inf. Div. on guard while on exercise at GTA.

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TOW-gunner of a M966 , US-Berlin BDE , wears a face protection against the grim cold during REFORGER 90 FTX "Centru ion Shield". Jettingen , January 1990.

The tank-commander watches the bridge laying operati on carried out by his M60 AVLB during "Free Lion".

Combat training is carried out at the Combat Maneuver Training Center (CMTC) at Hohenfels under use of the Multi Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES). Seen here is a soldier of 3rd Infantry Division with such equipment.

The "beeper-box" of MILES, which sounds when simulated fire is aimed at the soldier or when hit. Seen here are soldiers of 3rd Infantry Division inside the maneuver-box of the CMTC Hohenfels during a wargame exercise.

Machine-gunner of B-Co./5-15 INF, 3rd Inf. Div. talks to an umpire while on exercise inside the maneuver box of CMTC Hohenfels. Note the attached MILES-gear.

The Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) , General Galvin, during a visit of soldiers involved in Operation "Desert Shield" at the port of Bremerhaven. (Photo: Volkmar Roesner)

The M136 light anti-tank weapon (AT-4 "The Equalizer") replaces the LAW M79A2 among USAREUR. Available for training is a special version (shown here), firing sub-caliber ammunition.

MILES - "Dragon", the training version of this ATGW. in firing position.

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A VOlkswagen Van of Norddeutschland Community during loading operations at the port of Bremerhaven during "Desert Shield" in December 1990. (Photo: Volkmar Roesner)

The mobile field kitchen (MFK) . seen here in traveling order. is towed normally by a 5 ton truck.

Also a great number of Mercedes 210 Ambulances are in operation with USAREUR. This one here. colored forest green . provides support to soldiers of Vllth Corps during loading operations of "Desert Shield" at Bremerhaven.

The USAREUR uses a few 2 ton UNIMO G tr u c~s providing support for the training facilities , seen at CMTC Hohenfels in June 1990.

Eve n a few 5 ton Mercedes 1017 se e service with ...SAREUR , for example at CMTC Hohenfels.

In US service th e Mercedes Benz 230G received the nickname "G-wagen". This one here is operated by Vth (US) Corps and bears neutral (white) markings on the hood and was used for Press work during "Centurion Shield" at Donauwoerth .

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The small emplacement excavator (SEE) sees extensive use as a versatile workhorse among engineer units of the US Army. The SEE shown here is of 10th Engineer Battalion , 3rd Infantry Division during a recent exercise at CMTC Hohenfels.

This light maintenance truck of the older Dodge M880 CUCV-Generation was still in service in January 1990 during "Centurion Shield".

A quite rare example of the M1 008 is this vehicle operated by a MP company , hence the two lights on the roof. This M1008 was deployed at Babenhausen during REFORGER 90.

This M1009 commercial utility cargo vehicle (CUCV) of 3-4 CAV was part of OPFOR during a recent exercise of 3rd Infantry Division at CMTC Hohenfels. Note the spare wheel attached to the vehicle's rear.

Brand new M1 01 0 ambulances seen at Bergen during "Certain Strike " in 1987 , when they were drawn out of

POMCUS and used fo r the first time in a large scale exercise.

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Another version of the commercial utility cargo vehicle - family is the M1028, basically a M1008 with shelter. - is M1028 of the Berlin Brigade is painted in olive drab, a . or somewhat "exclusively" reserved for this Brigade. ~ U CV)

A M998 towing a mobile field kitchen (MFK) goes onboard USNS "Cape Inscription " in Bremerhaven during operation "Desert Shield" in December 1990. (Photo: Volkmar Roesner)

This M998 is part of an ambulance !eam of 10th Mountain Division during -Ce nturion Shield" in January 1990. Such team consists of a M998 for the doctor and some M997 Maxi Ambulances.

This is a M998 of a Forward Air Controller (FAC), and therefore operated by the USAF. The FAC is attached to ground forces and provides support by the air force . Seen here is a M998 of the USAF attached to 2d Armored Division (Forward).

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Simulation rules: M998 of gold forces with orange Neri-ball attached to the antennae, simulating a M1A1 tank during REFORGER 90 FTX / CPX "Centurion Shield" .

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A beautiful looking M998 of 10th

Mountain Division, converted to the

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A very rare softskin - HMMWV fitted with winch, making it a M1038, of 10th Mountain Div. , during "Centurion Shield" in January 1990.

One of the rare M 1035 soft top

=..- Ju lances, this one is of 2d BN-64th or, 3rd Inf. Div. and was seen at ::-afenwoehr during a recent exercise.

The shelter carrying variant of the HMMWV is designated M 1037. This M1037 of 2d CAV (Vllth Corp's reconnaissance unit) with generator in tow, awaiting shipment to Saudi-Arabia during operation "Desert Shield" in December 1990. (Photo: Sabine Rotter)

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A plain olive drab HMMWV of the US Berlin Brigade, participating in REFORGER 9.0 and seen at Dolan Barracks in Schwaebisch Hall. This is the armored carrier designated M1025.

I Some M1025 HMMWVs of 2d AD's Military Police. These vehicles were drawn from POMCUS and have their MP markings in yellow and serial number at the sides , seen during "Certain Strike" in September 1987. Standard armament for a MP-HMMWV is the M60 light machinegun. Rarely used alternative armament are the M2 HMG or the Mk.19 automatic grenade launcher.

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A M1025 with M60 machinegun "manned" by a female soldier, belonging to the Military Police unit of 3rd Armored Division, after checking up the identity cards of "suspicious" photojournalists.........Happening during "Caravan Guard 89".

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-The armored carrier with winch is designated M1026. This HMMWV shown is of 1st Infantry Division's MP and was seen at the CMOC at Babenhausen during REFORGER 90.

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The armored carrier with TOW is designated M966. Quite confusingly since any M1025 can be fitted with a TOW, it would then also change the designation to M966. This one shown here is plain olive drab and is of the US Berlin Brigade, seen in Jettingen during a "fight" with gold forces.

A M966 armored TOW carrier of the US Berlin Brigade, painted olive drab, seen in the town of Jettingen during "Centurion Shield" in January 1990.

A soldier of the US Berlin Brigade mans the TOW of a M966 HMMWV during a (simulated) fight with oposing forces during REFORGER 90.

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A maxi ambulance M997 of 3rd Armored Division can be seen here, providing support (CST = CAT Support Team) during the CAT 89 competition in Bergen .

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A M997 maxi ambulance of 3rd Infantry Division operated by an entire female crew, with stuffed animals behind the windshield, during an exercise at Grafenwoehr training area (GTA).

A M997 maxi ambulance of the 10th Mountain Division, with the red cross markings turned over for camouflage purposes, during REFORGER 90.

The M997 can carry up to four wounded soldiers on stretchers.

Good bye to an "old warrior": The 2.5 ton truck M35A2 will soon disappear from the inventory and is replaced by HMMWVs or 5 tonners. This M35A2 with winch of 8th Infantry Division was seen during REFORGER 88 FTX "Certain Challenge".

An operation center supporting AH-64A "Apaches", latter fielded for the first time in Europe during "Certain Strike" in 1987. The antennae in foreground is part of the IFF system.

A "deuce-and-a-half", nickname of the M35A2, of 203rd Support Battalion , 3rd Infantry, entering a motor pool at Grafenwoehr.

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A M35A2 of 69th Chemical Battalion , 1 st Armored Division , during loading operation s at Bremerhaven in conjunction with operation "Desert Shield".

A M35A2 with winch (note bumper fitted upside down in this version) , of 2-15 INF, 3rd 10, towing a 1.5 ton trailer during an exercise at CMTC Hohenfels in June 1990.

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A "deuce-and-a-half", as the M35A2 is known among troops, of 3rd 10 on exercise at Hohenfels in 1990.

A 5 ton maintenance truck of 10th Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division, seen at CMTC Hohenfels in June 1990.

The M923 is the 5 ton standard truck. The example shown is painted in forest green and has the name "Road Warrior" applied to the hood.

The M923A2 is the latest version of the 5 ton tactical truck series produced at Marysville. It has a new engine with half the weight of the former versions and a 33% greater operating range. The 1400R20 single tires have a central tire inflation system (CTIS). This truck belongs to 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, which became 1st Brigade of 1st Armored Division during operation "Desert Shield/ Desert Storm".

A M923 with fuel tanks served as a mobile "gas station" for vehicles of the 3rd Infantry Division on exercise at Grafenwoehr.

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A M923 serving an OH-58C of 2d Armored Division with fuel during

REFORGER 87 FTX "Certain Strike".

A 5 ton truck M925, which is simply spoken a "M923 with winch", also painted in the NATO camouflage scheme. It belongs to 1Oth Mountain Division, which was part of gold forces during "Centurion Shield" in January 1990.

A "stretched" 5 ton truck, designated M927, serving as fire control/command vehicle of a "Patriot" ­ battery during a recent exercise.

Another variant based on the M927 is the power supply station, serving with "Patriot" units.

The antenna mast group is also based on the "stretched" 5 ton M927 truck. The truck shown was on display at Ramstein airbase in 1988.

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A M931 tractor with ex pando shop van trailer of 203rd Support Battalion, 3rd Inf. Div. during an exercise in Granfenwoehr in 1990.

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A M931 towing a fuel tank trailer during a recent exercise at CMTC Hohenfels .

Various tank trucks take over fuel delivered by a tra in of Deutsche Bundesbahn during REFORGER 90 . Note the additional rearview mirror of the M931.

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Standard wrecker is the M936 . the one shown is of Headquarters Troop, Vth Squadron/11th CAV during REFORGER 90.

The M929 dump truck sees extensive use with engineer units. The one shown is of 10th Engineer Battalion , 3rd Infantry Division on exercise at Grafenwoehr.

Not only every headquarter's company has a number of M934 expansible trucks, as this M934 is of 10th Engineer BN , 3rd In!. Div . during an exercise at CMTC Hohenfels.

Later delivered 5 ton trucks received single 14.00R20 tyres and received the addition "A 1" to the designator. This M923A 1 of 8th Infantry Division participated in a joint exercise at Bergen in early 1990.

The third generation of the 5 ton tactical truck class received a central tyre inflation system (CTIS) and a new turbo charged 6CTA8 .3 engine , that provides the same level of power as the previous NHC 250 but has half the weight and a 33% greater operating rate. This version received the addition "A2" to the designator . The NATO camouflage scheme is factory applied. This M923A2 of Headquarters/Headquarters Company, 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division was shipped to Saudi-Arabia during "Desert Shield".

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A 10 ton 8x8 truck M977 of 2d Battalion - 66th AR, 2d Armored Division (Forward) in Garlstedl. The tactical markings in sand were used by 2d AD (F) until autumn of 1988, when they were changed to USAREUR standard.

A M977 of 2-66 AR, 2d AD (F) with pallets consisting in total of 120 rounds of 120mm ammunition for the M 1A 1. Seen during a live firing exercise held at range 8B in Bergen , early 1988.

The M977 has a Hiab lifting crane installed at the vehicle's rear. The M977 HEMTT, highly praised by crews due to it's excellent cross country maneuverability, was produced by Oshkosh and delivered between 1982-87.

A low over ground hovering OH­ 580 "Kiowa" aeroscout during REFORGER FTX "Centurion Shield" in January 1990. The mask mounted sight includes a laser designator and a TV-camera.

This UH-60A "Blackhawk" of 3rd - s seen during take-off at CMTC -:~enfels during a recent exercise.

An OH-58C "Kiowa" and an AH-1 S (MC) of 3rd Infantry Division's aviation sit at Hohenfels airfield during an exercise.

A CH-47D "Chinook" coming in to land at Dolan Barracks during REFORGER 90 FTXlCPX "Centurion Shield" in January 1990.

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AH-64A taking off from a field location after refuelting during REFORGER 90 FTXlCPX "Centurion Shield".

A TOW on tripod with thermal sight, 3rd ID, on exercise insid e :- ~ maneuver box at combat maneuver training center (CMTC) Hohenfels.

Soldiers of 1st BN/41 INF, 2d AD (F) , prior to a rive " :-::: ­ operation during 1 (NL) Corps FTX "Free Lion". Soldier in 1::"-= ; --: . - : carries M16A1 with M203 grenade launcher. Soldiers v. ~=· overgarment and life-vests.

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The M151A2 has been replaced by the HMMWV, and the last time a few "Jeeps" were used was during REFORGER 88 FTX "Certain Challenge". This Mt5t A2 of 130th Engineer Battalion, a Vth Corps unit , is captured by gold forces (Canadians).

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A M998 HMMWV of 3-4 CAV , 3rd ID , with OPFOR markings during a recent exercise at CMTC Hohenfels .

A M1025 a.rmored HMMWV of 3rd Armored Division's MP :- a "swing free" M60 machinegunner placed in the re ar : ~ - ;) artment , during Vth (US) Corp s FTX/ CPX "Caravan ::'_"'-0 90".

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A M35A2 of 1-7 INF, 3rd ID. during an exercise in April 1990 at Grafenwoehr.

A M977 HEMTT 10 ton tactica: truck of a MLRS battery, 3rd Infantry Division, seen on exercise at Grafenwoehr.

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A M977 with trailer of an engines ­ unit , p.art of gold forces du rir ; REFORGER 88 FTX "Cert a i ~ Challenge" , providing support to '" Canadian infantry unit.

- ::3 ' 2 mortar carriers of 3-4 CAV, sitting In a motorpool at CMTC Hohenfels in April 1990.

Engineers of 8th Infantry Division in theirMl13A2 with a MICLIC trailer in tow during REFORGER FTX "Certain Challenge" in September 1988. Note the 57mm recoilless gun attached .

A M 113A3 ambulance of 3-63 AR , 3rd I D part of - Sou thlands" gold forces, standing on a field near • " ldmannshofen during exercise "Certain Challenge" in s."p ember 1988.

A M901 improved TOW vehicle (lTV) of 2d AD (F), w ;; ­ camouflage netting, during 1 (NL) Corps FTX "Free Lion" -­ September 1988 near Hildesheim.

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A German Army machinegunner provides close defense for a M901 of 3rd CAV, 8th 10, during "Certain Challenge".

A M901 imp roved TOW vehicle (lTV) with the foldable "hammerhead" twin launcher turret in firing position, of 2d AC (F) near Hannover during "Free Lion" in September 1988.

A M163A1 "Vulcan" air defense system (VADS) of 5th Btlry, 3rd Air De·fense Artillery BN, 8th 10, providing close range air defense with its 20mm six-barreled rotary cannon to a Canadian "Leopard" 1C Company in the town of Altenkirchen during "Caravan Guard 89".

- :-J mn of M2 "Bradley" IFVs of 3rd 10, part of gold

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M2 of 2d AD (F) lined up during a simulated fight with Dutch "Leopard" 2 during 1 (NL) Corps FTX "Free Lion". The infantry battalion (1-41 INF) of 2d AD (F) still has the original "Bradley" version until recently.

A M3 "Bradley" cavalry fighting vehicle (CFV) of 3-66 AR, AD (F). on a reconnaissance mission near river Leine close ':' lIdesheim during "Free Lion" in September 1988. ~j

A M3A 1 of 11 th CAV, part of blue forces during "Caravan Guard 89", in the town of Altenkirchen .

A M3A2 "Bradley" CFV of 1st Infantry Division (Forward), stationed in Boeblingen, on a reconnaissance mission in a forest near Dettingen durin\"; "Centurion Shield".

A M3A2 of 1st I D (F) with raised TOW 2-launcher on a reconnaissance mission during REFORGER FTX/CPX "Centurion Shield" in January 1990, when this latest version of the "Bradley" was fielded in an exercise for the first time.

A M2A2 "Bradley" IFV of 4-7 INF going down range d:.. -;:.-.-; a training exercise at GTA in April 1990.

A M2A2 of 5-15 INF, 3rd 10, inside the maneuver box of Combat Maneuver Training Center Hohenfels. Note the MILES equipment and th e device attached to the gunbarrel in the BLUEFOR version.

A M2A2 of 5-15 INF, 3rd 10, of BLUEFOR during a recent sxercise inside the maneuver box at Hohenfels. Note the rolls :' concertina wire on the upper glacis, a common recognition 'eature of the infantry version .

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- - iers of 5-15 INF pose in front of their M2A2 "Bradley" at HohenfeJs. Note the attached MILES equipment.

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A M60A3 of D-Company, 2-68 AR, 8th Infantry Division, attacking a formation of 3rd Infantry Division near Waldmannshofen during "Certain Challenge". The 8th Infantry Division received their M1A1 "Abrams", as last unit of USAREUR, in 1989. REFORGER 88 was the last event seeing large scale use of the M60A3 among USAREUR.

M1A1 "Abrams" of 3rd Infantry Division during tactical movements while involved in a fight with M60A3 Of 8th Infantry Division during REFORGER 88.

A M1 A 1 of 3-63 AR, 3rd ID, in motion during an engagement with opposing forces near Waldmannshofen during REFORGER 88. Note the use of the very unusual old style side skirt over the driving wheel.

A M1A1 of 3rd Armored Division exercise "Certain Cha llenge" in 3eptembe r 1988, the last large scale ~ =FORGER FTX until recently.

M1 A 1 "Abrams" MBTs of 4-67 AR , 3rd AD, part of blue forces, and accompanying umpire HMMWVs are standing next to a railroad line prior to an advance towards a village held by gold forces, during "Certain Challenge".

This is the M1 A 1 of A-Company : )m mander, 3rd Battalion, 63rd - -mor ed Regiment , 3rd Infantry : vis ion, after a "tank battle" with . '60A3s of 8th Infantry Division during : ertain Challenge" .

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M1A1 "Abrams" of 3rd Infantry Division, sporting special markings applied during the Canadian Army Trophy (CAT) competition of NATO tank gunnery conducted in June 1989 on range 9 at Bergen-Hohne.

The CAT competition sees selected teams of NORTHAG and CENT AG challenging each other every two years to fight for a trophy in a live firing competition at either Bergen or Grafenwoehr range. Participation in the fight for the Canadian Army Trophy, a silver model of a Centurion-tank, means great honor for the tankers, who apply colored special CAT markings to their tanks. This M1A1 is of 3rd Armored Division, participating in CAT 89.

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A M1A1 of 3rd ID on exercise at CMTC Hohenfels in June 1990. Note the dirt on the glacis.

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M 1A 1 "Abrams" of BLU EFOR staying alert, waiting for eventual OPFOR units whHe on exercise at CMTC Hohenfels. Note the MILES equipment and the Hoffman device (gunfire simulator) attached to the turret.

A M60A3 "Patton" of 197th Brigade (Independent) seen near Aub during "Certain Challenge".

This light recovery vehicle M578 of an artillery unit of 3rd ID awaits it's turn to go into the tank wash at Grafenwoehr training area after an exercise.

A M88A1 of 3-4 CAY, 3rd ID, prior

:0 an exercise inside the maneuver box at CMTC Hohenfels .

A M728 CEV of 3rd Inf. Div. is prepared by crew members to go into the maneuver box at Hohenfels.

A M60 armored vehicle, launche r. br idge (AVLB) , of 10th Enginee r Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division at CMTC Hohenfels (minus bridge).

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A M60 armored vehicle, launcher, bridge (AVLB) of 3rd Inf. Div. can be seen standing on a field south of Bad Mergentheim during REFORGER 88 FTX "Certain Challenge".

A M109A2 of 8th Inf. Div . and a M548 ammunition supply vehicle during a recent exercise.

A Ml09A3, which is a M109A1 modified to A2 standard, of 8th Infantry Division during an exercise.

A M992 forward area artillery support vehicle (FAASV) of 2d CAV driving through a small German town during "Certain Challenge". Thi s FAASV is painted forest green and has maneuver markings applied to the sides.

A M 11 OA2 203mm SP Howitzer drives into firing position during "Certain Challenge".

A M110A2 and a M548 ammunition supply vehicle deploy in a position on a field during REFORGER 88. Note that the M110A2 lacks the canvas for weather protection .

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A MLRS of 3rd Infantry Division at high speed on the tank road at Grafenwoehr training area.

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Rear view of a M730 "Chaparral" on display at Ramstein airbase in 1988. The four MIM 72 "Sidewinder" missiles are training items.

A MLRS with its launcher in firing position, carrying out a (simulated) firing mission during REFORGER 88 . This vehicle is named "Chained Lightning" and is of 8th Infantry Division.

A well camouflaged radar set on semi-trailer of a "Patriot" battery during an exercise. (Photo: USAREUR)

Semi-trailer mounted launchers deployed in the field during a recent exercise. (Photo: USAREUR)

A M977 serving as resupply vehicle for a MLRS launcher unit of 3rd Inf. Div. during a live firing exercise at Grafenwoehr in April 1990. The M977 HEl.1TI with trailer can carry 6 rocket containers of 6 tubes each.

M984 recovery truck of 11th CAV during "Centurion Shield". When operating in the wrecker mode, the lifting capacity of the truck is 11,300kg.

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lI ing a M998 HMMWV is one of the easy tasks for a M984, seen here during an exercise at CMTC Hohenfels.

A M978 fuel seNing truck of 11 th CAV brings fuel for helicopters in a field location during "Centurion Shield".

This M978 of an MLRS battery of 3rd In!. Div. pulls a trailer with extra fuel tank during a recent exercise at Grafenwoehr.

The M984 is ideally suited for recovery work, a Hiab crane helps in case of necessary unload operations of a broken down truck. This vehicle of 3rd Inf. Div. at CMTC Hohenfels pulls up some truck wheels.

A M978 HEMTT fuel seNing truck of an aviation unit, still painted in forest green, during "Centurion Shield" in January 1990.(Photo: USAREUR)

A M978 fuel seNi ng truck in operation at Schwaebisch-Hall airfield, Dolan Barracks, during REFORGER 1990.

This militarized commercial truck with container of Vllth Corps engineer brigade was seen in Bremerhaven shortly before going onboard a ship destinated for the Gulf during "Desert Shield".

A 4x2 tractor, terminal , took over the trailer from a M916 in background, to bring the load onboard a Ro-Ro ship : _- ng loading operations at Bremerhaven in support of ~ :~ -a ti on 'Desert Shield".

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A 20 ton 6x6 tractor M916 with flatbed trailer of 10th Engineer BN/3rd Inf. Div. at Grafenwoehr during an exercise in April 1990. The M916 was designed by Crane Carrier Co. (CCC) as "Centaur" and license produced by AM General as militarized 6x6 truck.

One of the last units to operate the 22.5 ton 8x8 Ward _3France M746 heavy equipment transporters (HET) with . 74 7 60 ton semi trailer was 3rd Armored Division. The ~_ amples shown here were on display at Rhein Main airbase =. : rankfurt in1988. Originally the M746/M747 combination , 3.S designed to transport the projected MBT 70, and were =_itt from 1973-76.

Meanwhile the Oshkosh produced truck tractor 22.5 ton 8x6 M911 replaced the M746, while the 60 ton semi trailer M747 still serves on.

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A Caterpillar bulldozer, already looking pretty worn out, awaits shipment to the Gulf during "Desert Shield".

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A M548 of 17th Engineer Battalion , 2d Armored Division (Forward), pulling a M128 GEMSS minelaying trailer. The M128 is able to lay 800 mines within 7 minutes. It takes 20 minutes for five soldiers to reload.

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. s ... of a M128 GEMSS in tow of a M548 of 2d AD ~

e cise "Free Lion" near Hannover in September

The M128 GEMSS might also be towed by a 5 ton truck. This system shown here of 10th Eng. BN/3rd Inf. Div. is towed by a M929 during an exercise at CMTC Hohenfels.

The TSQ114 'Trailblazer" is based on the M548 and designated "Ear of the Division". The vehicle shown is of 2d Armored Division (Main) and :,, 1icipated in "Centurion Shield". It was brought over all the way by ship from Ft. Hood, Texas.

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The 'Trailblazer" consists of an automatically working TSQ114 electronic reconnaissance and jamming system, based on the M548 carrier.

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Another variant of electronic wariare equipment based on the M548 is the M1015A1 MLQ34 'TACJAM", working in the range of 20 - 230 MHz. The vehicle shown is of 2d CAV and awaits shipment to Saudi-Arabia in December 1990.

The last division to change the old M113A2 to M2 "Bradley" IFVs within USAREUR was 8th Infantry Division, which received their "Bradleys" in late - ; ;, . Seen here is the M113A2 of 2nd Brigade Commander, 8th In!. Div. , during Vth Corps exercise "Caravan Guard 89", with a recognition device tied to . - ~ :rim vane.

The M113A2/A3 is the basic transportation vehicle for the 7";·neers. This is a M113A2 of a combat engineer unit during ===ORGER 90 FTX/CPX "Centurion Shield", with the name • S·BEHAVIN" applied to the sides.

A trailer for the Mine Clearing Line Charge (MICLlC) is towed by a M113A2.

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A litte known variant based on the M113 is the M1 059 smoke laying vehicle , found among engineer units. The vehicles shown are of 10th Eng. BN , 3rd Inf. Div. during an exercise at CMTC Hohenfels.

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A M106A2 mortar carrier of 2d CAV coming off the train during loading operations at Bremerhaven for "Desert Storm".

Combat support company with some of the ir M106A2 of 3rd In!. Div. during a live firing exercise at Grafenwoehr.

A M113A2 with "Dragon" ATGM of 3rd CAV, 8th Inf. Div., which was part of blue forces during REFORGER FTX "Certain Challenge " in September 1988.

:2.1while more and more M113 ·~Geiv e the NATO camouflage Seen here is a M113A2 with ~ ~ ; ~ '1 - of 1st Armored Division, - ~ as command vehicle for an --~ co mpany with M901 s, during ~ Shield".

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Some M 113A2!A3 received the ACAV set originated from the Vietnam war (minus belly armor) . This M113A3 ACAV of 3-4 CAV, 3rd Inf. Div., is seen prior to an exercise recently held at CMTC Hohenfels. Note the attached MILES equipment. A few of the early delivered M 113A3 , mo stly found among 3rd Inf. Div. units, retain their forest green scheme or received an improvised camouflage scheme, like the one shown.

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Later delivered M113A3 received a factory applied camouflage scheme, like this one of 2d Armored Division (Forward), seen during a recent exercise at Bergen. Note that the side skirts were reduced in height and the step cut into the foremost part.

Soldiers of 10th Engineer Battalion, 3rd ID, prepare their M113A3 APC's with the MILES equipment prior to a simulated fight in the maneuver box at CMTC Hohenfels in June 1990. Note the ACAV set fitted to the commander's cupola.

A M113A3 of 2d CAV's engineers, with a M10 ammunition trailer in tow used here to transport concertina wire. Note that the Velcro strip for attachment of the MILES equipment is permanently kept on the vehicle. This one went to the Gulf during operation "Desert Storm". (Photo: Volkmar Roesner)

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ambulances received the --;: = - _h visibility markings as - ~ ~sd by the Geneva Convention. , - ­ 3A3 of 2 CAV comes off the 3remerhaven. (Photo: Subine

Two M113A3 APCs colored forest green of 103rd Military Intelligence Battalion, 3rd Inf. Div. , with their unit's motto "Espiritus Vampirus" applied to the trim vane. Note the upside down and rear to front attached side skirts and the fitted MILES equipment, indicating that these "tracks" will soon go to action inside the maneuver box at CMTC Hohenfels.

Two M113A3s of 103rd MI, 3rd ID, with the unit's motto "Espiritus Vampirus" applied to the trim vane, prepare for an exercise at Hohenfels.

This M901 is undergoing repair during an exercise of 3rd ID at CMTC Hohenfels . The side skirts have been removed.

A M981 fire support team - vehicle (FIST-V) of 2d AD (F) with raised turret, which contains the ground/vehicle laser locator designator (GNLLD). The M981 is able to rapidly generate very accurate target location data which is transmitted to the artillery battalions fire direction/control center by an onboard 4 channel digital message device. The turret of the M981 FIST­ V can be easily mistaken for the "Hammerhead" of the M901 lTV . For further confusion black circles are painted to the turret front to make it look even more authentic. The range of the GNLLD is reported to be more than 40 kilometers.

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of 3rd AD in temporarily applied winter camouflage during REFORGER 90 FTX/CPX "Centurion Shield" in January 1990. Contrary to the 98 1 FIST-V has rear mounted external fuel tanks of the A-3 version.

- '.198 1 fire support team vehicle (FIST-V) of 3rd ID, seen on a field near Waldmannshofen during "Certain Challenge" in September 1988.

A M163A1 "Vulcan" of an air defense artillery unit, 8th 10, during exercise "Caravan Guard 89", providing air cover for a Canadian infantry unit assembling in a forest.

This M163A1 of 3rd 10 bears OPFOR markings and participated in a recent exercise at CMTC Hohenfels. Note the canvas protecting the 20mm gun from dirt, and the absense of side skirts.

Crew of a "Vulcan" air defense system during "Caravan Guard" 89.

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- il577A2 of an artillery unit broke down during exercise "Centurion Shield", hence orange markings with the number 104. Each battalion size or =- j an! company of both blue and orange forces receives an individual number from exercise control for recognition purposes during the wargames.

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!>, Brigade Tactical Operation Center (BTOC), like this one of 1st BDE, ':' D, consists of three M577A2 and two M934 expando vans . Seen - d -Centurion Shield" in January 1990.

M577A2 of 4th Bttry, 3rd Field Artillery BN, 2d AD (F) receives some - - :en ance at Garlstedt in August 1988, when the tactical markings of 2d -:: - were changed to USAREUR standards.

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One of three M577A2 command post vehicles forming a BTOC. This M577A2 is of 2d Brigade, 3rd 10 and was part of OPFOR during a recent exercise at CMTC Hohenfels. Note the antennaes.

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A very rare shot from the inside of 11 th CAV tactical operation center during REFORGER 90 FTX/CPX "Centurion Shield", with the rear of a M577A2 recognizable to the right.

A M577A2 of 3rd 10 at high speed on the tank road at Grafenwoehr training area during an exercise in April 1990.

- '.'2 -Bradley" of 3rd 10 with "early" style turret, which shows some brackets to hold ammunition cases around the antenna base at the turret's right -Bradley" is seen during an attack carried out by M60A3s of 8th 10 during "Certain Challenge".

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- .'. ell camouflaged M2 of 1st BN , 41 st Infantry Regiment, (F) during REFORGER FT X "Certain Strike" in ~~ -o e r 1987, with sand colored codes.

A M3 "Bradley" CFV of 2d AD (Main) from Ft. Hood , Texas, hiding between houses in the town of Bergen during "Certain Strike". This M3 was drawn from POMCUS, as the yellow markings on the mudguards tell.

A M3 of 3rd Battalion , 66th AR , 2d AD (F) on a reconnaissance mission near Hildesheim during "Free lion" in September 1988.

This "Bradley " of 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment parti c ipated in " Centurion Shield " as part of gold forces . The M3E1 is solely in use with this unit and is a unique version in retaining the old turret on a chassis brought up to A 1 standard.

A M3E1 of 2d CAV during "Centurion Shield". This unit carried out the field trials finally leading to the M3A1. Note the old style turret on the modified chassis, i.e. new rear ramp and gun ports faired over with additional armor.

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A M3A1 "Bradley" of 4-7 CAV, 3rd AD, on a railway crossing during "Centurion Shield".

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Two M3A 1 "Bradley" Cavalry Fighting Vehicles (CFVs) of 11th CAV during a reconnaissance mission. The 11th CAV formed part of blue forces , hence blue markings and the number 220, during REFORGER 90. The temporary white winter camouflage has been almost completely washed off by rain.

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A M3A 1 "Bradley" of 11 th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Vth (US) Corps reconnaissance unit, during exercise "Caravan Guard 89".

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nt view of M3A1 of 11th CAV irchen during "Caravan Guard

A M3A1 "Bradley" of 4-7 CAV, 3rd Armored Division , near Crailshe im during "Centurion Shield".

A M3A 1 of 11 th CAV with unusual markings applied to the TOW 2· .au ncher. Note the revised rear ramp ~- d the new roof hatch , along with the :,,~ ed over firing ports and the enlarged - _' ret of this version . Thi s "Bradley" 2.S ca ught during a "fight" near _ s ~i ngen during "Centurion Shield" in _~ uary 1990. ~;:;ti cal

A M3A1 of 11th CAV, with turret pointing rearward, on a reconnaissance mission during REFORGER 90.

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The first unit among USAREUR that received the new M3A2 in autumn of 1989 was 3rd 10. Seen here is a "Bradley" of 2d BN, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. (Photo: Thomas Laber)

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M2A2 of 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, which became 1st Brigade of 1st Armored Division during "Desert Shield". Note the yellow triangle with the number 1 in it plus the 3rd ID badge connected to it, and the code WAMWAO (in case of BRAVO-Co . this would be WAMWBO) used as unit code during "Desert Shield". The "Bradleys" are seen going into the military part of the harbor at Bremerhaven.

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'2.A2 "Bradley" infantry fighting vehicle :' ':: Battalion , 7th Infantry Regiment, ~-:;y Division , Vllth (US) Corps, with it's ~ - aunch er erected during a recent ~ ::.: Grafenwoehr.

M2A2 "Bradley" of 1 st Battalion, 7th Infantry, 3rd Infantry Division, during live exercise at GTA. First in row is "Lady Luck". This unit participated in "Desert Storm".

A M2A2 "Bradley" of 1-7th INF on the =;ng range watching the performance of one of · ·s comrades during a qualification exercise at 3 afenwoehr. Note the "ALF" puppet attached : the vehicle's antenna.

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Soldiers inside the troop compartment of a M2A2 "Bradley", equipped with "Dragon" ATGW (training version with MILES) and M16/M203.

A M2A2 "Bradley" of 1-15 INF, 3rd 10, in a motorpool prior to an exercise inside the maneuver box at CMTC Hohenfels, when this unit will play the "bad" guys. The number and barrel at the turret denote that this is an OPFOR vehicle. Note the device placed instead of the normal gun barrel, consisting of the laser designator and a gunfire simulator, used by OPFOR vehicles only. Note that almost all panels of the side skirts are attached upside down for the ease of maintenance in the field. "::::;:~

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A M2A2 "Bradley" of 5-15 INF with dummy mines made of concrete on the glacis , during a wargame exercise at Hohenfels.

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.an ker" of 8th Infantry Division reloading the Hoffman-device a M60A3 after a battle with opposing forces during "Certain

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8lUEFOR Soldiers of BRAVO-Company, 5-15 INF, 3rd 10 leave their 2.:' 2 for a patrol while on exercise at CMTC Hohenfels. Soldier in _-= ; 'ound carries M249 Minimi of Belgian origin.

.-, A M2A2 "Bradley" of 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Brigade. 3rd Infantry Division, approaching the assembly area to await shipment to Saudi-Arabia during operation "Desert Shield". Note that the unit received a new code (WAMWCO) applied to the left sponson, and a new marking code on the bow. This battalion was the first unit among USAREUR that recevied the new uprated engine in August 1990.

A tanker" of 3-66 AR , 2d AD (F) in NBC overgarment and equipped with "Grease Gun" during "Free lion".

The REFORGER 88 FTX "Certain Challenge" was the last time that the M60A3 was fielded by a few units of USAREUR. This M60A3 is of 2d Battalion , 68th Armored Regiment, 8th Infantry Division, which changed to M1A1 in 1989 as the last unit within USAREUR.

M60A3 of 8th Infantry Division driving through the town of Bad Mergentheim during "Certain Challenge" in September 1988.

The other unit still having M60A3s during "Certa in Challenge" was 2-69 AR 197th Brigade (Independent) of Vth (US) Corps, seen here during an engagement with Canadian forces.

A M60A3 of 2-69 , 197th Independent Brigade, part of blue forces near Aub during "Certain Challenge" is drawing the attention of the local Youth.

.'l A1 "Abrams" of 2-66 AR , 2d

- =- during on exercise held in early _ __ . ote the sand colored codes _ in use with 2d AD (F) - ~ _3ively". The tower in background -: - unit commanders and range -=- ;:.: -,nel. Red Flag denotes live firing.

A M1Al "Abrams" of 3-66 AR, 2d AD (F), with the name "Diablo" applied to the turret with chalk, seen during 1 (NL) Corps FTX "Free Lion " in September 1988.

A column of M1Al "Abrams" of 2d - -' (F) is led by "Heart-Breaker" on --=. r way to Pattensen, near Hannover, ::"':II1g FTX "Free Lion".

First unit of USAREUR that received the M1A1 "Abrams" was 3rd Infantry Division. The first few M1A1s were delivered in forest green, and the camouflage was applied later matching the NATO pattern.

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M1A1s of 3-63 AR , 3 10, on their way up a hill, where they later face attacking M60A3 of 8th 10 during " Certain Challenge".

A M3 "Bradley" CFV of the scout platoon and the M1A1 "Abrams" of the Battalion Commander, 3-66 AR , 2d AD (F) , standing side by side on a field near Hannover during "Free Lion" September 1988.

A M1 A 1 of D-Co. , 4-66 AR, 3rd Infantry Division, at speed during a joint exercise with 12th (GE) Panzerdivision at Bergen. 4-66 AR of 3rd 10 participated in Operation "Desert Storm".

Here some tankers are cleaning the 120mm gun barrel of a M1A1 -Ab rams" of 2d AD (F) after a jOint exercise at Bergen-Hohne. Seen standing to the right is a "Leopard" 2A4 of Panzerbataillon 154.

The M 1 A 1 of D-Company Commander of 3-66 AR . 2d AD (F). receives fuel from a M987 HEMTT fuel serving truck while on exercise in Bergen-Hohne.

A M1A1 of 11th CAV with the 'riendly name "HUG THIS" painted on . e barrel. is seen at high speed during ~ x ercise "Caravan Guard 89".

A column of M1A1 "Abrams" MBTs of 11th CAV are seen entering the town of Altenkirchen during "Caravan Guard" in September 1989.

B-Company's Commander of 4-32 AR, 3rd AD, in his M1A1 enters a small German town in pouring rain during "Caravan Guard 89". Note the Hoffman device attached to the turret's left side.

A M1A1 "Abrams" of 1-69 AR, 3rd ID , on a field near Bad Mergentheim during "Certain Challenge".

A M1 A 1 "Abrams" of D-Co., 4-66 AR, 3rd ID, on the tank road in Bergen during joint exercise " Schwarzer Panther" of 12th Panzerdivision in 1989.

Last unit of USAREUR to receive :he M1A1 was 8th Infantry Division . S een here is the D-company commander of 2-68 AR, 8th ID during ' Caravan Guard" in September 1989. This particular company of this -egiment attacked the M1A1s of 3rd 10 uring "Certain Challenge" with their .A60A3s.

M 1 A 1 "Abrams" of 3rd (heavy) Brigade, 2d Armored Division (Forward), assemble on a field near Hannover during exercise "Free Lion" in September 1988. Note the names of the tanks were applied to the turret with chalk.

A M 1A 1 of 11th Armored Cavalry eglment Vth (US) Corps -B connaissance unit , on the road to ! enkirchen during exercise "Caravan 3 uard" in September 1989.

A M1A1 of C-Co., 3-66 AR, 2d AD (F) "Hell on Wheels" of the NORTHAG-Team during the Canadian Army Trophy, a competition of NATO tank gunnery, in 1989.

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~, A M1A1 of D-Co., 2-64 AR, 3rd ID, CENTAG-Team during CAT 89 . Last year's CAT, conducted in June 91 at Grafenwoehr, saw no participation of US Army units.

A M1A1 "Abrams" of 2-64 AR , 3rd ID , CENTAG-Team , fires it's mighty 120mm gun on a target during the CAT 89 competition conducted on range 9 in Bergen.

Tankers of 3-64 AR , 3rd ID, set up traps for the OPFOR units expected soon. Those traps are aimed to lead the enemy into killing zones (gun corridors).

- his M1 Ai of 3-66 AR, 2d AD (F), is undergoing some maintenance during an exercise at Bergen in December 1989.

A1A 1 "Abrams" and a M2A2 "Bradley" prepare traps for opposing forces , expected to attack soon, inside the maneuver box at CMTC Hohenfels.

A M1 A 1 "Abrams" of 3-64 AR at li gh speed on its way to a :Jrepositioned tank emplacement :Ju ring a simulated battle within the Tlaneuver box at CMTC Hohenfels in _Jne 1990.

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A light recovery vehicle M578 of 2d AD (F) during REFORGER FTX "Certain Strike" in September 1987, after carrying out repair of a M 113 engine.

A M578 painted in the MERDC color scheme, of a M109A2 howitzer battery on it's way to assist a broken down vehicle during "Certain Challenge".

"Thumbs Up" - the crew of a M88A1 armored recovery vehicle of 2d AD (F) follows the column of M1A1 "Abrams" on the way to Pattensen during FTX "Free Lion".

Two M88A 1 ARVs led by a M113A2 of 2d AD (F) are at stand-by during a tactical road march while on exercise "Free Lion " in September 1988.

A M88A1 of 3-66 AR , 2d AD (F) re c eiving some maintenance during a training exercise at Bergen conducted in December 1989.

A M88A1 of 5-15 INF, 3rd 10, assists a M2A2 in an engine repair at : '.H C Hohenfels.

- .'38A1 of 1st CAV during REFORGER FTX "Certain Strike" in September 1987.

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The crew of a M1A1 of 4-32 AR , 3rd AD, stand by as a M88A1 ARV gets ready to pullout the engine of the "Abrams" participating in CAT 89 .

Rear view of a M728 CEV of 2d AD (F) seen at Bergen during "Certain Strike". Combat weight of the M728 is 52.2 tons.

Front view of a M728 CEV, 17th Engineer Battalion , 2d Armored Division (Forward), during "Certain Strike". Note the gray colored tactical numbers applied to the dozer blade .

A M728 CEV of 2d AD (F) during "Free Lion". The M728 CEV is primarily an assault support vehicle and not designed to be employed as a tank. Typical combat demolition tasks include destruction of barriers, bridges, fortified enemy positions or strongpoints in built-up areas. In addition to a dozer blade and crane, the CEV has a M 136 165mm demolition gun, that fires M123 A1 High Explosive Plastic-Tracer (HEP-T) rounds. Further armament include the M2 12.7mm and a 7.62mm co-ax machinegun.

A M728 combat engineer vehicle (CEV) and a M88A 1 of 3rd 10 inside a motor pool at CMTC Hohenfels during a recent exercise.

A M728 CEV of 17th Engineer Battalion , 2d Armored Division =:-ward), awaits order to support armored formations during 1 (NL) Corps "Free Lion" in September 1988 near Hannover. This particular CEV is ::- ~E-.e d on the M60A 1 but uses the late tracks with octagon pattern track :~J)S. A few M728 have turrets originating from the M60A3.

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A M60 armored vehicle, launcher, bridge (AVLB) of 4th Infantry Division from Ft. Hood, Texas, during REFORGER FTX "Ce rtain Strike" in September 1987 near Soltau . This vehicle is sporting the MEROC camouflage scheme.

A forest green painted M60 AVLB : ' - Oth Engineer Battalion , 3rd 10, part ~ ' gold force during REFORGER 88 "Certain Challenge".

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A M60 AVLB of 17th Engineer Battalion , 2d AD (F), seen here standing on a field awaiting order to move in and launch the bridge. Combat weight (with bridge) is 55.7 tons.

This M60 AVLB has laid its bridge on a field to simulate a river crossing, seen near Hannover during FTX "Free Lion" in September 1988. The bridge is approx. 19 meters long and spans a gap of about 18 meters.

A M60 AVLB of 10th ENG, 2d AD (F) during launching operation while on exercise "Free Lion", near Hannover. The bridge weights 14.5 tons and takes about two minutes to lay.

M60 AVLBs of 10th ENG, 3rd 10 in a motor pool at CMTC Hohenfels during a recent exercise.

A M60 AVLB crossing river Aller via ribbon bridge during ::ertain Strike". (Photo: USAREUR)

Segments of the ribbon birdge are connected by motor boats during a river crossing operation at REFORGER 87. (Photo: USAREUR)

A M109A2 of 11th CAV in firing position shortly after . al in a prepared gun emplacement. Next task for the crew -0 to add camouflage to the SP howitzer, which is normally a -=. ;}e net. The devices stowed at the left side of the M 109A2 "',, bases and bars used as support for the camouflage net. ~

M109A3 self propelled howitzers of 3rd CAV, 8th 10, deployed on a field during "Certain Challenge". The vehicles are painted in the original MEROC scheme.

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A M1 09A3 of 3rd CAV, 8th 10, is directed into position by crew members. In background are some M548 ammunition supply vehicles. Note that the camouflage net is already unfolded.

Front view of a M109A3 of 3rd CAV awaiting order for a firing mission during REFORGER 88.

The crew of a M109A3 of 3rd CAV take over ammunition from a M548 ammunition supply vehicle during "Certain Challenge".

A M109A3 of 3rd Cavalry Regiment on a tactical road march. (Photo: USAREUR)

This M109A2 of 3rd 10 shows the ,o : :~ m p t to adjust the old MERDC

: ~ i ouflage scheme to the newer ! TO-scheme by using the MERDC : : rs. This vehicle was seen at ;::-",' enwoehr during an exerci se held - .:..priI 1990.

Thi s M992 FASSV of 2d CAV ("Warriors") shows the attempt to adjust :.- e old MERDC scheme to the new standard by using old MERDC colors. ~le photo was taken at Bremerhaven in December 1990.

A M110A2 , named "CRAZY 4", of 42d Artillery Brigade is directed into by crew members during "Certain Challenge". This M110A2 did not ? ~ receive the rain protection canvas, therefore the soldier to the left wears =- JOncho. ~J.Si t i o n

A M992 FAASV of 3rd ID receiving maintenance after use in an exercise at Grafenwoehr.

A M110A2 SP howitzer named "CONVICT'S" is being camouflaged with a net, while a M548 ammunition supply vehicle backed up to deliver ammo. Seen during "Certain Challenge" in September 1988.

M110A2 and M548 of 3rd 10 turn in to the tank wash at Grafenwoehr training area (GTA) after a day at the ranges during an exercise in April 1990.

M110A2 of 3rd 10 blocks the road due to a hydraulic problem, common to both the M109 and M11 o. Seen in background is a M1009 CUCV which I had the pleasure to use during a round trip at Grafenwoehr in April 1990.

A M11 OA2 of 1st AD in a fire position shortly before being camouflaged with the net lying in front of it to the ground. Note the "Jolly Roger" - flag next to the "disco light", seen during "Certain Challenge".

A multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) of 8th 10, bearing the name "Chained Lightning" , pulls out of its hiding place in a forest to carry out a fire mission during "Certain Strike".

A MLRS of 3rd ID entering the motorpool at Grafenwoehr during a recent exercise.

A MLRS of 3rd Infantry Division reloads with training ntainers after the unit's conduction of a live firing exercise in !J,pril 1990 at Grafenwoehr.

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A MLRS of 76th Field Artillery Battalion of 3rd ID enters the motorpool a live firing exercise in April 1990 at Grafenwoehr.

A look into the driver's compartment of a MLRS. The launcher is : ,Jerated by a crew of two.

A MLRS of 8th Infantry Division , named "Chained Lightning" , carrying out a simulated firing mission during "Certain Challenge" .

A trailer mounted M163 "Vulcan " air defense system, shown at Ramstein airbase.

A M730 "Chaparral" of 32d Army Air Defense Command on display at Ramstein AB. The vehicle sports a rather unusual camouflage pattern of black over forest green. Note the large stowage box fitted to the vehicle's front.

A M501 loader delivers three IHawk air defense missiles to a M78 triple-launcher during an exhibition at Rhein Main airbase in Frankfurt. The improved Hawk will finally be replaced by the "Patriot" system, of which the radar system and a launcher can be seen in background.

A M78 triple starter of the I Hawk air defense system during an exhibition at Rhein Main AB.

The M983 tractor is used to pull the launcher and radar set of the "Patriot" air defense system .

Rear view of a M983 tractor used to pull either the radar ) r launcher trailer of the "Patriot" system, seen in background J ring an exhibition at Rhein Main AB in June 1988.

The MP053 radar of the "Patriot" air defense system is mounted on a semi trailer. Seen here is a radar set at Ramstein AB.

Front view of the multi·functional MP053 radar set of the "Patriot" air defense system. Note that the front is painted forest green.

Rear view of the semi-trailer mounted MIM104 starter of the "Patriot" system. Note that the launch-containers housing the surface-to-air missiles are painted forest green .

A quadruple launcher mounted on semi-trailer of a "Patriot" battery was seen on display. The transport containers for the MIM104 missiles are at the same time used for launching .

Your's truly standing on a bridge just launched by a M60 AVLB of 2d AD (F) during "Free Lion". [Photo PAO 2D AD (F)]

Semi-trailer mounted launchers deployed in the field during a recent exercise (Photo : USAREUR)

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