PRACTICAL GRAMMAR F THK SWEDISH LANGUAGE WITH ItKADINC AND WRITING EXERCISES BY A. MAY Author of An l-lu-li-^h an. I of A ('"ilN'rtinii \vtslish and ...
its polar The Great North whence chivalrj" sprang seas, its natural wonders, its wild legends, its antedelnvian a wide field for poetic description and heroic remains,
Alphabet ....................................................... Pronunciation of the Vowels ................................ > Consonants ........................... ditto Accent ............................................................
1!'.
-JO. L'l.
90,
Orthography ................................................... Division of Words ................................................ 36. of Capitals ..............................................
Adjectives, the Definite F,,rm The Indefinite Form ............................................
.
B6 87. 88.
89. 90.
Page.
and Will
Shall
The
99.
Infinitive
99.
Adverbs
101.
&c Exercises: for the Pronunciation
Prepositions,
of the
Vowels
...
for the Consonants
dito dito
for the
102' 110. 112.
Accent and Length of the Vowels 115.
Etymological Exercises: Nouns Pronouns
IK). 118. 119. 120.
Verbs Particles
Syntactical Exercises:
The
Article
123.
Adjectives
1
Pronouns Verbs
-24.
1.2;").
127.
Particles
128.
Miscellaneous Exercises for Translation into Swedish 130. Words and Dialogues 143. 1 Swedish Money, and Weights, Measures 1">7. Extracts in Prose and Verse 2<><>. Vocabulary ;");").
.
ERRATA. l';i-v
1
lino 21
3
9
5
3,
.">
G
>
8 21
>
i
r
3D 3D 31 32
indepted ()
instead of definitions indebted '
Pronunced
Pronounced
28 27 16
tho the ear
to the ear
ortography
orthography exceptions
1(5
world
2 IS 15
os Lain
or
trumph
trump
25
in
>
is
3
It
>
In
ill
>
to
exeptions 22, 23 officiency
9
23 24 25 29
definition
^>
2< >
I
efficiency \vonl
Lamm
2!
shirt
skirl
2l>
prononciation
pronunciation.
PREFACE. 'h'li
known, that
and it
its
literature are comparatively so little to many a superfluous under-
may appear
to write a pnu-tical Swedish grammar. The author the following pages has been induced to enter upon the task, in the hope that, by opening a way to a more general knowledge of the language, he might give his countrymen an opportunity of becoming better acquainted with the literature of the country, and of thus penetrating to a source of historical records, legends &c. which must be of u reat important-? in researches, leading to a more correct
taking,
ot'
r
knowledge of our own history and language. A glance at the following attempt will show the experienced reader, that there is no aim made at deep research. The object has been to bring together what would in the application of the be most useful in practice language, in reading and conversation. The author supposes, that all who wish to gain the power of speaking the language, will employ a teacher; for those however, who are satistied with merely understanding a book, all that is necessary will be found in the following pages, without any other assistance than that of a dictionary. With regard to the arrangement, the author has taken it for granted, that all who use this work will know from their own language the leading grammatical definition and He considers it rules, and has, therefore, omitted them. most natural, that the pupil begins with the sounds of the language, the rules for which are given in the first chapter, carefully attending to the Exercises given afterwards for that purpose. i>e learned as there directed, the If thes' iea pupil will soon become familiar with the sounds of Swedish words, and may then proceed to the rules for their inflection, or the Ktymology. The exercises* to these rules,
though short *
in the
book, may, by an intelligent teacher
-iven in the Ktymoloiry fT the tlirtVront conjugati Should LM- thoroughly muster ;.ui>il able to writ'' them without fault.
Tin-
-
'
PREFACE.
Z
be made as long as circumstances can render desirable;
and
properly learned and applied as directed, it is hoped on having gone through them, the pupil will have gained a good knowledge of the Swedish Etymology, and at the same time have committed to memory a great number of words and phrases. The pupil having been accustomed to write the Etymological exercises, as appointed, will find comparatively little difficulty in understanding and writing those given for the Syntax. It is, probably, impossible to give any course of exercises which would be exactly applicable to all pupils. One has a good memory, but a weak judgment; another a penetrating judgment, but bad memory one has great applicaif
that
;
tion, another will scarcely look at the book, excepting in the presence of the master: there are, in fact, never two One of the principal difficulties, therefore, in teaalike. ching a language or any thing else, is to find out the disposition and powers of the pupil, and to adopt the method best suited in each particular case. On this account, the author has thought, that a grammar ought to be so arranged, that the teacher is supplied with materials; but that he should be left, to a certain extent, to work them out himself, according to the demands of each pupil. In a class this is more difficult than with a single pupil; but he must then be guided by the majority of the members. An experienced teacher would not be satisfied with letting his pupil merely translate the first reading exercises. He would particularly call into play, the eye, the ear, the memory, and the judgment, in ways which appeared to him best suited for the individual before him; always aiming at rendering the beginner familiar with the various idioms of the language, not only when he saw them, but also when he heard them. Questions should be asked in Swedish, on the subject of the lesson for the day, and the pupil expected to answer them in the same language. The few short hints now given, will, it is hoped, serve to show the author's reasons for adopting the arrangement he has followed; and should his attempt be the means of lightening the labours of his countrymen in their Scandinavian researches, his principal object will be gained.
INTRODUCTION.
Before entering upon the study of ti language, both agreeable and useful, to be enabled to form some idea of its rise and progress. It is the intention of the author to endeavour, in the following introduction, to give the reader such an outline of the history of the Swedish language, as may serve the purposes of the general student, referring such as would enter more deeply into the subject, to those authors,* to whom he is himself principally indepted, for what information these pages may contain. Of the language spoken by the aborigines of Sweden, there are now scarcely any remains. Sigge it
is
on account of his great wisdom called Oden, came, according to the Swedish historians, from the neighbourhood of the Black Sea** into Scandinavia, about 100 years before the birth of Christ. Oden introduced the runes, or signs cut on Fridulfsson,
st
or thin pieces of bark. It was, however, before the people began to understand them; first it was thought a supernatural power which
oiK-H, sticks,
long at
Oden possessed among his other divine Kven the bards, who sang the praises of a
attributes.
victorious
leader or of a hospitable host, were obliged to repeat ' :
S\en>k Sprakliira utgifven af Sn-nfikd Abu >vensk Sprakliira saint kort ofversikt at' Svenska SprtV ket-
(ii-li
Litteratnrens Historia, af A.
I.itteratur-
och Konst-Historia af
/'////.//
>
C. J. 1.
Xilsson, so ably supported in that these immigration^ arc only imaginary, has many adherents.
pinion of
liis
work
nf
1'rof.
S.
Ethnography,
4
INTRODUCTION.
one or more of the persons heart, and by being frequently repeated, they were preserved for a time their
inspirations,
present had
till
learned
from
oblivion.
began
to be
By
them by
degrees
somewhat more
the use of the Runes general, but
it
was not
the
till
any
twelfth century that they were applied to extent.
About the end of the ninth century, Iceland was discovered and taken possession of, principally, by the Norwegians. Here, on account of the isolated situation of the place, the language was preserved for several centuries almost in its original form, and not only are the oldest remains of ancient Swedish from that island, but the earliest accounts of Scandinavia are written by Icelandic authors. The oldest Scan-
and legends that are known were book called the Edda, it is supposed by Scemund den Vise, a priest in Iceland; he died 1133. This was the oldest or poetic Edda. Snorre Sturleson, murdered 1241, also collected a number of legends, many of which have been considered to be founded on historical facts. This coldinavian
songs
collected
in
a
lection is called the
younger or prose
Edda. The
author wrote Heims Kringla, ancient Heroic legends. These works
same
containing
have been
translated into several languages.
As to see a is
will probably be interesting for the reader specimen of the runic writing, the alphabet
it
here given and a sentence or two.
INTRODUCTION.
5
THE RUNIC ALPHABET. H.
Form.
V.
Name.
l-'ivj.
*.
D.
R.
*.
K.
\.
Ur
Thor, Os, Krdor, Kf>n, Hagel. II. I'ronunced. F,F,V. U,V..\. Th.D. H. K,G. <
Form. Name.
Is,
Pn.nunced.
I.E.
+.
I.
The
N.
>,
T.
H.
B.
N
A.
Y.
Ar, Sol, Tyr, P.jarkal, La _'!. .Madur,
A, A.
S.
T,D.
P,B.
M.
L.
<")r.
0,R.
folloH'ing are Copies of inscriptions on
Hnnc-stones. /ufr auk /orfalr /air litu raisa stain ac //urbiarn fa/nir sin
ku/an
ThufveochThorvaldThuveand Thorvald
De
I8to resa
sten &t ThoibjOrn fader sin goda; Hiir
Stain nir branta
Sten niira viigen Oc-h Kilok skar
auk Kiluk kirwa mirke at kuni sin miirke
at
mannen
lit
linnar
Fastvi
eft
nn>/;iir
sina
Onims Totr To \\Jii i
Hjalbi ant liana \\\\I>
etone near the road
and Kilog cut the marks to her husband.
sin.
rista
let raise
stone to Thorbjoni father their good;
m^nde standa Here may stand
hir mini stan/a
Rahrvalt
They
Eagnwald
lat
runor
rista
Ragnwald
let
cut runes
efter Fastvi
after Fastvi
moder sin; Onims Dotter
his mother:
Dog
Gud
Onims Daughter
Ed:
die.l
at Kil:
Iljalpe
God
help
i
Anden Hennes.
her
soul.
From the low state of civilisation at this period, language was necessarily poor in expressions, and the sound was harsh and repulsive tho the ear. ry d however, these faults were modified, and tin- introduction and gradual spread of the Christian religion, was one of the most powerful
the
INTRODUCTION.
6
means.
The name
missionary was Anshad, from his childhood, constantly thought of the conversion of the heathen, and came first to Sweden in 829, and having worked some time there at his labour of love, he went to Hamburg. Anscharius paid a second visit to Sweden in 853, and this time succeeded better than before. After his death, and that of charius,
a
Frank
of the first
by
birth;
who
Rimbert, his successor, the Swedes again became heathens, and it was above a century and a half before Christianity was once more allowed to try ameliorating power upon them. About the year 1000, Si'gfrid, an Englishman, came to Sweden, and by him king Olof Skotkonung was himself baptised. From this time Christianity, though at first with a mixture of many heathen ceremonies, slowly spread its divine influence; and through the means of those its
engaged in its advancement, the Swedish language became both milder and richer. The monks generally wrote in Latin, the runic signs soon disappeared, and the Latin alphabet was adopted in its place even in writing Swedish. The Vestgotha law was written about 1220. In this the Runic characters A. p and 6 are sometimes used instead of m. t, and d, otherwise the whole is There is, at this written in the Latin character.
The uncertainty in the ortography. nouns are still distinguished by the final syllables; but instead of the old passive form of the verb ending in st, only s is here used, as in The Icelandic also disappears the present day. in the beginning of the several words, as: Lutr (lot) instead of Hlutr; Nyckr (whim), instead of Hnycler, and the / is changed to or mp, as; namn or nampn (name), instead of nafn. The principal liteperiod, great cases of the
H
m
rary productions of this time were
some
translations
INTRODUCTION.
7
from the Scriptures, and other religious and moral works, and some national songs. The Folkunira wars contributed much to the introduction of (Jerman into Sweden, on account of the many German troops, that were brought into the country at that period, and numerous words and sentences from the soft and, comparatively, polished French, were grafted on the rugged Swedish stem by the students who visited Paris, the first univerof the time. The influx of so many foreign words into so poor a language, could not but occasion great confusion, though the advantages soon A work called overbalanced the disadvantages. sity
Konungastyrelsen (Royal government), the principal production of the time, was written about 1320, and is said to be a master-piece in its way. The art of printing was first introduced and exercised in Stockholm in 1483, by a person named But, although copies of literary works could thus be published and spread, very little benefit Snell.
was derived from them, as the productions of the time were not generally of a nature to improve or
The university of Uppsala was founded in 1476; but, so far was it from making any advancement, that (Justavus Wasa laments, 1538, over the want of a university; and the same monarch
refine the national taste.
of the lamentable state of the schools. schoolmasters drunkards, and says they were better suited to follow the plough, than to be engaged in so important a calling as that of education. The order adopted at the public schools uus
complains
He
calls
Latin and Swedish were read by all, and Hebrew only by those who were intended for the learned professions. There was one master to each school, 3 or 4 classes, all in the same room, ted The hours wen- from only by monitors.
as
follows:
(irerk
INTRODUCTION.
8
5 8, 9 5. 10, 12 Wednesdays and Saturdays were repetition days. The books were the Catechism, Extracts from the Bible, Melanchton's Grammar, Cameranii /Esopus, Erasmi Colloquia. In the third and fourth classes Terentius, Plautus, Virgilius, Cicero de Officiis and his Epistles. Latin was spoken in the higher classes.
was now that the
It
transit
from the old begin
declensions, the accusative and the dative are often the same as the nominative, and the genitive is frequently formed by the addition to
of
lose
their
But notwithstanding the many improvements
s.
in the language, the progress of literature was exceedThe subjects treated were principally ingly slow. theology and historical essays of but little impor-
Three names, however, form noble exeptions remark; they are Olaus and Laurentius Petri, two brothers (the former died 1552, the latter 1573) and Laurentius Andrese, who died the same year, as did also the elder Petri. These authors did much, under the encouragement and example of the immortal Gustavus Wasa, towards the improvement both of the language and literature: their works were principally on theological subjects. Bishop Brask ought also to be mentioned, as having done much towards the improvement of the Swedish lanTo show what advancement the language guage. had made from the beginning of 1300 to that of
tance.
to this
1500, we here introduce the Lord's prayer as written at each period. 1500.
1300.
Fadher war
i
helecht hauls til
kom
os
l>it
bin wili ha?r s\va
himiriki
t>it
namn,
rike,
warde
i
iordhriki,
sum han warder
i
Fadher waar sem ar
j
himblom hiilgat wari thit Tilkome thit nampn. thim wili Warde rijke. swa i jorderijke som j
9
INTRODUCTION. wart
himiriki,
hnul
gif
os
iirileat
tum
i
swa som
vi firilaa-
sum
brutlike
nin.iraj
hijmerike. Gift oss i dagh waart daghlighit brodh.
daglict
dagh. oc warjc misger-
09
t>em
ram wider
Ok
forlaat oss
der
soni
torn
oc laat os frestelsa, otan
bryta.
os,
wij
oc forlea-
mothe
oss
leedh oss
eij
thorn
Ok
waara syn-
utan friilsa Amen. oss oaff ondho. fra3lse os af illu. Amen, It is during the seventeenth century, we find ai
ledahs
the
i
of
spirit
its
spreading contributed
i
frastilse,
and generally II Adolphus a very great degree to this, by his
literature first actively influence. Gustavus
in
kingly liberality towards the university of Uppsala. This great monarch, so deservedly the idol of his people, donated to Uppsala those estates which he had inherited under the title of Gwiavianska arfgodsen, and thus enabled the college to support seventeen instead of seven, and also to assist a number
of
ments
students.
poor of
The reform
began to bear
fruit,
in all depart-
which now took and the appearance
instruction,
place, soon of school ars
merit in various branches, proved the offihad been taken. \\Y may form some idea of the learning of this period, from the scheme followed in the public schools under Christina. It is dated 1649. 1 Class: of
real
ciency of the steps that
reading and writing, a short catechism, extracts from the Bible, easy colloquies, pieces from Cicero, but without grammar. 2 Class: grammar in a tabular form, Cicero's Epistles, writing of Latin, 3 Class: iiism and biblical history by heart. the whole grammar, latin conversation, Cicero, de of
Livy; Virgil's Eclogues; letters writing, the Augsburg confession; exercises in (Ireek. - - 4 Class: Cornelius, Ci-
Amicitia,
1
P>.
ami narrations ceros
orations
in
for
Arcliia
and Marcrllus,
-
1'..
ol
10
INTRODUCTION. B. of Livy, Greek sentences, Titus and the Ephesians ^Esop, Latin. The elements of logic and
Georgics;
Virgil's
St: Paul's epistles to
imitations
;
on which occasions Latin alone was spoken. no mention of either geography or history.
rhetoric,
There
in
2
is
natural that the influence, of the German not only continue, but even increase, as the reformation proceeded through Germany; and, consequently, all the learned of the time studied Hence the number of mostly German authors. Swedish words that begin with an, be, bi, er, ge and other prefixes taken from the German. LearIt is
should
still,
ning was royally protected and encouraged by Queen Christina; Axel Oxenstjerna, Per Brahe, and Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie were also very active and liberal supporters of, as well as contributors to the literature of their time. Stjernhjelm, a poet, is,
however, considered to be almost the only author of any consequence at this period, whose works can be regarded as really national, the others were more or less imitations or translations of foreign writers.
Swedish Grammar ever published was Fjallman and printed 1696, after which several other works on the same subject appeared, and the form of the language began to be more decided. But, although Swedish had made great progress towards its present state, the learned still preferred the Latin in writing on scientific subjects; though, towards the end of the century, we T. Spefind the Swedish obtaining the preference. geJ, a poet of this period, published the first Swedish
The
written
first
by
N.
dictionary which, though necessarily very imperfect, as being the first attempt of the kind, has formed a useful foundation for the labours of his successors.
INTRODUCTION.
11
To show the progress the language the time of Charles the XLI, or the
to
ment
had made commence-
of the eighteenth century, an extract is given first chapter of St. John's Gospel.
from the
Gustaf
(A bo ul the of the
m iddle (Nea r of
fifteenth
century.)
bibel.
Carl XII:s bibel.
m iddle
(Beg inn ing of the
I:s
the
the sixteenth
eighteenth cen-
century.)
tury.)
I begynnelsen 1. I begynnelupbegynnelsen warthetordh, war Ordet, och sen war Ordet; oc thet ordh waar Ordet war nar och Ordet war niir niir gudh,ochgud Gudhi, och Gudh (ludi; och (Jtid waar ordit, Ok war Ordet, thet var Ordet. thet waar i up- samma war i be2. Thet samma nar war i begynneibegynuelsen niir gynnelsen Genom sen niir Gtidi. gudi, alle tingk Gudhi. I
are
i
gjord
ha- thet aro
ok uthan
nom,
hanom
ar
alz
gjord,
forutan
3. Genom thet thing thy aro all ting gjord; ar intet och thy forutan
all
och
Thet gjordt,thetgjordt som gjort ar i ar. I thy war hanom thet warth lijffuet, och lijfvar mennilijff, och thet 1 iff fuet war mennischjo- skornas Li\vs, ne liws, och thet och Liwsct lyser liws schynade i i morkret, och och morkret haffwer morkeridh, ints gjort.
morkeridhbegrep thet icke
hanom our
ey.
begri-
ar
intet
gjordt,
thet gjordt
iir.
thy war lifwet; och lifwet war menniskiornas ljus. 4.
5.
ser
i
I
Ochljusetlymorkret; och
morkret
hafwer
thet icke begripit.
pit.
All have agreed in giving Stjernhjelm the honof having done most for the improvement of >\vedi.sh
language during the seventeenth cenis adjudged the prize for the eight-
tury; to Dal in eenth, as well
in
ver.se
as
prose.
II-'
12
INTRODUCTION.
opposed the use of foreign word?, and had several both competitors and successors; among these may be mentioned Hopken, Tessin, and Hermanson in prose, and Gyllenborg and Creutz in poetry. This century is represented as that of discovering and collecting, not of strictly scientific and speculative pursuits. It was, however, during this period, that the great Linneus arranged his system of botany; Bergman distinguished himself by his labours in che-
mistry; Rinman in mining; Rosenstein in medicine; Polhem and Svedenborg* in mechanics, &c Celsius and Klingenstjerna in mathematics. The Academy ;
of Sciences, in Stockholm, was founded in 1739, and the Swedish Academy in 1786. About the same time, appeared several other societies of less
importance;
but
nevertheless
contributing each in
advancement of literature. Kellis considered to have contributed much to imgren prove and purify the language. He was a poet of great genius, and has also left some fine specimens
its
degree, to the
of
prose
composition.
Many
distinguished talents
appeared during the latter half of this century, mostly discovered by the penetrating eye of Gustavus III, and supported by that monarch's princely Gustavus decidedly favoured the French liberality. school,
which was, consequently, generally followed.
The names most noticed
at this period are Oxenstjerna, Adlerbeth, Kellgren, Lidner, Thorild, Ehrensvard, Ohman, mrs LemiGustavus himself also contributed much to
Leopold, Bellman, gren.
the literature of his day by plays, speeches, letters, &c. *
Svedenborg was the founder of the New Jerusalem Church; his works are very numerous and varied: most of them Avere Avritten in Latin.
INTRODUCTION. It would be out room with a catalogue
of
place
of the
13 here
to
take up
names and works
of
authors in the various branches of literathat nourished during the eighteenth century. Sufi ice it to say, that no branch was without its
all
the
cultivator, and in some instances, as shown above, genius of a high order has been evinced.
The 19:th century
has, in several branches of
names
of more than undoubtedly Jacob Berzelius, born 1769. In whatever part of the world chemistry is read, the name of Berzelius is known. He received the title of Baron in 1835. Berzelius Another name known by all died Aug:t 7:th, J848.
art
and
literature,
produced
European renown. The greatest
is
who enter into the study of history, is Professor E. G. Geijer, deservedly called the Thucydides of Sweden. In speaking of this historian, the Foreign Quarterly >To us it appears, that this author in his inquiries into the origin of the Swedes, the views of Scandinavian ethnography, entertained by the
Greeks
and Romans, the Runes, the Poetry
of the
Icelanders, the mythic and heroic ages of the north, .summoning to his aid, as he does, the whole field of learning, classical, oriental,
and hyperborean,
Iris
elaborated a perfect specimen of what the analytic method of history should be. - - The history has been worthily continued by F. F. Carlson (former minister of state), author of the Charleses (the tenth and eleventh and the twelfth): a work that takes a
high standing
among
its
compeers.
The
late
A. Fiyxell, A. M. Strinnholm (f 1862), and the two masters of the rolls, professor Malmstrom and professor Odhner, have been or are, among others, la-
bouring
in
the
same
acknowledged merit.
field,
and
their
works are
of
14
INTRODUCTION.
Rimeberg is with truth called the Homer of Finland. He has sung, with touching power, the dreadful sufferings of the Finlanders in the war of 1808 1809. His minor poems form a cluster of the brightest gems. A fourth name of European note is bishop E. Tegner (f 1846), known especially in foreign countries by his Frithiof and his Axel, which have been translated into nearly all the European languages. It is a common thing to hear persons of all ranks in Sweden, repeat page after page of both these poems, Tegner has done more than merely amuse the fancy, he has penetrated to the very heart of his countrymen. Tegner was succeeded in the Swedish academy by his son-in-law, Professor C. W. Bottiger, of poets
a poet of admired talent.
we must not omit
to
While speaking mention Prof. Geijer's
success as a lyric poet; his songs are universally admired as well for the beauty of the words as that of the music, which latter is, in most Professor cases, composed by the professor himself. great
Ling ranks high as a northern scald, but his style His Asarne is one too stern to become popular. of the few epics in the Swedish language.* Ling is
has
written
*
several tragedies, besides other pieces.
Professor Ling is also remarkable for his system of gymnastics and fencing: the former applied in many cases of sickness, has proved of great efficacy. Ling founded the gymnastic institution in Stockholm, which, after his death, was very ably conducted by his pupil, professor Branting; on prof. B's retiring, the institution came under the care of prof. Hartelius. One of the gymnastic institutions now in London, was founded by prof. Georgii, also a pupil of prof. Ling.
15
INTRODUCTION.
The lute Archbishop Wallin, Bishop Franzen, prof. Atterbom, Oscar Freclrik, B. v. Beskow, Stagnelius, Vitalis (Erik Sjoberg), Nirandcr, Grafstrom, v. Bnuin, Kudu, Malmstrom, Nybloin, Sehlstedt, Snoilsky, Mackstrom, Wirsen are all well known names among the Swedish poets of the 19:th century. Prof. S. Nikon's, Montelius's and Hildebrand's works on Ethnography have already thrown a new light on the ancient history of Sweden, and pointed out some errors which have hitherto been generally adopted. in physics
and
Elias Fries in botany, Angstrom, Edlund and others in various branches of science
Scientific authors of great merit are G. Retzius and prof. Nordenskiold, the former prof. of European fame, a very happy poet and author of impressions of voyages; the latter the known explorer of the arctic regions and circumnavigator literature.
of Asia.
As distinguished literature
tioned:
of
J.
contributors
the 19:th century
E. Rydqvist,
Laws
to the
Swedish
menSwedish LanLjunggren in Swe-
may
also
be
of the
guage; D:r Wieselgren and prof.
Grubbe and prof. Nyblseus in morals, philosophy, &c.; Agardh in botany and statistics: A. J. Arvidsson, A. A. Afzelius, G. E. Klemming, G. O. Hylten-Cavallius, C. F. Ridderstad, 0. P. Sturzenbecker and other members of the FornskriftSwedish legends, Siillskap, in collections of old songs, games, dances, S.C.* besides original pieces as well poetical as prose. C. J. L. Almqvist, a dish literature;
man *
of very
Tho
independent and original genius, pro-
early legend, as well in Sweden an also jjivntly indebted to prof. Stephens, t'r his indefatigable labours in this branrh of lit< r.itui f. lovers
Kn-_'land.
of
art-
<
INTRODUCTION.
16
duced works in various branches
of literature.
Dr.
principally small novels sketches from e very-day-life in Sweden, always
(Onkel
Wetterberg
Adam)
and drawn with much truth and a
number
G. feeling. of interesting historical novels
H. Mellin, and other
Fredrika Bremer, known throughout Europe for her graphic descriptions of home in Sweden and America. The Baroness Knor-
works.
and in America life
Mrs Schw artz and Wilhelmina Stalberg, Mrs Carlen, Count P. Sparre, Clas Livijn, KjellmanGoranson (Nepomuk), and Blanche are also well r
ring,
known names.
J.
Jolin,
Borjesson, Ed. Backstrom, enriched the Staff have
Sweden by writers
of
F.
Hedberg, Hagberg, J. Aug. Strindberg and P. dramatic literature of
several works of sterling merit. As sermons and on other religious subjects
we have Wallin, Rogberg, Thomander;
The History
Swedish Church
by Dr. H. Reuterdahl (late Archbishop), acknowledged to be a truly classic work P. Fjellstedt, J. M. Lindblad, Wieselgren, NordenOdhner's history of son, Lundbergson, and others. Sweden, Norway and Denmark, is adopted almost of the
universally throughout the country as a school book. Many of the best works of other nations a:e translated into Swedish, and that in a style which, in
on
several instances, not only reflects great honour the translators, but also shows the powers of
the Swedish language.
As examples may be men-
tioned: Shakespear's Complete Dramatical Works by C. A. Hagberg; his Sonettes by Nyblom, several
by Thomander; Ossiau from -,he and in the same metre, by N. Arfvidsou; Dante and Tasso, by Bottiger; The Alko r an, by Berggren; some of Byron's, Scotts, and Moore's best poems, by C. W. A. Straudberg; not to mention the Novels and other works by Scott, Bulwer, detached original
plays
Gaelic,
17
Dickens, authors, there
.
are
From also
the French and (lerman innumerable translation.-,
of much merit. Among later authors may he mentioned: Ljunggren, The Swedish Drama to the end
some <;.
-
of
Administration of the century. Swedish law, by T. Rabenius. - - Reminiscences of Modern history of Sweden, by B. v. Schinkel, Of the later edited by C. Rogberg and Alin. generation may be mentioned in the first line the seventeenth
the
chief
for
the
realistic school of literature,
August
Strindberg, the first living Swedish novellist and one of the first Swedish prosaists, in this latter case
only perhaps surpassed by the late prof. V. Rydberg. Others are Levertin, (i. nf Geijerstam, Baath, (
.
Tigerschold, Sigurd, Froding, Werner von Heidenstam Daniel Fallstrom, mrs Alfhild Agrell, miss Mathilda Roos, miss Selma Lagerlof, mrs Elkan, Hjalmar S6,
derberg and the late mrs Anne Charlotte Leffler, duchess of Cajanello. A sketch of the history of the Swedish language and literature for schools, by H. Bjursten (a poet of no mean talent), cannot but be welcome to all who wish to obtain a good general outline of the subject. Those who would have a more complete collection of the Swedish authors from Stjernhjelm to Dalin, should take Hanselli's longer work, the history of Swedish literature by II. and the edition of Swedish authors Schiick, containing: The compl. works of Bellman, Braun, Lenngren, Lidner, Ling, Nikander, Stagnelius, Vital is, Wallin, and other authors, published by Adolf Bonnier. lish art and literature have been liberally encouraged by His late Majesty, Charles XV, and by King Oscar II, both have contributed largely
May, Xu-cdish Grammar.
2
INTRODUCTION'.
18
and nobly,
as well
by
their
works as by every other
means. It
would
have greatly increased the pleasure
experienced in writing these lines, have noticed a greater number of
could the author
names, and have
entered more particularly into the merits of each; but there were two difficulties, which prevented his doing so; first his own inability to treat the subject as it deserved; and next the limits to which an introduction fine
him,
like
the
present,
must
necessarily con-
PRONUNCIATION. CHAPTER The Swedish alphabet
I.
consists of twenty-eight letters:
ommciation according GcniiftH or
/j//// />//. l
)
31,
A
a
ah
hay
a be
be
say
se
ce
day
de
E
a
e
de e
F
eff
iiff
eff
G
yea or gay
je
y.
hoe
hoh
ho
e
i
b-B C D 5),b li,
C
I*,
c
5,
f
,g
H
li
vX
i
Cs,
j
X,
I
longeoryodd jodd ko koh
I
L
ell
M- em
9^,
It
_ kJ,
N
en
^ O
\- 11
[almost as l
1
1
//( *
) f
hut
works, It
is.
the
it
in
as
"U^ht
iodd
kn
all
ell
iimm ami
enn
einm
01 \
'
between o and H: nearly
as
n
}
The Swedish character nifrly,
sounds.
i
K
J
to the
a
f
211,111
/-'i-rm-li
is
!<>-
sometimes
it
is
to
be learned.
usi-d ft
now than
mini even in
l'>r-
new
many
sounds
cases, impossible to de.-i-rihe. exactly. of the letters in one lan-ua.ue by tl
in general the true sound ran only learm-d by the ear.
l>e
20
PRONUNCIATION. Pronunciation according to the German, or French sounds.
English, P, p
D,
q
P
pay koo
Q
pe
pe
ku
qou
/
m.
r
R
the vowel \ e er I short and r I arr / \ sharp.
@,
3
S
ess
ass
ess
,
t
T
tay
te
te
11,
U
U
almost as u in
u
as
t)
V
we we
,
Zw/e
$,
SK,tD 3E,
r.
D,
t)
W
vay vay
X
ex
Z\ r
Y Z
$t a
A
saytah almost as a in
31,
a
A
as
0,
o
O
almost as
6a?Z
a in hare i
err
n
ax
ve v3 ex
ii
as
seta
ceta
oh
6
a
e
o
oeu
?<
in
////; Y'
in
mie
in
sir
are called hard vowels, and e, i, y, a, o, soft; l f m, n, r, s, are liquids, x may be considered as an abbreviation of ks or gs, and z of /s. Obs. 2. Diphthongs occur only in words of foreign origin. Obs. 3. All vowels may be pronounced either long or short; before a single consonant they are generally long, when followed by two or more consonants short. In Al alder, Vin wine, Brim brown, Syn sight, the vowels are long; but in All all, Vinst gain, Brunn well, Synd sin, they are short.
Obs.
1.
a, o, u,
a,
RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF EACH LETTER. The Vowels. A. This
letter
when long
retains the
same sound
as in the alphabet, as: Stad: town, Mat, food;
when
ri;<>M N, IATION.
short
somewhat
is
it
feer
less
'Jl
open,
as:
.1A///
weak,
pretty.
E.
has
A'
forms
it
whole,
or
Be-xhnm
miserable, 2)
almost
sound,
like
u in the
Itt/.-r:
When
1)
own
its
word
Kn.nl ish
finishes a syllabi.
consider,
/
tiil-ke silk.
Generally before a single consonant, as: li
ml
3
//
hroad.
'iiictimes
mitive words, as:
before a double consonant in pritire, >7,vyv sm'p nil( ^ n their
I-'l
;
^
derivatives and /'
compounds. has the sound of a in the English word
in the prefix er,
as in
experience.
pronounced, when short, nearly like e world, fm. as: Ifcrrc master, Dem them. / 38 itftrr the Huh'* for the /,
the
retains
/
tiual
in
is
dinjr
its
///.
syllable
basin,
A//.S-.N-/;/
in
which, it
-
either long or short, in the
ahove givm, excepting
to the rule
from the French, as:
Erfum
Imrr.
is
n-liii
some words, derived
pronounced almost
like
*/;///.
vellum.
O.
O
has two principal sounds: 1) its own, as in and, 2) the same as the It-tier A, the former sound is nearly like n in
i!phah't, When short,
iimn; the
in
n or
if
pronounced rapidly, and the
Knglish wonl takes
finishes
its
latter
like
but not quite so open. alphabetical sound. 1) when it formf,,,\
a syllable, as:
n-nyttiy useless,
Bo
dwell.
22 2)
PRONUNCIATION. Frequently when o
Not net. as Nord
followed by a single conso-
is
In certain nouns ending in ord, ort, north, Port gate. 4) In the substantive Lots pilot, and the adverb Fort quickly. In the words Sort away, Kort short, and Sort kind or sort, o is pronounced short, almost as o in nant, as:
3)
:
the English word not, has the sound of o in move if pronounced rapidly: 1) in the conjugation of verbs in o, as Bodde dwelt, from So; Trodde believed, from Tro. 2)
In words ending in
Tom
as:
m
and
their derivatives,
From
empty,
pious. Except. Rom rum, Blomster blossom, and Blomstra to blossom, in which o is pronounced as o in the English
word
not.
3)
Socken
In the following words and their derivatives parish,
Bomb bomb, Hon
Ond
she,
:
angry,
Wednesday, Orm serpent, Prost provost, Hosta cough, Foster embryo, Moster aunt, Ostron oysters. takes a sound nearly like o in for, 1) in certain words ending in / and their derivatives, and
Bonde
Forsla
peasant, convey,
before
rl,
as:
Onsdag Ost
Hof
cheese.
court,
Lof
praise,
Lofva
to
Sorl noise, Sofva to sleep. 2) In the following words and their derivatives: Konung king, Honom him, Honing honey, Son son, Kora to elect, Ordning order, Or den order (as the order of the garter), Kol coal, Moln cloud, Dold praise,
concealed,
Tjog score. pronounced
like o in the English word not (with the exceptions mentioned above): is
1)
Konst 2) or,
ot,
When art,
o
is
In certain short as
:
as:
short,
Och and, Tofs
final
Smdningom by
Boll
ball,
Oss
us,
tassel.
syllables:
degrees,
Pdron
om, on, op, pear, Brol-
lop wedding, Eosor roses, Marmor marble, Ndgot something; and also in the derivatives of these words.
PRONUNCIATION. In
01>s.:
smut' of
the
al'MYe iiu-ntioiio-1 final sylla-
n/, nn, or, the sound is more nly IT learned ly the car. :<:
OfleM 6pen.
This
U. its own sound when long, now, Ilnr cage; before two or more consosomewhat more open as: /'itnkf stop, it is
vowel retains
This
Nu
as:
nants
Gunsf the
of
short,
and
-
-
Gud
genitive
very /.
In the word Tjuf thief, and its u takes a sound like the Swedish y. In
favour.
derivatives
God, the sound of the u is d sharp, approaching
that of the
(See Exercises.), Y.
Y
own sound, excepting in the word and its derivatives, when it is pro-
retains its
Kijrka church, almost
nounced is
in
like
i
word
in the English
common, in conversation, to Ft/ratio forty, almost as in Kyrka. also
fir;
it
pronounce
y,
A.
two sounds; one almost as o in the word so, the other as o in not. Knglish Almost as o in so, when it forms or finishes a has
.1
A-tal censure,
as:
syllable,
when followed by a
and
same
Ta
toe,
Forma
induce;
single consonant in the
Had council, Yard care.
syllable, as: (i us goose, o in not when short,
As
as:
tittttt
stood,
/>'
blue. .1
is
Knuxj and
short in words or syllables ending in nd Stand rank tiffou/ pole, \'<:nd-n pang, confusion; and also in the following words
as:
'(/,
r!
their
\ld
deriv.-.-
I'll*/:
easier,
Vuld
tend,
Tntkln
to b:iMc
force. tix
age,
Avka thunder,
Lalwi to prewith long stitches;, -!d,
24
PRONUNCIATION.
Stdnka
plaster, (of
a
to
Vdmb
pant,
paunch, Earn roe
fish}.
A. This vowel retains or short,
Bast
Ata
as:
its
to eat,
sound whether it be long berry, M
Bar
best.
6. retains its own sound, though more or less open: before an accented r, or before rn, it is rather shorter than in other cases; Do to die, Foda to feed, Fo'rr before, Mo'rk dark, Horn corner.
(See Exercises).
The Consonants. B. 23 retains its
Formerly in
words,
in
own
sound-
was both written and pronounced which it is now left out, as: Lamb
this
Dimla mist, Probst provost, now written Lam, Dimma, Prost. The old spelling is found in the lamb,
biblical
Lamb,
style,
as:
instead of
Lambsens Uod, Lammets Mod.
the blood of the
C.
*C
pronounced like Jc excepting before, e, i, takes the sound of s, as: Carl Charles, Ocli and, Coin Cologne, Cedertrdd Cedar, Cittra guitar. Ch is pronounced like K in Chor choir, Choral choral, Christus Christ, and its derivatives; as soft ch in Chili, China; and as sh in certain other words, especially those borrowed from the French as: Char ad charade, Chef chief, Macliin machine, Chas chaise, &c.
//,
when
is
it
There
is
no purely Swedish word that begins with
C.
25
PRONUNCIATION. D.
D
generally retains its own sound; it is, howeBetween two n or n and ver, silent before j and t. s it is often almost suppressed, as: Djarf bold,
Kvdfdt smothered, Landtlig rural, BlandUtomlands abroad. In solemn spea-
Djup
deep,
)ii)i
mixture,
d
king,
is
slightly heard before j.
F.
F
has its own sharp sound, 1) in the beginning of a syllable and after a short vowel, as: Far2) In the words Skj/wf [dig ready, (riff married.
Torftig frugal, Nodtorft want; Adolf Rolf, lludolf; and at the end
(insult,
words
borrowed
from
foreign
names some few
in the of
,
Trumf
languages:
trumph, Strof strophe, also in Skrofel or Skrofler King's evil. takes the sound of v generally at the end of a word or syllable, especially after a long vowel
F
and floor,
a
after
I
or r, as:
Grof
F
Huftud head; but
mine,
Golf
coarse, Rcif fox,
Arf inheritance, Tarjlig frugal. is silent before v in simple words, as: in
Grufca
compound words,
/ finishes one of the component parts, and commences the next, / is pronounced distinctly v, as; Afvanja wean, Brcf-taska letter-bag.
where v as
(See Exercises}.
G.
G
is
pronounced as g
in good,
same
other consonant in
the
hum, Dygd
Scgt tough.
virtue,
2) Before a,
vulture, bird,
I
God "/////
o,
u,
d,
1)
and before
before
as:
syllable, e
Gnolu
and
i
anto
when
belong to a short syllable, as: dam good, Fruga ask, I\r<(
PRONUNCIATION.
26
of certain places ending in ge, when like the Swedish j, as: Norge
ced
g is pronounNorway, Telge
Telge. 3)
At
end
the
of
a
word
or syllable,
when
preceded by a vowel, as: Tyg cloth, Lagrar laurels, Hoghet Highness. G has a softer sound like the English y in yellow, 1) before
e,
i,
y,
a,
o,
as:
Gynna
to favour,
to desire, Genom, through, Gilla to approve, to do. Excepting Legion legion, Region region,
Begdra |6r0ra
yLegend legend, in which g is pronounced hard. In the word Religion religion g is in conversation almost silent, though in the solemn style it is heard. 2) After I and r at the end of a primitive word or syllable, as: Talg tallow, Berg mountain, Vargar wolves. G has a sound between g and h, when it stands after a short vowel, and before s or t in the
same primitive
syllable, as:
Krigsman
warrior, Hb'gt
highly.
G
has a sound nearly like ch in chaise, in
;
tain words of foreign origin; as:
\
jelly,
Page
G Gjorde
(e
cer-
Geni genius, Gele
silent) page.
silent before j in the made, Gjuta to cast. is
same
syllable,
as:
H.
H
always heard in the beginning of a syllable before a vowel, but is silent before j and v in the same syllable, as: Hot threat, Erhdlla to obtain, Hjalte hero, Hjort stag, Hvila rest. is
J.
J
is
yellow, as
pronounced like y in the English word Jord earth, Jdtte Giant.
FRONT.NVIATION.
L'7
J has a sound almost like ch in chaise in words taken from the French, as: Jetton medal, Jalusier blinds.
K.
K
has two sounds, one hard, and the other almost like ch in much. is
1\
hard,
consonant of
word
a
or
boil,
Iti'tkifl
smoky.
<)l)s.:
and
U'iiiL',
K
In the scarlet,
soft before
Kora
2) before a at the end
Karl man,
Void guard, TaJc
roof,
\\nnls xk
is pronounced as sh. .Marshal, MfinnisJcQ a hniiian
Murskdlk
mitive syllable, as: cold,
:>)
as:
syllable,
clothe,
l'
a.
u,
and
plural Miinniskor.
its
is
o,
syllable,
primitive
KUida
K<)ka
Sknrldknn
before a,
1)
same
in the
e,
Kcd
i,
y,
a,
chain,
o,
in the
Kind
same
cheek,
pri-
Kfila
drive.
e or i do not belong to the same primitive syllable, retains its hard sound, as: all en awake, Skriket the scream. hard before e in derivatives, as: is
the
If
K
V
K
lisliintr,
himmelsJce heavenly.
Skj in the same syllable is pronounced like sh, as: Skjul shed, Skjuta shoot, Skjnts }>ost (for con-
The word Kjort<-l or kjnl petticoat, [e veyance). nounced almost as tschourtel or tshol. (See Exercises).
L.
L
retains
lowing pound,
words,
own sound, excepting in the folwhen it is generally silent I.jud
its
:
lie, Ljum lukewarm, Ljiif sweet, Ljwnske the groin, /Jung heath, /Jmn/a to tlash,
Ljitga to
liirht.
and
l,jnntfr a gig (to catch their derivatives: as also
world.
ti.-h
in
,
Ljuta
to
Karl man.
28
PRONUNCIATION.
M.
M always
|
own sound, generally mapreceding vowel short, as: Kam comb, Hem home. Except. Lamm lamb, Damm dust. In some words the vowel is long, as: Lam larne, Tarn
)
tame,
retains
its
the
king
Pram
barge,
Dam
lady.
N.
N has when
alone,
the
same sound
as in English, as
well
as in its combinations with other let-
ters, excepting gn in certain words, when it is pronounced as ngn with a nasal sound Vagn carriage, Gagn use, Regn rain, Signa bless, Ugn oven, Lugn calm, Dygn four and twenty hours, Fdgna to treat, :
behalf, en
Vagnar
Logn a
lie.
P.
P
retains
its
own sound.
Swedish,
is
pronounced as
p
is
almost
psalm,
/.
Ph when
used in
Before s in the word
silent.
Q.
Q always followed by v, and is then pronounced like hard K, as: tyvitter chirping, Qvarn mill, Qvist twig, branch. is generally substituted for Q. Now is
K
R.
E
has always a sharp, full sound in Swedish, as well after as before a vowel, as: Jam iron, Mork dark, Borst brush. S.
S s
in
Swedish has always the same sound as the word see, as: Snus snuff, liesa to
in the English
travel.
S
is
consequently never soft in Swedish.
PRONUNCIATION.
Sk
lM'
in //. pronounced as sh before e, syllable, as: Xkina shine, ,S'/,-//// shot, Skiira cut, SkMa manage: as also in the words noticed under the rule for k.
the
is
:
in the
Stj,
Sjj >//
Bfl
//',
?',
same primitive
same
arc
syllable,
or sjette sixth,
*}
pronounced
Sljiirna star.
T.
T
retains its
own sound,
as:
Slat state,
Titrl
title. is
Tj
pronounced
soft,
like ch in church, as:
Tjiina serve,
Tjtigu twenty. followed by a or e in some words derived from other languages, is pronounced like 1st as: Initial initial, Pntirnt i>atient, -4A://e share. Tton after a vowel is pronounced tschone as: T/,
Hation
ration,
Kondition condition and also situation
as tutor; and after a consonant like dione as: Inroi tion invention, Lektion lesson. Tion has always the
accent.
Th
is
always pronounced as
V.
r and Vinti-r
/.
W.
ir have the same sound, Nerver nerves.
W
winter,
as: is
Van
friend,
seldom usrd.
X.
A
as:
it
# in English, pronounced Straxt immediately, Vaxa grow. In the beginning of names, as: Xeno, Ximenes is
as the sharp
in
pronounced as
s.
z.
X
is pronounced as s. Z in Swedish never the soft sound, as in English. Zick:ack /.i.n/.:iir. i gen are gipsy. - - (See Exercises).
t:ik-s
Z
30
ACCENT.
CHAPTER
II.
Accent. It
speaking a foreign language, one of the great-
and intonation; and this scarcely possible to acquire by rules; the assistance of the teacher is absolutely necessary for the attainment of correctness. A few observations may, est difficulties is the accent
it
is
be given, to assist the student in this part of the subject. The accent is placed on the first syllable:
however,
singular of substantives of two syllathe latter is formed by the definite syllable en or et, as: solen the sun, barnet the child. 1) in the
bles,
when
2)
Verbs,
syllables, that
the
substantives,
end in short as:
first
syllable, nykter sober. 3) Dissyllables
accent on the
first
dark, ddel noble. The accent 1)
When
is
the
and adjectives of two have the accent on
er,
lider
suffer,
ending in syllable, as:
offer sacrifice,
have generally the medel means, dunkel
el,
placed on the second syllable: word begins with either of the
be, ge, for as; bebo inhabit, beslag mountings, beredelse preparation, gemdl consort, gemensltap, intercourse, forse to supply, forening union.
following prefixes:
There
are, however, exceptions in this rule, esperegards for. The following words have, for instance, the accent on the first syllable: fordel advantage, formak drawing-room, forsmak foretaste, forord preface. 2) In foreign words whose final syllable ends in a double consonant, as: tyrann tyrant, recett cially
as
benefit (of an actor), sigill seal. Words ending in eri have the accent on the final i; and those ending in ion on the o, as: bryggeri brewery, tryckeri printing-office, religion religion.
ACCENT.
31
Adjectives ending in isk have the accent on the syllable immediately preceding, a?: (Ijuri.^J: animal, akddcmifk academical. Verbs ending in era have the accent on the- f,
ftromenera to walk, f-inulrm \^ mn.se. The i'reserved in words ending in rrad, and others derived from era, as: daterad dacr(i(/, Ei8:
it
ted,
)
government, handterinj manageable. words taken from other languages and en-
regcrintf
In
ding in ater, cfcr, aliel, ibel, akel the accent is placed on the penult, as; teatcr theatre, baromet> rometer, sabel sabre, spektakel show, noise.
Words ending in ia, ie, ier, ium, have generally the accent on the preceding as:
historic!
(ji Ints
history,
///.?.
syllable, niatrri^Ui-r
ordinariu ordinary,
monopolwm monopoly,
materials,
ien.
Italian Italy, Vir-
Virgil.
Nouns derived from
ing,
foreign languages and endad, al, an, at, have in general, the accent that syllable, as ballad, ballad, kanal canal, in
on labian baboon, Jcamrat comrade. :
The spelt
following
alike,
but
are
varying
of
examples in
words being
meaning according
to
the accent or length of the vowels. :i//;u/claidaside,ri//n^couceived./i-or/ card, '/.'/i'
language, ing only be learned by the ear. In some words, one or more letters are left out in conversation, as: bla for blad leaf, sola for sadla to saddle; la for lade laid, smen for smeden the smith. The plural form of the verb is also frequently much abbreviated and even quite altered, as in the following instances: De tiro the, are, pronounced di tir; de voro they where, di va;'de sJcola they shall, di ska; vi togo we took, vi tog ; de vilja they will, di vill. The objective pronoun and verb are often pro-
nounced together
as
it
one word,
as:
Skicka'n snart,
honom snart, send him soon. Ta'na me er, for Tag henne med er, take her with Alt go'ra't for Alt gb'ra del, to do it. Jag you. ska se'n i morron, instead of Jag shall se honom i (See Exermorgon, I shall see him to morrow. instead
of
SkicJca
cises).
CHAPTER
III.
ORTHOGRAPHY. The Vowels. For the sound of a, though sometimes more or that vowel is always used (See rules for
less open,
the prononciation) is used for .
E
the
long
sound
of
a in the
prefix er; erfara to experience, erhdlla to obtain; but when this sound is not used as a prefix, the a is retained, as: dra honour, drende errand and also in
A
many words derived from foreign languages. now generally used for the long sound of a.
is
ORTHOGRAPHY.
33
Before rl, as: vtirld world, parla pearl. 2) After j ,in almost all cases, as: fjiutu 1)
to
cljakne scholar, ttf&fintl devil, ihjal to death, tttji'irna star, hjiirna brain, fjarde fourth. In the words in whrch relatively few 3) serve,
the long indicated
sound
of
by
as:
e,
gaming
willingly,
a
hitherto
dtir
there,
from
custom
jam
iron,
pragla
action,
to
was
giimn
stamp, kfiyla
skittle.
In all these e is sometimes met with, usage not yet being nettled. I', is used for the short sound of a: 1) In short syllables, as: synnerlig special, aderton eighteen, fiender enemies, svardet the sword. Before j as: ej not, nej no, fejd war, dreja *2) to turn, lalwj footman. Vaja to give way is an except
tion. 3)
In
many words from
custom, as:
verkn
to act. 2, 3, the short sound of // is on phonetic grounds, indicated by // for with some exceptions, but as no settled usage is e, as yet established as to the use of a for e, and Swedish writers do not agree on this point, all the spelling-reformers preferring a in every case for e, the
In
n\v
the cases of
also,
only way to approach correctness in this respect is to follow the latest Word-list edited by the > Swedish
Academy. The following words are have the same pronunciation
spelt differently,
but
:
}'
Agg
/ edge. rk work.
I'ifrJ:
The following
differ
egg. pain.
both in pronunciation and
spelling: />'
Leva
-ast.
Ht'ist I.
clay. tiraimnnr.
best.
Urn doctrine. ;{
34
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Nesa
Ndsa
disgrace.
nose.
Vcifva to weave. 'Back brook.
Vefva juncture.
Beck
pitch. TredsJc obstinate.
Trdsk marsh.
VecJca week.
VdcJca to wake.
Hetta heat.
Hdtta cap.
Tett wit, sense.
Vtitt wetted.
Art
Ert your. is
1)
pea.
used to denote the short sound of a:
Generally in primitive syllables, as
Jcom come,
om
if,
:
boj baize,
skott shot, slott palace.
In the following final syllables: om, on, op, tagom let us take, ogon eyes, bishop bishop, marmor marble, nagot something. is used for the long sound of a only in certain words: Jiof court, I of praise, shof interval, sorl 2)
or,
ot,
as:
murmur, konung
A
king.
used to denote its own sound: 1) In words or syllables ending in nd or ng, as: stand booth, sang song. 2) In certain words from custom, as: dslca is
thunder, holla to hold. the
The following word same pronunciation:
Lossa
to loosen.
differs
in spelling, but has
Ldtsa
(often pronounced lossa) to pretend.
The following words have
the
same
spelling,
but differ in pronunciation:
Rom Hof Lof
Rom
rum.
hoof,
Hof
court.
a tack (at sea),
Lof
praise, permission.
Rome,
Tomt empty, Kort cards, Sort ought, The following are pronunciation
:
Tomt site. Kort short. Sort away. different both in spelling
and
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Bod
shop,
lint
remedy.
Don Hof
tools,
I)
noise.
hoof,
Haf
hand-net.
Lotsa to
/
Bat
messenger. boat.
Lntsa to pretend.
pilot,
early in the morning, Atta eight.
Td<7 march, roj
took,
B&gen the b\v. Bogen the shoulder, The consonants represent their own sounds, with
the exceptions given in the rules for pronun-
ciation. It should, however, be observed that k is generally used in words derived from foreign languages, whether the sound in the original word is expressed
by
k,
or que.
ch,
c,
As exceptions may be given:
1. those words in which, in a foreign language, the sound of k is expressed by cc, when that sound is expressed in Swedish by ck, as: ackord from accord; or when the sound of ks is denoted by cc, in which case
these letters are retained, as: accent accent, acc< to ace
the
In
names where the a
consonant,
Thse
as:
final c is
Latin syllable cus, and in followed by a hard vowel or
Coriolanus,
words that end
Columbus, Cremona.
/ in the indefitake a r after that letter in the formathe definite, as: prof pattern. ]>rot'rif the
nite
form
tion
of
in soft
pattern.
A cent, kiijijt
consonant
is
doubled when
it
takes the ac-
one, //// to, straff punishment, trr dry, stick, lass load, ilppnn to open. ptions: j and X are never doubled, as:
as:
clt
m
to irruw, Itnja t-> immediately, rii consonant is not doubled when followed by
ttra.i'
A
another.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
36
M
is seldom doubled even when accented, as: stam stem, grym cruel, hemlig secret. But if a vowel follows the primitive syllable, so that an accented m stands between two vowels, the m must then be doubled, as: timme hour, gomma
to conceal, glomma to forget; except in the syllable dom, as: domen the judgment, svordomar oaths.
The
m
is
Some words end is
on
that
Jean can,
when it compound word,
not doubled before a vowel
finishes the primitive syllable of a as: bomull cotton, framom before.
in single n,
as;
letter,
man
one,
though the accent han he, hon she,
min mine.
Those
end
that
adjectives
in
nn
or
dd
fre
quently drop one of these letters in the neuter, as: tunn, tunt thin, grann, grant grand, Jdadd, kladt But other consonants are retained double dressed. in
the
neuter,
as: kail, kallt cold,
torr,
torrt dry.
Those verbs that have a double consonant immediately preceding the final a in the infinitive retain
it
as:
verb, fallt
double through
the different parts of the tigga to beg, tiggde begged, folia to fell,
felled,
to
kyssa
kysste kissed,
kiss,
han har
kysst he has kissed.
The
Division
of
Words
The following general
into
rules
Syllables.
may
be given for
the division of words into syllables.
A
1)
vowels
single
consonant
coming between
two
generally placed to the latter syllable, as: di-ke ditch, re-gel rule, la-ra-re teacher. 2) When two consonants occur between two is
vowels, the former are generally separated, as:
ga
to lie,
pretend.
hum-mer
lobster,
lig-
rik-tig right, Idt-sa to
ORTHOGRAPHY.
When three
3)
or
vowels, the last
t\\o
usually placed to the latter half, gnint-ra to sparkle,
Mlf-ten the
as:
syllable,
more consonants occur between is
favourite.
Obs.
1)
The
affixes aktig, het,
always form separate
lig,
ling, ska,
syllables, as:
rod-aktig
reddish, hdrd-het hardness, lyck-lig happy, verdure, lo skfip cattle.
fir-
/
Obs. 2) The
consonants dr, sk, sp, st are not but are placed to the latter syllable, as: klan-dra to blame, a-ska ashes, la-spa
commonly
separated,
to lisp.
Compound words component
parts,
icicle,
as:
are divided according to their be-kriga to make war upon,
ned-rycka to pull down.
The Use
of
Capitals.
Capitals are used almost as in English: at the beginning of a sentence, to proper names, but not to The names of the adjectives derived from them. - AB a days of the week do not take capitals.
murk your,
The
respect in letters, the pronouns Er you I)u th<>u, are written with capitals. you should always be a capital. pronoun of
and
J
Stops and Marks used
The
stops
in
Writing.
are called in Swedish
(,)
Komma,
Punkt, (?) Fragetecken, To these may be added () Parentes, (!) Utropstecken. (>) Citationstecken, (-) Bindetecken, (') Apostrof, Tankstreck, (') Accent, i) Paragraf, ) ( i)ik..l,,n,
(:)
Kolon,
(.)
'
risk,
USE OF CAPITALS AND STOPS.
38
A
Komma is placed between the shorter clauses a sentence, especially before a relative pronoun and the relative particles.
of
A Semikolon is placed between clauses that oppose each other, before the conjunctions men, ty, emedan, om, dock, when preceded or followed by a longer clause.
A
Kolon separates in a sentence longer clauses, depending on each other, and which are themselves separated by semicolons; also before examples, quotations, and explanations. The Period (Punkt) and other signs can generally be used as in English. At the commencement of a letter, a note of exclamation is always placed after the name, as: Min dyra van! My dear friend. The following are some of the most common abbreviations.
H. M. H. K. H. S. A. K. D.D. K.K. H.H. R. S. O. K. M. O.
K.S.O.m.St.K. R.
S.
O.
K. N. O. R. N. O. K. V. O. R. V. O. T. D. M. D. Fil. D.
Hans Hans
Hermes Majestat. Hennes Knngliga Hoghet. Stormaktigste Allernadigste Konung. or or
Deras Kungliga Hogheter. Riddare af Serafimerorden. Kungl. Majestats Orden. Kommendor af Svardsorden m. st. Korset. Riddare af Svardsorden. Kommendo'r af Nordstjarneprden. Riddare af Nordstjarneorden. Kommendor af Vasaorden. Riddare af Vasaorden. Teologie Doktor. Medicine Doktor. -Filosofie Doktor.
Hr
- Herr
llrr
Herrar - Min Herre Mina Herrar Anmiirkning det ar, den aldre.
M. H. M. Hrr
Anm. d.
a.
d. v.s. ell.
dvs.
det
vill
saga
-
Mr. Messrs. Sir.
Gentlemen.
Remark. that
is,
the elder.
that is to say.
ABBREVIATIONS, e.
a.
in. 'll s.
k.
s.
.1.
annan
rii
g.
H-h
till
iran-
mod
vidarr sa kallad ulna tlair
OSV.
sa
'i-li
eftermiddag
t'.
m. m.
f
d.
for detta
e.
m. in.
-
m. v.
o.
d.
Ued.
fay. p.
m.
midday
11
n.
annli
med med
lfi.
tiera
im-ra
nuvarandc och dylikt ell. t. e.
till
jam for
kl.
klockan -
niiml.
&c. present. ft/t'l
mi.'-Jt
iKiinligen
r m.
fr.
I
<>.
m.
fran och
.
cotnjx o'clock.
nnil.
fr.
//'/,-
-for i)itn>
i'xf
jl'r
luff,
otii,
med
-from
on. .
.
.
inclusive.
40
ARTICLES.
PART
II.
ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER
I.
NOUNS. In Swedish nouns we observe articles, gender,
number.
case, and
THE ARTICLES. There are two articles, the and the definite (Itestamd).
indefinite (obestamd)
The
indefinite article is en in the masculine feminine, and ett in the neuter corresponding to a or an in English, as: en hast a horse, en kvinna a woman, ett bord a table. This article is
and
not inflected.
The
definite
article
is
den in the masculine
and in the plural, genders: den man or den mannen the man, det hus or det huset the house, de man or de mannen the men. The definite form of a noun is also expressed by only adding, in the singular number, en or n to masculine and feminine nouns and et or t to neuter, as: mannen the man, kvinnan the woman, bordet the table. In the plural, the definite is expressed by addand feminine, de
for
det in the neuter,
all
ing ne, na, a, en, as: yossar boys, gossarne for -na) the boys; Jcvinnor women, Jcvinnorna the women;
[DEB.
tains,
-11
pleasures, nojena the pleasures; H the mountains.
berg
moun-
may
also be
hf-nii
The word considered
as
den, with
a
its
variations,
demonstrative article or pronoun.
Gender. There are in Swedish three genders: masc-uUm-, and neuter. The gender of a word does not always depend upon the object which it represents, but often on the form of the word itself or on custom, as: ett fruntimmer a lady is neuter, gala street is feminine, and lardom learning is feminine,
masculine.
The following general rules may be given for determining the gender of nouns either by the meaning, the form, or by custom. l:o.
By the Meaning. Masculine.
a) Those nouns are masculine which are used to express men's names, titles, offices, and trades, and also the males of animals, as: Karl Charles,
smed smith, handlnndc tradesman. Except titles endim: in r
juxtitifrnil
and d> orn eagle.
females, fish,
(
nt
end
in a,
as: f
bird, Jisk
Obs. Exceptions: gas goose, sill lu-rrinir. \\hirh anfmni custom feminine, and tljur heast, kn-ntur animal, fn l>-a>t "f hni.U'ii, an animal I'l-uto. fi>l foal. ni>t neat \vl, kri/jt crawling inse< t, kruk a little creatni-e. rep ,
'/,-
i
tile,
siiet-j.. Ininm lamh. kid kid, It'jon \vhifh are. fnun the genius nf the lan-na-je. neuter: alsn the following \\>nls: t'<>*t,'r 'iiilryo. //,/n< rhil.l, /
linn,
as IIJOH
pan:
lu'li/on
saint.
42
GENDER.
The names
of lakes and rivers, also of the and days, as: Temsen the Thames, Mdtaren the Malar (Lake Malar), vdren the spring, mars March, onsdag Wednesday. c)
months,
seasons,
Feminine. Feminine denote
nouns
are
those which are used to
:
a) The names, titles, and employments of women, as: Karolina Caroline, drottning queen, sommerska seamstress. Except: fruntimmer lady,
woman, which
kvinnfolk
are neuter.
b)
cow,
The names bitch;
tilt
c)
Those
of females
among
animals, as:
Jco
except sto mare, which is neuter. words ending in a which are used
both for males and females, as: myra ant, gddda pike. d) The names of sciences, arts, trees, and emotions, when not neuter from the form of the word, as:
filosofi
philosophy,
hdmnd
revenge, glddje
joy-
Neuter. Those nouns express the
and
are
neuter
which
are used to
names of
estates,
as:
countries, counties, towns, Sverige Sweden, Skane Scania,
Stockholm.
The
letters of the
2:o.
alphabet are also neuter.
By the Form. Masculine.
Those nouns which end in are in the inform are masculine, as: jdgare huntsman, hammare hammer. Except altare altar, which is neuter.
definite
(DEB,
Feminine. Nouns
ftidelst
a are
in
ending
-ptre, docket Nouns in
feminine,
;i-:
doll.
most
else,
of abstract
meaning, as:
knllflw calling.
birth,
Kxri'ptiiiiis: j'iiinji-lse prison, tdckelse covering, 8pkt'lse apparition, which are neuter. Nouns in hct and nad, as: ofverhet superior,
ffftkmid
Except:
regret.
mnnad month, which
is
masculine.
Wrds
and uhstract nouns
ion
in
nation nation, gaming action. Concrete nouns in ing are line,
grannskap neigh hourhood. Those in / when not derived from Latin, jxirti
)arty,
Those tron
wild
trt/ckn'i in
short
as:
printin:-otT: o, BB: l''.
morning ninrgon Except and ufton evening, which are masculine. All participial nouns in nde when they signify stra wherry.
r
state
of action
talunile
con-tant
a
<>r
hi-ing,
-peaking,
are neuter, ett StarJet
a-:
t-ft
j'init
Jfdrandc hard
44
GENDER.
As also some participial nouns in nde, as: driving. drende errand, liyende cushion. Obs. perParticipial nouns which signify sons are either masculine or feminine according to the sense, as: en Jiandlande a tradesman, den sva~ rande the defendant. Words derived from foreign languages, with the accent on the last syllable, and forming the plural like the singular, or by the addition of ert are neuter, as: kvartal quarter, magasin magazine. Those nouns that end in t or et in the definite
form
are
without
exception neuter, as: berg, defithe mountain; nb'je, definite form berget nojet the pleasure.
form
nite
3:o.
By Custom.
Certain words are by custom feminine, as: aln shop, bok book, bredd breadth, bro bridge, bygd neighbourhood, bar bier, ell,
last vice, Idngd length, Ion wage, makt power, mjolk milk, mull mould, natt night, natur nature, not net, ndd grace, ndl needle, nod need, or salt cause, otro
relationship, sldtt flat country, socken parish, sol sun, stad town, synd sin, sad corn, sang bed, tand tooth, tjdnst service, tro belief, tyngd weight, tang ull wool, vak hole, vdf web, varld world, vetenskap science, ridd width, vag scales (for weighing), d rivulet, drier vein, dtt family, o island.
tongs,
<;KNDKK.
Obs.
1.
The names
45
of females referring to
trade, nation, are sometimes formed by adding inn a to the nuTespnndinj: ma-culine, as: bitkop bishop, liskopinna; grek a Greek, grek' station,
inna; ends
title,
vdrd in
e
When the masculine vardinna. vowel is omitted, as: agare owner,
host, this
dgarinna; furste prince, furstinna. Sometimes ska is added to form the feminine, In as: major, majorska; professor, professorska. some cases are in the masculine is changed to erska in the feminine, as: sdngare singer, sdngerska; slfiIn words denoting a sare spendthrift, sloserska. people, ska is used instead of the masculine final a>: spfuijor Spaniard, spanska or tpunholldndare Dutchman, liolldndska ; if(t/
syllabi^,
laserska or Hixm-inna, hjalperska or In some few cases essa or issa is hjiilparinna. used, as: prins, prinsessa; baron, baronessa, profet,
inna,
as:
profetissa; poet, poetissa. Obs. 2. In the names of animals ska is never used in forming the feminine; sometimes inna is added to the masculine, as: lejon lion, lejonhnut; b'i<">rn
bear,
bjorninna; varg
wolf,
varginna: asna
but the word houa i- more itsninna; |uently added, as: clefunthona female elephant:
MB,
hona
fre-
bitcn-fot.
In some cases different words are used for the masruline and feminine, as: hunil d
hona
liitdi; lien.
hingst
stallion,
sfo
mare;
tn}>}>
rock,
CASE AND NUMBER.
46
Case. nouns
Swedish
are
changed
for the
sake of
case only in the genitive, which is formed by the addition of s, as: en gosses bok a boy's book; flickans haft the girl's hat. Obs. Proper names in is and us retain the
Latin genitives is and
i.
Number. The number ar,
or,
er,
or
and plural are formed,
as
nouns some
of
in
en,
alike*.
formed by adding words the singular
is
In the definite the plural is by adding ne, na, a
before mentioned,
or en, as: spira sceptre, konung king, dygd virtue, rike kingdom, larare teacher; in the plural spiror, honungar, dygder, riken, larare; and in the definite plural spirorna the sceptres, konungarne, dygderna,
rikena, Idrarne.
Nouns
taking or in the Plural are:
Those that end crown, kronor; gata *
in
as:
krona
gator; tafla picture,
taflor.
a in the singular,
street,
In some Swedish grammars these different formations of the plural are called declensions: consequentThe ly five, and examples are given accordingly. author thought, however, that, for the English student, at least, the system here followed would be much easier, and he has hesitated less in adopting as in all other languages the declension is made it, to depend on the variation of the cases, and not only on the formation of the plural. The arrangement here followed is in accordance with the present etymology of the Swedish nouns which, though they formerly had distinct cases, have now only a genitive.
CASK AM. M-MMKK.
47
A feu \\ords ending in consonants also take or; those of the masculine gender are: toffel slip] >er, in the plural tnfilor. tipannr .*jni)i chip, fti-nn swan: (also
svanor
sp&ner)
rad
are:
calf
of
(also svanar).
the
The feminine
leg, ros rose, vitg wave,
/
vein; plural vador (also vader), rosor, vdgor, ddror; nit ?yf<7 scales for weighing and re#e/ or rigel bolt
I
take ur (reglar), whereas regel rule takes er (regler). Obs. 2. The word /dV# colour now takes er
and
stofvel boot
r (stoflar). e is occasionally used in the
some nouns
In singular
instead
(figuratively) I-'ltiyga
of
a,
as:
vdrme
(heat) for vtirma
warmth. flag,
almanacka almanac,
some-
are
times written Jlagg, almanack. Some words formerly took u in the genitive, hence we still have the form furugren the branch of a fir, varupris the price of an article. This u was afterwards changed to 0, as: dufvorost the voice of a dove, kyrkogdrd churchyard, a sido aside, -
till
*piUo to destruction.
Exercises. plural and definite forms, &c., of the following nouns: ros rose, gum ma old woman, ttitld picture, ft idea girl, piga maid-servant, Jci/rJca church, Idga flame, vag wave, farg colour, dder
Give
the
vein.
Nouns with
the Plural in ar are:
All those ending in hiy. as: )i ttnglhig a youth. sannhif/ truth, fUrliiittring impnv'inMit. Tin- names of trees, as: al alder, hi'n/g bird'scherry, and the names and title- ..f women, as: brud <
48
NUMBER.
bride, moder mother, with some others which not be placed under any general head.
Those that
drop
words letter
which before
drop, droppar. any other vowel,
the singular syllable ar, as:
e in
final
But when the singular ends
(h'ojipe
in
end in the
can-
it
is
retained, as:
bro bridge,
broar.
Those nouns that end in short ar, el, drop the vowel in these syllables in the as:
axel
aftnar;
en,
er
plural,
As also a/ton evening, shoulder, axlar. morgon morning, morgnar; djdfvul devil,
djaflar; stofvel boot, stoflar.
The words dotter daughter and moder mother change the vowel in the first syllable, as dotter pi. :
moder
dbttrar,
pi.
mb'drar.
The
by
definite of the plural is generally formed adding na, sometimes ne for masculine persons,
as: db'ttrarna the daughters,
konungarne
(or
Jcomm-
garna) the kings. Exercises.
Give the plural and definite forms, &c., of the following nouns: brud bride, drang man-servant, boy,
gosse
moon,
dotter
sanning truth,
gaffel
fork,
stofvel
boot,
daughter,
mane
timme hour, oken
desert.
Nouns
taking er in the Plural are:
All that are of foreign origin with the accent on the last syllable, as: agent agent, eremit hermit, ceremoni ceremony; in the plural: agenter, eremiter,
ceremonier.
Words ending nyhet news, in
(ir
or
/
nad in the singular, as also polysyllables ending
in het or
manad month, in the sing:,
with the accent on the
final
NUMBER.
49
konstniir artist, parti syllable, aw: hi lee, which takes n in the plural.
party,
except
Nouns ending in else or skap also take r or er in the plural, as: bojelse inclination, egensJcap property. Those in skap, when neuter, may remain uninflected in the plural. Proper names from foreign languages generally er, as: Aristoteles, pi. Aristoteler. Those ending o take in the plural ner, as: (7arfo, Catoner;
take in
Ciceroner.
Cicero,
The
definite plural of nouns in er is generally as: brdnderna the brands, dygderna
formed by na;
the virtues. If the singular ends in any other vowel than i, the plural is formed by adding only r, as: ko cow,
kor; ta toe, tar; frdnde relative, frdnder. Except foreign words with the accent on e which take er, as: ide idea, ideer; arme army, armeer. In words ending in el or er without an accent, the e in these syllables is dropped in the plural, as: mtiskel muscle, muskier; fabel fable, fabler.
Some words change
the vowel in forming the
plural, as: bok book, bocker (bok beech-tree makes in the plural bokar) ; rot root, rotter. These double the consonant also, the following do not: bot a fine,
bdter; Icdamot
member, ledambter; #tad town, stdder ; soner; bokstaf letter, bokstdfver; bonde peasant, bonder: natt night, natter. Monosyllables in and and ang change the vow-
son
son,
and duck,
Under; brand brand, brdnder; land tooth, tiindcr; rand n'iwlf-r: *fniwl shore, stramli r land country, r, land or lander (the former when it refers t pit-crs
el,
as:
h'Dul
hand,
hiindcr ;
:
of land,
the latter of different countries); tang tong,
tdnger:
stang
;.
pole,
Swedish Grammar.
stanger.
Gang time makes 4
NUMBER.
50 ganger, but
when
gdngar in the
means walk or path
it
it
makes
plural.
Exercises. Give
the plural and definite forms of the
fol-
lowing nouns: Skald poet, smed smith, park park, hand hand, bokstaf letter, bok book, mdnad month, rot root, Jco cow, fdbel fable, tand tooth.
Nouns
taking n in the Plural are:
Those that
are of the neuter gender
and end
in a vowel, as: dike ditch, diken; arbete work, ar-
beten; lofte promise, Idften; spdnne buckle, spdnnen. Except polysyllables in i, as: fiskeri fishery,
studerande student.
The
definite plural of these
nouns
formed
by adding a to the definite, buckles, spdnnena the buckles; dpplen
is
as:
generally
spdnnen dpp-
apples,
lena the apples.
Obs. Brdde deal board has a double plural, as: brdder or brfiden, the latter only in special cases, as chess-boards schackbraden.
The following monosyllables
also take
n
in the
fro seed, fa beast, Jwa knee, ny new-moon, skrd guild, spo switch, strd These nouns take et in the defistraw, sto mare. nite singular, though in conversation the e is not plural:
bi
bee,
bo
nest,
pronounced.
Hjarta plural.
Oga
heart
makes tyartan
in the indefinite
eye, ora ear, ostra oyster,
lowing plurals: ogon, oron, ostron, nite form ogonen, oronen, ostronen. frequently used as the singular.
and
have the
fol-
in the defi-
Ostron
is
more
M-MP.KI:.
">1
Exercises.
fro
piece,
and
the plural
(live
fallowing nouns:
liiffc
bo
seed,
definite
promise, Inn'i
nest,
forms, \c. of
knee,
(
mare.
>/<>
tin-
x///r/ v
buckle,
#/n'iitnr
<>//"
ora ear.
eyc^
Nouns
that
remain uninflected
the
in
Plural are:
masculine nouns in arc, as: skomakare Hi hi IT- doctor, Inujarc. baker, *itir/,-i/,T Participial nouns in f/ndr used for persons, joiner. ."made traveller, xtiidrrtnidr student, Innnilmnlr tradesman. Words in er used to denote the inhabitants of a country, as: ot egyptier an Kgyptian, and words that denote measure when used in All
shoemaker,
reckoning, as: fot foot. to Those nouns that end in tire change or mi in the definite plural, as: Hint re teachers, I lira me the teachers. There are also some neuter nouns ending in a consonant which remain uninflected in the plural, <
w
lord table,
as:
take
these
fiord tables;
rn
the
in
Imni child, /mni children;
definite
plural,
as:
l>nrin-)>
the children, liordni the tables. Obs. 1) The words famim-tirc* treasurer, cwtrr* officer, sekreterare secretary, sometimes drop the final firr in the singular nuinlier, and are written /,v/////w. officer, \c.: but are is always retained in
the plural.
Obs. ber,
1,'aninir.
or
2)
iHi/nirr
tnifntr
letittrar.
fingrar
in
hammer, make in the
lliinuinn-1'
auger, :
kit'l/tirr
I-'h/i/r,
cellar
makes
witlmut
arc.
the j.lural. rn-i|iu-ntly
is
finger
cham/mmnir.
kfuiniitrn'
plural either
either
kiillnri-
fnm
52
ADJECTIVES.
Obs. 3) Hufvud head is in the indefinite pluboth hufvud and hufvuden, the latter sometimes contracted to Jiufven or Jiufvun; in the definite form ral
hufvudena, hufvena, or hufvuna the heads.
Man
Obs. written ner.
man
man 4) in the plural,
Gas goose makes
or husband is generally though sometimes man-
gass in the plural.
Exercises.
Give the plural and definite form, &c. of the nouns: arbetare workman, bagare baker,
following
dagdrifvare
loafer,
Assyrian, lejon altare altar.
lion,
kopare val
purchaser,
choice,
CHAPTER
berg
assyrier
mountain,
II.
ADJECTIVES. have in general the same masculine and feminine, but in the neuter a t is added, as: tapper brave, neuter tappert; lycklig happy, neuter lyckligt* The same may be observed of perfect participles in d, as: alskad loved, neuter alskadt. Obs. 1) Monosyllables that have a final vowel take double t in the neuter, as: Ha blue, blatt; Swedish
form
ny new,
adjectives
the
for
nytt.
Swedish grammarians usually divide the adjectives into two declensions, placing under the first all that have a separate form for the neuter gender, as god good, godt; star large, stort, and those that remain uninflected in all genders form the second declension, as: dicta pure, allcna alone. The arrangement here followed has been adopted for the same reasons that are given under the head Number in the chapter on :
nouns.
53
ADJECTIVES.
Obs. sonant
2)
it
If
tlie
masculine ends in a double con-
retained before
is
/,
as:
*////
happy,
.>/////;
secure, /////////; except adjectives in nn, participles in dd. \vhich drop one of the final conso////////
as:
nants,
ill-nun
and
//r>7//V//;
before d, as: ter
iif/fif/df.
m.
the n
Obs. faithful,
makes
lit-stridd disputed, with a douhle consonant huilt, stfilld placed, in the neui/rifid:
sh>\vy,
also /;//////'/
those
fitt'illdf.
3) If the is
masculine ends in an unaccented
changed
tni(/rt:
litcn
to
in the neuter, as: trogen
t
little,
Ingen no one
-
///<"/.
intet in the neuter.
In
forming the definite masculine, e is generused in the higher style, though for the sake of euphony a is very frequently employed in conversation. In the feminine and neuter genders, // is used. Karl dot djiirfre Charles the Bold; tint x/o/v/ ally
l;i-'ii>Han
the
woman;
tall
stora
(let
nunmH
the
large room.
Obs.
1)
Polysyllables
ad unaccented,
in
as
also superlatives in
minium the good-natured man.
the steady youths. t/rnn the most reasonable claim.
f/)>
Den
DC
*tatl
biUigaste for-
Obs. 2) Adjectives ending in al. ' the old man; tr
faithful servant.
Obs. dciinitr:
i-it
3)
I/itt'tt
lite*
little
ifn.w a
makes little
lilfr
boy,
r
dm
//'////
lilln
in
the
<
tinlittle some makes n&gra, and in.y. \iifioit IDDHUI other niidrn. loth in the definite form and in the plural number.
54
ADJECTIVES.
Obs. 4) Ed raw, Ua blue, yra grey, may, in conversation, both in the plural number and in the definite form either take the additional a or not, as:
(let
rd or rda
Uaa Mnimeln
the
kottet the
blue
sky,
raw meat, den Ha or de yra or graa ha-
starna the grey horses. Adjectives ending in tt or t after another consonant take a or e in the definite form and in the plural, though the same in all genders, as: liitt easy, den latta boken the easy book, latta locker easy books.
end in short a or e, and changed either in gender,
Those adjectives that also those in s, are never or
number, alone,
form, as: akta pure, allena strange, utvcirtes outward, inbordes
definite
frammande
mutual.
The plural form of adjectives is the same as the definite, as: den goda Jcvinnan the good woman, goda kvinnor good women, de goda kvinnorna the good women; akta guld pure gold, akta fdrger fast en frammande person a strange person, frammande personer strange persons. colours,
The Comparison
of Adjectives.
Swedish adjectives have three degrees of comparison, the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. The comparative positive, and beautiful, skonare
the
is
formed by adding are to
the superlative by ast, as: skim more beautiful, skonast the most
beautiful.
The comparative form
is
never
changed either
in
(definite or indefinite) or number. The superlative takes e in the definite in both
numbers, but in the indefinite remains unchanged, as: Han /// lurdaxt lie is the most learned. De tiro sko-
ADJECTIVES.
55
they are the most beautiful. Den rikaste perD< fn.-i/u.^r 'nbcien the most
son the richest person. learned works.
When the positive ends in n. the comformed by adding only re and the super-
Obs. lative
1)
is
parative
by
a.s:
>7.
tnujti particular, nogare, >'"//">/. Adjectives of two or more syllables in it/. >'l, en, er unaccented drop the vowel in these final syllables in the comparative and superlative,
Obs.
2)
trwinnn:
faithful,
'
sake
the
triHjimxt.
euphony the comparative is sometimes formed by mera more, and the superlaF<>r
tive
end
of
nn:t most; especially in polysyllables that or />/. as: godfy&rfad kind-hearted,
by
ml
in
1
////>/
i.
Some
yiHlhjnrtnn
adjectives,
as
:
those
nitisk zealous,
referring
and
number, cannot be compared, round, dagliy daily, fyra four. time,
hundratusen, 1 000 000 en million. forms of expression tu is generally used instead of tva, as: Tdockan ar tu it is two o'clock; ett, tu, tre one, two, three (as an exclamation); skdlen gick midt itu the basin broke in two. And tvenne, trenne are sometimes used instead of tva, tre, as: Han Jiar gjort tvenne resor till sjos he has made two voyages; Cato hade fbresatt sig trenne saher Cato had determined on three things.
100
000
In
(ett)
certain
The English word ish
by
bagge, ~bada, or
loth
is
translated into Swed-
Mggedera, which
admit
of
a genitive form, as: Till btigges var fcignad to the pleasure of us both; btiggederas lefnad the life of both. Bagge tva and Mda tva are also sometimes used.
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
57
Obs. 1) Och and is not used after hundrafem 105, hundratrettiofyru 134. Obs. 2) Nouns are formed of the cardinal numbers as follows: tit etta, en tvaa, en //"/. \<-. up to 12; in the definite form citan} &C., and in the ]lural cttnrwt, tninrtm.
as:
/
tinrtni.
ftc.
Obs. to
write
o)
ar
For the year it is usual in Swedish (in the year) 1849 (aderionkimdrafyr-
Homo).
The Ordinal Numbers Del
(Or
the
or
lirst.
second, third,
fourth, fifth,
sjatte,
sixth,
ttjande,
seventh,
monde,
eighth. ninth,
t'mnde,
tenth,
<(fte,
eleventh,
Atfonde,
tolfte,
twelfth,
trcttotnlc.
thirteenth,
fjortonde,
fourteenth,
femtonde,
fifteenth,
sixteenth,
seventeenth.
mttonde
eighteenth. nineteenth, twentieth,
tfuguforsta,
twenty-first,
twrnty -second.
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
58
Det or den -
thirtieth.
trettionde,
fyrtioncle (fyrationde),
fortieth.
femtionde,
fiftieth.
sextionde,
sixtieth.
sjuttionde,
seventieth.
iittionde
eightieth ninetieth.
nittionde,
hutidrade,
hundredth.
tvahimdrade,
two hundredth.
tusende,
tiotmende,
thousandth. ten thousandth.
hundratusende,
hundred
thou-
sandth. Obs. 1) In large numbers the ordinal form is never used to more than the last or the two last
den femtusen fyra hundm attiosjatte. thus denominated 1 /% &n 1 en tredjedel, /4 en *fjdrdedd, 1 /s en fem-
figures, as:
Obs. 1
half,
/s
tedel,
&c.
annan
or
2) Fractions are
One and en
are
expressed
ger,
&c.
Obs. dubbel
or
a half is expressed by halfen half. Once, twice, thrice, &c. by en ycing, tva ganger, ire gan-
ocli
3) Double and treble are in Swedish sometimes tv&dulibd, tredultbel, &c., and
73, 81, 97, 103, 109, 246, 465, 6,138, 10,675, 15,423, 467,594, 571,672. (See Exercises on the
58,367,
Nouns.) *
Colloquially en fjarndelT
PRONOl
CHAPTER
III.
PRONOUNS, The pronouns classes,
7Wr>W/v/.
/////.
are divided in Swedish into eight //^-/'^yoAv/. Drnnnis/ni-
7.V //>./////.
7Vr.s-oj/////f/.
lt<-mnjntint. and
1,'r/nfini.
IIH/I--
ihtitn.
1.
Personliga.
The Subjective, Possessive, and Objective are
the
the
other
that are subject to inflection; cases are formed, as in English, by the use of prepositions before the objective.
only cases
/VV>7 Plural.
Singular.
Sub.
Jii ft
Poss.
Miit
IV we.
I.
Ohj.
my, mine. Miff me. Second
Suli.
/>//
Poss.
/)/M
Obj.
/>/'//
Vnr Oss
our,
ours.
us.
I'lTfHit.
/
tliou.
thy, thine. thee.
or w/ ye.
J-j/rf J-j/rr
your, yours. you.
Singular.
Feminine.
Masculine.
Sub.
//,//,
Poss.
HUH*
obj.
llt>ni,,
Mm,
he.
him. II
The
Plural.
Sub. Obj.
Obs. used,
7V
thc\.
7>'v//
In
llnwrx
his.
inic
Neuter.
Dn*.
lt,t
her, hers.
7>rx.v.
/>r
her.
7^//.
7>/7
-Mine iu
Poss.
Common.
she.
all
genders.
I)n-nx their, th
them.
the
but the
<>!.!
style mill*, i/iii*. V&T8, n<>w dropped, except in
i<
it.
its. it.
60
PRONOUNS.
some
or ers before
titles, as:
Eders or Ers Majestat
Your Majesty.
Du is always used in Swedish when thou would be applied in English, as in the biblical style, to God, and in poetry. In conversation the word du can only be applied to relations, intimate friends, and servants."' Ni is often used in speaking to a single person. speaking to a person of lower rank or to one who is but little known, the word han or Jwn is sometimes used instead of du or ni. Vi, like the English we, is used by monarchs, in proclamations, &c. as: Vi Oscar, &c. bjuda, &c. ; In
and
also occasionally by public speakers and writers. Sjalf, in the plural sjalfva, is often added to
the personal pronoun for the sake of emphasis, as: Han sjalf var dar he was there himself.
2.
The
Reflexiva.
the same as the except in the third They are mig, dig, oss, er. person, which is sig. Ex,: Jag bemodar mig I exert myself; du bemodar Vi roa oss we amuse dig you exert yourself. objective
reflexive
of
the
pronouns
pers.
are
pron.
ourselves. / roaden er you amused yourselves. skadade sig he hurt himself.
*
Han
is usual that persons not related, after having been acquainted for some time, or wishing to be on a more intimate footing, put aside the use of the titles, which is such a burden to Swedish conversation, and before using the word du to each other, propose brorskal (brother's health) when they drink and shake hands, after which du is adopted.
It
PRONOUNS. 3.
The
Reciproka.
reciprocal pronouns hnirntnlrn or
De
the English each other, as: tliey praise each other.
to
I
nm hrnnnulra
Demonstrativa.
4.
The demonstrative pronouns denna,
denne,
de;
man,
that
/A
are:
,
plur.
delta,
/A-wf
those men,
tin'iitnt-it
that,
woman, tlessa hastar these horses. Obs. 1) 7>wx is used sometimes for d W ;/'////;/ that person's name. Obs. 2) 7>/ is sometimes used instead of
/A-/
w
not
to
this
'>Vo
futtkomligen say unadvisedly
we
bids us
reason
njt/>lf/*tfi
that
are perfectly en-
lightened.
Obs. instead
of
3) Sometime* in the t/H. tlHtn. \c., as:
/
(instead of:
Obs.
luir.
/"//
I
///
nit
nntl in this
t/rf
nit).
In
conversation
ft/
law style
/
///
used
is
seeing that <
the expression-
This form is not considered vulgar as This here book would he in English. Siitiniii' or MIIIIIUH is often added to Obs.
ture.
.">
ili-tt
-
fitildr
sake
for
the
the
same man
us'd
instead
/Av/.s-///y//////
The
a-:
IH>H
tmj hifkni
it.
Possessiva.
possessive pronouns are divided into -\vner and those that denote
di'in--
than one.
<>f
she took the book and sold 5.
that
of emphasis, as: tlrusnmn that came: fauamma is some-
th
62
PRONOUNS.
II IJ
&m a!
503
S
fa
,,
S^
:
63
PRONOUNS. Relativa.
6.
The
relative
are:
pronouns
Hvad
//////,>//
Hvad
which: XOHI who, that, and
what.
are uninflected.
Hvilken
thus inflected:
is
Plural.
Singular.
M. F. Sub.
who or Sow and
N.
Masc. Fern. Neuter.
Poss.
Hvilken, Hvilkens,
Hvilkets,
llrnr*.
Hvars,
Obj.
Hvilken,
Obs.
Hvilka who. Hvilkan whose.
Hvilket,
/////////
Hrilket,
Sadan
whom.
sometimes used instead of lit- if ken. or hrilket, hvilka, PS: sadana (Ju'ilka) rikwhat important duties! stu/tnif ( hrilkH) nit! what honourable zeal! Obs. 2) Dew, (fetf, (few*, are properly demonstratives, but are sometimes used instead of the da1)
is
tive or accusative of hvttken, lin-lsn
A man
uktHtny
7.
The
to
as:
whom
A';/
tint it,
all
show
nil a
respect.
Interrogativa.
interrogative pronouns are: hrilknt. hrilkrtiHri/km \< inflected in the same
dera, limit. ln>. hrml. way as the relative,
and is used either with or withnoun, as: Htnlkcn -<>/>fr /urn? Which house did he buy? Also in exclamations, as: Hrilkrn out
a
*knnliH!
The
What
a beauty! Hrilkcti imnt! Wliat a
man!
such cases, left out in Swedish. omObs. 1) l/ri/kon/cnt. neuter hrilkH"pounded of hrilkni and ilcrn. formerly (/rrni or an old genitive plural of (/m <>' then, so that article
is,
in
means
j.roperly
hrilh-n
'/'//'
'?
Which
64 of
VERBS.
them? The
one
of
the
same may be observed of endera ndgondera some one, Jivardera
two,
ingendera neither, bd'ggedera both. 2) Hvem is used only as a noun; it has in the genitive hvems, as: hvem har sagt det? who has said it? hvems dr det? whose is it? Obs. 3) Ho is only used in the biblical style, where it is applied instead of hvem, as: ho dr den? who is that? each,
Obs.
8.
Indefinita.
The principal indefinite pronouns are: man one they (in a general sense), en one, ndgon some, any; annan other, hvarje each, every; hvilken som heist anybody. Man always takes the verb in the singular, and, as reflexive, takes sig or en, as: man tycker om det one likes it. Man bor ej kasta sig i faror Man one should not throw oneself into dangers. vet ej hvad som kan hdnda en one does not know or
what may happen to one. En makes ens in the possessive, as: det dr ens eget fel, om man, &c. it is one's own fault if one, The definite form is ene or ena, as: den ena &c. eller den andra the one or the other. Ena ones is very seldom used after adjectives; we say in English: these are good pencils, but those are bad ones; in Swedish dessa d'ro goda Hyertspennor men de ddr dro ddliga. The little ones is expressed by de sma; though sometimes in conversation ena may be sddana sma vackra ena such pretty used, as: ,
little
ones.
Ndgon ndgra.
is
There
exactly to any.
in the neuter ndgot, and in the plura" is no word in Swedish answering
Har han ndgra Mr?
has he any ber
me
.some. Unit Imr hit< done anything to-day. .///// *kall risn / at/nans rt/cm/mit another's estate, am/ra iitxiktfr other views. /A//r/// r /';//' fuuHOt hok? have you not another book? in
niii/nf
i/jnrf
i
makes
///
M>/>/
hrilkrH
or
ftnni
Exercises
in the possessive ttnni
Itff! / -ii t
7//v/^/
//r/.v/,
A/v/f/
there,
he has nut
(luij
Ifril/trn
give
//'////>/
'i
i
//r/x/
Ar/>7
///" //*/>/
>7>/>/
//r/.s-/,
///v/,
in the neuter
is
or
///v/r/
///-/.v/,
as:
whoever may be whatever he does.
/v//-// ///;/
///7x/
r/(//-
tin-
<>n
CHAPTER
IV.
VERBS. The Swedish verbs may be thus
classified:* l:o
Active, 2:o Passive, and 8:0 Deponent. Active verbs end in a in the infinitive, as: att ill ska to love, att bygga to build; and they are transitive when they can be used in the passive form, as: att slu'ira to cut, att skciras to be cut. The passive is formed by adding s to the active, as: att iilftkas to be loved, att Itiiuaax to be built. *
The A
following denominations are
verb
is
subject, as: :t rcrl tual action,
called Ittin
reflexirt
forln'ifvcr
si
als..
when lie
it
observed. acts
upon
tin-
prides himsolf. Rc-
ends in 8 and denotes a muInkoatiH brottas they wrestle. denotes a gradual assuming of a state or property, as. att llekna to grow pale, att kallna to I>iniinntit't m-lcold, att (ddras to grow old. !
denotert
a
always as:
de
decrease
ta to titter.
imar
in
the power
of action:
sma-
66
VERBS.
The deponent verbs ((in/ft*
to
but
form,
passive
to breathe,
not
those which have a
are
a
passive sense, as: aft att h/ckcts to succeed, att hrn/fa*
\vrestle.
Obs.
Some
1)
used as deponents, narras to tell stories,
Obs. it
When
2) is
att
meet (each
att triiffas to
person,
passive verbs are occasionally att narra to deceive, att
as:
trciffa
to
meet
(a person),
other).
a verb
is
only used in the third
called impersonal.
Conjugation. There are in Swedish three conjugations known by the form of the supine. (See rcuular rcrbs.) In forming some of the tenses, auxiliary verbs are to
as:
used,
shall,
riljd
hafva
will,
become, to
to
have,
ma may, kumia
rara
to be, skola can, hlifm. rarda
be.
The following general remarks should be observed: l:o. In the singular number there is no change person, and in the plural, the second person always ends in v. The first person plural may end either in a or e, but the third only in a.
of
In the vulgar and spoken language the singular almost always used instead of the plural is form. 2:o. In some instances, especially in the higher style, the present of the conjunctive generally ends in <", in all three persons except the second person which takes n: nta is, however, generally plural used with the infinitive. 3:o. The present participle always ends in wlc,
form
as:
kalldjH/c calling,
Att
hdfi'd,
to
troetule believing.
have,
is
conjugated as follows:
VKRBS. Indikativ. /'/<
./////
/>//
/A///
IMural.
Singular. Inn- I have.
I/
thou hast. ///// he has.
or
/ ///////;/
/"//
or////
////////
/A
/,,//,,/
\\ehavr.
you havr.
/////>
// they have.
,,;
Imperfekt. It
iij
/)//
////;/
/>
\
had.
IV
thou lindst. limit' he had.
/
///////
had.
\ve
/////A-
hmlrn v
/A-
///////
th-y
liad.
"lit.
.A///
have had. \"i //////// ////// we have had. thou hast had. / hafvenkaft have had. fcaX he has had. I)<-lmfnilnin\\u>\ havchad.
////// I
/////
ym
/>// //^/y //^// /////
///////
//////
I
ftc.
had had.
slcilll
or /Hi/I'd
lid
I
IV
shall
hn .r /////'/// have had.
or will
\e.
Furuni *k
OF llltj'm
////
.v/,7;/<7
shall
\r.
I
we had had.
Hrum.
have.
shall or will
./
//////
ftc. / '-if
-lull
/W/-
IV
ftc.
//////
W-
have. &C.
c.idL'tn/i'.
IV
x/,v>///
we
or ta/fefl /"///
////
have had.
shall
\C.
\r.
\'c.
Tmperatw.
have thou. l/nfn- have he. //'//
llujruui
us have.
let
Hfifrni have y /A///-'
have
th-
Konjunktiv. ./////
///"
./////
////
A
or I
/////'/v/
may
or
hav-.
IV
ma
//r//'/v
In i
.r
//./
we may ha\v.
68
VERBS.
Du ma
ha or hafva or du thou mayst have. Han ma ha or hafva or Aa- Aa/w he may have.
I man ha
skulle
Jag
ha
or
hafven you
Jiafve
De ma ha hafre
hafra or J
may
they
may
Imperfect. Ft s&w7/e ha or might have.
or hafra I
might have.
have.
or hafra or 7)^
have.
we
//-r//r
Perfekt.
Jay ma ha or hafra I may have had.
It
aft
Phiskvamperfekt. I Vi skulle hafva haft we might have had.
skulle
Jag
ma ha or hafra we may have had.
Vi
haft
hafva haft might have had.
Infinitiv.
Pies. Att
hafva to have, Perf. Atthafvahafttohave'ha.d. Fut. Att skola Aa/vatobe about to have, Supin. Ao# had. Partitip.
Hafvande having; Perf. Hafvande haft having had. Futur. Skolande hafva being about to have. Pres.
JU fara is
to be thus conjugated:
Indikativ. Presens. Plural.
Singular.
am. ar thou art.
Jag ar
Du Han
I
ar he
is.
Vi aro we are. I aren you are. De aro they are. Imperfekt.
Jag var
Dw
I was.
var thou wast. Han var he was.
Vi voro we were.
7 twew you were. De two they were.
69
VKI fete.
r rari/
I
have been.
Vi
It
a or hah a
have been. Tmperativ. I'd/-
(
I hi)
raic han
lie
let
thou.
him
In-.
Vamin
let
I'an-it-
I
Fare de
The form conjugation first
let
them
be.
of skola shall or will is seen in the
Ma
of the other verbs.
KHHIHI
imperfec-t watte.
the
us be. be ye.
makes
in the
an irregular verb under
is
conjugation. Shall is sometimes used in the sense of
Obs. /'/
i*
*(iifl,
he has
as:
lian
>/,v///
hafra
rest it is said that
started.
or I Hi to become or be. This verb takes former seme generally before an adjective or noun, and the latter when used as an auxiliary. :is: Inui 1,1 rf .x-/,-/V/,-//// he became clever. I fan !>/< t !>/ iff a
the
xtraffad she was punished. It makes lief, pi. llrfni, in the imp. and Uifott in the supine. Varda^ rm-dcr, rani/ has the same sense a-
seldom used; it is found princiand law styles, as: ranlc ////>/ ranlf (jit* Let there be light, and there but
li/ifra,
is
pally in the biblical ni-li
\va>
used \\as
dft
The imperfect ranlf is, however, often conversation, as: han rardt rrfa/i/iful he
light.
in
seized.
The word and
liir
is
often used
as
an
auxiliary,
a
supposed reality approaching cerni<>r)> it is suppo-rd tainty, as: hau liir n'#a he will start to-morrow. This verb has only the and make- /Urn in the plural. Tnr expp-se- only a >iij])ositi()ii, with le>s -crtainty than ////, a-: kon fi>r hnnnna -he will perIt mak'-s frde in the imperfect tense. haps come. /
.
70
VERBS. Maste, properly speaking,
also used as present
and generally
sity,
was
an imperfect, but
is
and
future, expressing a necestranslated into English by must,
manniskan maste do maste jag skrifva yesterday I was obliged to write. I morgon maste jag resa to-morrow I must start. The form of expression: Jag har mast Icisa I have been obliged to read, Jtan hade mast spring a he had been obliged to run to
or
have,
man must
is
obliged, as:
I gar
die.
often used.
The regular Verbs. pally
The three conjugations by the ending of the In the
as:
are distinguished princi-
supine. conjugation the supine ends in
first
tola to speak, talat spoken. In the second conjugation the
at,
supine ends in t liopt bought. In the third conjugation the supine ends in //, as: taga to take, tagit taken. after a consonant,
as:
kopa
to buy,
First Conjugation.
Presens ends in
-
-
Imperfekt Supinet
ar.
ad<\ at.
-
Part. perf.
ad.
Aktiv form. Indikatir.
Presens. Singular.
Jag kallar
Du
I
call.
kallar thou callest. Han kallar he calls.
Plural.
Vi kalla we
call.
I kallen you call. De kalla they call.
VK!
Jnii
L'allaili-'*
we
17 L'aUadc*
-ailed.
1
called.
reft
har
./////
/,Y///a/
have
I
17
//
<>r
we have
called.
The other tenses are formed The imperative makes in the
haj'ra called.
kallfit
as in /infra.
singular kalln.
pi.
2:d person kallm.
Passiv form.'* Indikativ,
Presens. kail a*
am
1
called.
kail as thou art called. /
kail as he
is
called.
was
called.
17 kail ax /
we
are
called.
kallm* you are
called.
Dr
kali ax they are called.
Imperfekt.
kattades kallruli-x
/>//
1
thou
wast
he
WM>
ViJcdUadesvrG were called. kallailctts you were
/
called.
called. /A///
1,-allmlrs
7>r
kalla
they
were
called.
ailed.
Perfekt. -/nif
Inn
knllat*
I
have
1
*
7
//^/
or
//o/'/vf
we have heen
lieen called.
Throughout
tin-
singular is llural th'
tintirst
Icullni*
called.
before nu'iitituir.l. tinthivr iors..ns: in the and third are alike, ami the see>nl vt-rls.
same
as
in
is
all
finis in en. **
vnin- can also he c>njni:atel with the knllad I am i'alle.1, //f//f Wr/' /mw /mr Mifrit knllnd he has heen called, hnn hndr blifvit kallad he had heen had hrt-n called; i-alled, r/ Ar/c/r hi if r it knllndf \v*
Tin-
verh
passive
hlifi-n, as: ./'/.'/ W/>' kallrul lie was called,
VERBS.
72
Jag hade
Pluskvamperfekt. had Vi hade hallats been called.
hallats I
been called.
hollas I shall
shall
Jay
be called.
we had
Vi shola hollas we shall be called.
Futunim exahtum. ha
or hafva shall have
shall
Jag
hallats
I
Vi
or shall
\ve
hafca have
been called.
been called.
Imperativ. Kalloms be thou called.*
Kallas
ha
shola
hallats
let
us be called. *
Konjunhtir. Presens.
Jay ma hollas orjaykalles I may be called.
Vi
ma
hollas or // hallc*
we may be
called.
Imperfeht. matte, shulle hollas I
Jag
might be
called.
Vi matte, shulle hall a* might be called.
^^e
Perfeht,
Ja ma ha I
lats
or hafca hal-
may have
been
called.
called.
Pluskvamperfeht. Vi shulle
ha or hafva might have
shulle
Jag
1,'dllats
been
Vi tnd ha or hafca hallots AVC may have been
I
ha
or
hafra
we might have
hallats
been called.
called.
Tnfinitiv.
Pres. *
Att hollas to be called.
The periphrasis ferred.
*
Latom oys
kallas!
Var kallad
or
Perf.
l
Att ha or
dig kallas!
pre-
VK
I
have been called. Futur. about to be called. Sup.
kullut* to
/
kalian
to
be
AH AV/>//>
been called. Partieip.
Kullnd called. Comp. perl. Hafvamde having been called. Futur. Sltolande 'kalian being about to be called. By this scheme of the passive voice it will be observed that every part of an active verb becomes passive by the addition of an 8. The majority of the Swedish verbs belong to Perfekt.
knllats
the
first
l:o
conjugation, especially: Those that end in era, ra after a conso-
iga or ska, as: regera to govern, "hr-dra to honour, forfardiga to make, onslta to wish. 2:o Those that end in ?a, na, *
the second, and brista to fail, to the third conjugation. But if the final syllables above mentioned are preceded by the same consonant as that in the
verb
the
belong either to the first conjugation, produce an echoing sound, ."fauna to stop, ///xsvf to guess, fatta to seize: the second, as: befalla to command, Imjinnm to begin, to sharpen, or to the third, as: hallo, to hold, syllable,
may
as: xlcalla to
to
lind,
Obs. pronounced
silla to sit.
The
supine, in the
tir.st
conjugation,
is
like the neuter of the passive participle
in the singular number though ending in
74
VERBS.
The following
verbs are in the supine of the but irregular in other respects. conjugation,
first
Present.
Infinitive.
Heta
to be
Imperfect.
heter,
Imperative. Tiet.
liette,
called,
Kunna
to
kan
be
able, Lefva to live,
Ligga to lie,* Lita to depend, >SV//a
to
(pi.
kim- kunde,
no).
sit,
Xitta
lefver,
lefde,
ligger,
lag
lent,
be
si-
lef.
lago) ligy. lita.
litar,
litade,
sitter,
satt(pl. sutto)sitt.
setatoYmttit
supine
Tiff a to
(pi.
teg (pi.
tiger,
teyo)
tig.
supine: tegat.
Veta to know,
vet,
visste,
vet.
Vetta to face, vettcr, vette, Most of the deponent verbs are conjugated according to the first conjugation, as: andaff to breathe,
dagas to dawn, gnabbas to squabble, nalkas proach,
harmas
rixfa* to sojourn,
to apto be vredgas angry, to envy, lyckas to succeed.
to be vexed,
afimdas
The deponent verbs
conjugated like the verbs, except that they have no participle perfect; they cannot, consequently, be construed with blifva: not jag liar b/ifrif (utdad, but jag har andats I have breathed. Han xkall vistas he will reside. passive
voice
of
the
are
active
Exercises. Conjugate and form simple sentences of the following and other irregular verbs, as well orally as in
to
writing. sit,
tiga
Dan#a to
be
to
lefva to live, x///i veta to know, andas to
dance,
silent,
breathe, nalkas to approach. *
Ligga makes
legat in the supine.
VK1
7-")
Second Conjugation. IVeseus ends in -
Imperfekt Supinet
dc or
-
d
Part.
Perf.
tv.
after a consonant.
/
r
/.
Aktiv form. hidikativ.
Plur.
Sing.
bend.
r
1
l>jdL>
I
IV fr/"
bend.
\ve
Imperfekt. JK
IV
bent.
fo'j/Wr
we
bent.
Perfekt. J'it/
have bent. linjt Vlhafca fro// we have bent. The other tenses are formed as in AY///^. The imperative is boj bend thon, &o/'r let him
Itar
bend, let
I
pi.
bojoin let us bend, b<\jai bend ye, 2 and 3 conjugations take
them bend.
Itnji-n //>
in-
stead of rx in the plural of the pres. indicative.
The passive is formed by adding v (see Jcalla). Obs. Many verbs, which properly belong t.
1
the
first
conjugation, follow the second for the sakt
of brevity,
as:
The
syllable
final
sftc/fi,
s/M-/aclr (*/ir!tr). r in the present
those which belong to the
Obs. infinitive,
-
When
the
final
/
hitrrr,
/'///
I"
hiir
I
r
syllable
present indicative, as: ntt
make
first
hear,
conjugation.
a
in
the
omitted
in
the
-
tlie
;
//
hi'ira
Ja;/
fid at />///;. distinguishes
.^
is
to hear,
tul
I
bear
till
a
to bear.
instead
of
VERBS.
7H
Obs. as:
dde,
3) l:o
Some verbs form the imperfect with Those that have da after a vowel iu
the infinitive, when the supine ends in dt, the masc. and fern, of the perf. participle in dd, and the neuter of the participle in dt, as: leda to lead, ledde led, In the same way pryda to supine ledt, part. ledd.
klada to clothe, foda to feed. adorn, Except those which belong to the third conjugation, as: lida to suffer, bjuda to invite. 2:o Those that end in any other vowel than a in the infinitive, in tt,
which case the supine ends
in
participle in dd, the neuter in dt, as:
the perf.
happen, skedde happened, supine skedt, per. neuter skedt. Tro to believe, trodde,
ske to
sJcedd,
part.
In the same way bo to dwell, trodd, trodt. to flee, sy to sew, forebra to reproach. Obs. 4) Those verbs, which end in the infini-
trott, till
with one n, pa, sa,
tive in ka, na,
imperfect
te
part.
perf.
/,
Krntia to crown, kt
kriinte,
to read, laste,
Icisa
:
Obs.
ta,
take in the
instead of de, and in the supine and as: smeka to caress, smekte, smekt. krb'nt: Jcopa to buy, Itoyte, last.
5) deponent verbs which belong second conjugation take des in the imperfect and in the supine &, as: Mygas to blush, Uygdes, btygts: djarfvas to dare, djarfdes, djiirft*: skammas to be ashamed, skiimdes, xkiinif*: kofvas to beseem,
Those
to the
hofdes,
hoftt*.
Obs.
6)
Some
verbs change the vowel in the
imperfect, supine, and perfect participle, as: Present.
Jay brhtyur
Imperfect. Supine. Perf. Part. i
bring,
brayte.
brayt.
bor
ought,
l)ort,
dviilje*
dwell,
borde, dvalde*.
dvalts,
doljer
conceal,
dolde,
dolt,
bragt.
dold.
VERBS.
1
'
1
(
/r
/
glader
77
VERBS.
78
mata
to
water,
matte,
matt,
sag,
x
matt.
measure, xfi
to see,
ser, pi.
to
$&*//
separate, .s7ri to
skilde,
skill,
x//fr,
sfor/,
pi.
to
support, /tvV
to
:5:
xfc/7/er,
stand, xttidja
x%o,
stodo* stodde,
siodjer
stodt,
#todd.
tray it,
tvayeit.
orstoder ^vo-,
tvac/fle,
wash/
tvatt,
Exercises.
Conjugate and form simple sentences of the following and other irregular verbs, taking some of the l:st Con., as well in writing as orally: bygga to build, ringa to ring, ploja to plough, tdnka to think, stamma to summon, sdlja to sell, saga to valja to choose, se to see, ga to walk, do say, to die, le to smile.
Third Conjugation. Presens ends in
Imperfekt the vowel in the
first
Supinet ends in Perl't.
-
-
er,
a monosyllable and alters syllable of the infinitive,
is
- //,
-
Part, in
ni.
Aktiv form. Indihilir. Presens. Plural.
Singular.
Jag
layer
I
take.
J7 taga
we
take.
J
I
i<>
Tmpcrfekt. IV fnyo
took.
we
took.
Perfekt.
haf
Jn
I
ttigit
have
IV
The other tenses The Imperative /nil'
tuyont,
plur.
.
or
lut
hufm
tayit
wo
have taken.
taken.
formed as
are is
t
in the
n.
sin.Lr:
in
l;
l
:>:ni
tayc.
The passive is formed by adding s as in the other conjugations. The participles of the passive voice are: perf. neuter tayet, plur. tagna taken; compound .
haframie rarit tagen or hafntwh- ///////> Futurum: slcn/andr tayu* heing having heen taken. ahout to be taken. Obs. 1) This conjugation seems to be the oldest,
perfect:
and includes some of the verbs most commonly in use. Obs. 2) Those verbs which end in la or ra the infinitive drop the cr in the present as: aft to crow, ban gal (not lian yaler) he crows;
in
yala nit
mala
bear;
jag With
to
Mr
grind, I bear.
jag
mal
I
grind; ait
Ix'ira
to
regard to the change of the vowel, the following rules should be observed: .1 long is changed into o, as: far a to sta for I started, draga to draw, jay
i/i
'/
>///
to strike, .1
imp. slay. and ^ short are changed into
fall, full,
ImUa
f long
is
to hold, hull changed into c,
yijrn to
irive.
/////'.
plur.
as:
yn
//// to
<
/y/7r/
to
bit-
VERBS.
80
/
short
is
changed into a in the singular and
in-
Jinna to find, fann found, bundo. plur. fnnno; Undo, to bind, land, plur (' is changed into o, as: bjuda to invite, bjvd, to
in the plural,
//
as:
fijuHga to sing, sjong sang. is changed in the imperfect into o, and the and perf part, into w, as frysa to freeze, fros supine
T
:
.
frozen, flygo,
frusit
froze,
to
fly,
flog flew, flugit
flown.
short to run,
occurs only in the imperfect of lopa
lopp, plur.
lupo,
part.
fo
The Imperf.
Indicative has the same form in all persons, as before noticed; but sometimes the plural has a different vowel from the singular, as is shown above.
Obs.
:
The Imperf. Conjunctive is formed from the Imp. Indie, only by the addition of an e, when the Imp. Indie, has only one vowel; bnt when it has different vowels in the singular and plural the Imp. Conj. is formed by the same final letter (e) added to the primitive syllable of the plural,
as: satt sat,
plur. suite, conj. suite.
When
the verb changes the vowel twice, the vowel is retained in the sing. Imp. Indie., as: from bar a to carry, jag bar I carried, and the second vowel in the plural indicative, the imperfect first
conjunctive, and the supine, and perf. part., as: vi
buro we bore, jag bure I might bear, jag liar burit I have borne, buren borne.
VERBS.
i
I
i
|
vT
C
III
fiq '//."/(
c
<.
Urn in mar
81
Iflli*
82
VERBS.
Some intransitives of this conjugation have the corresponding transitives in the second, as :
Present.
Imperfect.
Intransitive.
Brinner burn,
Transitive.
Brcinner burn, Fuller fall, Faller fell,
Intransitive.
Transitive.
brann, brande,
Supine. brunnit. brant. fallit.
foil, ftittde,
fallt.
But when the verbs are the same sent, the difference is
in the prenot so particularly observed, as
Smaller Smaller
small (smallde), smallt. smdllde smallt.
Intransitive.
Transitive.
Some
:
strike,
verbs follow both the
first
and third con-
jugations, as: Pres.
Jag simmar .
I
^
swim
I
oblige
\
Supine. s-imwat. -
fi||OT|f|0>
\tvingade,
.
Jag tvtngar
Imp.
isimmade,
tmng (tmngol
itvingat.
]/nmgit
.
Exercises.
Conjugate and form simple sentences from the following
and other irregular verbs as well
orally
writing, taking some of the list and 2:nd Conj.: bjuda to invite, finna to find, fara to travel (start), bita to bite, sjunga to sing, frysa to freeze, as
in
bara
to
carry,
flyga
to
fly,
gifva to give, sld to
falla to fall, skara to cut, brinna to burn, dta to eat. (See Exercises on the Verbs.) strike,
PAKTU
I
CHAPTER
V.
PARTICLES particles are divided,
Tht: i*.
Prepositions^
as
in
Conjunctions^
Knirli>h,
and
into
In
Hong.
Adverbs. the adverbs most
Among
commonly
in
the following: \:a
Of
dar
there,
till
in
hrar,
/t'tt'-i-:
utatifi'ir
the
hran-fit
haJ:mn behind,
front, \
liar
win-re,
hnniufnr within,
outside,
here, aU<-#tad<
>
Iiakrit
here,
frani-
ha<-k\
every wh-
tttat (lit thither, whither, hit liither, outwards, inat inwards, frattnit forwards, Imkut hackwards, nedcit downwards, hrarifnnt whence, liiirifran hence, (/(irifran then<-e, nfifran from without. hii/rmi from within, 'bainfran from behind, fraiu-
from
tfni it
before.
Obs. The itt
in,
particles
fratn forwards. a vowel
upjt
!><>rt
up,
a\va\,
wr h(-ni
down, /// nut. home, imj)ly
added they denote a state halt iir u/>j> he went up. being, he is up, hnt> s/trami >ter she ran down, h<>n H/IJHand fir )nr>' she is down, and so with itmc, Imrta,
action; but
if
hati
as:
of
is
nirl:
h nnna. '2:n
Of
merl\ early,
just iinttii
ever,
les in srttf.
now, still,
<>fta
late,
J'urr before. fordoiH frfuture, hadtmrfti r hereafter, fitlif/f
HK now,
tin/c:
fiiart soon,
*fra.i
immediately.
;///
ndan
already, da when, yet, nUtid always, aldriff never, imt; cften, stimdom .-nmetimes, da
and then, Lilian
lately,
si-ldom.
..mnmnly.
84
PARTICLES.
hum how, ill, ndgorlunda tolerably, forgafves in vain, sdledes consequently, gdrna willingly, svdrligen Vith difficulty, 3:o
tiHunnr:
Of
vdl well, ilia
tamligen tolerably, sdr deles particularly, sd so, Ititteligen easily, synnerligen especially. 4:o Of interrogation: hvar where, hvart. whi-
hvarfor why,
ther,
5:o
Of
hum
how.
affirmation: ja, jo yes, allddes exactly,
visserligen certainly, sannerligen verily. 6:0 Of negation: nej no, icke not, ej not, inga-
lunda by no means.
Most adding
t
adjectives can be changed to adverbs by to the masculine, as: vacher beautiful,
Mok wise, Mokf wisely, Idngsam Idngsamt slowly. Some adverbs may be compared in the same way as adjectives, as: langsamt, Idngsammare, Idngxaminast: ho'gt highly, ho'gre, liogst : or with niera vackert beautifully, slow,
and west: others Positive.
Vdl Ilia
are irregular, as:
Comparative.
well, ill,
Gdrna Ldnge
willingly,
long,
Snart soon,
Ndra
near,
Fjdrran
My diet
far,
much,
There
are, besides, many adverbial expressions, (from del part), dags (from dag day), tals (from tal number): dels hdr och dels dar, partly here and partly there; liur(u) dags? at what time? ttixaitals by thousands, &(., which are best learned
as:
by
dels
]>ractioe.
I'AKTIi
I
Prepositions.
The most common .If by, of,
rid
prepositions are tin- following: bakoui behind, b/
effcr after, fratufor before, frtin from, 0en0fH through, hos ni, \vitl), ;//o/// within, (iiirUdit. mettan between, jiiwte together with, nihllnti amidst, (mot. against, towards, niu'n nc;i:-. nm aliout, nfwHjHt above, />//. Hpjui on, Hudrr under, fir u{, utfin' down, ///. uf/tr out of, ntan without, along, rid at, nl to, for; o/rrr over.
fin
beside,
lii
past.
mf
Conjunctions.
The most common conjunctions (k-h and, either.
but, in
bade both, soni
Jtvurkwi neither,
>itan
<-ase,
Init,
w'ir.
o;
if,
cj
heller nor,
^ fraud
are:
e//e?
as,
-
or,
tin
provided
nnthnjr than
(that),
da when.
Interjections. -
-mt.'
of
the
ah' ark! hear! ve! woe! (8&
01
most common alas!
t\h!
Exercises o
!
interjections are: well! h
tin-
86
SYNTAX.
PART
III.
SYNTAX. CHAPTER NOUNS.
1.
The
I.
Definite Article.
The use of the ?ame in Swedish as Gossarna lasa.
definite
article
is
almost the
in English.
The boys read. The picture is beautiful. Taflan ar vacker. In the following cases, however, the languages
differ:
used
a) In Swedish the definite article is frequently in sentences where the noun is taken in its
most extensive
sense,
Kiir/ckcH rur xhirkarr
as: Hit
Dygden
Aran
Love was stronger than hatred.
IK ltd.
Virtue conquered.
m/jv/r/r.
Honour led him. ledde Innnnn. In nouns denoting number, weight, or nica-
l>)
*nrr.
the definite form
Tva shillings paret. Sex francs kilot. .l(/(T/
1,-nntor
Hicfci'H.
is
used, as:
Two
shillings a pair.
Six francs a kilo. Eighteen crowns a meter.
ending in a vowel or in more than c) one consonant, often take the definite article, otherTitles,
SYNTAX.
87
wise they generally follow the same rule as in Engas: sekreteraren D. secretary D., prosten E. hixbi/t />. bishop B. provost E \Vhen a title occurs without the person's
,
Vill
iKi'ulfn
you have the good-
\\ill
'
.god?
ness,
Har Jrnn
general?
Have you been
writ diir?
there,
ma-
dam? //
rn
'
You have never been
mi-it
'ifi/n'i/
In'ir.
here,
sir.
Obs. In some cases the definite form may be when the name is added, as: skoU&raren /!. !
used,
hnr nirif In'ir Mr. !>., the teacher, has been here. Especially to the first title when more than one is used, as: bisko2)en, doktor E.
The
e)
sometimes used when
definite article is
in English a possessive pronoun would be applied, as: hade liatt< )/ i Imtuh-n. He had his hat in his hand.
Han Hon
Imnom urmcn.
(/(if
The The A'//
in
article
ha,-
en
is
generally
used
in
English, as:
A large He has
sfm/.
sf<>,-
//"if
Indefinite Article.
indefinite
Swedish as
She gave him her arm.
h'ixt.
town. a horse.
In the following in8tances the two languar-s dilTer: In I-ji^lish ti is gem-rally placed after .->//.
a) ii'ii,
Imlf.
preceded !e I
.a
is
siitlttit
by in
and *". all
!>/;.
trlmt, f>><>,
tiiese
'/.<.
>(//ff<>f
stor
or Imtr.
In
adj^-tivc
Swedish the
cases placed first, as: Such a book.
l-'.n 8& rm-kn- nmhiimj. Kit hnllt <'i/>j)/r.
i'.n
as also after an
kammare,
So
tine a
painting.
Half an apph Too large a room. 1
.
SYNTAX.
88 it
in
hut son/
(/{
The
h)
Han Hon
when used general.
grefuhwa.
JJ.
fir
in
fratixntan.
Jag far #rar
i
house as
his.
it
trades,
titles,
and
after
an exclamation.
xni chare.
iir
a
frequently omitted would be used in
is
He
iir
cir
Hennes bror
Hr
before
especially
lirJIL'cn
As good
where
cases
in
Swedish,
English,
/HIM*.
indefinite article
day.
is
a general.
She is a countess. Her brother is a joiner. Mr. B. is a Frenchman. I shall receive an answer to-day.
What What
racket' havf!
titanyd folk!
a beautiful horse! a
number
of people!
The Genitive Case. The use same
Fad mi* Gossens
is
the
genitive
yia'fljc.
c\:c.
1)
When
in
Swedish
is
the
in English, as: The father's joy.
Jilt.
Obs. fairs,
of
most cases as
in
the
The boy's industry. names of Swedish towns,
are preceded by a proper
name, the
latter
often placed in the genitive form, as:
Kreriye* rike.
Stockholms
lihi.
Lf/vriks xoc/icn.
Obs.! 2) When the vowel, the genitive form ['astern* xfad. Orchro Ian.
The kingdom of Sweden. The county of Stockholm. The parish of Lysvik. name ends in v or in a is
not used, as:
The town of Yasteras. The county of Orebro.
Obs. 8) In such expressions as: a parcel of books, a bottle of wine, a set of plate, &c., the particle is left out in Swedish, and they are expressed thus: cff /tarti liitrkcr. <'H Imiclj //;/, rii sttfv&rservtS. Obs.! 4) The preposition //// is sometimes followed by a genitive, as: xitta till Itord* to sit at table,
.AX. X//H//X to keep one'a fund* to travel by >. a
////
till
oH
fill
////
/'*////
and
land.
liy
accompany om- part nlji's to comply \vitli a
to
/-m/.v
//'//
h.-d.
of
/'/;////
the
way. Wish.
-
when
a particular object is denoted, the genitive used after ////, as:
not
is
j
as:
/
-
mer.
yesterday
f///xr
Monday,
rums
/
Hut never
-
Obs.
6)
evening,
last
spring,
rcrltiis.
/'
The
i
is
/ /
last
nnitHlinjs
sunims
HHDHU/S.
i
suin-
last
urs.
often united with an-
genitive thus forming a single word, as: het/rrsktfits/H Frihetsvti* friend feeling of honour. of freedom. Sometimes with an adje-tive or parti-
other
noun,
ciple,
as:
imskcmsvftrd
destructive of peace.
fredsftirstorandi
ADJECTIVES,
2.
The in
desirable,
(Sec xt/ntdcfinil exercises.)
Form.
definite
The adjective generally agrees form, as:
I)tn
(/
I)
hn*<'f.
I-jt
s/tir
tujhi.
i'.li
(fin/
r/oxxr.
Kxccptions: tive
case,
its
noun
The good hoy. The beautiful hou.-e. A large picture.
gossen.
fiirlifii
with
A good boy. After
,, )
and also
after
a
a
noun
in
the
geni-
possessive ordenx*
pronoun, the adjective is put in the indefinite though the noun is in tin- definite. The youth's good eon Ynglingens />t<>
ti\v
form,
duet.
snnmi
hi<-ku.
The father's real happi
90
SYNTAX.
Din
Your
angenfima
systers
sister's
agreeable
voice.
rost.
Din nya
Your new
hart.
hat.
Mitt stora lexikon.
My
Denna
This beautiful view. This high table.
sko'na utsikt.
large dictionary.
Detta hoga lord. b) Also after the relative hvilken, after the
word samma,
hvilket,
and
as:
Han hade vimnitpriset tre He hvilken
had Avon the prize three times, which uncommon fortune had, &c.
ovan-
ganger, liga lycka hade kc.
Hon
liar
zamma goda She
lynne som modern.
has
the
temper
same good
as her mother.
In exclamations the adjective is used in the definite form, as: Alskade fader! Beloved father! c)
Lyckliga barn!
Happy
The
indefinite
child!
Form.
The adjective is used in the indefinite form: a) When followed by a noun in the same form, and not preceded by any of the above-mentioned words which require the definite one, as: Stor lycka. Great happiness. 1] 1 1
Ett
A new A light
ny vagn. rum.
ljust
After
b)
hvi/kcu.
tively, and after of hvilken, as:
hrilkrt
hrad when
Jag
Du
vet
dct
//>
f(-(lv(ir
ret// i (ft
(dl
svara oskulden.
nit
for-
I
carriage.
room.
when not used taken
in
rela-
the sense
saw what a noble being he was.
You know what
honest
zeal is necessary to de-
fend innocence.
SYNTAX. After
mi, inn.
many,
nnnuit-n
y/m/o/
none, xmlnn sucli. and ///v//;/V 6V //"/7 tininf/fii ijod have heard many a good
/;//// //f/r
-A///
I
tn/nn:
speaker.
////;/
///'//
ttiiikr
I HI
>i
rink m&tHtiska.
Iinj<'tt
Did he give you any had opinimi of her? No had })erson.
No
/HIS.
large house.
num. Every learned man. \Vhou the adjective is placed after the auxi-
liirtl il
liary
verb raru. as:
1'rniniit
i/f
lUin-krt
nir
ijn
X/V//7.
t'nro
ii'im
liik*rtnlrt
/nf(t.
rut- rt/Ll/Hir.
11.
The pen is good. The ink was black. The hoys were idle. The councillor H. was
fa-
mous. c.if
(Sec
'/rises.}
CHAPTER
II.
PRONOUNS. The
use
of
>///,
>/>/,
>///,
>/>/^,
requires parti-
cular attention. N///
ject; tin.ir
/N
used when the object refers to thJn-inir. and
Innioni.
spoken
Suft/nfcn
as:
of,
liar ttkmlnt
x/r/.
The
him
soldier has hurt
self.
W/ ///////
////r/r
sl;inhit
/m-
imni.
linn
Hon
The
i
stiff
sitf
sit;/
hi-nm-
s/H-fir/it. \
opegdn.
had hurt him
soldier
(another
;
She sa\\ herself in ht She saw her in tht
:
glass.
92
SYNTAX.
Gossarna logo
Fru
Hr
kom
r.
B.
med sly.
det
Died Itonow.
luidc hiittot
The boys took it with them. Mrs. 0. came with him.
mcd Mr.
B.
had the horse with
him.
sig.
Generalen
till
mig
bjod
The general
invited
me
to
his house.
sig.
Patienten onskade se doktorn Iws sig.
The
patient wished to see the doctor at his (the patient's) house.
b'n#kar
Patienten
doktorn
aft
se
liononi.
lios
The
patient wishes to see the doctor at his (the doctor's) house.
Sometimes sig refers to a noun which is not the subject, but which by a change in the form of the sentence can be
so, especially in reflexive
Han
sag skyarna samlet>///. or lian sag aft sky-
arna samlade
sig.
Hon lad honom
tvatta
sig, or lion bad (lit luni sk'idle tvatta sig.
She begged him
to
wash
(himself).
sometimes used as a kind
is
Sig
sentences, as: the clouds gather.
He saw
of
nomina-
as:
tive,
Hvarje sant r
snille
oc//
sig
htgcn
!><''
m-
ini
Honom, home, and
Every true genius should be himself and no one else. dcni
refer
occasionally to
the subject, as:
Han
lad dan forena
>///
Died Juniniu.
Hon i'dl
De
sag
home.
Mif/o
alt
sig cnmi dcas,
She
fell
she
in a
swoon when
saw them coming
to her. (/c
x
They saw
that they were
collecting against them.
dcni. x///.
begged them to unite him.
Avith
raniHttkf, dn dru/ l-onnna
I
foil
lion
He
xhtft
compared with
hans,
PAX,
Sin.
shut
x///.
refer
to
nearest subject;
tiie
dew, firms, to another person 01 tiling mentioned in the sentence or underst.. lion foil sin W,\ He took his (hi- own book. linn toij linns link. He took hi0 (another's) book. lii-nni-s.
-.
linn Inn/r sinn nrfiffrn.
She
had
her
(her
her
(another's)
own)
works.
Hn
/nn/r In nnrs
mMrn.
She
had
works. /'m/crn
sn/ -rr
efexx
rii'l.
lion
siff
I'ilsliur
och
(
t
The
father loves his child,
and
far och Hfrcr Imns
B\n
sitf
tries
to
promote
welfare.
its
i-iinfnr
flfiit/i-r
Ixirn
licjfriiinjn
She expects her father and rejoices
at his arrival.
ankomtt. linns,
//rnn<'s,
(/<>#$,
an
th-ms are, however,
sometimes used instead of sin, x///. shut; hut must be taken that no confusion may arise, as: /j/ ln>f orh fintheir origin and the obni<'
Hera*
x///'-
ject
of their establish-
ment, (instead of sin stiffrlsr). >///, si nn are used instead of Imun.
I"
in referring to a preceding noun or personal pronoun, not in the nominative case if they can by a change in the form of the sentence lie ?,
made
the nearest subject, as: liar hnjifrit
niiinniskor hrnfir nit
kn
si)f
sii-
instead of f/m/x
lil<-ksuli
:
instead of
\ittnrrn IKH- imiifrit alln l niihntixknr d
tit-
skoln
ti'nh'n
x///
Nature
has
inspired all the de-
mankind with -ire
of
seeking
happineoB.
their
94
SYNTAX.
den) diuna under tyngden af sina mo'dor (instead of deras mo-
Jag sag
dor);
or
cle
inidcr tf/itf/dcH ni odor.
Ni
bor
ej
I
saw them sink under the weight of their troubles.
dignadc
af sina
neka honom
You
ham
begaran (or sin begaran): or ni bor ej
should not refuse him
his request.
ait ban far sin begaran uppfylld.
neka,
In the expression: han Icimnade honom sin bok gave him his book, it is not clear who is the owner of the book, and if not shown by the context should be expressed thus: han Icimnade sin bok at
he
honom or han Icimnade honom hans bok. In the former case, the person forming the subject is the ownthe book, in the latter, the object is the owner. In English the possessive case of the personal pronoun is frequently placed after the noun with a in Swedish the noun is placed preposition, of
er
last,
as:
En
A
af mina bb'cker. Jag bade en af dina ha-
I
book of mine. had a horse of yours.
star.
tion
In the following forms of expression the posiof the words cannot be the same in Swedish
as in English. I)e
hafva
(sina)
They have
egna
heist ar.
Han Han Han
hade (sift) eget rum. bar (siti) eget hus.\ har eft eget hus.
horses of their
own. He had a room of his own. _
He
has a house of
ms own
"
J
Instead of han or hon, when referring to an inanimate object, the word den is generally employed, except for feminines ending in a, as:
AX.
Sii
'ir
fir
wicker,
The corn is
Inn-
li
fit/lit.
sonder.
ait ittiti mht.
Kyrkan l/o)/
beautiful,
it
The watch has
fallen,
broken. (Jive me the book, mine.
it
is
WiV-y/.
(/at
iir
byggd of sten,
ftr
is
ripe.
The church stone,
<)iinin)iil.
it
is
is
it
is
built
of
usM
in
old.
Relative Pronouns.
The
pronouns are generally
relative
lish as in English.
The
relative ><,/// is not used after a prep-inor immediately before a noun, as: til hrill.-nt not The nation by which the king was chosen. kommgenvaldes.
tion
l
Jni)n>tn
.-i'it
si, in
/)(-
He lent him money,
which
kindness furtht-rad his
ijinlhct (not
success.
ln'fnr
hunt 1'rnnnjmnj. Som ought not to be used when a whole sentence is taken as the antecedent. H/m/ lnion) i liH/i'ii- He struck him on the ht-ad, which caused his death. liri/krt (not sow) i/rl, /V;/v//->v//,v/r/r
////y/.v
tli'nl.
The relative is sometimes omitted, especially when the antecedent is preceded by a determinative pronoun, and the relative /tin
rh>
f/ifl
Dot.
(soin)
nf
JIHI
ijnld.
is
the object, as:
yaf That ring which you was of gold. 1
and
dc/.
u.-rd as rela-
tives. '"i)>.
alia
ili-H
(brrtkfu)
'ik/h'if.
\ man
to
'>oct.
iravc
whom
al!
SYNTAX.
96 linn
hnwc for He
xtmfftulc.
dpm
Itrott
(ddrifi
for punished her crimes which she had never committed.
(JtrillM) hoii
lic(/ii/t.
Ht'dd sow can be used instead of hvttket, when the relative is either the subject or object, and fers to a whole sentence. firad
(hit,
lirnd #nnt
0))i,
ihtnmt,
when
Den
it
aldrig
jf((/
which would be unfortunate, he should die.
If,
rrsd.
the relative
often
is
If,
njt/c/,--
do.
xl'itllc
j(i(j
When it
rare
.tain
han skuUc
/////,
re-
I I
have never inshould travel.
united with a preposition relative adverb, except
is
a
to
changed
which tended,
refers to a person.
(pa
That health on which you
(wed cntfW ho-
That courage with which
In-ariycvom
Those forces through which he was victorious.
Jtrarjm
halsa,
du
hrilfa'H)
Det mod,
Jiffir.
//tot
lirlll'H)
depend.
lir(U'tnecl
he attacked him.
noni.
Den
styrlta,
(genom
hmi
lirill-cH)
se-
Sometimes these adverbs are omitted, and the remainder of the sentence includes both the determinative and relative element.
Thus the following sentences can be expressed in four different
Halt
He
Inn'
i
ways:
lives in that
Han
IMH-
ll
rr.sVr
She started
rid dot at
hrilkct
i
country in which gold
d
lx>r
Hew Un]i
la IK/,
(let
lx>r
da
the time
found.
xont
dill-
fid,
is
(jidd Jiimcx. (JHI
(at
lu-'dkcn]
du
h'oni.
which) you came.
SYNTAX,
dn It<>)>
rcfffr,
yvx/r,
'.,
ttiir
%
dn
h-
I/H
tin
in'ir
(See exercises.)
CHAPTER
III.
VERBS. The verb as in English.
When
>
generally placed after its subject cases are exceptions. a sentence begins with an adverl
is
The following
enlargement, or with an apposition which belongs to the subject, as: HUr xliit
or
/ jfiirntiisfi *tiul tn'ifftis ri. 1
We
meet
in the nearest
town. Sfin-H<{r
#
hergetj
Standing on the mountain,
I saw the ship. the conditional conjunction is omitted, the sentence commences with the principal
When
b)
or
/>n
skcji/H't.
./'////
when
object, as: tin
X/trhitirr
fort
<<>ni
If
springerfort),8&kiimer tin
////////
laser flitngt), MI
tin
(nut l>li>-
you run will
If
(juickly,
you
arrive in time.
y..u read industriously, will become cl<-
you
skicklig. Diit
mi Hr
link
///>//
It i-
\.
hrli'm ht (/fit.
The English adverb ])lural
with
This book Mr. N. read. Yours is the reward. ///m- with the
verb in the
frequently translated into Swedish by ////, the verl) in the singular ias thr Lrrannnatical is
subject).
SYNTAX.
'.IS
Det
(((>
mycket folk dor.
There were
many
people
there.
Det fawns inga tajfor. Det ges manga personer, hvilka
.
.
There were no pictures. There are many persons
who
.
.
.
.
The
transitive verbs govern an objective as in English; and the reflexive verbs take reflexive pronouns in the objective case.
Han Han
beflitar sig.
Jag forbarmade
Du VI
He He
alskar Jiononi.
You
dig. paminna oss.
forargar
exerts himself.
I took
M///.
dngrar
Hon
loves him.
sig.
compassion.
repent.
We
remember.
She
is
vexed.
Verbs, not in themselves reflexive, are sometimes rendered so by the addition of a pronoun, as: Han red sig trott. He rode till he was tired.
Du
har gait dig varm.
You have walked are
Vi hafva sjungit oss
liesa.
We
till
you
warm.
have sung ourselves
hoarse.
The
relation of the
noun
to the verb is
shown
the prepositions for, at, till, used to denote the dative, are often omitted, especially before pronouns. Jag gaf lienne bokeu or I gave her the book.
by
its
position in the sentence
jag gaf boken at henne. Detta uppforande passar honom ej or ddtn n/tjt-
;
This conduct does not become him.
fb'rande tir &j passande for hono)n.
Det syntes oss or tes for oss.
Han
det syn-
visade sin bror Ian or Jian ri^ulc Ian for sin bror.
taftaf-
It
appeared to us.
He showed picture.
his brother the
PAX.
Skall and
vill.
Tin- Swedish >7.v/// is generally translated with shall or will in English; and rill can be rendered by will, to wish, to want, to choose, kc.
Han I
>7,v///
In n
I hi
rill
He
t/rin. i
nin
hint
lidfrn
The
future
tin
will
rill.
go to them.
come to He wishes to buy a sledge. You can go if you please.
They
(/(i(/.
at dttde.
l.-ij/Ht
L-IIH
}'ill
tiU
ijn
ktmtwii
skolit
/)<
will
Does he want to have it V sometimes expressed by hnnmm
with an infinitive, as:
hninnrr
Juil
uti
/tint
i
shall
1
huii
Knniiui'i
v
ani
to
start
t<>-
morrow.
IH< i r< i
nil sh-iif-
<'i
NVill
he not be
(Is
he
n<>t
few for
tobe) punished for rhaty The English word would is generally translated into Swedish by ///// o//>7,v/f/r, or sometimes filiigtu/r. as:
H
/////
irkr
Jufi nnslcmlr
He would
Inn/ run-
I
not go.
would that he were
here.
hiir. /)<
)>liifi
ihuisti
/if/if
would dance whole evening.
They
/.n'i/lfn.
the
Should
is often expressed by hor, as: JKUI hnr he should go there.
The
Infinitive.
use of the infinitive is the same in l>tli lan.nuairrs, with the following exceptions: a) The infinitive is frequently used in Swedish
Tin
when
1
in
English
the
present participle would be
employed ///
aktig.
(after prepositions), (iff rttra stntnl H\
hi'iiiLr
firm.
100
SYNTAX. ifnut
Langt
att
omtala
Far from mentioning
it.
det.
Han
ar skicklig
Boken ar
intr
i
aft rita.
n'ird
<(tt
He The
Idsa.
book
is
not worth
reading.
Hon how
Han
clever in drawing.
is
for
ait lima.
ej
skicJclig
fir
Itonsten
att
Obs.
mala. In the
She came a borrowing. i
He
is
not clever in the
art of painting.
colloquial
style,
the indicative
with a conjunction is often used instead of the infinitive, as: lian ar utc och fixkar he is out a fishing. I) The infinitive is often used after a pronoun in the objective, as: Jag tror lionom Jcunna
gora
Han
I
believe he can do
it.
det.
sade sig hafva
sett
He
said he
had seen him.
honom.
The
participial form in English is frequently into Swedish by a particle, subject, and a verb united. c)
translated
Som jag
Knowing she
dtir,
will not
vet att hon ar mil jag inte gd in. han sag mig, va'nde
/)
Seeing
is
there,
I
go in. me, he turned
back. In the perfect and pluperfect tenses the auxiliary verbs are often omitted. h
oni.
Obs.
I)<
sont
H
(hafva) riva/
n'httddc
tills
(hade) konunit n'ti. Da han car it dnr
,v///.
<>t>
Those
who have shown
themselves. He waited till all had corne thither. When he has (had) been there an hour.
(See exercises.)
KH
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER
IV.
PARTICLES. Adverbs.
1)
Adverbs generally take the same place
-
in
the following are exceptions: Ah/riff never, ft//////;/ seldom, nil always, arc, in English, generally placed before
ish as in English; i
fi
the verb, :]:
h)
by
preceded //.s>7r
Swedish they are always phu-ed
in /
aft
lnn>
who
(<)
mr
)
ntfot.
f/iir
MHH
I
knew
that
rill nrlx'in
ir/.-c
lie
the
was
man
will not work.
when
the
latter
when
I
it.
There are two Swedish words, j
ing
Hi
hifr
Den
net there.
after
(not) is placed before the auxiliary when utt or by a relative pronoun, as: j
i
li
a simple interrogation, is in the negative form, as: iliirY Ja Have you been there
question it
the
is
ran/ mrit . .
tin inti'
1
lave vou not been th"iv?
Yes. fiif/,-/Kfit ft
irk
J,n)>
)Kni'"
In //
med honom? Ja. intc
nirf/
ln>-
Did he go with him v YeB. Did he not go with him V
Yes. frequently corresponds to the English nay: ./
linil'tnlv
sitfa
thnntr f jd {ni,
tiftfit
He would
sit
the:
hour, nay two, without
saying a word. had a beautiful del /v/r/.'/v/.s-//' liiisri j
nil siiijn rft (>/(/. hn
////>,
They
i
/
t
'"lloi|uially
int.-
>
tin-
n-\r
102
SYNTAX.
the fact mentioned;
when
comparisons,
it is it
also
is
sometimes employed in
translated into English by
the:
Han harju visat det tjugti He Det
ju
fir
frifld
/>
(iff
(tin<>j/i{/t
honont.
Han
har ju betalt dig? Det fir ju fff orfnilif/f barn? Ju ltin(/ir Inm /iixfc, ju hiitfrc
forstod
Jn mer han iiicr
tick
lutit.
fasto
(/af,
han.
you know, shown twenty times.
has,
it
g&nyer.
It is
surely impossible to
doubt him. He has surely paid you? That is surely an uncom-
mon
child?
The longer he
read, the better he understood.
The more more he
lie gave, the received.
and
are generally used in writing as cj in but conversation intc is more comnegatives, mon. Instead of ban rar iclte. homna, he was not at home, it is usual to say in the familiar style, han rar htic
Icke
Prepositions.
2)
The use sitions,
is
difficulties,
in
the particles, especially the prepomost languages one of the greatest
of
as they cannot be subjected to
any hard
following examples will show their application in Home of the leading cases. In the following sentences the prepositions are sometimes
and
fast
rules;
the
used adverbially. Af, Utaf.
By, Of, On, With, Off.
(ut)df
This painting
hr E. Gossen skicJcades af sin
The boy was
Dc.inift
iimfithif/ fir
fader. Arbetet dr af vardc. af den t!:t<:
is
by Mr.
sent by his
father.
The work The letter
is
1>.
of value.
of the
0:th.
SYNTAX.
103
does not depend on him. turned to the They were beside themselves with joy. In the following sentences (if cannot be translated: It A7 ///<;/ did not take place. tin scr IHUHHH \,,ii nj Knough, you will see him /;/// nirr. no more. l\mi it i infr >/// aj /'" Can you not abate some-
af honom.
info
lloi tmj
(if till v&utor. fnnt si
It
He
1<
,
thing V
;/<>{''
Hi n> I)r
/<>
l:iii,l,lr
II" i'
I'
/'//
Efter.
Hut'
1,-nni
"/
linmr
>///.
(
///,/.
nn,t.
According
He came
ini
cfff-r
f-ffrr
forgot his part.
The rope broke. He had his portrait
After, At, By,
rfhr
.v/V/yV-.v
./////
He
>///.
f(i((/d)
killed himself.
They undressed.
x///.
,tj
"i
"in
He
>///.
'//'/,
/,'>/><'/
II
nj
lifn-t
fill)
after
taken.
to.
me.
Iron is sold by weight. I lend at six per cent.
procent.
Ar
Mnilt't
rffcr
lnnl<-
trr fihi
is
-/til /
/;/'-
according to
your wishV The soldier had sent
for
his horse.
often used, in a colloquial style, as a the sense of as: rffrr h rill .
a>
ilt-t,
Emot.
>7,-/r/,v//
Is the cloth
in
injunction '
>'m-
hii*t.
Efter i-
dni
he
Mot.
*/ifintii
will
have
it
so.
Against, Towards, Contrary
run,/ hniH.m
mnrkrt-t.
VO iHin-h-t tjinln mini Imnn-f. (or nmt
I
to.
ran against him in the dark.
They were very kind wards
tlie
child.
t<>-
SYNTAX.
104
Hon
rar emot 12 (detvar da hau kom. Flickan gick dit emot (or
It
The
mot) min onskan.
Vi
For.
Hr
We
went there con-
my
wish.
went towards him.
For, From.
ruxtar intefor (pa)
7>.
girl
trary to
emot lionom.
gin-go
was towards 12 o'clock
when he came.
vid tolftiden),
Mr. B. does not vote for me.
mig.
manniska
Ingcn
fran
For
if/-
fri
No human from
fel.
being
is
free
fault.
used in the following idiomatic expressions: sig nu? What is he about now? rille rara for sig He wished to be by himself.
is
Hradhar ban for
Han
sjalf.
Det
shall
rill gd for sig. rar inte for det. Tag dig till rara for Jwnom.
Han
Det gick
mt/r/.-cf
ilia
Jaq anJdagade lionom
Surely there is a way. He cannot help it.
Beware
of
him.
for
I
was very unfortunate.
for
I
accused him of that.
det,
Genom, Igenom. Ha ruef
(/irk
igcuoni
nun-
Han rann
,svY/
if in/a
HI a/
went through
lionom
tick
jag
detta.
Hos.
gained his object by
Through him
I
heard of
this.
At, With, In, To, By.
De hade frammande X.
He
perseverance.
ihardighet.
hr
child
the room.
met.
ret a
Through, By.
The
//o.v
They had com])any S/8.
at Mr.
105
SYNTAX. var
I!i>k(ri/rkiirrn
unm
i
The
l>
//ox
Hun
fmr
Dt-lin
fm
hr L.
//ox
tt/i/rifi
ll-
rurit has
lives
my fiint //ox
i
x///V/,v//-
///'
/>'.
//ox//;//o-//r/r
Mr.
at
L.'s.
They have never been
//////.
'-iir
was with him
printer
yesterday.
tjur.
nt
house.
He I
was apprenticed t<> Mr. II. send the accompanying letter.
had no money alout
lie //ox
IV
r/w/y
l\
>"
/>//'
ptfra
h
oxx.
//ON
//ox
>/'//
II
In.
-
>'.
//^/
We
do not do so
in <>ur
country (family). sit by me.
Come and
//////.
nfinxlii* ctndra.
I,
him.
>///.
lie envies virtues in others.
At, To, On, Up, A, Next,
In,
/v/y//
/
been
has
S.
Captain
in
Rome.
Bom, liitrjfDi
At
Dn\'--n
stiij j
h'rst
1
saw
nnthinir.
ting. liiir
>-
i
The seamstress was here to-day.
Jnr nor
i
fjiiifH
km-
rrrfo/ii.
Kiirlunm
suite
husi-t
i
The journeyman has
on
l>r
x/,v///
ni ini)i
imrlcn
\\cii
t
ty kronor a week. The men set the house
I
will
rire.
pack
ii}
my
thinirs.
taker, l)r
knnim"
/)>/
x/,v///
///
/
)i
t/rif/.-tt
sijiH/tr.
i i
fmf/rn.
Thev came
You
in
shall
one
bottom.
Ipingst filcatt jctg fara
dit.
\i-\t r '_ <>
\\"hitsuntidr therr.
t
ime.
to
the
at a
drink
I
106
/
SYNTAX.
vintras var
clet
mycket
Last
winter
It
was very
cold.
Jcallt.
Var du dar
i
fjol (fjor)?
Ibland, Bland. fioken
l>l
lag saker.
Him
Were you
there last year?
Among, Sometimes.
iithxi
The book
lay
among my
things.
We
read German sometimes. Ibland kom han till oss. Sometimes he came to us. Ibland and bland are both used for among for sometimes ibland only is used. IV
iblaitd.
tysl'a
;
Med.
With, Of, Also, To,
Officeren hade tva dater med sig.
To flan var
af
full
sol-
The
At.
In,
had two
officer
him. picture was
sol-
diers with hal.
The
full
of
holes.
Var du
inte
med ddr?
Gossen ar slakt med
God
natt
med
Jag sag
intet
dcni.
er.
fel
med
Were you not there too? The boy is related to them. Good night to you. I
saw no
fault in her.
henne.
Han
fallde oxen
med
ett
He
felled the
ox
at a blow.
slag.
Om.
Of,
About, At, In, For, Again.
Han tog honom om lialsen. He took him about the neck. Hvad om?
Du De
var
clet
lion talte
far gora om detta. Jcommo om natten. ri xficld
OIH?
What was
it she speaking about?
was
You must do They came
this again. at night.
What
we play
shall
for?
-YXTAX. I)n
kniiHim
hint
Dt
/'/''"
n'
You can TOBM
PI
On, Of, For, By.
iifmidsiiil;
/HI
At.
In,
on the
is
It i'ii i'
airain in a
week.
i'tv/.-n.
H
107
He was
table.
jealous of him.
konom. Siisuni hcri* />n X limit' n'hitut /in miim-it.
As a proof of the truth. They had waited for the carriage.
l:iitnlr
Juij
IKH>IH /m
ijini-
knew him by
\
his gait.
gen.
Ar
.^iilr
////;/
writ
Aft
/m nnnlH im?
intf
i/i-f
Xifr
/>n
>"/
ska nit.
/HI
//
/in
f.
ti'iiti'Di'
Is
not in the
it
now y He said it To be sure
When
f;i-
in jest. of
were
some yon
thing. at the
theatre? IV
>/////;
We
liikt'i
/id
l.-iistnilr 1)1 xti-n i>n
;/
sat in the gallery.
The
boy
threw
a
-ton-'
at her.
ln't<.
Han Wef mart trottp&det. He Juij rnr hifr
Till
ln'fi'ilil
IHI i/cf.
I
soon got tired of that. was not prepared for that.
Tills, conj.) To, By,
At,
Till.
On,
In,
Another. *tr)i shirhiiili"
in
//'//
I'll/
ilu
sent
him
t
me.
intr
lui'fvH
Mr sHii-hirr
./////
The colonel
ni
Will you not have another
till?
/,'nji/t />'.
litmnni
i
ktiHner
till
////,-//.
///H
till
P.. I
CU})? is a joiner
by
know him by
tradi-
sight.
\tfseendet. '
ff
/'
Juii
Hr star)
,
'//
////
till
*/<>*.
fjifiisf.
Mr. I
am
B.'s at
son
your
is
at sea.
108
SYNTAX.
Han
rar
Viinta f/ait*
jag komnicr. yrih/xaf/c
cyi'iidom ni'ui.
till
roro dd'r
17
He was on
lta*t.
////
tills
Islorkaii
fill
Wait
horseback.
come. His estate bordered on mine. We were there till eleven till
I
o'clock.
elfra.
In the following sentences till is not translated. JTait lay till xaity*. He kept his bed. Jay shall lay (/a niiy till I shall get that book. den 1token. Han var inie till da. He did not exist then. ()*((( r
Hur
1,'
route*
xfar
till
liar yjort
Jay
hominy.
Oscar was crowned king.
How
till?
(let
honom
till
I
are yon? have done as he wished.
vttjes*
Han
tcc/.-jiarfc
.v///
a'cf till
He made
a note
of
it.
minnes.
Vid. VI
x-ntto
Han
At, Of,
From, Near,
rid hordef.
/tar
hlifrit
xkilde* rid
sat at the table.
He
has become tired of
that book. I
ItoHoiit.
rid jlodot.
H/isfl /tyyrr
On.
We
r/d den boken.
Jay
B,
parted from him.
The house stands near
the
river.
Tin person rid IHUIDI
Vid (pa) -nt'ni Vid hoi'jaii. }'id soldatciis
Under.
Han miff
/far fa/,-.
N.
licder.
A person by name On my honour.
S.
At the beginning, ault'tnHxt.
On
the soldier's arrival.
Under, Beneath, Below, During.
Ir/'r/d
under
He
lias
roof.
lived
under
my
SYNTAX. ntiiln
tr >//>//
l)cf
r
/
nir
>/'//
She
lititis
rr-
his
lient-ath
di.ir-
nit}*.
tin,
(,<'<(/
I
l>
During the time
of (Jeorge
IV.'
//r/.
7>r/
was
It
il'njhH. I'tti/rr
In-low her sister in
is
Frencli.
fniHxkmt.
ionic,-
ID!)
'v/r
umli-r
.
.
Utom.
was
It
uink'r
pretence
of ...
Beyond, Besides, Beside, Outside.
(fir/,-
//>//
/;;/-r/-//////t
.
//'^
ntnni
//////
t/rnin/
vnniitf/.
niiitr)/
nir ntom
ml//////
prisoner went beyond the walls.
Tin.'
1
le
has two rooms
this >///.
bt'sii lr-
Hat.
The man was beside himself.
IV itpatierade
utom gran*
We
were walking outside
the
boundaries.
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
110
PART IV.
Exercises on the Pronunciation of the Vowels. It is intended that these exercises should be read till the pupil can pronounce them correctly; he should then learn them so, that when the teacher reads the Swedish, he can give the English. It is also necessary to write
them from
dictation.
A.
-
-
E.
See Rules. 'En
A
r acker
xtad.
beautiful town.
Vattnet
var
Eldai
kallt.
The water was
cold.
The
fire
hrann hela Han liar ersatt henne dayen. burned the whole day. He has compensated her Var linn det. Herr A. var en erfa mi num. for that. Mr. A. was an experienced man. Was he tmsam? Alt bemanna. Det rena vattnet. Han
the place. * **
F is
Att efterspana en. To search for one.
En A
egenskap. quality.
pronounced as v at the end is pronounced as sh.
In sken sk
Dagen The day
of words.
a
l>lnr.
clear.
home.
I)
fttllcr. falls.
I'>>
i/ri}>o-
seize
ire
to
They came from nun/. AH A pious man. To
he
fishes.
x
I'jt
;
h<>i>)>
m
(iif ninj
Give me a De h'umnm
jishir.
caught three l/
honom. him.
jump'?
1
1
////
father was
o, u.
i,
They
Her
godfather.
The dew
1
Hornet judr,
loddc,.
He was
hmnini.
I-I;>M N. IATION.
>N
IBBfl
llni POT
var
was at
u>
//"//
urijjcl.
slate pencil
.
He
lioftttds.
l\
in heaps.
Can
nmi.
l,'<>lt 'ii
boil food.
DC They
Dei Inir mi-it ohtilsosami />l /<>
Take
live there.
to
Mitt hurt
vur
my
intr
She took
book.
Nan He
diir.
it
away.
nn-lcru
liar
rOSOT.
card was not there. has beautiful roses. En x<>n. Denna socken h
y>yv'/.s7. This A son. has one only parish clergyman. K<>)nni nir nird Inntom. lid}) ntr i dnnni /,-fttfis
My
The king was with tola
ctt
<>r
To
speak
a
word.
Ifm-idi*
'/'///
To I'jf
The
xfail.
l\tt
of marble.
L'orl
N///.
K
style. ttiororor
uncle
A
xior
aunt ntnr.
large wall. l;oni
hi
i
was with
Hnr
tin
her.
c-nme into the room.
The cloud I'jt
A
nmrl>rn/;?
Have you mortar y
nniinirf.
flower. Mt>/nct
i
Mm My
l>lonnn
beautiful
A flourishing town. A short speech. mosl< r /-or nn'd l/omc. ufbreder N///. spreads.
nnirnnr.
nirkni#fr
The most
the Lord's praise.
class
this
was
table
Den
in
rur
Itordrf
/of.
liloin^trtnuli'
He was
him.
Att
hnnj
heavy llnnn-s
Her
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
112
Y, A, A, 6. l\u
A
virtuous
Iwhnw. woman.
Reidel
The advice
iir
is
good.
On
dr mycket star. Aft akalla var Herres is To implore our Lord's very big. Delta IMS dr Jwgre tin (let diir. bist&nd. This house is higher than assistance. that.
The
island
Mdnen
Mart
lyste
The moon shone
i
Hon
mdndays. Monday.
brightly last
Atta tjufvar blefoo tayna. ft/ra ostron. four oysters. Eight thieves were taken. DC kommo forr if it (In. hasten. the horse.
came
They
before
you.
Hoet tir struck the tree. The hay is Morkrct Det var tilltoy. The darkness increased. It was sloy
i/t/<(.
tied
i
trddet.
Imicn dr fdrdiy. is ready.
new boat
Laset
ate
Hon
;d
She
sold
Askan
The lightning
inte
torrt
(hum.
not
dry
yet.
Guds God's
Iir
nyit.
is
new.
The lock
at
She
ord.
Den
word. The
The Consonants. B, C, D, F. A'//
krideit-
/tor
handla
cnliyi
vin
store
A
Christian ought to act according to his great iir Ifira. inte Miistares >ned osn. Cliefcu
Master's doctrine.
The
chief
is
not
with
us.
hade skwtjler. Edfven toy bort The child had the king's-evil. The fox took away mnt dnfra <>> dddade heinw. De roro mycket it. my dove and killed very They were Karl rar Hiyeket djdrf. Dct iir forffif/f I'linlda. bold. It is poorly dressed. Charles was very
Baniet
KXKK< I>KS ON h'orrt
ffii
/aiK/f/iift
liiir.
so
rural
here.
iir
riitt
is
She
rii
I
rode
The cave was
meters deep. Hit hn)ii>iu Give him
fifty
HH'tl fit
sr/iiift
Itiisl.
chaise with one horse.
a
in
broad. This charade rnr fault ntcfrr .
is
ffn/
rol'ni.
IK')
I)rm/n mtirml
Am//.
iir
The choir
quite amusing.
I [oil
PRONUNCIATION,
brefvdskan, the letter-bag.
G, H, I\H jiltisfn fiilf /HI
\ ffor
spark
fell
/)cf/
kraij*-.
large collar. This Ixtr intr >7,;/'///// en
not
has /'
cannot
skiif
t/ait*/.'fi
>v///.
is
very
tough.
Itnantt
)>u
now
approve
of
what
real ilHtit
this
A genius. hnfrntl fijiitrf? h-ad cast?
fli'n/liif.
he
rar
l\(i)>tr)i
i*a
said.
The king
/V/'/Y/H/.
in
linr
Who
has done
rt
/,<
h'tut
chain.
C'an
.I/MI/,
Sn-i'lifh (Irani ntitr.
I'.v
Mirkan*
you drive? The
i'.tl
A
Ar I-
Mnvnixkiw
itV
Man riirf
round the world.
A
scarlet.
hum-
luir snjlnt nnthnutj
s/,-nr/fi/,'fiiisri'n/.
is
letj'nm.
legion.
mint mi
mortal. Captain H. has sailed
Th- colour
the mountain.
I/d
a whole
page came
I
I\
at
l;nm
Jay
*a
Hvem
If.
Srrrif/r.
They ascended
Dcf I'jt
'i>i.
rf-r/.'lifil
f<>(/
was born
(i.
f
iir
.
established in Sweden. IHUI
religion.
The man
(*
it
Mr.
bird.
single
rurifrii.
H<
.
shot the wolf. There was
I
is
iir
hnul
favoured this J
/,-iif/
ffuji'l
rn,
wore a Karlcn
girl
meat
/////a
infr
kiln
is
The
floor.
an/a
JitH/r
/'V/'r/.Y///
H'llfrcf.
on the
iir
nic))
Xni-fir,
Norway, but
in
///
a
shot
K.
I,
girl's
rtirkrr
beautiful
hjnrH petticoat
>-
was ton
1
1
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
^1
xtannade for to stag stopped Den himmelsJca kylan. Hjortcu
King.
The
long. life
i
The
out in the cold.
heavenly
rar
KarJeii,
'lam.
The man was lame. krarneii.
Efter
the mill.
As
it
MI ragn. in a carriage. /
much
dust.
Vindrn
skola
rains,
we
Det
dr
He
is
datum. Det
nnicL-ct
Jag sag Ht I saw a
regnar,
Dawo'iia The ladies
riuldcn.
the world.
The
(Jet
rest.
P.
M, N,
L,
Hon rar She was *oin h an sag. *//;/, vision which he saw. aft livila.
en a
fatnut -niira
fitrf
lamb near lion fara
little
vi
shall
drive
som
man,
man who att
sade, said
(let
there was
that
ljudet
of hennes
The sweet
sound
of
l;rista-nia
I
her
ocli
too rost.
voice.
afbrot interrupted
and niistan var Jjiuitt. lugnet. the calm. The water was almost lukewarm. P. hade ett tamt lejon med sig. P. had a tame lion with him. in the branches
Avind rustled
sett
has seen rar for
ljufva
rassladv
home
har
Vattnet
Kajitci*
Captain
R, S, T, V.
Nn
da
Now
that
Han cir He x'kina.
shining.
Mannen
en god skytt. a good shot. Vi voro difr
is
We
were
there
liar tjiinat -mig
till
(/fit
till
the
i
nans
initialbohsttifver.
Hur
his
initials.
How
du?
DC
pugo
llott
fit
sjimde seventh
dagen. day.
years.
Dessa
manga many
aktier liar shares have
Ijngn ar.
The man has served me twenty
you? They got
stjiirnorna the stars are
jiorfioit
hrar.
only one helping each.
Vagen The road
RXKR4 WBfl OS i
flit-/,-
went
in
iHHsi/,'.
music.
I foil
sirksttrk.
IMCoNfNflATloN.
liar
imnxja
taijit
1")
1
l<-kti,
She has taken many lessons zigzag. tl'Olien. Itrstnj KninilHj Osrar King Oscar ascended the throne.
in
Exercises on the Accent and Length of the
Vowel.
Kvles). I)r
hade
iiinl
L'liiiler.
nii'ilel
i)i
aft
fiirsr
no means
They had
Ibui
of supplying skiilfr bcstantnia, oni
sii/
themselvo rillc hau he would
if He was to decide entfagad&ma proposition. Modern har ayat sift accept this proposition. The mother has punished her
with clothes.
Den HHf/a lia.de The young lady had an
bant. child.
skirkdt/c
ayat j>" Inxjrt't. A'. agate on her finger. K. rillc Hints sn'ujcr
ctt
rtt
forhud. His brother-in-law would a prohibition. IIHHH iitfr J'orlmtda sig ait bctala ri(/.-)th>
m
fid hade hint forlorat hela snt cticiidnm />" lost all his property at time he had Delta t mull. Han L'nrtsfK-]. He evil. Is. This is a harbinger of /,-oii
short
li/iistr
tnutii>et
blew the trumpet sti rar frtun^ef. so
sullen.
fnrntaki't.
it
rar was
frii/.'rit
Mis<
rid.
very
well.
I)e
They Jdfi rar
the drawing-room. (let
>i///e/>et
I
Lhtds
was
/)<
liade
cit
had
a
at
Kind's benefit.
J rinttnnrel lady i tennontcter
diir
tin-
in
tlit'i'moim-tiT
teatern
j>
rrretf.
/
That
i
.
theatre yesterday,
l^ru li.'s broiler
Mrs.
P>.'s
hr
brother has
EXERCISES ON PRONUNCIATION.
ll(i
E. igenom en fullstdndig akademisk /.///*. E. academic course. gone through a complete en tomtfor att bygga en teater. P
The
was
horse's hoof
f
artyget. (att) lotsa to pilot the vessel.
He
injured.
Han He
only pretended
hade sd dMiga had such bad
('i)'o
i
utgifna
Han He
sex volywer.
Han
kortet.
hade for mycket
He had too much Denna lera dr for torr.
the card. Itref.
This
letter.
clay
is
too dry.
dMig
egg.
De
ato
dgg
bad
edge.
They
ate
eggs for
liira
doctrine
till
hordet.
the table.
verk
His works
lade en art pa a pea on
laid
vett
erf
att llisa
sense
to read
your
Knifven liar The knife has frtikost.
breakfast.
Det var ett towt false. There was an empty lud fornt. Skicka (ett) Send a messenger before.
dr falsk. is
tools.
Hans
Delta WackJiorn dr yjordt (ut)a/ Week. tin. This inkstand is made of are published in six volumes.
rerkft/t/.
(en)
a
Denna This alas
pa
glass
on
Etymological Exercises.
Nouns. intended that these and the t'ollowinir etymological exercises should be learned so, that when the teacher reads a sentence in English, the pupil should answer in Swedish; and not merely as the words are in the exercises, but with every possible alteration as to number, Obs.
It is
KXKKdSES ON ETYMOLOGY.
117
case, &c. t as tin- lirst example not only a fine but also fine horses, the finest hrsr, fin, r horses. A:c.
horse
When
the pupil can answer with tolerable correctness, he should he allowed to write the Swedish, the teacher irivinj; the -en tenet- in English as before. It is, of course, necessary read the exercise through that the pupil shonM tirst carefully for the sake of the pronunciation. i'.n
rarker
\
fine
I,
Tnt Mint
liok.
Two
book. lioken.
A
arn
talrik
A numerous
/
vi-rkmi.
1)<
a
week.
The
hiixtn
in/on.
blue eyes.
i'.n
beech.
A En
t
liten
Imkvtuj.
small
letter.
AV/
I\n
Ixinm. baron.
A
nnf/m.
old
Mt/rkm ninnr.
Dm hint/a
Much warmth.
night.
tt
l-'.n
i/rn/yir.
A
drop.
kiln
ward.
xtnfvftn.
En
boot.
One
large
Den
t/ot/a
*<>n<'n*
lie-
The
good
son's
re-
!'<>.
beautiful bridge.
hen The
Intiintj.
The
la/'(/c
mannm*
nnl.
learned
man's
advice.
kiunnnirc.
Tnnififi
r.
room.
Narrow
streets.
The long
idea.
l)
A'r/y/
tun
A
litm small
.-riiril.
/)
I'.n
*f(K/m.
I)H
tjn
kujiit/rf.
first
town.
The
twenty-fifth
chapter.
firnft k/iu/r. Coarse cloth.
children. i'.n
trtHjm
\
faithful
fi't/rrna. '(the) feet.
xtfui
hen The
(}iinn,<
Many
Jantinri.
1~>:
of
fmf/eri.
Hit
liakery.
A
January. The
Little
lmn
One hand. Imrn.
l>"
children. Both
WlickaUM
sflfverspantH silver buckle.
SIKH
i'.n
rooms.
//;/////
Two younger
servant. lf): th
Minima nun. Tni
.
The
Five heavy swords.
fi'trsta
l/ai-n.
//>?//
A young
<
An
n
The
oysters.
*rai\
nmtifif
wicked mind.
n>n\n
>>
Good
bee.
A gracious answer. singer. luld sinnc. /'Ji
best
l.n
white tooth. Once / (ioila oxtmn.
liit-f.
t/ifif/ti
hen ///;//,/ The high
tand.
/////
A
industrious
Mint/un-H.
large country.
i'.n
.
army.
An ni/ A new
land.
x/o/7
A'//
fist.
horse.
girl's
'
fate.
i'.n
*k
A
fine
I
A
EXERCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
llS
Den
taliga
patient teacher. Kit xtort anxih'te.
A
face.
Det
lararen.
The
lioga
bo.
large nest.
Da? griia The grey
silfverbdgdTe.
Ett leende
berget.
The high mountain. A smiling
silver goblets. Itreda ran den.
Ftf
tinujt
A
heavy
(jtiaen.
goose.
It
.Fff
A
nfend. head.
Ft/ra
Four
Ufcf fangetee.
small prison.
Den
The broad
stripe.
Pronouns. ()//x.
(Sec
Han
E.rereises on the Xonnx.)
al)oi'e
min nya
Itar
bolt.
Vi voro
i
('/era*
has my new book. We were in their Gossen Har eto Jtvarflar? there? Was she in herself? The dogs bit each anflra. De hemodade Delta '/in* fir */
He
xtonr.
fin
det dar.
Har
xolc/afe-n
x'kadat
xiy?
that. Has the soldier hurt himself? larger than DC- dar boclierna tiro it/era intrc.^anfa fin
Those
Din
books /.-(niunfirc
room
Your fnrlorat lost
more interesting than these. mind re an min. Jo/tan liar smaller than mine. John has
are ifr
is
xina
handxl-ar.
Har
his
gloves.
lias
Karl
hr X. Mr. X.
*ina
<'
his
own
hade tag it han* pajtjtrr. Hvilken* Whose had taken his paper. nnislr //
horses?* Charles
*
Horses of his o\vn?
KKflSKS ON
most beautiful /'"/
What
y
tYi///f/
r;/
a
beauty
luni
fir!
she
is!
mil/?
!><{
me?
It
much from
<
she
ri'n-ktni
The
any
book
to
In tut
lend
aft xkrattn.
Man
timxfr
laugh.
one
must
nnf/ttf?
J<"/
see anything? /[ri/kou/cra rill
I
go tn
'.'
will you take? Which day. annun j>cnnu? D< h-i fva u
every
shin />cn
t<>
took her
girl
tiff
Did you
oneself.
Har h)i JIas
Imk
t/n
Xiti/
x///.
him
to
What
children.
tniunn
Have you
Imnnni In-uric
//'//
tin
makes one
/"/xn/m defend
beautiful prospect! ()m/// Ixun. /Irilkcn
a
H
ntcr
/,-nnt
1
iiti/ckcf
//;/
must not expect too #k
KTY.MOUHJY.
money. Verbs.
Oli*.
(Sec
088.
have Jfr B.
us.
Mr.
\,,H)is
hur kullaf dfir. Kafitnn-n been there. The captain has called Inidc Skull kurlni hcdrat nn't/. Shall the man had honoured me.
B.
I frui
rfinlu'f
Differ
\\'here does
/'// folk? by his people?
silent. /////
is
there
xm/rx -aid
/
in
Jtmr'f
nnrs mor Her mother
ludc laid
I
///////v
finnn. still.
.l/x/,v/x
Icnnnnui-n
sit? Is the king loved -sen
your brother
II'
Ju
////.
was
n
haffrai varit
I'i
Wi-
\\aity
ClboVC Kn-rrisrs
lived then.
knifrcn the knife />
/////"
They
went
The boy
l.onlrt. jm on the table. //'//
/><)/
It
1^'
ffuifrn.
to the town.
It
win
ndrvaro.
Hun
hur
drtnxi
my
presence.
H--
'has)
made
this
EXERCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
120
nun
Han
lira.
He
frame well.
Hvar Where
dor of
Tiden
svdlt.
dies of starvation.
nalkas.
The time approaches.
din VI horde svayer? your brother-in-law staying? We heard froken Lind xjiinya. Fienden liar flytt. Hans syster His sister Miss Lind sing. The enemy has fled. leder Hon hade hasten. Betjanten spelar Ira. plays well. The footman leads the horse. She had vistas is
De
Ijndit miy. invited me.
They
lo
Flickan
jam.
The
pa
live in
Han
Nyyatan.
New
Street.
De
bli/ges.
He
Idsa
kopcr buys tyska.
They study German. det skedde i Himden Generalen gar. The general says that it was done yesterday. The dog .v/ay ddr ute. Ait gala. Vi skola fara till stands out^there. To crow. We shall go to
iron.
girl is sdycr, att
ashamed.
London. Asnan droy karran. Har dn fimnit London. The donkey drew the cart. Have you found 'I
token.
tlie
book?
J)nfr(tn
tft/ger
ofver taket.
The pigeon
flies
over the roof.
n'i.i-er. Tjufven liar 4idit en rock. grows. The tliief has stolen a coat. Han tvinyar miy att tola. ofver sj'on. over the lake. He compels me to speak.
hltcr Itononi.
Officercn
Trfidd
The tree Svanen xam The swan swam
befoiler.
Hasten
The horse
Han
fruktas.
commands. He is feared. 'ha-damc. hrinner. Kusken slar Ljuset The candle burns. The coachman beats the horses. J)et /y//.sYv i dag. Det later *it Mnren raekerf. It freezes to-day. It sounds so beautiful. The wall him.
bites
Far tyyet
faller.
The
falls.
The
vessel
officer
$junker.
sinks.
Particles. (tiee
Hi Mr.
Obs. alove Exercises on Nouns, I>.
H.
rar liennna. was at home.
De
S:c.)
voro inne, ndr
They were
in
when
ON KTYMOLOGY. jafl
knin
mil
there. linn,
Hentif*
home
willingly.
Her
Jaknfi
sfif/cr
rarit'f
Hn
been?
ml
She goes
in //
lan
rode
very
Hrar har da Where have you
came
I
tidiijt
*;/stfr
sister
/i/>/i.
/)ff
1-1
iir
v
f fjord/.
slowly. H<>n ka&
lames rises It is well done. She canearly. knnuna. Ja 'iatlan i-j not comr. I have been here long. The picture Hr nndad <>J />rofrss<>r /!. Vi ////?//" fimnm /re painted by professor B. We went through three nun. Jh/ *tod and fan tni j>f/arr. Stafyn rooms. The statue stood between two pillars. You knrdc for fort ntfnr hai-hm. Sknlu vi he /'. i/ftln Dftta L'liitlc Icn^tc* this mountain? This cloth was bought at Mr. B.'s. dels Ihn (a, daijs sh-all oit At what time shall you start? He has lived partly hos dels lios in in La/n/ncf limr. iniij nc/i with me and partly at my brother's. The lamb J,-n in nfi-r till oss. Uni Robert kommer, skicka bonom him came again to us. If Robert comes, send //'// in it/. Hrarkoi han dlcr j
n fan
but
i/in,
*nm
yours that
han
dff
sfijlailf
fnrlii.
Han
it
sailed
past.
He
dnkdtrr. of ducats. *att
haknin
Vi sn
tmj.
skc/i/nf
We
saw the shit hand ratal* har
he took.
I)
Knm
han
tin
dn
//
n
She '
rnjuti/f
behind us. Did he come when you called? kmn udrn nnnt n**. Ih-nni' man har o< The enemy <-ain- against us. This man has als.
sat
I,
122
EXERCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
Han lialsade pa oss da och da. rarit ddr. He called upon us now and then. been there. Flickan ritar tamliyen bra. Regemcntet 'ntarscherade The girl draws tolerably well. The regiment marched fraw at.
Kom
ljudet
forwards. Did the sound
utifrdn
oiler
come from without
mifran? or within?
SYNTACTICAL KXKK>
L23
It
SYNTACTICAL EXERCISES. NOUNS. The s 'v>
Article. Si
Life 1) The gloves cost five shillings a pair. short, but art is long. The admirers of art. The The weight of the coffee. The point of the pencil. size of the painting. Will you send him to me,
is
captain? Have you spoken to him, sir? The hoy had a stick on his shoulder. He laid his arm on !! the table. Mr. L., the joiner, has sent me. broke the leg of the table. The consequences of vice. Strength conquered. The girl \vore such a hat. Is not your cousin a general? Have you sent an answer? He has as good a horse as yours. I have only half an orange. My father is a merchant. What a line face! Is not Mr. S. an Italian? have not so fine a painting as this. He sat on 2) The leg of the chair was off. the roof of the cottage. Mrs. B. lives in the tmvn
Yu
NOUN8 knsta .
I
",ld.
Skicka, axrl.
kapp, :if.
I-'oljil,
-.'Moral.
-
till. '.\,
last.
Lit,
1110:1,
--Styrka,
spirra
Hast Vackcr, ansikto.
Skicka. svar.
irr
-
knst,
Klicka, -- Half
-
lanir.
Vikt, kaft'e. Tala mod Imniiiu. Sniekart' arm, lx>nl.
I'lyertsprnna.
liatt.
aj.-lsin. * Italk'iiare.
!>'
StrU>k. Iiryta -
Ku
Varker
dennm. _'
Fnt,
st..], l>"i-ta.
Sitta, tak,
hy.Ma.
Fru.
lio.
stad.
SYNTACTICAL EXERCISES.
124
I bought two bottles of wine. The mother's joy. Is not Mrs. A. the widow of captain A.? We live in the parish of B. The general has travelled through the kingdom of Who is the owner of this house? They were Spain. I saw your brother last summer. to travel by sea. The patient kept his bed two days. Can you not comply with my wish? They sat at table when I came into the room. The man is a friend of free-
of Norrkoping. child was his
Were you
dom. went
there yesterday evening?
The boy
to the table.
ADJECTIVES. (See
A
large
house.
flte
A
Rules).
good horse.
Three white
The beautiful child. The warrior's undaunted The girl wore her new hat. I lent him courage. my new book. Have you heard Mr. B's beautiful doves.
me
violin?
Give
room.
Have you
that large chair. This is the largest the same brown horse to-day, dear sister? This is a broad street. You know what I know what a constant perseverance is necessary. beautiful creature she in the (at) church.
is.
There were
Have you no
many
people
large boat to lend us?
Anka. Barn, moder, gladje. Bo, butelj, vin. socken. De Kesa, igenom, Spanien. Agare, has. skulle resa Patient, dag. Se, bror. Kan, inte. Dar. Ga. Denne man. Sitta,
Kopa,
He has had many a tin<- lish in have never had any good opinion of The girls were industrious. !< has travelled is
net.
them.
i:\i- R(
many
him
live
my
I
things.
gave him the black
horse.
long whip.
PRONOUNS. (
Hnhs
N/r
<>n
rrimmiHtt).
Caroline has 1) James took his book with him. hurt herself. The boy struck himself on the head. Robert saw William and asked him for his (William's book. The soldiers took their horses with them. The joiner came to the bricklayer to fetch his rule. The boys brought the basket to them. Mr. ('. asked me to go with him. The sailor came with him. 1.
went to the
with them.
fair
He
took a stick and struck
The men had a bier to carry her on. Have you been in her room? She went into her garden. He told him to look at himself in the mirror. The him.
king loves his people. Charlotte expected her brother He bought his horse. They are to come walked with her. We sent the letters to him. She kept her book. C. saw L.'s reward, and
rejoiced at his success. The mother loves her children. My aunt sold her house. The merchant paid his debts.
I
cannot
let
him
lose his
money.
had a dog of his. Have you seen a pen in this room? The boy took a knife of Has not William a horse of his own? The yours. book is cheap, it is well bound. The pen is mine, of steel. it is Have you not a gig of your own? The flower is beautiful, it has grown since last week. I saw the man who painted that picture. The room in which I live. What attention he paid to what said! This young man played, which caused his ruin. The horse which 1 sold him was young. The general was rewarded for exploits which he had never performed. The captain is a man whom all people love. Supposing, which I cannot think proG. lent me some bable, I should start to-morrow. money, which laid the foundation of my fortune. The figure in drawn in chalk, it is well outlined. The foundation on which this house is built. The The man politeness with which he addressed her. on whom I depended. The industry through which 2) I
of
mine
I
he conquered. gladja bus.
sig, at
framgang.
Betala, skuld.
Moder, barn. Lata,
fb'rlora,
Moster, pengar.
silljti,
Gosse, taga, kirif. Se, penna, ruin. 2) Hund. Pcnna, stal. Bok, billig, inbunden. Vilhelm, hast. Blomma, vaxa, sedan forra veckan. Se, Mar, gigg. man, mala, tafia. Ruin, bo. Uppmarksamhet, visa, for hvad, saga. Siilja, ung. Ung, spela, fororsaka, ruin. -Alia manniskor General, belona, bragd, aldrig utfora.
Lanu anse, sannolik, fara, i morgon. till lycka. Figur, ritad med krita, teckna. Man, Hoflighet, tilltala. Grund, bus, bygga, lita. Flit, segra. alska.
-
-
I
fall,
pengar, lagga, grunden,
At TI< A
KXKKt
I.
TJ.
1
VERBS, (S<
Units
(
t
,)i
Verbs).
Does not 1) When he came in, I went away. William play? If you do so, I will tell your brother. Come to me on Wednesday. This horse W. rode. If you are industrious, you will soon overcome these the pupil will not work, the teacher There were many people at the theatre yesterday. My father walked till he was tired. They gave him the prize. If they drive quickly, Do you sing to-day y they will come before six. There are some people who will not work. Henry difficulties.
cannot
If
assist
him.
has exerted himself, and has gained much honour. Did It appeared to me that the child was very ill. you send him the cloth which you promised him? The basket was stolen from her. 2) James wishes to assist Mr. S. The boy would not go with me. The old man would come and Will not the play with us for hours together. vessel come to-morrow? We shall start on Monday. The little girl would not go with us. Is he not to be sent to America ? You can go where you please. William shall go to your house. Do you want to
have a stick? I shall see him next week, and will tell him what you have said. By working constantly, This building is not worth he gained his object. seeing. L. is clever in drawing. Far from injuring him, I wish him every success. My brother has no experience in the art of fencing. She said she had He believes he has heard her. sent the books. know she has been here once. Hearing you had gone, we stayed where we were. Knowing she would I not come alone, I sent a footman to fetch her. read to him till he had fallen asleep. He who has wished himself here. Having them in your charge, I
I
shall feel calm.
PARTICLES. (See Eules).
We
have not been to the town. He has twenty, nay twenty-five pounds a month. Did W. go with you? Yes. It is surely impossible to walk all the Have you not seen your brother? Yes. The way. more she talked the less he attended to her. The boy who would not play. He would not go lest he should meet you. Were you not at home when he came? Was not the child with you? Yes. He was certainly ready when you came there.
They did not come
at
ArbeTraffa, nasta vecka, saga, hvad. Ha(fva), kiipp. (be)standigt, vinna, (ilnda)mal. Byggnad, se pa. Skicklig, rita. Langt if ran, skada, onska, framg&ng. Bror, erfarcnhot, konst, fakta. Tro, bora. Saga, skicka, bok. Vet, vara bar. Ga, stanna, vara. Yeta, komma, allena, Den soin, hainta. Lasa for, tills, insomna. betjiiiit, ta,
onska,
liar.
Ha(fva), yard, Ingn.
PARTICLES. Vara, stad. -- Tjugu
Ga, pund sterling i manaden. Mera, Det, oinojligt, ga, hela, viig. Traft'a, bror, tala, mindre uppmiirksam blef ban. Gosse, leka. Ga, mota. I.nte, da, komma. Fardig, komma. Barn, med. De, intr. ined.
i
A< Tl<
AL KX
!:!;
i
time appointed. The sword broke. \\ e turned hid That engraving is hy Mr. right. he not kill himself? Cheese is sold hy weight. She tin-
olY
to the
I-',
read the book against my will. Through your kindness I obtained the situation. Did you not li Mr. P>. s v \Ve drove towards the square. As you wish Mr. B. was with me yesterday. He thought his it free from faults. Have you sent for the Have you packed up my things? The crew carriage"? intended to set the ship on fire. The master did this in
work was
He drank to the bottom. Sometimes you work well. The letter was among his Send the hat with the other things. This papers. person is not related to you. He stunned him at a blow. What are you playing for? He took him about the waist. He shall do it again. It is not in fashion order to punish the boy.
be jealous of him. We waited for We sent the not you. prepared for that. footman to you. When were you at the theatre? Did you say it in jest? I saw him in the gallery. Is your brother at sea? He said it was a person by
You cannot
now.
He was
name
B.
They
were
silent
on his
Were
arrival.
beginning? This took place during Her father has two houses his grandfather's time. besides this estate. He threw the ball at me.
you there
at the
Yi, till Im^rr. Yiirjan, ira af. Copparstick, Din. Ost. siilja, vikt. la, vilja. <">n
ti
lir
utsatt.
F
Lii'vet.
l
-
l
n.
r..-reld.
skaint.
Tyst, Mor-
nlakt.
(i(ra.
lit'vct.
-
h"fva.
- Skii-ka, l>'tjaiit-n. P>n>r. Sf, litktarc.
ankoinst. I>ar. l>irjan. Far. Ims. circn.lom.
till.
'/>A
lint in-
Ilvad. sj.rla
sla.ir.
Mudct, nu.
1
Kan. afumlsjuk. .
Saira.
Air a .-
Y;int:i.
tt-atern.
-
S
JUTSMII. iianni. rum sk>), t'art'a
ita,
v
h-.H.
iniir.
130
MISCELLANEOUS EXEKCISES.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES fur Tr
On
t
/It/
a* in
*
ircll
Writing.
1.
Under the white awning which extended over the porch of professor M.'s country-house was seen one Saturday evening, some few years since, a pleas- - two betrothed ing group couples the professor's :
youthful daughters with their lovers.
They were all round table; and Avhen they leaned forward, which happened every moment, the four fine heads which then came in contact with each other formed a picture, the effect of which was not disturbed by a large brown dog laying his forepaws on the only free side of the table, while he familiarly rubbed his right ear against a fine round shoulder, belonging to the youngest of the ladies. Over the whole was shed the lustre of the four seated at a
little
red tints of the setting sun. 2. is no town in Sweden which occupies so distinguished a place in her history
Besides Stockholm, there
1.
Hvita
straoka
-sig, forstugukvist, till, landtstiille, soltlilt, synas, lordagsafton, for nagra ar, behaglig grupp, forlofvadt Alia fyra hade plats, mndt, par, ung, dotter, fiistman. bord, Inta, framat, hiinda, hvarje ogonblick, bildade de fyra, Imt'vud, koninm i boruring, tafla, eft'ekt, stora, diiraf alt,
brim bnnd, dct,
dam.
ora,
liigga,
i'ramtass, bordets enda oppna sida, under stryka, mot, fyllig eknldra, tillhnrig,
tortroligt,
Gjnta
sig,
skenet, sols,
ro"d,
fargglans.
2.
Krnitoin,
dimes, stad, Sverigc, intaga, ett sa utinjirkt
ruin, doss liistoria,
Mix
KI.l.ANKoi
BXERCI8K&
>
\-\\
K'almar. They have wished to trace its age even from the emigration of the Lonijobards, und as early aa the period of the battle of Kravalla ('.M'.i), it was a considerable place, which some would even make Bfl
the scene of the great warlike drama there acted. If these statements fall principally within the domi-
nion of the legend, it is, however, only necessary to i-Msr a look at its geographical position, and at the fertile neighbourhood favoured with every natural advantage, in order to find that it must have been one of those places which the inhabitants of the country would first choose as their settlement, and
where they were
first visited by strangers, or travelled to visit other lands.
the
whence
At several Swedish gentlemen's seats one imagines a decided expression of melancholy. It seems as if they mourned a time, when their position was more brilliant than now, when feudal life in its most varied forms moved there in spacious court-yards, when banners waved and plumes fluttered, when lances were broken and castles stormed. Now the grey walls stand, discomforted, eagerly engaged in overthrowing those Kalmar. Man liar velat harleda, alder, iinda upp, Longoliardernas ntvandrin.L', redan vid tiden, slag, lietydande ort, till <>rli raed velat. skadeplats krigisk, utspeia. rppirit't. heiufalla, inoin sa
i^ynna ilar,
views which just within these walls armed themselves and fought - - views, which would from the past found rights upon the future, Avhich argued that the merits of the fathers ought to be visited upon the children even to the third and fourth generation but forgetting that, according to the words of Scripture, such an inheritance only takes place for their sins. ;
4.
After a walk of a few minutes through inconsiderable streets, we find ourselves in a place in the
foreground of which an ancient temple catches the This building is as simple as it is majestic. eye. From its brow, which two thousand years have passed over with reverence, is still reflected the same calm with which it has seen triumphal arches and thrones, empires, and democracies fall, and their It was remains scattered like a child's pla} thiug. T
formerly the dwelling of the gods, and is now that of the saints; it is now, as formerly, the sanctuary It is the Pantheon. of piety and art. 5.
A in
its
and clear winter day, although so different nature from summer, possesses, nevertheless, fine
pa, allt intill, led, fOrgata, enligt, Skriften, arfsriitt, aga
rum,
missg&mingar. 4.
nagra minuter, obetydlig, gata, befinna, pa plats, Byggnad, lika t'orgrund, aldrigt tempel, fangsla blick. Panna, tvcnne artnsenden, forbiga, enke], majestiitiak. vordnad, aterspegla, lugn, hvarmed se, triumfbage, Iron, kejsardome, folkvalde, spillror, sprida, leksak, fordom, gnd, boning, helgon, fromhet, konst, helgedom. Viig,
5.
Vnckcr, klar, vinterdag,
<>lik
till
hoskaffonhet,
Ji^a,
MiM
KI
1
:
an inhabitant of the North, at
for
A
foreigner perhaps rinds hut it is so nevertheless.
it
:;:;
least, a great delight.
difficult to believe this
It is certainly true that the days are then short, that the sun raises himating disc hut very little above the horizon That it' 1
blows, the wind
cold and pen-t rating, that all has that all nature appears dead, ceased, vegetation dressed in a white shroud; but the air is clear, fresh, it
is
and enlivening, which makes the temper cheerful: all the lakes are frozen, all distances, on account of the
and agreeable manner
The
ges, shortened.
of crossing
trees are
them
in sled-
bestrewed with rime
aii'l, lighted by the sun, glisten as if they wen cred with diamonds; the stars shine with an indcscrib-
ahly beautiful magic light; man, protected against the c'old by fur?, not only defies the inconveniences of winter but even enjoys being in the open air.
Sweden is the carnival of pleasure The mind as well as the body, far from society. being depressed, is then more .nay and elastic than in summer. All the roads are crowded with people and traffic. The little bells gingle as the sledges tly Winter
in
and
}>a>t
are
each other, and on entering the dwellingmet by the comfortable, sparkling
everywhere
I "thinning, ha l'\a >\ari. satta tn>. liarsant, k<>rt, s<>l, lioja, litYrit'vamlc anlctc. liorisMiit, blasa, Mast, kail, genomtrttogUXite, vege-
Far from being enveloped in a winter torpor, North is at this time full of life and motion, and its inhabitants of courage and enjoyment. fire.
the
6.
A
foreigner who intends to visit Sweden ought to make a point of gaining a general view of the After having come History of the Swedish People. into the country in the midst of us, engaged with the arrangements of his tour, he has no time for this, and nevertheless much will appear in quite a different light, if he has beforehand some know-
far
ledge of the past destinies of the nation. The fundamental outlines of the present characteristic fea-
and political position of the Swedish People go far back into heathen times. A nation must, from the nature of things, bear the stamp of the character of the country it inhabits, and the climatic relations that country is subjected tures
And
as Sweden, so far as regards fertility and but scantily favoured by nature and has a hard climate, the inhabitants of such a country, where merely to support life requires great exertion, must be of
to.
soil, is
a serious and thoughtful disposition, and of a hardy brasan. uadslust.
Insvept, vinterlik dvala,
full,
rorelse,
mod,
lef-
(5.
K thinning,
besoka, bor, nCdvftndigt, iiiluiinUi, ullsvenska t'olkets historia, sedan, koramit,
ilrna,
nuin ofversikt, langt, landet, inidt ibland, upptageu, bestyr, resetur, davtill. likval, visat sig, i dager, pa forhand, tiger kannedom,
framfarna oden.
Gninddragen, narvarande, karaktars-
beskaffenhet, politi.sk stallning, gii tillbaka, hedendomen. Naturnodviindighet, stiimpel, beskaffenhet, bel>o, saint klimatiska forhallanden, underkastadt. Hvad vaxtlighet
och jordman betrafiEar, kargt utrustadt, garna, lifnarandet fordrar, anstrangning,
betanksam, fysik, hiirdade.
inbyglynne, allvarlig,
ilger, striit't, till
Mrs-
ELLANEO1
KXI
8
1
."")
fiame. Thence undoubtedly arises that sound and calm of reflection
power
and dependence upon
their
own
re-
sources which distinguishes the Swedes. They are not, ijersays, spoiled by a liberal nature which L ivr
much and
Seen from a poetical
requires nothing.
of view
it is probable that the mild, elegiac with which the oldest popular ballads are penetrated may arise from the surrounding scenery and the necessity of being enough a man for oneself. When one, as a child, has repeatedly wandered alone through forest and heath, mountain and valley, by streams and lakes, it is necessary for one's own
point spirit
everything that occurs; and not happen then that the
preservation to notice how many times does
it
excited imagination fancies it sees something passing suddenly between the trees, and who could this be but the Lady of the forest? In the same manner one fancies one hears distant, sweet sounds which are
the child goes out early in the is gone, it looks in the grass The idea that \\ for the rings of the Elves. surrounded and by constantly subjected to the influence of outer, powerful, unconstrainable natural powers, is instilled into our minds while children, and ascribed to Nixy.
If
morning, before the dew
11
rtridigt, snnd, reflexionsfOrm&ga, tillit, krafter, Pmrtklema, gifniild, u it'\ a, t'onlra. .-yn}iunkt, tr.ir at'vrn, in'M. etegi&k, hvaraf foil rflyta
we grow older, new strength from the contruths of religion, speaking of a Providence always watching over us, so that the foundation of the acknowledged religious disposition of the Swedish gains, as
soling
peasantry ought not to be ascribed to political
insti-
tutions alone, but in a great degree to the peculiarities of the scenery that surrounds us.
Stockholm
is
quite a different
town
at different
At noon the streets are crowded hours of the day. with well-dressed people, who seem to have nothing to do but look at each other; and some hours before, at about ten o'clock, you see almost only placemen and men of business hurrying along in such haste that they have no time at all to look at each other. Early in the morning, travellers stream down to the steamers in great crowds, and people who for the recovery of their health go one by one to the gymnasA little later, or about tics, the bath, or the wells. eight o'clock,
is
the kitchen hour.
Good housewives,
penurious masters, and busy servantmaids, walk then about and make their purchases for the day. - - At this time I one morning directed my
Melt olika stad, timme pa, middagstid, vimla, gata, valkladt folk, tyckes, nagot, gora, hvavandra, forut, klockaii omkring tio, man, endast ambetsman, affarsman, skynda sin viig frtun, sii bradtom, alls icke, tid. Bittida pa morgon, stromiiui resande, angbat, stor, flock, skOta sin halsa, gynmastik, bad, brunnsinrattning. ^sagot senare, kokets. - Redbar frn, duktig flicka, snal husfader, beskaftig piga, omkring, gora sina uppkop. Vid, stiilla.
l'">
steps towards Munkbron (a fruit-market in
my
couple of the fruit-sellers, who had vain spent .their eloquence on me in trying to prove, as well from a constitutional a economical point of view, the superiority of in
after a
this,
no apples, had
in
j
8.
In that circle of rocks and islands, which maternal nature has raised like a wall of protection around her beloved Sea, rises, like a high altar with a garland of leafy forest at its foot, The LeuLeucadid of the North*, the much sung Sotaskiir. From the moss grown top, the Baltic opens, who.-.
have so often been coloured with the blood of
-
heroes, and whose shores have so often resounded with the Swedish cry of victory.
A knight It was a beautiful summer evening. and a lady ascended the height and remained sunk in calm delight at the mirror-like stillness of the endless surface. On the lofty forehead of the tall knight reposed a majestic gravity, but the mild look expressed
is seen in paintings of noble He had taken off his knights of the middle ages. helmet, and the light hair shaded his cheeks, the manly hue of which had been tinged by a southern sun. The lady was also of a lofty stature, light complexion, and blue-eyed. In her face there beamed an expression of gentle submissive piety, which arose from the sweet consciousness of inward purity,
fidelity,
and strength. 9.
Snorting horses and tingling bells were heard evening more lively than usual in the streets of the capital, and at the gate of baron W.'s brilliantly lighted house, numerous equipages stopped the way. while a number of gentlemen in outside-boots and footmen with lanterns elbowed their way along the narrow openings between.
one
The porter had already given up all hope of being able to shut the door between each newcomer, and through his little pane looked upon the whole entering throng with an indifferent eye; his veto was for the evening suspended, for all the world knew that baron N.'s were at home. t
press in (ho lobby cannot in vain sighed for so much
them
to cast a look at their
who
in
I:'.'
I
ibe.i.
room
1
l.a
as to enable
ehaussure; old gentle vain laboured to get at that peg on which
accustomed
were
they
EXBB<
8
to
han.ir
their
-loaks,
and
ones, against whom the passage was blocked up by ladies to the large looking -glass which hung on the opposite wall; footmen, who had certainly found their mistresses' shawls, but groped in vain after
young
young lady's outside-shoes; nnd the servants the house, who should take in ji waiter of ices that way; all these had despair painted on their
the of
which did not seem to bode well for the was as if some spell had >
ing's pleasures; but it in the very threshold,
taken
over that,
lain
soon as the step was beamed with a cheerful smile.
all
for as
10, -
Skokloster.
This palace, of
all
the private
dwellings in Sweden, perhaps the one which most deserves the name, has this distinction that it not only possesses an old and a new history, but also present state, through what it presents to the more interesting than through what still has memory preserved concerning ii.
h'ininL maliaii.la. tV>rt j;in:i. iiaimi. in inarkelse. allena-t, a-ja. aMi-e. nyare. lii-t<>ria. utan narva ran-lr tlllstainl, -jen'MM. aga. frainstalla. introxant. hva-1. Siott,
niintiet,
onskildt,
forvara
r
,
1
MISCKLLANKOrS KXKKC1SES.
10
The
estate
is
situated in Uppland,
Swedish
miles from Stockholm, and belongs for the present to the Brahe family. The former history of the place is preserved within it, not written on paper or parchment, but on less perishable materials. Within the parish, half a mile from the present palace, we find the ruins of an old castle situated on a height near the lake, formerly a home for freebooters. They consist
of a
down and that you
number
of moss-grown stones, partly fallen scattered about, but of so colossal a size are amazed at the human powers which,
with so little assistance from art as their time offered, It is could move and lift these immense masses. probable that the water formerly went nearly to this
and the situation was consequently Avell chosen, both as a harbour for the vessels that were returned home, and for a defence against possible attacks. But the sinking wave retreated by degrees from the castle at about the same period that barbarism and love of strife gave way before the mild spirit of
wall,
more peaceful tendenmute witnesses of its former strength and purpose; not they alone, however, other equally mute witnesses speak of Christianity, cies.
Thus
and
left
room
for
this castle fell to ruins, the
Egendom, belilgen, sveusk mil, tillhor for Q&rvarande, Braheska familjen. Stallets iildre, inom detsamma, skrifven, papper, pergament, forganglig, amne. Inom, socken, en half, nuvarande, finnas, ruin, ei'ter, gammal, i'aste, hojd, vid sjon, fordom, hem, viking. Besta, mangel, inossbelupen, sten, till en del, nedfallen, kringspridd. kolossal storlek, hapna ofver, manniskokraft, ringa, bitriide, konst, erSannolikt, ga, nara, bjuda, rora, lyt'ta, ofantlig, massa. mur, belagenhet, salunda, fortrilffligt vald, lunnn, liem-
have dwelt here, It ihave found a n-tin^-j.laci- under that turf they trod, and of whom many a tomb raised on the shores now speaks, old weapons have been here and there met with in the earth fallen from the hands of the owners here <-on|iiered in battle.
those
that
families
wlio
tli'-mselvrs
11. tell you about nw negro, whose cnun--ted with the family on this plantation, and which they have related to me. It is a beautiful instance of the peculiar nobility of the
Hut
must
I
is
story
nearly
negro character, when it attains its proper development. His name was Saniedi (Or Saturday), and he was on S:t Domingo a servant to the parents of my host, Itwhen the renowned massacre there took place. rescued from this, at the risk of his own life, his master's two sons my host was one of them by carrying them at night from the town on bin shoulders, through every danger, down to the harbour where he had secured a little bark, in which he went with the two children to Charleston, in South Carolina. Here he put the two boys to school, and hired himself out to daily labour. Both he and the I
I'o
slakt,
iiiaiivn, liar,
vid,
Fiuna, hviloplats, strand, uppford.
tort'va,
irral'ho^,
trampa,
livamm.
t'orinala
Man
jonl, falla. airan-, r.t'vt'rviniia. strid.
triil'fa.
11.
Tala bn-atta. na.
I'm-,
iic-rr. liistoria, forlnmilen. t'amilj.
N'ackert
ratt.
vanl.
om
utverkling.
I'ara.
ncil, -
-
massakcr.
iKiinnkiinnig. hu>l>"inl',
son,
lit'si'ara.
^enoni.
ncorerkarak Nainn. I.>rlair. tjauarr.
|>lai
:elhct.
'\riii].pl,
bamii, ;
-n
intm
t'..raldrar.
lia-ld:i.
l:irur.
det han bar, nattetid. axlar, tVirsakra si- "in. fark-^t. l> i
-k"la.
hyra
nt. d-ir<:irb.
142 boys had
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.
during the dreadful night at San only been able to save their lives. In Charleston he fed and clothed them and himself by his work. Every week he gave the boys three dollars each from his earnings. With this he continued till the boys had grown young men, and he
Domingo.
lost
all
He had
-
an old one. My host went to sea, and made some property by his activity and good fortune. After having purchased the plantation on Cuba and there married, he took old Saturday to him, provided for him now in his turn, and gave him three dollars every week as pocket-money in return for what he had received from him during his Old Saturday lived long here happy and boyhood. free from care, loved and respected by all. He died two years ago at a very great age. He was an upright Christian and very pious; a good Christian in all respects. -
Hade kunnat radda, lif. ohygglig, natt, pa. klada, arbete. Yecka, gifva, hvar sina tre, af, Harmed fortfor, blifvit, gammal. arbetsfortjanst. Gick till sjos, forvarfva, formogenhet, raskhet, lycka, Sedan ban kopt, gifta sig, taga till, forsorja, ordning, Lefvn, handpemimgar, gengald, dem, fa, under, gossar. Hinge, lycklig, sorgfri, alskad, aktad. Do, for ett par, sedan, vid, bog. Uppriktig kristen, from, pA,, vis. forlora,
Foda,
MONTHS, DAY8
Mdnaderna.
143
The Months.
144
SAMTAL.
Eegn. Hagel.
Rain.
Eld.
Fire.
Hail.
Vat ten.
Sno. Xorrxken.
Snow.
Hetta.
Water. Heat.
The northern
Kold.
Cold,
l^roxt.
Frost.
lights.
The rainbow.
To.
Thaw.
.lili.rt.
Lightning.
Ijus.
Light.
Aska.
Thunder.
Morker.
Darkness.
Eegribayen.
Samtal.
God morgon,
;:
Dialogues.
(oftori), -win
herre.
(lood morning, (evening), sir.
Talar ni engehka, (sven*ka?) Mycket litet, men jag for star ndr an fir a
Do you
speak English, (Swedish)? Very little, but I understand when
others speak.
tola.
Hur
tanker ni vara i staden? Bloit en eUer eft par Hinge
How
long do you intend
town? Only a Aveek or two. to be in the
vector.
Viidret ar sa v acker t, det
vore radligt att fara ut pa landet snart. Jlitr
'/tnif/f
i'l'ntton
fir
det
till
kilometer,
G.? ow-
ring nio engelska mil. bor It err B.? Han bor rid Surbrunnsls
Hvar
f/afan n:r 30, ))or *
tvn trap-
up/).
The weather is so beautiful, would be advisable to go into the country soon.
it
How
far is
it
to (J.V
Fifteen kilometres, about
nine English miles.
Where does Mr.
He
B. live ?
N:o 30, Sursecond brunnsgatan, lives at
floor.
For further Exercises of
this kind, examples on the use of the particles, &c., &c., see: May's Exercises for Conversation in English and Swedish for the Use Df both Nations*. Seventh Edition. >
PAL.
Kan
ni
(if
1 1 a,
i
It 11
bin
is
;nn
J
a diir?
ni
good
(an one dine
th<
At
/,-<,
k<>mm
!<];<
kinchin Far sd (jod stad< rskan (in
>
i
Jtuli
past
chamber-maid
the
my
to
(boots)
mitt rnm.
fill
mina
half
Show me
dft luin
Tell
I'f
Call
room,
sjn.
III en
my
to
boots
to
room. brush my
clothes.
/./< >!'>))
*kt
five.
Send
och
'
bars far
\vhtit
please.
miii
'
'I'n (I
h<
time -an you come to-morrow y cannot come before half-
miii.
!;nn
win
shall find a
moryon?
till
me
tell
45
*
koteU
i
Can you
//
tn'ii/u
shall t'mna ftt i/ndf
;
1
me
to-morrow
at
half-past
me
Bring
Ici.i
a decanter of and a clean
fresh water
nttten oek ett rent
glass.
handdtih.
'.
l\nn
n
hi
miii
fa
i
Soap, towel.
Ici'jia
Can
I buy a pair of gloves? Let me have a good pair.
ett
haii
Lut //"/
m >/;,
I
ett
/
/,>,..',
i
H<>\\
,
.
r .//'/
//'//
I>ltni1ml; till
Ian
nrli
fiftn.
m'nt
fiirlnrtit :
ni
are th
any pockethandkerchiefo? These are too large, and this one i.s too small. have lost my pocketI:<>T
I
book; have you any
nmiru
90h
for
sale? -i
sfruni-
ttyortor; ...
much
Have you
llnr ni twtjrn tmsdw.
Swedish Grammar.
I
\\ant
and
n-w
socks, shoes,
shirts;
can
you 10
SAMTAL.
146
lean ni saga miy, hvar jag Jean fa sadana?
Hvar
bor
sJcraddaren ?
Far sa god och skicka rock behofver lagas,
mina
och
where
1
can get
tailor live?
Please send for him.
honom.
efter
Min
me
tell
them? Where does the
Far jag
stb'flar
besvdra frun att mina smutsiga
skicka kldder
till
My
ndgon
tvdt-
hvad
Jean
coat wants mending, my boots too.
and
ocksa.
May I trouble you, madam, send dirty linen to a laundress.
my
to
tersJca ?
Vaktmdstare,
lad
kaffe, choJc-
eller te?
mig
Gif
Waiter, what can
fruJcost, mid-
jag fa dag, supe? Far jag litet till
och
grddden
for
dr
icJce
dr for
starlit,
for
svagt.
Kan jag fa
litet
lammkott
This is weak.
Can
mycket
lite
spenat?
oxkott, kalfkott eller flask. Delta villebrad dr icke
strong,
too
have some lamb
I prefer beef, veal, or pork.
This
vdl stekt.
tycker icke
I
too
with potatoes and gravy, and very little spinach.
potatis och sas samt
Jag foredrar
ling.
not good.
is
coffee.
Delta
Jag
and
Cut me a slice of bread, and give me the butter. Pour me out a cup of
mig.
med
coffee,
chocolate, or tea. Give me the cream
The milk
bra.
sJcifva brb'd smb'ret.
en Jcopp kaffe at
i
have
sugar.
Skdr mig en och gif mig Hall
I
dinner,
supper? Let me have some
sockret.
Mjb'lJcen
breakfast,
game
is
not
well
roasted.
om
kyck-
I
do not
like
chicken.
9AMTAL. />'
-nun
'if
//'//
///,-/
17
1
This
fowl
not sulTici-
is
mtly Pour out a glass of
riw,
\vim-,
port, inaih-irn, sherry, or
>//
champagne.
Gif mig en
n-n
me
in/In/,-
and and
och en sked, en knif och gnff't'l. i nUmihihtt Hi/and porter, ill
dri'/.Ti-
rutten.
dlcr svagdricka. r/itr flitta
l\>in
&
".
lit* I
!<(
(hnrdt)
fa
<
iir
lust
till
ft
koJfta
Glim
I
am
eke
behofver
kallt kutt?
senap:
ot-ksd
j
i>)>
muskot och knml. raff Hr /.Y///, l&t
>d den
korkskrufj
bekdfver
plate 1.
generally
drink water, stout, ale, or
A
crust of bread with hut-
Can
some cheese
or
ter
to
ctt r<
or/,-
at
finish
have
I
.
eggs,
soft
a
is
with.
couple of
(hard) boiled
evening?
Do you like cold meat? Do not forget the mustard; want also pepper, salt, nutmeg, and cinnamon. I
This dish a
litel.
mig en I
a
sometimes
I
for the
ni
clean
fork.
good
tii
/<(
a
spoon,
tablebeer.
m
In-Udkant
i.n
a
is
cold,
warm
it
little.
Give me a cork-screw want also a clean wine;
I
glass.
This taUt '-napkin Stall
butt'ljt
it
pn
dftfd
is
dirty,
get me a clean one. Place the bottle on this table.
Hur
ditii*
gdf
i>
What
.-t>u'
for /Iiftr
iir pnxtk'mtnrt-t? det langt hiirifr
<'ir
is
Where is
the
latot time
!
i'
is
the post-or
SAMTAL.
148
Kan
jag fa skrifpapper, penna och black?
Jag
liar tvd bref att skrif-
va,
innan jag kan gd
Kan
ni
gifva mig
och
(inlandskt)
ndgra frimdrken.
Gif mig en knif, den
bdttre pennhar dr sd slo!
och en blyertspenna. Jag liar gldmt mitt laskdet
papper; finns
sand
Mr?
I
before I can go out.
give sealing wax, a
post card abroad (the inland), and some stamps. Give me a better penknife, for
this
ett
och
si-gill
kuvert.
lead-pencil. I
have forgotten
Vdxla denna
Skynda baka
me
Lend
sedel
kom
er och
till-
strax.
ni
a seal and an to
letter
before
the half
saga
Make
Change
this note
me. haste and
come back
immediately. mig, hvar
kan finna en god
'tolk?
kvd'll
you? for
Can you can
tell
find
me where
I
a good inter
preter ?
Ldt honom komma mig tre kvart pa
Ga
blot-
pa Have you any money about
ut mig.
i
my
there any
past five o'clock.
ni ndgra pengar
er?
jag
is
ting-paper;
envelope.
sex.
Kan
and a
so blunt;
is
Skicka delta bref pa po- Send this sten innan klockan half post-office
Har
me some
Can you
sand here?
Ldna mig ett
have writingpaper, and ink? pen, I have two letters to write
ut.
litet
lack, ett brefkort for ut-
landet
Can
till
dtta
(jinirter
to
me
eight
at a
this
evening.
fafton).
och kop en dngbdten.
Let him come to
bifjett till
Go and buy th e steamer.
a ticket
for-
149
BAMTAL,
Can you recommend me
I\ ni rc
Hiktm
lira
wigon har for r
I,'
a good physician? caught cold.
'?
nng.
filt
diarrkt, forstoppbrostcark.
luivc
I
my I
jag *nir
/Hide
gar
Jnif-
mtn mi Imr jag halsen, armurnn
rudi'"'r/,\
ondt
En
i
nii
EH
Jar/
har
legs. dentist.
neck, arms,
A
I
have tooth-
ache.
har fe/> vara bra fur alt bada {bland' kallf (rnrmt) bad riin
del
niitti(ia*t.
IV fn
my
and
tandlUL-arc.
Miu
in
chest.
pain in
tandviirk. SJiiiUe
pain
colic,
Yesterday I had a bad headache, but now 1 have a
bnn-n.
or//
costi-
diarrhoea,
veness,
/,'olih'.
,
liave
I
>/,///, v/
My
friend has a fever.
Would
me
it
be
useful for
sometimes? A cold (warm) bath would be most useful. to bathe
We
must send to the chemist's for the medi-
////
medikafitertt.
cine.
Ndr
>/,-//
jiifhr
or//
Far sa
When
jag tag a pnh'rr?
t/od
or//
^1,-ajj'n
wif/ en god skuterslta. Ilnllrn cj *a w///r/,v7. jag
Please
Do
nagra
/,-<>]>a
fra
Intnl.
/t'in*tnl.
af
get
me
a
good
not
make
so
much
Can
buy some furniture
I
here? *'ing.
*ti>lar.
take these
noise, I cannot sleep.
har'?
ftj
I
nurse.
sofva.
Kan jag fa
shall
and powders?
pills
in alia
I
\\ant
chairs,
bureau, (me arm-chair, all of
nnt/HHint/. iir/i
i')i
one bedstead, six two tables, one
This
mahogany. writing-tahle
and
a
SAMTAL.
150 liten soffa ville
jag
ock-
sd hafva.
Kuddarna (liar da),
little
sofa I should
like
also to have. tiro
liar
for mjulia ni ndgra
andra ?
The cushions (hard),
have
are too soft
you
any
others ?
Delta bolster
tir for mjultt, jag ti/c/tcer mera om en madrass stoppad med
This
feather-bed
is
too
prefer a mattress stuffed with horsehair. soft,
I
tagel.
En
stor ocli en liten spe-
den ena med forandra med gylld, den mark ram. gel:
Kan
ni
miy
gb'ra
ett
par stoflar, sltor, tofflor om onsdag eller tills torsdag ? T)e,
somjag liar pa mig, iiro
for
Jcorta,
Vill
ni
Idnga, tranya.
taga
malt
large and one small the one looking-glass; with a gilt frame, the other with a dark one.
Can you make me
a pair shoes, slippers next Wednesday or
of boots,
by Thursday? These I have on
are too
short, long, tight.
af Will you take my measure V Make them wide enough.
mig? Gor demvalvida. Far jag profva mina stoflar ? De Mamma mig ofver tdrna. Sulorna dro ndstan for tjocka, tunna. Klackarna dro for hoga,
May
I try
on
my
boots? the
They pinch me over The soles are toes.
al-
most too
thick, thin. heels are too high,
The low.
laga.
Skaffa mig
iitet
rent vat-
ten i ett tvattfat, friitfa
One
jag vill mig om handerna.
Get
me some
clean water
washhaud- basin, I should like to wash my in
a
hands.
-
Tag
It
morningand send for the hair-dresser; I must have .ii<\vn
my
mig.
])/>
Jd
i'i/1
liifit
i
In tret
i
lin'itnm
mig dag: bar ni
tang met I erf Snkfd. tangen
I
have my hair curled to-day; have you the cur-
<
-
ifiitly.
you? The tongs are
too hot.
win tdmllmrste
fir
orh tandptdvret?
Minn rakkmfvar kdn
draqas,
hehb'fva HI
ra
Urilkn
firn
xtfillen
i
ndgon narvarande? Var
s& god och visa mig (lit. visa -mig
Var xd god och till
jdrnvagssia tiomn.
Unr dugs gar till
.
.
ett
gi'd liiifl'tr
ncista
tii
.*
hd
kiui
jug
hlf/rrfxffi/t
/-)i*/fir? nrlfsti
my
tooth-brush
me
a pin.
Which are the most remark-
fir
del
ion for
is
and the powder? My razors want setting, can you do it?
staden?
skulle vilja xr kt/rkoror If slnttct. tr<( frr H
i'in a*
Where
Give
mig en knuppnal.
('it
t
hair cut.
shall
ling-tongs with fir
Inf. 1 1 I'd r
Jag na
me my
lring
Intrfrihi fa b<>h'<>fr<>r t'ftcr
jag
fi'iren; 1:1 1
mitt mortjonroik,
it
vkirkd
in-li
\\ITAI..
Jag
1ld(/fd
ftt
or//
be-
I
able places in the town? should like to see the
churches, palace, theatre, and the museum. Is there any exhibition at show Please present? me the way there. to
Pleiise
me
direct
to
the railway station. At what time does the
next train start for ... V what shop can buy a ju'iH'il casr and sonic
synnerligen god utsikt ofver Stockholm? Mosebacke erbjuder en mycket vacker anblick, likasd Bredablick pa
Skansen, men den bdsta ar utan tvifvel frdn tornet
pa EiddarholmskyrPanoramat frdn
kan.
denna punkt ar ett
bland de
troligen
vackraste
i Europa. Vackra utsikter Jiar man afven frdn hvilken del NOW, heist af backarna pd Djurgar den och afven fran hqjderna pd soder. Men effekten af hela liamnen, da man gar frdn Skeppsbron till Gustaf Adolfs torg, dr ovan-
ligt
gum, a small
file,
and a
pair of scissors.
det nagrapunkter,
hvarifrdn
I Avant also a ruler, a pair of compasses, pasteboard,
vacker,
isynnerhet
Are there any points from Avhich one has a particularly good view of Stock-
holm? Mosebacke fine
affords a very and also
prospect,
Bredablick at Skansen, but the best is, undoubtedly, from the tower of Riddarholm Church.
The panorama from spot of
probably,
is,
the
finest
in
this
one Eu-
rope.
Fine views are also to be had from any part of the
hills
gard,
and
in
also
the Djurfrom the
heights in the south part But the of the town.
whole harone goes from Skeppsbron to Gustaf effect of the
bour,
as
Adolf's
torg,
is
exceed-
-AM PAL,
158 beautiful,
ingly
I'll/
Ilrilkn tiro
Which
grann-
/
nddl del
rm-kt rt
fir
men
Ixliiget,
gan*kn
iir
I\nn MI in
it is
beautifully situated,
but very small. Can one walk the whole
litct.
I" In >
the principal royal palaces in the neighare
bourhood of Stockholm V Rosendal is the nearest;
un'mi
i'ir
especi-
by moonlight.
ally
way? Del
iir
>
Mem
/
angendm in
en
-mul for
j>r<>//
tiitnl if/en
fin
fotgfin-
<]
is not more than an agreeable walk for a tolerably good pedestrian.
It
gare. I !>/>
I
iir
iingl
till
(let
Haga? Eft
goda Itommtmi-
(Iff
katioKsmedel? Wortraffliga; iir
riil
i't
iril
>'iro
/;v>V////r-
nil skuttu
knmrnt fnnt
1
In ."nit.
tnhir on/
iir
:
I
Haga?
couple of English miles. Are there good means of
communication? and the park
Kxrt'llent;
well
is
worth
visiting.
The hot-houses and
gar-
/7-
Our companion speaks of
rather extensive.
inn it
nni/.-riwi tre engclxk! D) i flu it iir >
I'lricsdal;
alt
is
far
from
especially picturesque. is the best means
What
of getting to
tilt
it
Stockholm? About three English miles; the trip by steam-r is
knmnm
to
it
dens are well kept and
Xtni-ktinhH?
r
is
vidvlriirktn.
tiimligen
rik*ddl
pnrTten
i-tt
och
Ih-if'lnisen
o<-J,
far
A
mil.
rngi-lska
)>(ir
/'inn*
How
I>n>ttning-
holm? En
'
'/'''''
'
1,'riitii
Ily
ful
))>
tjll
frc
krnrtff
timm>
.
water. trip
|iiarters
A rery delightabout three of an hour. ot
154
SAMTLAL.
annat
eft
jinns
$om
Icallas
hnr Idngt Stockholm?
fir
jfirnvdg
:
(let
frdn
angfartyg tag a
omkring
vanligen
tre
timmar. Hvad dr Gripsholm mdrkvdrdigt for? I 'r
There far
another palace
is
called is
Gripsholm; how that from Stock-
holm? timmar med About two hours by
tva
Owkrhig
slott,
Gripsholm;
historisk synpunld,for
Erik den fjortonde* ocli Jo Itan den tredjes ftingelser samt manga vardcfulla minnen frdn 30-
rail;
steamers generally take about three hours. the
What
is Gripsholm remarkable for? From an historical point of
view, for the prisons of Eric the Fourteenth and
Johan
the
Third
and
several
(iriga kriget och Gustaf Slottet den tredjes tid. har nyligen blifvit re-
very interesting things from the time of the 30-years-war and the time of Gustavus the
staureractt.
third.
Finns
del
(dt
tafvelgal-
Icn dfir? Ja, (let innehaller
2,000
1,-ring
The
palace
is
newly-restored. a picture-galthere Is lerie there?
om-
Iristoriska
it conteins about 2,000 historical portraits.
Yes,
portrait.
Kdnner mans
ni
till
slolt,
en adelsmycltet
ej
Idngt frdn Imfvudstaden, fir markvtirdigt for
som
dew Xi
antikviteter ?
menar Jkf
xfcr?
Hra/ie,
vdl tilllior
rixas iinxkd
grefve
lirilken godlietxatt runnnen
for .NY-
rcxande dcni.
of a noble-
man's mansion not very far from the capital that is remarkable for its antiquities?
Skoldo-
till a for
fttUt
Do you know
You
certainly
mean Sko-
kloster. It belongs to the
allows
who kindly the rooms to be
shown
to
count Brahe
that
any
travellers
wish to see them.
MVNT.
SAMTAL. .!/
fioflatnl
jm
en
r//
Gothland in remarkable ?
<><-h Imr mamia vdrdnadsbjudande miner
ki/rknr.
nu'ut
oi-h
*nni
towns, and
ln^ok-
(indi'a
Ar
r/.v////
riirdt
hasmany
vt-n-
es
were, in
tliat
f
times, frequented by nu-rchants and others from
fnm
delar af den kit'iida ritrlden?
way
;uiy
erable ruins ofthechiuvh-
at luntdel*-
alia
.V>
Yishy, the principal town, was one of the Hanse-
*tu-
//
stiidernn,
inrdoni
1
Is
nnijtit siitt
den ftintcimsfa
I'isitfi,
MATT.
da
all
then
parts of the world.
known
aft he-
Visby worth visiting?
Is
gdkas?
AH a,
*nm filr
,
L-iinna ett in
All
who
in
the
Hiedi'Itidoi*
take an interest
tract their attention.
iqppmdrksanthet. a Hro yanxka goda.
The baths
Swedish Money (Svenska kmna = about an Knglish
A
teenpeuce) is divided into 100 ore. In Silver there are pieces for 2, l /io of a krona. In (inld then- art- pieces for kroner. In In
=
5, -, and Copper^ pieces I'lijur notes for 1,00(1, KM),
are very good.
Myut). shilling
(tliir-
1
1,
I?*
V*i
1
,
1
/-,
and
.">
in,
and
.">
6
.">(>.
Swedish Weights and Measures. 1.
KM. Til
A meter, divided into inrtt-r
a
in milliinetiT
~
1
\
Liin.^ln.att).
drcimcter \a:d
:'.
tl
in.
kronor.
MEASURES OF
the
of
history
Middle Ages must there meet with much to at-
mxtf dar finna .font fUster derns
incl
a
I
MATT.
156
VIKT.
meter == 1090 yards. 1 10,940 yards or about
kilometer = = 1000 10 kilometer nymil 6Ya land miles. 1
-
=
-
SQUARE OR FIELD MEASURES
(Ytmatt).
In general the squares of the measures of length. So 100 kvadratmeter make an ar and 100 ar a hek1 hektar about 2 1 /2 acres. tar.
=
CUBIC MEASURES.
(Rymdmatt.)
In general the cubes of the measures of length. 1
YIO kubikmeter 1 liter decimeter.
hektoliter
or 1
cubic
100
centiliter
=10
=.
22
/ioo
of
1
kilogram
2 English
liter
deciliter -
an imperial gallon.
WEIGHTS.
=
=100
(Vikt.)
10 hektogram
pounds 3 ounces.
= 1000 gram -
KXTKACTS.
PART
Extracts
in
157
V.
Prose and Verse.
KARL
von LIN NT..
i Stenbrohult, en socken i Smavackraste varen, mellan lofspricknings-
Linne foddes land, just
i
blomstermanaderna, som ban sjalf yttrar sig naiva gladje, som ban alltid njot af naturen. Hans far, sora var komminister, alskade blomstren, och agde om dem en kannedom, sadan en landtprast utan bibliotek och botaniska hjalpredor kunde forskaffa sig. Han hade anlagt en tradgard vid sitt bostalle, och i densamma uppfoddes den spada och
med den
I gossens sonen. barnsliga sinne faste sig fornamligast faderns uppgifter om blomstren, och han.s minne ofvade sig forst pd blommornas namn. I skolan utvecklade ban ringa hag och anlag for den tidens fornamsta studier, latinet och de teoLektorerna vid Vexio gymlogiska vetenskaperna. nasium ville till och med ofvertala bans far att siitta
lara.
gossen, sasom oduglig till studier, i skriiddarMen lektorn i fysik, doktor Rothman, afstyrktc till sig samt gaf honom siirskild fysiken, en vetenskap, som ofverensliirjungens hag och lynne, och hvilkt-n
det och tog gossen
undervisning
i
stamde med ban diirfor liitt och ifrigt fattade. ban samlat sig ett herbarium.
Hun versitet
med den
ulYiin
med
lades fran
Redan nu hade
gymnasium
till
Lunds
uni-
hoppgifvande betyg. I strid behofven, utan andra tillgangar an driften af som drog honom framat pa det forskaiida, ett foga
158
EXTRACTS.
ningens fait, dit bans sjal bestandigt langtat, utvecklade ban sig dock till medvetande af sin egen I den larde Stobaai bus begaguade ban, formaga. forst i henilighet, sedan med professorns tillatelse, bans bibliotek, och forvarfvade salunda kunskap om botanikens och allmanhet naturforskningens davarande staudpunkt. i
Han hade nu
utsikt att blifva lakare.
Men
vid
hembygden gjorde bans forna larare Rothman honom uppmarksam* pa Uppsalas vetenskapliga foretrade, dar den beromde Rudbeck larde besok
ett
i
Med ett obetydligt understod af sin botaniken. fader begaf ban sig dit. Snart befann ban sig dar i stort behof, da handelsevis doktor Olof Celsius traffade honom i botaniska tradgarden, blef uppmarksam pa** bans nit och kunskaper samt honom i sitt bus och understodde honom. Redan som student erholl Linne uppdrag halla forelasningar
i
botaniken
i
tog att
den aldervacka upp-
stallet for
Rudbeck. Hans ideer begynte marksamhet, och med nagot offentligt understod fick han tillfalle gora en botanisk resa till Lappstigne
land.
Han
gjorde darefter en resa
till
Dalarna.
Den
utmarkte lakaren doktor Rosen sag med afundsamt Linnes snille ocb formaga och motarbetade 6'ga utsikterna stangdes for honom vid pa Dalaresan togo Linnes omI Falun larde han stiindigheter en ny vandning. kanua*** en rik stadslakare, doktor Johan Morseus. Linne blef forlofvad med bans aldsta dotter, och erholl af honom ett understod af hundra dukater.
honom,
sa
akademien.
Med
'*
***
Men
detta reste
landske *
att
larde
han till Holland, dar han i de holfann gynnare och vanner, som icke
Att gora uppmarkeam
to direct one's attention.
Blef uppmarksam pa, noticed. Att lara kanna to become acquainted with.
KXTKA' vimleradr
blutt
bans
snille
och
hans
och
kunskaper,
utan
alia
pa person, npptiinkliua siitt sokte att kvarh&lla honom i delta land. M-n sedan ban bar utgifvit sina fornamsta ar ;it'ven
beten och upptradt sasom varldens storste botaniker aterviinde ban, trogen sin sitt Sy sterna n
med
Hans stora namn begynte fran friimmande lander kasta sin glans till fiiderneslandet. Sedan ban stadgat sitt fortroende som lakare Den botaniska liirostolen Stockholm, gifte ban sig. i Uppsala var det mal, dit ban langtade, och oaktadt sina motstandares intriger vann ban det inom uppmarksamhet.
i
Och nu
begynte ett nytt tidehvart iifvrn akademi. Fran aflagsna lander samlades framlingar kring den larostol, dar den flitige, ljusharige, h'nt bildade naturforskaren med en gladtig uppsyn och skarpa, spelande blickar foreliiste sin Fran alia varldens delar skk-kades ocksa vetenskap. till honom naturalster, och allt iiiiirkviirdigt, som upptacktes i naturens riken pa hans tid, sandes till honom for att erhaila namn och nun bans system. Han byllades sasom botanikens furste, ickr blott ai de larde, utan afven af sin tids regenter. Sjiilf njot Han ban med adel vardighet sin lira odi lyckn. kande sitt viinl(, men forenade med denna kiinsla kort*. for
Uppsala
i
m
ukonstlad odmjukhet, biirledd ur en 7 >-b dog d.
grund.
jan.
1778 MKI.I.IN.
*
IIMMI kort
irjthin
n short
////<
160
EXTRACTS.
Ur
GEIJERS MINNEN.
E. G.
Jag var tjugu ar och kom fran akademien. Det beslots att jag skulle forsoka mig i hvad man kallar en kondition, en lararplats, och om sa ske ett fornamt bus. En faderlig van, fran kunde, hvilken i synnerhet denna tanke utgick, hade tilli
Han bragt en del af sin ungdom i stora varlden. kallades darifran och ifran glansande utsikter genom forlusten af sina foraldrars formogenhet, och sasom tror
jag
Han
genom
skref
till
en
foljderna af en olycklig karlek. af sina ungdomsvanner och anbe-
mig till det basta. Den hogtuppsatte mansvar blef mig visadt. Det inneholl, att man gjort sig underrattad om mig pa annat hall. Denna forskning vid universitetet hade ej utfallit till min fallde
nens
fordel.
Det
Jag vore en yngling utan stadia. var
min
forsta erfarenhet af
hvad namn
och
rykte ville saga. Jag tyckte mig utpekad for hela varlden. Mitt he! a vasende kom i uppror for att afskudda denna ofortankta namnkunnighet genom forvarfvandet af en battre. Sa grep jag till pennan, och skref Areminnet ofver Sten Sture den aldre, till tafling i Svenska Akademien ar 1803.
Radd och med
storsta hemlighet gick jag till Jag visste ej ens*, da tanken uppstod, hvilket prisamne var utsatt for aret. Det skulle sta i Post- och Inrikes-Tidningarna, hvilka, efter att hafva gjort sin rund i socknen, stannade i prastgarden. En augustiafton vandrade jag med mitt bekymmer astad dit, och begarde under nagon forevandning af komministern att fa se hvad som kunde vara Han drog fram en ofrigt af tidningarna for aret. gammal bordslada, dar bland ostkanter och brodbitar en bunt mer och mindre fullstandiga num-
verket.
*
Jag visste
ej
ens,
I
did not eren
Tenon-.
161
mer var instuoken, lyckligtvis bland dem den jag Pa viigen hem erfor jag forst hvad det vill
sokte. siiga
att
ga hafvande
med
Tid-
ett vittert foster.
blef
fickan.
mig ordentligen tungt ningsbladet Mina tankar voro alia liksom pa flykt. Mig tycktes* jag sokte dem, medan fotterna under en sent pa kvallen fortsatt vandring stotte mot stock och i
Jag kunde ej sofvu. Foljande dagen slog jag upp** och laste under angest och suckan i Dalins Svenska Historia, som ^defekt) fanns i huset, hvad som rorde min hjalte. Det var alia mina kallor. Jag vet mig aldrig hafva last nagontiug sa hardsmiilt, och likviil skulle daraf utdragas den allrafiuaste saften af en doftande viilDet var ett arbete Lycka att den gamle talighet. riksfo'restandaren ej kant det annu i sin graf!
sten.
!
Sedan man nagorlunda kommit till ratta med'amnet, var en ej ringa sv&righet att fa det pa papMin far var en strang hushallare med saperet. :;::;:
ett Jag gomde det papper jag erholl gammalt tomt vaggursfodral, dit ocksa Sten Stures Areminne, allt som det skrefs, ark efter ark, nedsteg.
dant.
i
Att bibehalla hemligheten var ej latt i ett hus, alia voro vana att veta om hvarandras goromal. Likval lyckades det mig utan fortrogen; och en vacker afton sankte jag med darrande hand och klappande hjarta mitt arbete, renskrifvet och hiifdiir
omslaget och forsegladt, for sista gangen den dunkla gomma, hvarur det med nasta morgonrodnad skulle afga per posto till parnassens hojder. Det kunde hemma ej inskrifvas postboken utan att vacka uppmarksamhet. Jag bemaktigade mig darfor, sedan postgumman om kvallen bort-
tadt,
i
i
**
it neemed to me Slog jag upp I looked for.
Mitf tyckles Ki'iiiniit
till
that.
r&tta nu'.l h
May. Swulifh Grammar.
tl,,-
ilij)irn' \
\
162
EXTRACTS.
postvaskan, rodde ensam Klara alf till nasta postgard, och fick salunda mitt paket inskrifvet och
hemligen nyckeln
gatt,
tidigt
foljande
morgon
till
ofver
afsandt.
Hosten tillbragte jag hemma. - - I borjan af december manad sag mina ogon en uppmaning i tidningarna till forfattaren af Areminnet ofver Sten Sture den aldre med valspraket: Non civium ardor prava jubentium &c. att* gifva sig hos Svenska Akademiens sekreterare till kanna. Min syster fragade mig, hvarfor jag blef sa rod i ansiktet af avisorna. Obekant med de akademiska formerna visste jag knappt om denna uppmaning betydde godt eller Emellan bafvan och hopp besvarade jag den. ondt. Foljande postdag underrattade mig ett bref fran
landshofdingen Rosenstein, i uttryck, hvilkas uppriktighet och varma hela hans uppforande emot mig, sedermera besannade, att Svenska Akademien herr
tilldelat
mig
sitt
Jag stortade
mina
stora pris. med det oppna brefvet
i
hand
in
rum.
Deras ofverraskning var stor och i borjan stum. Min goda mor slot mig till sitt Alia husets hjarta, mina syskon omfamnade mig. vanner jubilerade. Om min aldrige van och val-
i
foraldrars
gorare berattade man mig, att han vid mottagandet af underrattelsen tidigt en morgon genast gick in till sina broder (gamla ogifta officerare, sasom han sjalf), satte en stol uppa bordet, sig sjalf pa stolen
och
med hog Min
rost
forkunnade min
ara.
minns jag aldrig ha smekt mig. Vart forhallande till honom, ehuru karleksfullt, var dock alltfor genomtrangdt af den djupaste vordnad for Denna dag, da vi en dag tillatt vara fortroligt. han ut sin hand och falligtvis mottes, strackte Gifva
far
till
kiinna
to
make known.
163 tryi-kte
gelser,
Af alia karleksbetyden mot mitt brost. liksom alia beloningar, bar ingen sa rort
Och mig. utan t&rar. - -
an
kan
dag*
i
jag
tiinka diirpa
ej
DEN SOHJANDE MoDKRN. Ser ni, niira kyrkogardens mur, denna kvinnoskepDad, sittande pa en sten, ororlig som denna V Vardslost falla lockar af granande bar ned ofver hennes axlar, vinden leker med hennes sonderrifna Hon ar gammal och stelnad, men ej blott klader. af ar. Ga ej kallt forbi, gif henne en skarf; lange skall hon ej besvara er Se hennes krycka hennes slocknade ogon, smartan omkring den tysta diirfor att hon niunnen; hvarfor sitter hon dar kan vara annorstades hon ar, dar hennes ej vid sina barns graf. Sorgen ofver dem hjiirta ar, bar gjort hennes ogons och hennes forstands ljus skumma. Hon marker ej, hur hostlofven falla omkring henne, hon kiinner ej, da varvindar emalta snon pa grafven; men alia dagar gar hon dit, och sommarens hetta och vinterns kold finner henne .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
diir lika stilla, lika kanslelos. Ingen, som kiinner henne, talar till henne, och hon talar till ingen. Hon bar dock ett mal, hon vantar hvad doden! Under langa ar bar hon sett grafvar omkring sig oppnas, och i tyst och fredligt skote emottaga jordens trotta vandrare, men iinnu sitter hon, <-n (lod bland de doda, och vantar. .
FREDRIKA
.
.
.
.
.
I-JKK.MKK.
VIKINCKN. Vikingen, slut, :
**
hade An
i
med
blott
datr
t
sinnet fullt af stora.
ett
this
val
Sin iVn-esatt offered kim.
sig
foresatt:
modiga ;itt
be-
164
EXTRACTS.
Sin dod beBaggedera forde till malet. som vagen till evig ara och namnkunnighet, sitt lif som en kamp till vinnande af Hela bans lefnad var en kedja af kampedetta mal. bragder och aiventyr, ban sokte faror och ansag for en lust att bekampa dem. Fran ungdomen fortrogen med vattnets element, och tillbringande pa hafvet sommarn af aret och sommarn af sin lefnad, mottog bans sjal intrycket af den stora bild af naeller
do.
ban
traktade
turen, ut pa
som dar omgaf honom.
Hans
afsikter gingo
bans hopp, bans begar voro omatliga som hafvets rymd, da, ombord pa sitt harnadsskepp, ban med sin blick matte den vidstrackta bana, hafvet for honom oppnade och stydet fjarran, obekanta bla, ban med Fritjof rande kvad om sin fard: idel stora ting,
i
Nu
skall jag segla
I kallaste
stormen, Lata Ititt undan Langskeppet ga.
Gungande pa drakens rygg pa svallande sjo, kande TrafTade sig glad och fri som flygande fageln. honom vidriga oden. sa gick ban dem med sjalsI storm och nod, alia motande storhet till motes. vanskligheter bibeholl ban stadse samma oforsagda Profvad i sinne, for fall beredd som for medgang. ban
i
skiften under bestandiga farder till sjos* och lands, van att umgas med faror och afventyr och att trosta pa sig sjalf, forvarfvade ban sig dari-
manga till
genom en som ofta
kold, en sinnesradighet och en fyndighet, lyckligt raddade honom ur den brydsam-
maste stallning. bans mod, gaf * Till **
Skeppsbrott,
honom mera
sjos 6?y sea.
Midt ibland in
tJie
midst
of.
i
stallet for att
erfarenhet.
nedsla :f::i:
Midt
1
fortroende
till
Honom
sig.
vida
klippor
alltid
vada och svarighet varder
all
i
att
nagot
ma
vid allting radder ar, Hug gifver halfva segern. af
art
dylik
-
rada.
som
andra
.">
}>u
Men
-
far.
omsider
')
pa hafvet, midt ibJand huulet, fdriorade han aldrig sig sjalf och sin skicklighet att reda ofta missjamt varder hiindande, som
vagor och och faror
ibland
Hender
1
Den
-
endast,
intet rad gagna.
-
Dessa och mangfaldiga vara forntidssagor forekom-
i
mande tankesprak
aro sadana, som alia voro hiimtade ur erfarenhetens skola. Upphojd ofver all fruktan och foraktande doden, fanns ingenting sa och iifventyrligt, som vikingen icke vagade. djiirft
och blod och geuom gudalara voro hos honom iii}>hinta(le de gruudsatser, att varlden horer tappra
I
art
man
till,
man
att
vapen och do
bor lefva darfor att in-
hellre
lagga ara och berom och att af allt det
att
rin
komma
till
var
hederligaste
hog att
alder, h-fva af
vapen.
i
'lill
kiiini.ut'anl
inin
1
llar.li
Mii:
i
mitt
lit'
unjrdoin viydes. lijiirta
i
l.nistet
l):irna:ir
O.len skank tart'va
lOj
I>on att
kiimpar kvida.
Den ena tiilliim
iiR-d
hjaltebedriften appmanade till nya. hvaraiidra sktc liiiniadernas heroer att 1
storheten af foretag ofvergA, den kftmpad&d och den andre. Det fordrades, for att viuna rykt harhet och namn pfi en skadeplats, som vimlade i
i
af
hjiiltar,
hvilka
att
man
jattcfiiretag,
underhara
iil'ventyr
U>rdr
Lr "ra
fi'd-vanande
delta
mask
undfrvt-rk.
Till
k&mpabragdor 1
Irda,
det
-h
framto
166
EXTRACTS.
vikingatagens historia och de minnen daraf, i synnerhet England, Frankrike, sodra Italien och ryska riket bevara.
STRINNHOLM.
TILL SKOLUNGDOMEN. aren annu for unga alt fullt forsta vikten af
I
andamal, hvarfor I bar aren samlade; men sa boren I dock inse, att det maste vara maktpaliggande och att det asyftar allenast eV egen fordel. Staten gor stora omkostnader darfor, edra foraldrar berofva sig kanske ofta det nodvandiga for att har det
.
underhalla
edra larare uppoffra sin dag for eder. ej asyfta nagot obeHvad de asyfta tydligt, och de gora det ej heller. det ar det hogsta for er, det ar ert lifs varde, det ar er frarntids l}-cka. Ert lifs varde: ty det ar vill inbilla er, att det falskt, hvad kanske nagon skulle finuas genare och sakrare medel till fortkomst och befordran i staten an kunskaper och dygd.
Sa
stora
Tiden
er,
bemodanden kunna
ar
val
duglighet
och
ond
:
men
heder,
likval icke sa ond, att ej de finnas i nagon ut-
hvar
marktare grad; ofverallt gora sig plats. Staten har detta afseende ej att beklaga sig ofver nagot ofverflod, vi behofva ej annu frukta vanpris pa dessa varor. Men det beror pa er sjalfva, huruvida I for-
i
varfva dem, eller ej. hvad ban kan.
gor
Tillfallet ar
Men den
oppnadt, lararen
sad,
som
faller
pa
haglost sinne gor all undervisning fafang. Skall afsikten vinnas, sa maste vi fordra flit och uppmarksamhet a er sida. Forhalleberget,
summen ej
ersatta
ar
darfor sig;
fcirlorad;
icke
ett
er tid, ty
arbeten, ty
den forlusten
manniskan
later
ar fodd
till
och utan bemodande vinnes ingen framgang. Gafvorna aro mangahanda, men den, som med redtitvecklar dem han fatt, han har ligt bemodande arbete,
EXTRACTS. forbindelse
sin
infriat
drar,
till
och saknar
krafter,
sliippen honom het. Utom det
bum mangen er
ar all ara yard
tiden
innan
ban er
gagnen
i
sjalfva,
kunnen gladja med
I
med
edra
Anstrangen
flykten, och lart eder sin vis-
gripen
icke I
lydnad,
darigenom ha nagon
Han
foral
till
faderneslandet,
sig sjalf. ej heller sin Ion i framtiden.
edra
med
till
till
liirare,
167
s
besinnen,
er sedlighet, I
framsteg.
gladjen
ocb framst edra foraldrar, som ej annan, nagon varmare onskan an ert forst
basta, som genom er framgang anse sig belonte for all sin karlek, all sin omsorg, alia sina bekym-
mer. sjals
I
darnast
gladjen
foraldrar,
som
edra
ideligen
larare,
som
arbeta for
er,
aro er
som
I
skyldige vordnad, horsamhet och erkiinsla. I I gladjen slaktingar och anforvanter. det ara land som fodt mannens aterer; ty gladjen faller p& bans fosterbygd, liksom frukten faller ater I gladjen slut];i den jord, dar tradet uppskjutit. ligen afven mig, som iinnu ar er frammande, men som i framdeles skolen lara att kanna. I hat' vim darfor
kanske
iiren
ungdomen, och det ar det ar endast den ungdom, som visar vordnad for det heliga, karlek for dygden, vordnad for larare, liiraktighet, flit, arbetshag. Laten mig framdeles finna er sadana. Da skall viilsii^iKi det ansvar, som annars blir mig tuugt; JM.ir da skall jag gliidjas, som en fader gladjes, nar det hort,
att jag alskar
ocksa en sanning.
Men
gar bans barn val.
ESAIAS TEGN^R.
UR ETT TAL TILL M1NNE AF (.I'STAF
KoMAd
III.
Kort efter hertig Karls hemkomst fran sin utHindska fiinl foretog kronj)rinsen i borjan af 1771 i-n dylik, Atfoljd af sin yngste broder och sin forne
1
68
EXTRACTS.
De biigge grefguvernor, riksradet grei've Scbeffer. varne af Gotland och Oland* hade uppgjort till sin reseplan att tillbringa vintern i Italians hufvudstad, sedermera med varen ofversegla till England, njuta sommaren under Italiens blida sol och med hosten bvilu ut vid Rhens drufvokullar. Efter att i Danmark hafva besokt anforvanterna till Sofia Magdalena, i Holstein en bror till Adolf Fredrik, i Brunsvig en syster till Lovisa Ulrika, fortsatte de ofver Nederlanderna vagen till Paris, dar de i slutet af februari intraffade. Sitt hopp i afseende pa de tillarnade politiska underhandlingarna med franska hade Gustaf till stor del byggt pa kabinettet Frankrikes davarande premiarminister, hertigen af Choiseul, men till sin ledsnad erholl ban redan i Zweibriicken underrattelsen om denna ministers oformodade fall, genom en af de manga hofintriger, som
XV
kring den svage Ludvig spunno sina kvinnliga tradar. For denna missriikning fann ban en ersattning den personliga vanskap, hvarmed han af franska konungafamiljen blef omfattad, och i den beundrande
Pariserboarna forvanades att bland va'xa en furste, som i forfinad men yaf monster: allt hvad Paris
kunde tog,
agde utmarkt och lysande taflade om bans ynnest, och i en af franska Akademiens sessioner, som Gnstaf bevistade, upplaste A Alembert en dialog ur Elyseen, dar han lat drottning Christina och Descartes utofva sitt smicker pa den snillrike grefven af Gotland. Hvilken sorglig bild af det manskliga lifvets ombytlighet framstaller ej taflan af det da sa lysande hofvet i Versailles! Nar, under de dagliga skadc*
Titlar antuLMia af prinsurna
under resan.
169
mot den kungliga
dan.-, alias hlirkar riktades
IS
loge, sniu Uvku-s innesluta lyckans hogsta foremal, - hvilkt-n inhillninjj var viil da iu*r im'irk att ana
sa
-tt
trugiskt
bakom framtidens ouppdragna
slut
af d.-t mest skimrande hof en at aldrig konnng med halfsliickt lif Kuropa, bain sista dagar voro huta kval sparda. Dar satt, stralande af ungdom och prakt, det nyss tVirmalda tronfoljarparet, Ludvig orh Antoinette; --de eago framfor sig en tron, men ej bakom dera schavotterna och bilan. Diir ^yntes vid dess sida de unga prinsarna af Provence och Artois, blominan af ett irrande lifs fridlosa utveckling; och slutligen, dar ustaf, arfvingeu till en krona i uorden, beundrad, tirad, lycklig, utan aning att nyss hans fader tiii-kt-.-
-att,
omgifven
i
i
ar
Sverige
i
afliden,
ban
i
sjalf
detta ogonblick
konnng, och att, sasom sadan ban en gAng skall fall a sasom ett Modigt otTer for sitt folk, aret inuan hans van, den sextonde Ludvig, med lika tankesatt ilt och pa delar ett lika Adolf Fredrik var dod Seinens strand halsades Gustaf tor Sveriges konung. .
C,
IK SVKNSKA Men konungen
\V.
I>>TTK;KK.
FOLKKTS HISTORIA.
sjiilf hand vid verket; och hans enskilda frikostigbet, som Upi>sala universitet bar att tacka for sitt bestand. (lenom jrafvubref af den 31 augusti li'>'2~* fi.riirade (lustaf Adolf, af de nn bans hand fon-nadf iu.-tavianska arfvetrehnndradefemtio hemman till I'ppsala godsen,
lade
:
<
i
nkadciui
eviinlli:a, alltid blifvande egendonation anslog konungen till nniversitetet kronotionden af tli-ra sncknar inanland orb Hiilsingland, gaf prebendepa^t
dum.
till
I'tom
dess sin
i
\ i-arish thr incmne of which is :uMt'
tlio a
170 at
EXTRACTS. saint
teologerna
ett
bondhemman
i
lonetillok-
hvar och en af de ofriga prof essorerna dessutom tretusentvahundradefemtio daler arligen at
ning
kommunitet
ett
till
;
slag for inkop af
och
betjaning;
for studenter
med
sarskildt an-
inventarier samt Ion for styresman vidare tvatusenfemhundrade daler
arligen till underbill for stipendiater ocb hundrade daler till arliga beloningar at dessa; hvarjamte ban '
skankte dess
universitetet
bibliotek
genom
eget boktryckeri, stiftade foraring af sin egen boksam-
sitt
forordnade det en arlig inkomst och lat bygga det (sedermera af Karl XI tillokta) bus, som annu
ling,
Akademie Gustaviana.
kallas sier ar
-
Till rikets
gymna-
afven Gustaf Adolf upphofsman, ty ehuru af
den inrattning fanns, att vid domkyrkorna vissa lektorer hade underbill af kyrkotionden, gjorde konungen daraf forst ordentliga larohus med flere
alder
och storre inkomster. Det forsta gymnasium i Sverige inrattades i Vasteras 1620 (tillokt 1623 och 1627): det andra i Strangnas 1626: det tredje i Linkoping 1628, och samma ar erholl Finland, som redan larare
1618
i Viborg, annu ett Abo. konung midt under kriget Sveriges undervisningsverk, och paminner
fatt ett
Sa stiftare
blef af
gymnasium
denne
i
store
darigenom att afven bans vapen fordes for den manskliga odlingens heliga sak. Daiior offrade ban pA, dess altare hvad andra skulle anvandt pa vapen. Och i hvilken tid? Det fiunes intet hogre och adlare hopp an det som Gustaf Adolf nedlagt om Sveriges ej
framtid
mindre
oin
man
i
dessa sina stiftelser.
De
blefvo
an vetenskapligt viktiga. frau denna tid framgent sa ofta Sverige ur hyddan stiga genom kunskaper och
tjanst
till
politiskt
rikets hogsta vardigheter,
Ty sett for-
sa ar delta ock
Gustaf Adolfs verk. E. G. GEJJER.
KXTRACT8.
UR Yi
1
EN VANDRING
logo
1
ROM*.
I
uppi'nr Tarpejiska klippan till nu Forum med dess forn-
viigun
Man
7
bar
Capitolium. Fran tornet kan man liimningar under sina f otter. Det panorama, urskilja de sju kullarnas belagenhet.
som omger jilltid
oppen,
fiskadaren, iir den rikaste forntidshiifd, niistan alltid bestralad af en molnfri
Man
skulle diir dagligen under ett ar kimim Pa nedvagen nagra intressanta timmar.
himmel. tillliringa
gar man forbi Man-i Aurelii staty till hiist, af forgylld brons, och de segertecken, som agnades at Marius, efter bans seger 6'fver cimbrerna och teutonerna, saint stannar ett ogonblick framfor Michel
Det iir en liten envaningsbyggnad Angelos bus. endast tva fonster, nu bebodd af ett fattigt
med
handtverkarfolk.
En smal
Af gata forer till Forum Trajani. enda har blott en lamniug prakt trotsat seklerna; men det iir afven den skonaste Basrelieferna, som utgoras segerkolonn i varlden. all
dess
forna
2,500 figurer, tecknade af mastarhand, hafva en kalla for Rafaels och Giulio Romanos I studier. kolonnens fot forvarades fordom den som gomde Trajani stoft och pa urna, gyllene af
varit
spetsen hojde sig segrarens kolosnala bild af f orgy lid brons. Nu synes diir aposteln Petrus uppford af Sixtus V.
Da man tvi-nne T pr} des
vagar:
de
af
stiillnin^
hvilka,
vill
den
ena
kolossala
liirias
oni
fortsatta sin
dc
namnen iin
i-j
till
vaiulrinir,
Mon-
(")pj)iia
Mvirinalis,
hastarna, pa hvilkas fotPhidias och Praxiteles (och hiirrtira fran densa mastare,
dock aro grekiskt arbete
af forsta onlninircn),
diirifran
Tbi-rmer och
villor;
till
den
l)iocl-ti;ini
andra
>i_r
som
r>fver
Til^ern,
till
flera
sami
hiirli.ua
Adriani rykt-
172
EXTRACTS.
Vi valja denna senare och befinna grafvard. oss snart pa Roms hufvudgata, il Corso, genom sin
bara
palatsernas mangd mahanda den Vi hafva knappt hunnit den Europa. halfvags, da var uppmarksamhet anyo fastes af en segerkolonn. Det ar den, som romerska folket lat uppresa at Marcus Aurelius, efter bans seger ofver markomannerna. Den ar mindre skon an Trajani, men* i anseende till fotstallningen hogre. Den bar fordom viirldsbeharskarens bild af forgylld brons, ocb bar nu aposteln Pauli upprest af Sixtus V. Invid denna plats oppnar sig en annan, som
strackning vackraste
och
i
prydes af Augusti Sol obelisk, hvilken kejsaren lat fora fran Heliopolis och uppfora pa Campus Martius samt helga at solen (soli donum dedit, som orden uti inskriften lyda).
Efter tydliga
en
i'orgrund
ett
af
vag
nagra
befinna
gator,
vi
oss
minuter genom obepa en plats, i hvars
fangslar vara blickar. enkel som majestatisk. hvilken tvenne artusenden med
aldrigt ar
Denna b}^ggnad
tempel
lika
Fran dess panna, vordnad forbigatt, aterspeglas iinnu samma lugu, hvarmed den sett triumfbagar och troner, kejsardomen och folkvalden falla och deras spillror spridas som leksaker for barn. Det var fordom alia Gudars boning och ar nu alia helgons, det ar nu, som fordom, fromhetens och konstens helgedom. Det ar Pantheon. Da man intrader i templet, kanner man, att den Ijusstrom, som flodar ned fran kupolen, varit arrmad att bestrAla gudar, icke blott dodliga. Dessa
mS
hafva varit hvilka som heist; deras anletsdrag dock spar af forgiingelsen, Nar man uti inbillningen flyttar sig tillbaka till den tid, da Olym-
bara
* I
unseende
till
ax regards.
17.".
framtrollad- af den grekiska mejseln, bilder, blk-kade ncd fran nisdierna i denna sal, hvilken mi
pens
tjrafvar
alt
ut
af
och helgonaben, skyndar man beundra de yttre lamningarna skonade
mod
tyllcs
tidfii.
1.
v.
BKSK<>\V.
TORPARFAMILJERNA svenska nationallynnet, det ar allmogens kansla for en viss grad af kornfort, prydlighet och snyggDet iir endast vid de bagge andpunkterna, het. hos den rike bonden, som gor ett olyckligt forsok
Det
som
finnes
ett
drag
fornekar
sallan
i
sig,
harma
de battre standen och hos stattorparen sadana jordtorpare, som digna under palagor, man marker motsatsen. Hos medelklassen af bonderna atcr, diir hvarken rikedom eller fattigdom bringat dem ur deras natioatt
eller
nella stallning, ar stugau, oaktadt all sin enkelhet, ett
monster spiseln
af natthet
med med
sin
och prydlighet. Den hvitmenade hall, och som om sommaren
sopade
friska lofruskor; det grofva, men dock klades rena golf vet; de simpla gardinerna, som hanga p& fonsterkanterna och pryda hyllorna, och som besta af sa kallad knoppling> eller uppknytor>, det vill saga andan af linneviifvarna, hvars losa trAdknippor hopkuytas till ett slags galler; allt forrAder en strid mellan skonhetssinnet och de sma tillganhvilken det forra vinner. garna, i
Om man
da man och dar sammet, siden, guld praktrum, trymaer och kronor ofverallt gliinsa, med den kiinncr, dd man betraktar det inre af en svensk
intradt diir
man
i
liondstuga, tradet,
sin
sin inre belatenhet,
jiimtVir
ett
diir
ingen skuradt
som
Aldor,
ty
d-t
malning, ocli
hlir
lint
nied
intet
guld
doljer
tyckts vinna
genom
1
hvai'j'
:ir
hvitar<
174
EXTRACTS.
man da
ser
nagra blanka kopparkarl, nagra tenn-
som skina som speglar, och husets med bjorkkada sammansatta porslin bredvid en hel rad
tallrikar,
med
lerfat
lutar
lan,
beklagar att ej
artal i bottnen, sta kompanivis pa hyljamforelsen at den lilla kojan, och man att man ej kan sta riktigt rak for blott,
stota
Dit
i
man
takbjalkarne. saledes heist trader, ar i en sa kallad det fattiga Smaland, dar, hogt under
ryggasstuga i hafrekakorna hanga pa sina stanger och dar kanhanda att en killing, barnens van och lekkamkommer en till motes och luktar pa handen rat, for att fa nagot, och bjuder sina hornspetsar till Men detta trefstrid, nar han finner sig bedragen. liga hem har endast sjalf agaren, som bor pa sin lilla hemmansdel och den frie backstugusittaren, tak,
som
ar konung i sin koja, sa liten hon ar. Bagge dessa aga sig sjalfva. Daremot sa snart vi intrada pa herrgardsgebiten, finna vi storre eller mindre afvikelser fran den
ursprungliga
karaktaren.
Det
finnes
till
all
lycka
manga egendomsagare, som gora mycket, om allt,
for sitt folks trefnad;
men
digheten, att torparens stallning
kan uppsagas,
icke
endast den omstanej
ar saker, att
han
hans kontrakt kan hojas, gor att en annan, i en falsk stallning, som
att
han kommer i den fattiga sjalfagaren eller den, som blott har lifsDet ar namtidsbesittning pa en stuga, undviker. ligen en framtid, som felas hela denna befolkning;
Om
torty for att aga en framtid fordras sakerhet. saledes samlar sker detta icke paren formogenhet,
kvarblifva
han sjalf, hans barn och barnbarn skola pa samma torfva, utan pa det att han
ma kunna
flytta,
darfor,
att
om
Denna nomadide
behofvet sa pakallar.
lyser igenom ofverallt i hans lefnadssatt och kastar nagonting vardslost och otref-
TRACTS. in
ligt
vore
ban*
i
blott
hela
sin
behandlar den, som den
ty det lonar ej modan ar blott gora sig besvar att putsa den
nngra gora den
och
li;in
ett nattkvarter;
for
att
k<>j;i;
17-")
tid
i
Och dock framlefver h;tn ban blir ej uppsagd, men likval bar denna hojdt,
prydlig.
samma
stuga;
bans kontrakt blir ej osakerhet som ett damoklessvard bestandigt hangt ofver bans hufvud, och instinktlikt banner ban, att bun ej ar siiker, fastan ban mycket sallan tanker diirpa.
ONKEL ADAM. (D:r C. A. Wetterbergh.)
UR >KYRKOFESTEN VID ALBANO. Aftonen hade infunnit sig; naturen beredde sig och svalkade sina barn, som dock* slatt icke ville folja hennes exempel. Den forestaende bvila
till
kapplopningens markvardighet spande alias sinnen. Midten af Storgatan bolls af soldater, icke utan moda, ren och oppen, Iran den patrangande mangden. Andtligen kom det efterlangtade upptradet; en knallraket sprang i luften, och tre hastar, utan ryttare, men utstofferade med band, tofsar och fjadrar, af sina forare pa det lilla fiiltet vid S. MadGiniu (/did *tr!I
losslapptes
Annu liT^ljuddare griilade sins emellan argade sig. de trenne hastarnes stalldriiugar, som ledsagat dem ut till k;impen; den segrande hastens blef beskylld *
Sltitt
icke by
m
176
EXTRACTS.
af de tvenne andra, att ban begagnat otillatliga medel, till och med trolldom, for att skaffa sitt kreatur triumf. Nagra askadare blandade sig i tvisten; vreden och forvirringen steg mer och mer; da lyckligtvis genom kvinnornas mellankomst friden i en blick aterstalldes. Man kan ej visa storre bojligXara bet och horsamhet mot det vackra konet. bredvid oss tratte tvenne karlar med alia tecken af
haftigaste forbittring; plotsligen kommo deras hustrur, fattade hvardera sin man i axeln och skakade honom belt lindrigt ett par ganger af och till;
den
mannerna sago
sig om, igenkande sina makar, tystnade* pa stunden och** skiljde sig at, till utseendet fullkomligt sansade och lugna. I alia Festen var slutad, men gladjen fortfor. - - sa beta krogarne bar, - - brunno gastvanliga ljus, och pa smala bankar, langsefter aflanga bord, drucko man och kvinnor af alia aldrar hvarandra tappert till, ur blankande, alltid pa nytt fyllda vinflaskor; spisaude darvid sina enkla gunstDe forlingsratter, sallat, prosciutto och salami. namare sutto pa flatade stolar utanfor stadens prydligaste kaffehus och slukade med hanryckning det ena isglaset efter det andra. Nappeligen behofs det tillagg, att i hela den stora folkhopen allt tillgick Italienaren ar af naturen sa anstandigt och stilla. mattlig eller sa lyckligen fysiskt danad och omgifven, att en drucken manniska i detta land skattas Darfor for en lika stor som skaudlig sallsamhet. aro ej bar, liksom i norden, skoj och slagsmal Med vasentliga bestandsdelar af folklustbarheter. en vida mindre vardad moralisk och religios uppfostran an var allmoges, bar den italienska en in-
osterior,
*
**
P4 stunden immediately. Skiljde si- at separated.
EXTRACTS.
177
for hofeamhet, skick, skonhH, som i manga ken ersatter den. Vi, sasom svenskar, maste i sly. detta fall (liksom i flera) trosta oss med den utsikt, att smaningom genom immerfort kraftfullare och i det allmanna lefvernet verksamt ingripande grundsatser, lagar, sedliga, vetenskapliga, politiska och poetiska bemodanden, kunna erofra oss en jamvikt mot de hafvor, dem naturen s& ymnigt slosat pa soderns innevanare, och hvilka de visserligen foga benyttja till framskridande i mansklig foradling. Men hvilka 6'den hiidanefter denna naturs barn ma
atinkt
hvad deras religion angar, alternavara stalldt mellan ingen eller en i viss matto polyteistisk. De, som nu vilja reformera Italien, utan att battre forsta sitt folk an nagonting annat, hafva hunnit till forstnamnda standpunkten underga,
synes,
tivet for
alltid
;
men
skola
atmiustone
darfor
just
kunna
aldrig
lyckas, eller
frambringa nagot bestandande. dyrka dessa bygders harmlosa manniskor kristendomens Gud, men p, sitt vis. De tro, att han garna ser sina heliga ihagkommas med festlig vordnad, de erkanna hans narvarelse, men icke med djup tystnad och melankolisk vardighet, utan med jublande frojd; de prisa honom, liksom faglarne under himmelen, med sang och lekar. aldrig
*Tills vidare
P. D. A.
ATTERBOM.
LEFNADSSATTET I SVERIGE PA GUSTAF VASAS TID. Tarflighet och eukelhet hvardagslag, utsokt ofta smaklos och lojlig, vid hogtidliga illsadant var tidens ktinnetecken. fallen, Manga af i
prakt,
t
vara bekvamligheter saknades. *
Tills vidare
for
May.'Swedith Grammar
Fonsterglas var iinnu
the prexi
12
178
EXTRACTS.
de forna skjutluckorna, pergament. Spisar i stallet for kakelugnar bibehollo sig annu ofver tva hundrade ar. Mattor, hos de fattiga grofva, hos de rika stickade med guld och silke, betackte timmervaggarna. Kring desamma voro tjocka, vaggfasta bankar, hos de formognare af ek. Framfor dem stodo stora, langa bord, lika tjocka. Inga stolar utan losa bankar och smarre pallar flyttades kring rummet. Tallrikar voro sallsynta; de ombyttes ej afven om riitterna voro aldrig sa manga och olika. Knif, gafTel och sked maste hvarje giist medfora.* Urverk voro sa sallsynta, att, da storfursten i Ryssland vid denna tiden erholl ett sadant** till skanks af konungen i Danmark, trodde han det vara ett trolldomsdjur, ditsandt till hans och rikets fordarf; hvarfor han med storsta hast skickade det ater till Danmark igen. Middagen ats kl. 10, kvallen kl. 5. - Kl. 9 eller 10 gick man till sangs, steg sa mycket hogst sallsynt;
i
stallet for
anvandes
fint gallerverk, larft eller
bittidare
upp.
Kladerna gjordes*** till det mesta Helgknappt till nastklader.
af ylle; linne rackte
dagsdrakterna voro dyrbara, men starka. En kjortel tjanade ofta mormor, mor och dotter efter hvarandra till hogtids. Kvinnorna hade uppstruket har, atsittande klanningar med hoga spetsDeras Karlarne kragar. nyttjade spanska drakten. har var i borjan langt och skagget rakadt; men det forandrades snart, sa att blott prasterna bibehollo det De andra borjade langa haret och slata hakan. Blott kyrkorna hafva kort har och langt skagg. nyttjade vaxljus, de fornamste talgljus, folket torr-
langa,
tatt
*
DarfCr var det ett gammalt ordsprak: Den, som vill till hofva naska maete ha knif och sked i taska ** Till skanks as a present.
*** Till det mesta principally.
.
1
ickor.
manga; varden
sjalf.
att
vu.iriKtr
tid
(1564
De
fiesta
v<>r<> hreda, vii^gt'asta, icke lades flere tillsammans, ofta med
Sa skedde
till
och
med
hos furstliga
Vagarna voro gausku daliga och fa, sa siillaii kunde nyttjae. Under Johan III:* 1592) inkom den forsta ofvertackta vagn. skedde
till hast, och da, det regtogo de kungliga prinsessorna stora vaxduks-
adelsherrarne nyttjades ej deras sorna Froken. .^liiktutan deras fadersnamn t. ex. i st. f. Ture Roos eller Lars Sparre, skref och sade man Ture Jonson, Lars Siggesson, eller annu kortare hr Ture, hr F.ars. - - Hos hela folket radde mycken vildhet och oordning, foljder af tiden sjalf och de manga Nafratten anlitades mer an lagen. inbordes krigen. ;
Vapen och vapenofningar nyttjades
bestandigt. Ensed stego riddarne helt och ballet jarnMen likasom de forna ridkladda i brudsangen. darne voro de afven hogst okunniga, synnerhet de iildre. Manga af konung Gustafs hofdingar och statligt
gammal
i
hallare
kunde
maste
halla
svara
ej
en
konungens
ens lasa, annu mindre skrifva. sarskild bref.
man
for att lasa
Katolska
liiran
De
och be-
var val af
skafTad, men mycket af dess vidskepelse blef kvar, ch icke blott allmogen, utan iit'ven de fornamare ocli
hogste trodde pa trolleri, skogsran, tomtegubbar, in. in. Lilkarkonsten bestod ocksa till det uti l6ner och besvarjningar. A. KI;V\KI
niicken
i
Til!
!i:ist
on />/>
.
180
EXTRACTS.
Verse. JAMFORELSE. Hvad blanker pa grenen af rosens trad? En droppe, som tillrar och tindrar! Hur ringa ban ar! bur skalfvande spad! Men en sol i den lilla dock glindrar. Hvad blanker pa grenen af Lifvets trad? En sjal, som lider och njuter! Hur trang hon sig kanner! bur arm till Men en Gud hon inom sig sluter. Sa aro de bada speglar, forvisst, Af ett ljus, som fyller all varlden; Och bada bland tornen, forst liksom
ocb med!
sist,
Tillbringa blicken af farden.
Men Som
droppen, hvad ar ban! En dagg, en vinden foraktar att spara. At sjal en blott gafs ett lif, som bestar;
En Och
Ijusbild
som ban kan
glanser den klar
- -
tar,
forvara.
hur
ljurligt ar
da,
Att vara en droppe af lifvet; vindarne komma, ma vindarne ga Dig ar det evarldliga lifvet. P. D. A. ATTERBOM.
M
:
FLODEN. Vid flodens
kalla sitter jag och stilla betraktar himlabarnet, nyfodt dar. I fjallens vagga hvilar an den lilla,
och diar molnet, som dess moder
ar.
181
Men se i skogen va'xer gudasonen, och drommer redan om bedrifters lann. Han
M>'ii
ej
Hur Hur
yr ban jagar efter dalens stenar! vild ban hoppar ifran klippan ner!
Kom
med!
Kom
med! Sa
till
bvar back ban
briinner solen, dricker sanden er! broder, kommen! Genom fait och dalar
hiir I
jag for er alia
Och
vart ursprung ner.
till
regnets soner hora det och folja sorl den unge afventyrarn At.
med
Likt kungens hjarta svaller hogt bans bolja, och skog och klippa storta bans strat. i
Nu
ner
pA,
sliitten
med morkblA
stiger segerhjiilten, hyllad af en hvar.
hiiren,
Hans ande
lifvar
Han doper
lander
de forbranda
med
fiilten, - -
namn
sitt
och
Och skaldens sAnger till bans lira ljuda, och skepp och manner dra med honom Till
xiist
de rika stader
neb blomsterangar fatta M<-ii
rj
(!
balla
honom
de gyllne torn, de rika och bastar oupplinrliirt. sii;
i
sin
honom
om
kna'n.
kvar. ban
bastar
forhi,
tills
fadrrs fanin, ocb
biin.
bjuda,
bans
fait
far.
ban kastar
r
diii'i.
ESAI
te
TKGNI
R.
talar.
EXTRACTS.
EX MORGON
I
VILLA REALE.*
Jag gick en dag, vid lofvens latta susning, Langs utmed stranden fram till Maros** graf Och ogat njot med aldrig mattad tjusning, En sadan himmel och ett sadant haf. Framfor mig krusades den blaa fjarden Af vindens anda, svalkande och ljuf; Bakom mig lag den skonsta stad i varlden, Och midt emot mig reste sig Vesuv. Sangfaglar slogo, taflande om priset, Sin fulla drill fikonlofvens natt: Och allt var halsa, allt var ljust och gladt, i
Som
forsta
dagens
sol
i
paradiset.
Bast sa jag gick langs hafvets bukter fram, at sangen, vagen, dagen, satt lutad mot en stam En man med soderns pragel uti dragen.
Och gladde mig Med bok i hand
De
vaxlade, for hvarje nylast rad, man sag hur vreden jaste spel i bans brost; - - an var han stolt,
mimiskt
I
:
An Han
led och njot, han lefde hvad han laste. For hvad naturen skref dar rundt omkring, Forsankt i boken, hade han ej oga: Af skadespelet i det laga, hoga, Han njot, han sag, han horde ingenting. Men moln och solsken flogo ofver pannan, Och ogat omsom tarades och log; Sa satt han, laste sida efter annan. Och sag ej upp, ock andan knappt han drog. *
I Neapel.
**
Virgil.
i-:x
Den maunen
-
i
i;
\<
re.
-
lar solen briinna jag hjiirnans kanirar; ar det ej en tok, Som pa en dag, en sad an ort som denna. Kan glomma jord och himmel - - for en bok! )eh dock, det lyser eld, det blixtrar snille I'r dessa ogon, dessa musklers spel; Det ar ej hans, nej, det ar bokens fel: 'I'M boken framfnr allt jag kiinna ville.
tiinkte
I
(
I
Pa skalder bar
Italien iugen brist, ner till Monti hvilken skara. .la, en af dessa liir viil denue vara Men hvem? Lat se! En af de storsta visst.
Fn\n
Dante
;
Nu mannens intryck syntes djupa, starka, Da tankte jag, det sjalf va Dante ar Men Ater blef ban vek, och 6m, och kar ;
Da
tiinkte jag: nej, nej,
det ar Petrarca!
Sa, oviss an, jag gick min baua fram, Af skona stunder att en mer forviirfva,
Och
Cap Misen och Cap Minerva, hur Jag sag Capri utpa (Jolfven sam. inellan
TvA. uddar, lika harliga att skada! Hvart skall hon styra kosan val i
Hon Som Men
dag?
tycktes oviss, hon, emellan bada, mellan Dante och Petrarca jag. -
redan lirande solen ofver niati-m,
osteriaus bord, Pu/zouli dref sin hjord 'I'ill Posilippen, in i svala grottan. )rh hafvet glodde nu i rniddagsbrand, )ch ingen blomma mer fcirmadde vaka, l-'ai-chiiion
lopp
Och herden
till
fran
(
<
n
djur och viixtcr, alia eftrr hand shimmer s-inktes jug gick hem tillhaka. Men vid jag 8& till lu'inmrt viinde <>m Att lik dc andra, njuta min siesta,
1
t -li.
184
EXTRACTS.
satt och laste nyss, jag kom an en blick att fasta. Forsvunnen mannen var, men boken kvar, Och denna nu jag ej var sen att taga; Det Dante ej, det ej Petrarca var, Det var en landsman, det var Fritjofs Saga.
Dar mannen
I forbifarten
C.
W. BOTTIGER.
TORSTENS RlD TILL FRITJOF. (Ur Fritjofs Saga).
Darefter uppstod Torsten och talte sa: Ej hofves kung att ensam till Oden ga, Vi delat lifvets skiften ihop, kung Bele,
Och doden, Son
jag hoppas, vi ocksa dele.
vill
alderdomen har hviskat mig varning, den ger jag dig. Pa atthog Odens faglar sla ned i Norden, Men pa den gamles lappar mangvise orden.
I
Fritjof,
orat
mangen
Framst vorda hoga gudar,
Som
storm och solsken,
ondt och godt, fran himlen
t}^
komma
blott.
De se i hjartats lonnhvalf, fast det ar slutet, Och langa ar fa galda hvad stunden brutit.
Lyd kangen.
Skum Helt
natt har latt
En
skall
manga
den
battre,
Och egg har svardet
med kraft och men dagen ett.
styra
ogon,
Fritjof,
nodig,
vett;
fordrar den baste,
men
afven faste.
kraft ar Gudars gafva; men Fritjof minns Att styrka batar foga, dar vett ej finns. Tolfmannakraft har bjornen, af en man slagen;
Hog
Mot svardsbugg
halles
skolden,
mot valdet
lagen.
185
KXTKACT8.
Af
den
fa
stolte fruktas,
men
hatas af en hvar,
Orh ofvermod, o Fritjof, ar fallets far. Hogt sag jag mangen flyga, nu stodd pa krycka, Ty viidret rar for arsviixt, och vind for lycka.
Dag skall du prisa, Fritjof, se'n bergad sol sig doljt, Och 61, nar det ar drucket, och rad, nar foljdt. Pa mangen sak forlitar sig ungersvennen, Men striden profvar klingan, och noden vannen. Nattgammal
tro icke, ej vardags sno, ej talet af knasatt mo;
is
Ej somnad orm,
Ty kvinnans brost ar svarfvadt pa hjul, som Och vankelmod bor under de liljekullar.
Du sjalf Men en
dor han, och han dor hvad dig
iidelt
du
ar,
vilje,
tillh<>r;
som aldrig dor, man: darfore
ting vet jag, Fritjof, det ar domen ofver dod
Och Hvad
rullar,
hvad
ratt,
du gore.
Sa varnade den gamle
i kungasal, skalden varnat sedan Havamal.
Som
i
Fran
sliikte
slakte gingo karnfulla orden,
till
Och djupt ur kumlen hviska de an
i
ESAIAS
LLLLA KOLARGOSSEN.
I>KN I
skogen vid niilan sitter far, sitter hemma och spinner.
Viinta,
Kar on l)-t
Norden.
TEGM
iir
JM.L'
hlir
fiistnn". s;i
viil
ct'Tcr
m.'.rkt
ocksa karl, mitt siime!
lanuM,
hhiirt
hnrt
i
skogen.
K.
186
EXTRACTS.
Tidigt Friakt
med soleu lif medan
jag hemifran gick: solen glimmar!
-
bara mat och dryck, snart kvallens timmar.
Till far skall jag
Nu komma
Det ar sa morkt langt, langt bort
i
skogen.
radder pa liten gron stig, i skogen mand' ganga: Men furorna se sa morkt pa mig, Och bergen kasta skuggor sa langa. Det ar sa morkt langt, langt bort i skogen.
Jag ar
ej
Dar jag ensam
Tra
Xu
Friskt sinne
la la! vill
som
jag springa och sjunga
Hu! Utur berget det svarar sa Och ordena komma sa tunga.
i
fagel
flykt!
-
-
styggt,
Det ar sa morkt langt, langt bort
i
skogeu.
Ack, vore jag hos min gamle far: Jag bjornen hor brumma och sjunga. Och bjornen han ar den starkaste karl, Och skonar hvarken gamla eller unga. Det ar sa morkt langt, langt bort i skogen.
Och skuggan den
Som
en
fall
faller sa tjock,
ofver
Det
tassar,
Och
trollena trada
ensamma
sa tjock,
leden.
det braskar ofver sten och stock.
p heden. Det ar sa morkt langt, langt bort
i
skogen.
sitt garn Ack, Gud, dar ar ett, dar ar tva! De mig ta -- se, hur' granna de svinga! De vinka! Gud trosta mig, fattiga barn! 1
pound-weight. Marskalk, N. in. nmrslml. Mat.*. ///. victualsf foodt tncnt. Matta. 8. ./'. innt. CO Mt-il.
A/y/;.
/'.
Mark,
Mattad, part.
//'" III.
Ltirka,
oilf.
Jn-n.
twirln;:
in.
s.
8.
M,
h
I>I,IHI<,H, '/.,
ml.
//""/-.
Mitlsi.iiii:ianIaLr,
>>'.
>
iititnl.
tnor,-.
dtf '/'-
mer-doy. 16
226 Midsommarnatt,
s.
f.
utid-
s. f. stack for dun-coal. Mild, a. mild.
Mila,
Mildhet,
s.
Mottaga,
making
f. gentleness, good-
ness. a.
Mimisk, mimicking. Min, mitt, pron. my, mine. a. less. Mindre, Minne, s. n. memory. Minnen, s. pi. reminiscences. Minnesvard, s. m. monument. Mins, r. remember. Minnt, s. in. minute.
Mn,
Mod,
f. down, moor. n. courage.
8.
Moder, 8. f. mother. Modig, a. courageous. Moln, s. n. cloud. Molnbadd, m. bed of clouds. a.
Molnfri,
from
free
clouds,
s.
Moralisk,
moral.
Morgon, s. in. mommy. Morgonlngn, n. xfif/m'iw
of
Morgonrodnad,
s.
m. aurora,
.s.
.,
Mahanda,
ad. perhaps.
n.
object, meal.
s.
Malning, Maltid,
s.
f. painting. /. meal.
s.
m. month. Manad, Mande, v. can. Mane, s. m. moon. Manga, a. many. Mangahanda, a. of s.
many
kinds. a.
Mangen,
proa a.
Mangfaldig,
matt//.
manifold, va-
tion. v.
Mattlig,
ma//. a.
moderate, temper-
ate.
down.
Morgonstund, .s.
/.
/'.
morning hour.
grandmother.
mo**. Mossa, x. Mot, pre[>. against, towards. Motarbeta, v. to conntcracf, /'.
oppose.
Motgang, Mots;its,
Munter, a. cheerful. Muntra, v. to cheer up. Mur, s. m. wall. in. pi. muscles. Muskier, ad. much, very. Mycket, Myrten, s. m. myrtle. Ma, v. mag.
Matte,
the morning.
Mormor,
to receive.
v.
Mangvis, a. manywise. Maste, v. must. Matta, s. /. measure, modera-
motlicr.
f.
contradic-
rious.
cloudless.
Mor,
f.
Mottar, from mottaga. Mottog, imp. of mottaga. Mulen, a. gloomy, sad, cloudy. Mun, s. m. mouth.
Mai,
Missriikning, s. m. misculcidation, disappointment. Mjolk, s. f.' milk. s
s.
Motsagelse, tion.
swwmer-night. Midt, s. m. middle, in two. Mig, pron. me.
.
B.
m. m/ovx////. contra rg.
in
Motsatt, a. o/tjtom-il. Motstandare, s. f. opponent.
Man, pi. of man, s. m. man. Mangd, f. multitude. Manniska, s. f. man, body. Manniskoslakte, s. n. human .v.
race mankind. Miinsklig, a. human, humane. Miinsklighet, s. /. humanity. Miirka, v. to mark, measure, observe.
Omfatta, r. fo embrace, encompass, comprise. Omgaf, imp. of omgifva. v. Oinger,
improvement.
tion,
Omdome, s. n. judgment. Omfamna, r. to embra<-e, Itnij.
tnnliunitcil,
i/i-
ad. up. s.
Word.
n.
Ordentlig,
a.,
ordcrli/, retjnlar.
Ordentligen, ad. neatly, reguOfOrtiinkt, "'I. u " /if ho in/!/ 1 of.
lar,
Ordning.
reallt/,
quite.
s.f. order, discipline.
229 >nls|>rak, 8, p_ :misrr:i,
(
>nn,
(
(
<
tn
r.
x.
I'll.
8.
//////>.'
'/'/.
/tlii/xini////.
Ai
/*///,
//f/,-,
//*/;/.
on
///.
H-lllnir-t
x.
rt,
/.
Physiskt, Picka, P.
in-i/
-s.
>rO,
>.
Pliysik.
//.
r
<
>/>.
(
irorliir,
<
iss.
"iiHfri/
i
".
Plats,
x.
l'laur a.
x.
i
/.
y,/.
/.
///,
nit.
li.u'en.
>/'////////-.
OIM
,
l7/'
//>.
g.
Osteria, >stkant,
s.
'
inn.
/. x.
<
///. Pol, /'"/''. Politisk, ^/, /n>/if ii-nl. .
o
A/V
;//.
eh, i
im-isihh:
f/-
)synlijr,
x.
.
//. -
isakt-rlu-t.
<
<
P.stl'.k,
./'.
uncn, nf
r/.
>treflig,
Otro,
.
y
.
Pi
Postal in ma,
n nl>
N.
x.
I,
tt0rt. <
r/'/
>upj)horli'j:t.
HI.
Hi/. <
Otro,
s.
//"/
".
Hilhitli.ir,
.
a-ka.
Prakt,
x.
Preussen,
1'alats, I'all,
x.
x.
n.
///.
Paniia.
/"il
/>/,
J'.
x.
Par,
//.
"J
xfutif.
//
/
,//.
Pri^a.
t
s.
/.////
,
./'.
<;.
///'/
M.
x.
I'ris,
_/o/v7//v///,
''.
//r/:r, //, /" /miixr. x.
//.
prf "/.
mi !>!,'.
P,
,
/"
/'i-"<-/
inhabitants
Hi'), x. jit.
walk.
J
PariKissiMis
hoj.lcr,
/s
x.
/.
*
///,
/'.
'cnnin-ar,
ft,
aiiMMit,
/-/.
x. ,.
//.
a.
///////.
r. /
//jr
iyt.
PrycM.
/"///.
v. f.
torn.
inlan.
//x'
j,tir<-),,.
Prydlig
!
///.
t" <"
V.
Pry ill:
/;
x.
Pryila.
nmm-i/.
f,,-,-iiiif,
,i.
litr,
,
M/'
a.
':i-~-:uicic, '(1111:1,
,
/^//V,
Pai'iscrlup
r/,y//,,/.
/'/ //>*/',/.
//.
///.
Prisaniiif. x.
//.
paper.
.
/////.
unHjiiij'
8.
Prinsessa,
.
Jnnfsfunf,
s.
^/.
x.
Prinrip. Prins, x.
n.
8.
//
/
ro
tain.
I'akrt,
jinsf-iiff,'
rtl,
iinii/nlfi<
_/*
Praktfull, Praktriuii.
/.
B,
II,,
raon. \-.\\
'i"f.
230 Pragel, s. m. coinage, murk, stamp. Prast, s. w. clergyman. Prastgard, s. m. parsonage. Profningstid, 8. f. time of trial.
Rassla, v. to rustle. Rastlos, a. restless.
Profva, v. to try. Profvad, part, tried, tested. Pusta, v. to bloiv, pant. Putsa, v. to arrange, clean. Pa, prep, on, to, in, from. Pa det att, in order that.
Pa
Redan, ad. alread//. Redd, s. f. road s.
s.
Paminna,
Regent,
remind.
to
to
v.
Panyttfodas,
sapper.
born
be
again, regenerated. v. to shoiv, manifest. Patrangande, a. pressing, ne-
Paskina,
cessitous. s.
Parlor,
regent, ruler.
in.
s.
Regemente, s. n regiment. Regementstimmerman., s. m.
f. taxes. v.
part.
(beredd) prepared. Redlig, a. true, sincere. Reform era, v. to reform.
nytt, again. v. to require.
Pakalla, Palagor,
Rak, a. straight, upright. Rakad, part, shaved, shorn. Rand, s. f. border, edge, sf >>/>. Ranka, s. f. tendril. Rask, a. artivc, brisk, stout.
Regn, s. n. rain. Regna, v. to rain. Religion, s. f. religion. Religios, a. religious. Re'n, for redan, ad. already.
m. reindeer. a. clear, pure; ad. already. Renskrifvet, fairly copied. Resa, v. to travel, raise.
Ren,
/. pi. pearls.
s.
clean,
(Jvad,* imp.
qviida,
of.
sing, cry. s. n. <^val,
v.
to
s.
pany,
anguish,
agony.
Qvar, ad.
rcnmhihin.
left,
<^varl>lifva, v. to remain. Qvarhalla, v. to keep, retain.
Qvida,
lament.
to cry,
v.
a.
Qyinnlig, nate
n-onmnish, effemi-
Qvinna, 8. /. icoman, female. m. female Qvinnoakapnad, form. v.
,
fo
si tit/
.
f. journey, passage.
Resa
sig, v. rise.
Resplan,
B.
j.
*
K
f.
N.
1'tn<-,
y
/. or n.
/////,
row.
roinjh hair.
is
now
.ircnerally .
sub
m. plan
of a
Revolution, s. f. revolution. Rhen, s. m. the Rhine. Rid dare, s. m. knight. Riktning, s. /. direction. Rik, a. rich. Rike, N. n. kingdom, empire Itikta, v.
s.
m.
riches.
to enrich,
Riksforestandare,
am
stitnted for
raise oneself,
journey. Restauration, s.f. restoration. Reste, v. went, travelled. Reste eig, see resa sig.
Rikedoin,
Rad,
s.
to
direct. s.
m.
re-
f.
Riksrad, cillor
s.
of
n.
xcnator, coun-
state.
Uiktijrt,
Ilin-a,
r
r''"l"'>'l'.i'
f"
9.
a
-
>/'/.
Ratt, :.
/
//>>/.
II".
use.
ln-frni/
.
lln.M.
/<
'
Ro'ra,
/'////.
Rom lloint'rsk, v.
Ropa,
l/nniiiii.
(i.
to
cuff.
!<.
IJ'iS.
Booblomn Rosig, a. Rotation,
ft
x.
Kuii'l, a.
/'.
mil.
ronm, /'
>/.
s.
Si'.k.
/
thi/i
f.
-v
.lS>tlli::l.
/'.
''/
Kyktbarhet,
N.
Sakta.
a.
Sal.
in.
>.
//.
llyin.l,
>.
/'.
-I-iil,
/"
P.
>//'/rr,
rtift'nfx.
Sainina,
a.
Sanunan,
Etysk,
Uyfshui.l. /"
<<>//?.
9,
f"
,>I>lr.
/
"
>'.
In-ill.
II'
Sainla.
N.
N/'
i>-i,-ln,i,\
Sam, imp of simma.
./'.
Kyktbar. liykto.
ifi'iif/*;
Salig, a. Salla-.
\
'.
;
Saki,;
Kun.lt. d<" -/;. lack.
liyta.
s
Saga. s.
//.
Hum,
Sal't.
rotai
/'.
Hull:
'
liluomif.
/<>*//,
//"--
Mfl
d>l.
fi>
Bammanbindning,
/'oar.
*./.
finn. i
Rad,
icfer. .,//////.
Saiiiiuansatt, a />
''.
/"^
flu'/-.
Saiiiinrt, II:nla.
'
/"
'
//' lia.la.
Kailkaiuinarc.
8.
>
liacktr.
Kiitlil,
a.
'.
a/
nW.
Saint. /./
n.
Sand. Sann, ti. Sunning,
f.
'
x.
one-
-:tta.
uj'm'ul.
l
Kaknadt.
Schav-.tt,
////. '
ali,
,
truth.
tn
Kinli lia.1.1.
nit
l>f
/"
**ee.
9.
f'
-23*2
ad.
Sedan,
afterwards
Sedermera, ad. aftcm-ardn. Sedlig, a. moral. Sedlighet, f. morfditi/, mode* f//, (/entfencss. Senare, Seger, s.
later, sloicer.
in.
ence.
)n.
a.
Segerhjalte,
conqueror.
Segerkolonn, column.
s.
m. victorious
Segertecken,
s.
n.
Skaffa, v. to secure, get. Skaft, s. n. handle. Skaka, v. to shake. Skald, s. m. poet, bard.
Segra, v. to conquer, friinn^h. Segrare, s. m. conqueror. Sekler, s. n. centuries. Sekreterare, s. m. secretary.
Skall,
Sen or
Skapare, Skapelse, Skara, Skarp, a.
sent, a. slow, late.
Session, s.f. bankrupte//, meeting. s.
Sida,
Siden,
slumber
s. Siesta, /. dinner.
n. *ifk.
s.
Sinipel, Simpla, a. Kim/dc. Sin, sitt, pron. ///x, her, their.
Shine, s. mind.
n.
tem/>er,
a>n/er,
or radighet in-wild- of mind. Sinnesrorelse, s. f. emotion.
Sinnesradighet *.
f.
themselves. a.
(i.
Sjunga, Sjal,
.
,
V.
s.
/.
/;/v
troop, innltiftidr.
/.
sliar/i.
to contribute, rahic,
v.
happen, take place,
to
v.
Sked, s. Skedde, Sken,
/. spoon. r. tcere (tra*i dnne. .
n.
skina,
lit/lit.
r.
from
to shine.
Skenbar, a.plamiUe, spec/on^. Skepp, s. 9i. shi/i. Skeppsbrott, s. n. shipwreck. Skick,
N.
order, xfafe, con-
n.
dition.
Skicka, v. to Skicklighet, s.
Skilja, to
creator. f. creation.
in.
s.
)i.
(tend. .
/. ability.
cltruir/e, rttriafio/i.
Skifva, N. f. sht'are of a block, dice of bread.
Sitta, v. to N Sju, a. seven.
Sjutti,
Scandina-
be done.
Skifte,
laxf.
Imrk-
consider.
Ske,
self.
n.
to
vian.
Skatta,
it-
s.
of a dot/. Skandinavisk, a.
after
Sig, pron. liimxelf, herxelf,
Silke,
shall.
v.
v.
skalfva,
tn
.
/. I'-Ufe, *ide. s. n. xilk.
maf/nani-
f.
Jake, sea.
)n.
s.
Skalf, from shake.
fm/ihf/.
to sail.
v.
Segla,
s.
Sjalsstorhet, mity. Sjo,
ricfori/, conquest.
independent
Sjalf stand ighet, s.f. independ-
.
a.
in.
s.
Sjalfagare, person.
since.
N///V
Skinira,
V. I?,
to separate, disjoin. to (/lifter, (/fare. to xliinf.
Skina, r. Skjutluckor, s. f. shutter*. Skog, N. n. fnrcxt. irood.
///
*.
Skoj,
//.
"./'
//"
Skot'la.
rui/fifm/i'i
Skola
/"'"/.
o/ skall Skolpojkr
(s/m//
P,
/'/.
Skfil.l,
!,nn/-ho//.
xchool-
///.
Skri,
w.
,s.
r
Skrifva.
r/
;//.
8.
Skridning,
t
tin'
/r/v/-.
'.
(
I
SkOr,
skrifva.
Sk.ite,
s.
y. shade, sha
8.
Sku^cga,
Skuldra,
.s.
xltimlili-r.
f.
Skullo, s. ui. loft. should.
v. ini'/l't.
Skorama,
|
p.
p.
fn
ttrike,
ttoattow. //'.
>-.
xlnmnrr.
dote, rlnsi-
Slutet, jHirt.
Skyldi.ir,
n.
Skyinta. Skyn.la,
P.
ii
'/'/.
Slutlijri'ii, r.
S1&,
Shi
/
/" >>,/, n/tl. Skada, Skadcplats. s.
ff>
IH'il,
finall//.
tfHJbc, P.
fn
./'.
M
&cat
(llt
-
'
.
theatre,
Skadesj.cl,
Skiilfva,
Skainta,
p,
Skill]
tn
'/.
jnLi\
:
|<
Skiinktr, Skiir,
x.
Sliikt,
>.
^(/.
/o ////v,
/
n.
/'
rni-k.
/'7
p.
Slat.
xninntli.
Shut.
>.
Slatt.
'/'/.
Slot
ini/i
.
/.-//
i/
/I/M//J.
/'.
/iltiiuli/. r<>
/fir/sli
"/' slut.!
/////.
lirstmr.
Smal.
'/.
skanka. u.
/*
Slappa,
Sniaklix,
/-.
///////.
I
jest.
M
bride.
Skanka,
P.
SlaktiiiLT,
/"
P.
skandlijr,
;;.
.s.
B1&88,
rfmr.
a.
tug.
/>
nfm'f'-r. /"
.
ckcf.
/*
nuf, die.
-
Slut, s. n. rwl, Sluta, /. t<> J<
W.
s.
tn
"J
/.
/''
/'If.
p,
Slunnncr,
/o scour.
/.
.-7
iin/>.
sluka,
n. frofji,
s.
//"'
hrtfnl.
n. affray. o/' siinta,
s.
Slockna, Slog,
//*/,-.
lirnl
///>.
.s7/y/.
sort.
slair,
/'
t>oast.
/'"-
la/: /,-/'/,
.
part.
Slant,
/"
Skryta, P
Sky,
n.
N.
Slagsmal,
bufi
Skura,
hrittli'.
s.
Slagit vad,
tn
f.
n. taut
.
ln;iut'tfnl.
J9/.
Skra.lilarliira,
Ski; n i,
./'.
Slagen,
r/'//
/.
f>ii'
beavty.
.
rt.
,
///
/"
P.
niiii-fil,
'
Skcinhctssinno, tlir
tn fi/nn-i'
P.
Skref,
N.
sk>nhot,
cihildren.
Skona,
l-nrt'inn. In /ilini'frr. ////
P.
.
*.
Skolongdom,
Skar:.
N.
mi-
oareu, fate*. ft,
234 Sma, a. small, little. Smaningom, ad. by degrees. Smalta,
v.
Smarre, Smarta,
s.
to melt, dissolve.
smaller.
a.
f. smart, pain.
s.
f.
cleanliness,
neatness. Snail, a. swift, sweet, good. Snarja, v. to snare, entangle. Sno, s. m. snow. Socken, s. f. parish. Sofva, v. to sleep. f. nun.
s.
.Sol,
Soldat,
m.
s.
Solfjader,
Solsken, s. Som, pron.
soldier.
m. fan.
s.
n. sunshine.
which.
icho, conj. as, like.
Sommar, Somna, Son,
a.
Spanska,
s.
m.
to spare. a. saving,
Spefullt,
ad.
v.
tltrJJ'h/.
mockingly, sar-
tipeglar, pi. o/spegel, m. looknil-glass, mirror. .s. n. game, plat/, ttntxic.
Spel, Spela,
io
v.
plug. n.gamlling-Jiouse. m. point, xitmwit,
8.
Spelhus, s.
Spets,
Spetskrage, Spillra,
s.
m.
lace-collar.
f. splinter.
Spinna,
V.
Spie,
tn.
.
s.
f<>
Stanna, Stat,
strong, vigorous.
m.
s.
state, allowance.
food.
s.
Stattorpare, attached
to
m.
labourer
estate.
m. statue.
s.
Staty,
stepped, increased. steg upp, got up. Stelna, v. io grow stiff. stone. Sten, s. v.
m
to knit.
v.
Stifta,
to
-v.
establish,
found.
Stiftare, s. m. founder, author. Stiftelse, s. f. foundation, institution. Stig,
Stiga, Stilla,
m. paih.
s.
to
v.
a.
Stjiirna,
s.
mount,
calm,
calmly. Btipendlat,
*/>h>.
fire-place,
to stop.
v.
a.
Sticka,
castically. i
s.
Stark,
Steg,
Spanish.
Sparsam,
Spara,
Stad, s. m. town, city. Stadga, v. to ordain, direct, s. f. confirm. firmness. Stadslakare, physician of ihe s. m. groom. m. trunk, stock. Stamma, v. to stammer.
to sweep. f. grief, sorrow. Sorglig, a. mournful, sad. Sorl, s. n. noise, rattling. v.
s.
Spiinna, v. to stretch, strain, extend.
town.
fall asleep.
m. son. or sonson, grandson.
Sorg,
trace.
Spad, a. tender, soft, young. Spande, imp. of spanna.
Stalldrang,
s.
Soneson ><>]>u,
imp. of springa, v. run, burst. Sprida, v. to spread, extend. Spridde, imp. of sprida. Spunno, imp. of spinna. Spar, s. n. track, footstep,
Interpretation
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