1 Zbigniew Antczak, Iwona Chomiak-Orsa, AGILE NETWORKS PLACE IN THE SELF-EMERGING ARCHITECTURE, NEXT GENERATION MANUFACTURING SYSTEM IN KNOWLEDGE SOCI...
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Zbigniew Antczak, Iwona Chomiak-Orsa,
AGILE NETWORKS PLACE IN THE SELF-EMERGING ARCHITECTURE, NEXT GENERATION MANUFACTURING SYSTEM IN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY AND KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY (PARADIGMATIC RECEPTION IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES TOPIC MAP AS A DIAGNOSTIC-SYSTEMATIC TOOL) Miejsce zwinnych sieci (AN, agile networks) w samo-wyłaniającej się architekturze NGMS (systemów wytwórczych następnej generacji, Next Generation Manufacturing System) w Społeczeństwie/Gospodarce Wiedzy (KS/KE, Knowledge Society/Economy) [paradygmatyczna recepcja w naukach o zarządzaniu mapy pojęć (TM, topic map) jako narzędzia diagnostycznosystematyzującego] Streszczenie: Terminy: ‘mapa pojęć’, ‘zwinne sieci’, ‘systemy wytwórcze następnej generacji’, ‘Społeczeństwo/Gospodarka Wiedzy’, itd. – już nie są pojęciami zupełnie nowymi, ale ich znaczenie ewoluowało i zmieniło zakresy rozumienia. Autor (po zdefiniowaniu niezbędnych do rozważań pojęć) zastosował proces paradygmatycznej recepcji ‘mapy pojęć’ w naukach o zarządzaniu jako narzędzia diagnostyczno-systematyzującego relacje między pojęciami zwinne sieci – systemy wytwórcze następnej generacji – Społeczeństwo/Gospodarka Wiedzy, by następnie dokonać jakościowego podsumowania rozważań. Autor sformułował własną definicję ‘mapy pojęć’. Summary: Terms: ‘Topic Map’, ‘Agile Networks’, ‘Next Generation Manufacturing System’, ‘Knowledge Society’ and ‘Knowledge Economy’, etc. – are no longer completely new concepts, but their meaning has evolved and changed ranges of understanding. The author (after defining the concepts necessary for the discussion) applied the process of paradigmatic reception of ‘Topic Map’ in management sciences as a diagnostic-systematic tool for relationships between concepts of Agile Networks – Next-Generation Manufacturing Systems - ‘Knowledge Society’ and ‘Knowledge Economy’, to subsequently make a qualitative summary of those considerations. The author has formulated their own definition of ‘Topic Map’. Kluczowe pojęcia: mapa pojęć, paradygmat, nauki o zarządzaniu, zwinne sieci, systemy wytwórcze następnej generacji, Społeczeństwo/Gospodarka Wiedzy, Key concepts: Topic Map, paradigm, management sciences, Agile Networks, Next Generation Manufacturing System, Knowledge Society, Knowledge Economy, Pytania: 1) Jakie są nowe możliwości zastosowania (paradygmatycznej recepcji) w nauce o zarządzaniu takiego narzędzia, jakim jest mapa pojęć (topic map)?; 2) Co oznacza paradygmat zwinnego [agile) lub rekonfigurującego się (reconfigurable)] przedsiębiorstwa?; 3) Jak Systemy Produkcyjne Nowej Generacji oddziałują na przestrzeń organizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa?; 4) Jak wiedza wpływa na przeobrażenie dotychczasowego społeczeństwa – jak dochodzi do powstania społeczeństwa/gospodarki wiedzy? Questions: 1) What are the new opportunities of application (of paradigmatic reception) of a tool such as topic map in management sciences?; 2) What is the paradigm of agile [or reconfigurable] enterprise?; 3) How does Next Generation Manufacturing Systems affect the company's organizational space?; 4) How does the knowledge affect the transformation of the existing society – how does it result in the creation of Knowledge Society and Knowledge Economy?
I. Purpose of considerations: 1) to identify the ranges of meaning for the term ‘topic map’; 2) to diagnose the process of its paradigmatic reception as a diagnostic-systematic tool in management sciences; 3) the use of ‘topic map’ to systematize the relationship between the
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concepts: agile networks – next generation manufacturing systems – Knowledge Society and Knowledge Economy. II. Semantic ranges for the term ‘map’. In the colloquial meaning, a map is „(…) the graphic image of the surface of the Earth, another celestial body or the sky on a plane, reduced in size in a manner specified in a mathematical, generalized and conventional way (…)”;1 „1. an image of the surface of an area shown in the plane by means of contractual signs and colors, 2. occurrence and distribution of a phenomenon in a country or in the world”;2 „(from Latin: mappa – tablecloth) – a generalized image of the surface of the Earth or part of it (…), carried on a plane, to a scale, according to the principles of cartographic mapping, using graphical notations (...)”;3 „an image of the surface of something (usually the Earth, the sky) presented on an appropriate scale with established characters; as well as other types of graphical representation, e.g. genetic maps, perception maps, etc.”.4 The analysis of a concise overview of the term ‘map’ allows the inference that, in addition to the traditional, cartographic range of meanings, there is a broader, more general understanding of it – as a kind of a graphic presentation of a message. III. Semantic ranges for the term ‘concept’ and synonymous terms. In everyday understanding, a concept is „1. a thought reflecting the essential features of objects or phenomena, 2. an idea, an opinion, knowledge about something”;5 „1. mental structure reflecting the meaning of a thing, a phenomenon, an idea, etc.; 2. an opinion on something, knowledge about something” (i.e. to comprehend means: „1. to understand, accept the explanation; 2. take possession of, seize”);6 „an abstract, mental equivalent of the object. After its definition, the concept becomes a term (...)”;7 „1. from the verb to comprehend, 2. understanding, learning something, 3. a term, designation, a keyword, name of something existing only as a thought”.8 There are numerous different synonyms of this term.9 IV. Semantic ranges for the term ‘topic map’ and related categories. In everyday understanding topic map is, among others: (in teaching) „a tool for control and self-
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http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/mapa;3937450.html (2016-03-14). http://sjp.pl/mapa (2016-03-14). 3 https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa mapa (2016-03-14). 4 http://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/mapa;2481254.html (2016-03-14). 5 http://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/pojecie;2503417.html (2016-03-14). 6 http://sjp.pl/poj%C4%99cie (2016-03-14). 7 https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poj%C4%99cie (2016-03-14). 8 https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/poj%C4%99cie (2016-03-14). 9 http://synonim.net/synonim/poj%C4%99cie (2016-03-14); https://www.synonimy.pl/synonim/poj%C 4%99cie/ (2016-03-14). 2
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assessment of the cognitive and educational process”;10 (in computer science) „an abstract structure which allows to reflect the knowledge in a specific field and allows to review relevant resources associated with it. A topic map can represent complex structures of knowledge bases, making it a useful model of knowledge representation, where one can apply multiple-context indexing. This is due to the structure of the topics map, which consists of three elements: concepts, connections (i.e. relationships between concepts) and presentations (also called instances, i.e. indexed sources of information related to a given concept). Within a single, well-defined application of the topic map there is the ability to merge the various structures, schemes, metadata, taxonomies, etc. In this manner it is possible to build a semantic network over the information resources, which allows for easy navigation through the scattered data sources, relying only on the context of information. The application of the topic map can, in a sense, serve as an interface between the user and the different data resources. Such an approach allows, with a single data model, access to various resources from information systems existing in the enterprise”.11 Topics map are: (according to J.D. Novak) „(…) two-dimensional representations of concepts and their relationships with one other. They are helpful in learning and understanding – visible relationships between the concepts help understand and remember new facts. Wherever there are complicated structures of knowledge (e.g. hypermedia, large web pages, complex and long documents), where it is necessary to forward (…) complex ideas (…) may prove helpful”;12 „Topic maps (TM) is a manner of knowledge representation very similar to the semantic networks (…) and model RDF (Resource Description Framework). The method defines (topics) and the relationships between them. Originally developed to facilitate the creation of indexes, glossaries and thesauri for the collection of electronic
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http://punctum.pl/mapapojecnarzedziedokontroliiautokontroliprocesupoznawczegoiprocesuedukacyjnego/ (2016-03-14); www.Punctum. Pracownia Oświatowo-Wydawnicza. Mapa_pojec.pfd (2016-03-14). 11 Dudycz H., Zastosowanie mapy pojęć jako standard prezentacji wiedzy w analizie wskaźników ekonomicznych, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego No. 651, Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług No. 68, Wyd. US, Szczecin 2011, pp. 465 – 473; Garshol L.M., Moore G., Topic Maps – Data Model, [in:] ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC34, January 2005, http://www.isotopicmaps.org/sam/sam-model/ (2016-03-14); Arndt H., Graubitz H., Jacob S., Topic Map based Indicator System for Environmental Management Systems, Lüneburg 2008, http://www.iai.kit.edu/ictensure/site?mod=litdb&subject=art&pid =L28C25992&action=detail (2016-03-14); Librelotto G.R., Azevedo R.P., Ramalho J.C., Henriques P.R., Topic maps constraint languages: understanding and comparing, „International Journal of Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems” 2009, Vol. 1, No. 3 – 4, pp. 173 – 181; Korczak J., Dudycz H., Approach to Visualization of Financial Information using Topic Maps, [in:] Kubiak B.F., Korowicki A. (eds.), Information Management, Gdansk University Press, Gdansk 2009. 12 http://szybkanauka.net/efektywnanauka (2016-03-14).
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documents, at the moment its use goes far beyond the publication of electronic documents (...)”.13 In addition to concept map it is „(…) a method that helps organize knowledge and build a suitable structure which considerably facilitates the assimilation of new information” I. Maciejowska also distinguishes mental map and mind map.14 Mind Mapping „(…) a special kind of noting, designed by its creators to increase the efficiency and memory and activate intuition thanks to a synergic cooperation between the two hemispheres. The method was developed by two British scientists: Tony and Barry Buzan (…) The aim of mind mapping is to increase the efficiency of the learning and memorizing process and make it simpler, faster and more enjoyable (...) Mind mapping is an innovative way of presenting some of the issues that facilitate learning (...) For the creation of mind mapping one uses drawings and short key words. The map should be transparent, clear, colorful, and drawing attention to the most important things for the creator. It is noteworthy that first associations that come to mind are usually the best. The downside of this kind of work is that it is clear and simple solely to its author”;15 „(…) the popular technique related to Topics map, developed by Tony Buzan as a way to help students take notes using only key words and images. They are created faster than traditional notes, and thanks to their visual character they are easier to browse and memorize. Mental map consists of the central notion of the concept. Around the central notion there are drawn a few or more concepts which relate to the central one (…) sub-branches, too, consist of several or more concepts relating to the central idea. Knowledge in our brains is organized in a similar manner (…) concepts [are] linked in a similar way (...) Mental map use the method of operation of our memory – associations, images, sounds, scents, etc. Traditional notes (…) disadvantages: wasting time and energy to write down a number of unnecessary words. Notes take a lot of time to browse through. There are no easily discernible links between concepts and their lack of color (…) visual features does not help to memorize them”.16 V. Paradigmatic environment of management sciences. The relationship between the philosophy and the methodology, the paradigm (its orderly environment in management 13
Przechlewski T., Wykorzystanie map pojęć w zarządzaniu wiedzą korporacyjną, http://pinkaccordions. homelinux.org/staff/tp/Pubs/pubs/kule04/art.html (2016-03-14); Księżyk R., Trying not to get lost with a topic map XML Europe 99 Conference, http://www.info loom.com/gcaconfs/WEB/granada99/ksi.HTM (2016-03-14); Park J. (ed.), XML Topic Maps. Creating and using Topic Maps for the Web, AddisonWesley 2002. 14 www.chemia.zamkor.pl/mapa-pojeciowa.pdf (2016-03-14). 15 Buzan T., Mapy Twoich myśli, Ravi, Łódź 2004; https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa_my%C5%9Bli (201603-14). 16 http://szybkanauka.net/efektywnanauka (2016-03-14).
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sciences – see Fig. 1.) occupies an important place; individual areas of expertise possess shared spaces in which there is a mutual interpenetration. The category of the paradigm has relationships (is affected by and affects) with the domains of knowledge mentioned in Fig. 1. The term paradigm was introduced, applied and popularized by T.S. Kuhn.17 Fig. 1. Sorting the paradigmatic environment of management sciences.
Methodology of management sciences
Epistemology of management sciences
Ontology of management sciences
Paradigms Meta-models Tools
Axiology of management sciences
Philosophy of management sciences
Source: own.
The term stems from the Greek word parádeigma. It is used, among others, to denote a pattern, model (also: analogy or metaphor),18 also as a prerequisite, or prerequisites.19 It can have a sensu stricto semantic range (e.g. a momentous, generally recognized scientific achievement), or sensu largo (i.e. pertains to a historically variable philosophical dimension or dimensions, a so-called disciplinary/domain-specific set/matrix of a specific area, a set of particular beliefs, prejudices, symbolic generalizations, universals, models), pertaining to the nature and structure of certain entities. They tend to be – more or less consciously – shared by certain groups (e.g. researchers, managers, etc.) and, at certain stages of the development of science, they allow for the progress of knowledge within the studied field
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Kuhn T.S., Struktura rewolucji naukowych, Wyd. Fundacji Aletheia, Warszawa 2001; more: Antczak Z., Pojęcie elastyczności i jego paradygmatyczna recepcja (rozważania epistemologiczno-eksploracyjne), [in:] Listwan T., Stor M. (eds.), Sukces w zarządzaniu kadrami. Elastyczność w zarządzaniu kapitałem ludzkim, Vol. 1, Problemy zarządczo-ekonomiczne, Wyd. UE, Wrocław 2012, pp. 15 – 24. 18 Słownik wyrazów obcych, PWN, Warszawa 1991; Krzyżanowski L.J., O podstawach kierowania organizacjami inaczej, PWN, Warszawa 1999. 19 Przybyła M. (ed.), Organizacja i zarządzanie, Wyd. Akademii Ekonomicznej, Wrocław 2001.
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of reality.20 The awareness of the functioning paradigm/s occurs during their rejection/change or inability to explain them on the basis of current concepts. Paradigms are part of a collective social consciousness and as such exhibit inertia and „delay” of sorts in relation to the changes taking place in reality. Fig. 2. Matrix paradigms by M. Kostera. Dimension of assumptions about society
Functionalist
Structuralist
Interpretative
Humanistic
Dimension of assumptions about science Source: Kostera M., Postmodernizm w zarządzaniu, PWE, Warszawa 1996, p. 33. Fig. 3. Models of paradigmisation of management by B. Wawrzyniak. Standards of practice based on: innovation
B
D
Experimentation
C
A experience
Reformulation /constant renewal
Reproduction
Learning
Patterns of management sciences based on: experience innovation Source: Wawrzyniak B., Odnawianie przedsiębiorstwa, Poltext, Warszawa 1999, p. 208.
The matrix of paradigms (see Fig. 2.) proposed by M. Kostera21 is oriented in two dimensions: assumptions related to science, and society. A functionalist paradigm is based on the assumption that there exist objective entities of a specific and real nature. The researcher maintains distance from the studied phenomena by using an appropriate method. Learning, therefore, should strive for objectivity and avoid valuation. The interpretative paradigm includes the assumption that reality (among others social, cultural, etc.) is unstable and relative, and it is an inter-subjective creation of its participants. Science, on the other hand – because we give sense to the world and interpret it through the language – is a collection of language games created by using the language. The structuralist paradigm 20
Kuhn T.S., Struktura rewolucji naukowych, Wyd. Fundacji Aletheia, Warszawa 2001; Krzyżanowski L.J., O podstawach kierowania organizacjami inaczej, PWN, Warszawa 1999. 21 Kostera M., Postmodernizm w zarządzaniu, PWE, Warszawa 1996.
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assumes the existence of material social reality, which can be investigated and described. The researcher is a product of sorts, a cultural and mental prisoner of social reality – therefore sometimes he or she seeks the ways to overcome the limitations and strives for the knowledge of Truth. The humanistic paradigm assumes that society is not a specific entity. The scientist is trapped in an unreal world and should de-mask the false traps of a collective consciousness. These paradigms do not interconnect, although a synergy of their impact in possible. Different paradigms contribute, among others, to the awareness of the complexity and ambiguity of the social phenomenon of organization. B. Wawrzyniak proposed Models of paradigmisation of management (see Fig. 3.).22 Model A.: reproduction – is designed use patterns (possibly with modifications) developed by education or training (including scientific work organization, technical and physiological direction, etc.). Questioning the current rules and practices (e.g. autonomous teams, matrix structure, etc.) is included in B.: experimentation. Learning and drawing conclusions in order to improve procedures, the space organization or its strategy (as a special kind of innovation) is included in model C. Constant renewal, improvement of the organization is contained in model D. Today, management is at a crossroads: both science and practice are dominated by the paradigm of reproduction, although the environment is undergoing rapid and radical changes. There is competitions between three specific models of governance: European (the focus on people, diversity, internal negotiations), American (focus on profit, professionalism, competitiveness) and Japanese (focus on long-term growth/development, integration, consensus, quality). A meta-model is „(…) the analysis, design and development of the framework, rules, restrictions, models and theories that are useful in the modeling process in the pre-defined group of problems. Meta-modeling and meta-models occur in many areas of knowledge, e.g. in meta-science, meta-philosophy, meta-theory, or in the theory of systems. This term also appears in mathematics, and is often found in computer science. In computer science and related fields, meta-modeling is the construction of a set of ‘concepts’ (objects, terms etc.) within the framework of a specific area. Recognizing the model as an abstraction of a certain phenomenon from the real world, the meta-model is an abstraction showing the properties of this model. An example of such a relationship can be a computer program written in a programming language and grammar of this programming language. Metamodels in computer science are most commonly used as: a) logic diagrams for semantic
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Wawrzyniak B., Odnawianie przedsiębiorstwa, Poltext, Warszawa 1999, p. 208.
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data, which must be exchanged or stored; b) a language supporting a specific method or process; c) a language used to express the semantics of some general information”.23 Research tool (in methodological understanding) is a method (e.g. observation, sociometry, etc.) and/or an object (e.g. a questionnaire, etc.) for the realization of a specific research technique.24 Fig. 4. Examples of an arrangement of terms within a topic map.
Source: FutureEd Term Commonality Plot 2 (2016-03-14).
VI. Paradigmatic reception ‘topic map’ in management sciences. It is assumed (in classical approach) that the subject of management sciences are organizations perceived as a relatively isolated social system in which people, aiming at achieving the objectives (tasks), use intellectual and material resources. Management sciences deal with the formation, functioning, transformation, development and interactions of organizations; they have been an independent scientific discipline since the end of the nineteenth century. From that point, in economic sciences economics and management sciences are perceived 23
Favre J.-M., Towards a basic theory to model: Model driven engineering, [in:] In Proc. Of the 3rd UML Workshop in Software Model Engineering (WiSME’2004), 2004; http://citeseerx.ist.psu. edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.58.7738&rep=rep1&type=pdf; https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamo delowanie (2016-03-14). 24 Brzeziński J., Metodologia badań psychologicznych, PWN, Warszawa 2007; Łobocki M., Metody i techniki badań pedagogicznych, Impuls, Kraków 2006; Nowak S., Metodologia badań społecznych, PWN, Warszawa 2007; Pilch T., Bauman T., Zasady badań pedagogicznych, Wyd. Akademickie ‘Żak’, Warszawa 2001; Sztumski J., Wstęp do metod i technik badań społecznych, Wyd. „Śląsk”, Katowice 2005.
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as sub-disciplines.25 There was a study on academic textbooks (i.e. professional literature; what is important – it is based on a broad review of books and periodicals devoted to the studied issue; see bibliography part B) by famous authors, with the focus on use/non-use of a selected concept.26 In considerations, there was an assumptions that using it (or not) was a sign of its paradigmatic reception (or lack thereof). There was no reception of the studies concept – probably for reasons of chronology. For some a tool, for others a meta-model 27 or even a quasi-paradigm in the form of a topic map – the concept is relatively young. Topic maps (within the meaning of the computer science and used especially in this environment) were formed at the end of the twentieth century. They meet (and are) the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 13250:2003; formerly 2000) and the XTM standard [XML Topic Maps; connected to it; because it is based on the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) language – it is therefore also referred to as the standard eXtensible Topic Map (XTM)]. Initially, it was developed to streamline the creation of indexes, glossaries or thesauruses for the collection of electronic documents. Currently, its use goes far beyond the publication of electronic documents. Topic maps (in addition to standard RDF, Resource Description Framework) can provide a basis for building management systems for corporate knowledge and/or the concept of the Semantic Web (promoted by T. Berners-Lee).28 The paradigm is associated with the views (in a specific environment) universally recognized as scientific. The reception of the term means its assimilation and – usually – its location within a network/structure of currently existing concepts.29 Management sciences, popular in the US and Britain in the second half of the twentieth century, reflected the production and organizational reality in which there generally dominated static hierarchyproduction structures, while other solutions were an engineering experiment streamlining previous practices in linear structures. Differentia specifica: management sciences in Poland are (usually) taken up in a rigorous manner. Other variables affecting the researchers’
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Sudoł S., Nauki o zarządzaniu. Węzłowe problemy i kontrowersje, Wyd. Dom Organizatora TNOiK, Toruń 2007, p. 28; https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauki_ekonomiczne (2016-04-22). 26 See bibliography part B. 27 Favre J.-M., Towards a basic theory to model: Model driven engineering, [in:] In Proc. Of the 3rd UML Workshop in Software Model Engineering (WiSME’2004), 2004; http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc /download?doi=10.1.1.58.7738&rep=rep1&type=pdf; https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamodelowanie (201603-14). 28 Berners-Lee T., Hendler J., Lassila O., The Semantic Web, „Scientific American” 2001, Vol. 284, No 5, pp. 34 – 43. 29 Sułkowski Ł., Teorie, paradygmaty, metafory i ideologie zarządzania – kontrowersje wokół współczesnego dyskursu organizacji i zarządzania, [in:] Stańczyk-Hugiet E., Kacała J. (ed.), Zasoby organizacji. Zagadnienia epistemologiczne i metodologiczne, Wyd. Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego, Wrocław 2016, pp. 131 – 143.
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approach to the problem were related to the terms related to specific generations, career paths, experience or education. Within the paradigm reception, in management sciences in Poland the term ‘topic map’ did not appear. In the following meaning (the author’s definition) – „a structure for diagnosing knowledge from a specific domain” it allows for the identification, systematization and authorization of the relationship between numerous concepts (see Fig. 4.). That is why, for the sake of their considerations, the author is trying to achieve this [presenting a methodological-(broadly)-managing approach]. VII. Semantic ranges for the term ‘agile’ and its definition. The term agile means, among others: „1. performing quick, skillful movements; 2. about movements, pertaining to someone or something: quick and neat”,30 „vivacious, skillful, nimble; 1. one that moves quickly and efficiently; 2. about movements: fast and neat, e.g. agile hands”.31 The term has over 120 synonyms.32 It is often seen in a context, e.g.: agile organization – business – enterprise – manufacturing – strategy – methodology – method – software – enterprise management – project management – network – systems – system of production – production – adjustments – manifesto, etc. The impulse to develop the method (defined later as agile) – was initiated by an article by Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland in 1986, showing new possibilities in the field of management (as a SCRUM procedure, its mature form: 1991; dissemination: 2nd half of the 90s.). It now belongs to a wider group of agile methods.33 In the literature, there can also be found statements on the subject of agile [or reconfiguring (reconfigurable)] paradigm of an enterprise.34 Within the systematization of the 30
http://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/zwinny;2547753 (2016-04-25). http://sjp.pl/zwinny (2016-04-25). 32 See.: http://synonim.net/synonim/zwinny (2016-04-25). 33 See Manifest Agile; http://agilemanifesto.org/iso/pl/, (2016-04-25); to the standards of agile among others It includes such methods as: Lean, Lean Software Development, eXtrem Programming (XP), Feature Driven Development (FDD), Scrum, Crystal Clear, Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM), Agile Project Management (AgilePM), Agile Unified Process, Extreme Programming in Controlled Environments (XPrince), etc.]; Banaszyk P., Zwinne dostosowania przedsiębiorstw na rynkach z okazjonalną przewagą konkurencyjną, Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 2014, Vol. 76, No. 1, p. 195 – 210; Dajda J., Dobrowolski G., Współczesne metody systemowego wytwarzania oprogramowania, Automatyka 2007, Vol. 11, No. 1 – 2, pp. 71 – 79; Mastalerz M.W., Zwinne podejście w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego nr 863, Studia Informatica No. 35, Szczecin 2015, pp. 76 – 89; Trocki M., Grucza B., Ogonek K., Zarządzanie projektami, PWE, Warszawa 2003, pp. 13nn; Trzcieliński S., Przedsiębiorstwo zwinne, Wyd. Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poznań 2011, passim; Schwaber K., Sutherland J., The Scrum Guide, http://www.scrumguides.org/docs/scrumguide/v1/scrum-guide-us.pdf, (2016-04-25); Walczak M., Systemy zwinne w organizacji produkcji, Acta Universitatis Lodzensis, Folia Oeconomica No. 234, 2010, pp. 347 – 360. 34 Kidd P.T., Agile Manufacturing. Key Issues, [in:] Kidd P.T., Karwowski W. (eds.), Advances in Agile Manufacturing, IOS Press, Amsterdam 1994, p. 32; Goldman S., Nagel R., Preiss K., Agile competitors and virtual organization. Strategies for enriching the customer, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1995, p. 5; Champy J.A., Preparing for Organizational Change, [in:] Hesselbein F., Goldsmith M., Beckhard R. (eds.), The Organization of the Future, The Drucker Fundation, New York 1997, p. 16; Dove R., Response Ability, Wiley, New York 2001, p. 6; Galbraith J.R., The Reconfigurable Organization, [in:] Hesselbein F., Gold31
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stages of a production system’s agility (agile manufacturing) it is important to mention its levels: elementary, micro and macro; there is distinguished mass production, lean production, nimble production, agile production, and real agile manufacturing.35 Fig. 5. Examples of a structure of megatrends, dimensions and planes in Next Generation Manufacturing System – as part of a topic map. NGMS levels:
Megatrends: virtualization networking miniaturization nanotechnologies mobility biogenetics
Dimensions: agile/lean/smart/ le(an-)agile; hypertext organization; networking – node; chunk of knowledge; holographic and syn(ergia+in)tegrity organization; reconfigurable (FMS, Flexible Manufacturing System; RMS/RAS, reconfigurable manufacturing/assembly system); cognitive organiztion/ factory, CTS, cognitive technical system; distributed, etc.
intelligent social networks – explicit and implicit intelligence in society – Knowledge Society; intelligent business and cooperation networks – explicit and implicit intelligence in business – New Knowledge Economy; intelligent enterprise based on NGMS (Next Generation Manufacturing System) – integrated intelligence – ideal factory regarding production and planning, (P&P, Production and Planning); enterprise resource planning – components of intelligence – class systems ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and SOA (ServiceOriented Architecture); diagnosis of the flow of production resources – knowledge – MES (Manufacturing Execution System); control of technological processes – information – SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition); industrial controllers – aggregated data – PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) physical and material – simple data – MS (Manufacturing System);
Source: own.
smith M., Beckhard R. (eds.), The Organization of the Future, The Drucker Fundation, New York 1997, p. 89; Trzcieliński S., Włodarkiewicz-Klimek H., Pawłowski K., Współczesne koncepcje zarządzania, Wyd. Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poznań 2013, p. 11. 35 Dove R., Nagel R.N. (Principle Investigators), Goldman S., Preiss K. (eds.), 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy. Report; An Industry-Led View, Vol. 1; Infrastructure, Vol. 2, Iacocca Institute, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, First Printing November 1991; Jin-Hai L., Anderson A.R., Harrison R.T., The Evolution of agile manufacturing, „Business Process Management Journal” 2003, Vol. 9, No. 2; Ramesh G., Devadasan S.R., Literature review on the agile manufacturing criteria, „Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management” 2007, Vol. 18, No. 2; Trzcieliński S. (ed.), Agile Enterprise. Concepts and Some Results of Research, Poznan University of Technology, International Ergonomics Association, IEA Press, Madison 2007, Wisconsin.
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VIII. The understanding of the term: ‘Next Generation Manufacturing System’ (NGMS, also known as smart organization/factory) – it is characterized by a qualitative change in the proportion of processing information and matter (in favor of the former). It is, among others, one of the effects of the constant improvement of technical solutions – in response to the growing demands of a turbulent market where competitors are increasingly using distributed structures, coopetition of virtual enterprises, network economy, smart agents and holons, various forms of teleworking in an information society, etc. Therefore, enterprises have undergone micro-systemic (e.g. operational and tactical innovation and rationalization dimensions, etc.) and – macro-systemic (in paradigmatic, strategic dimensions, etc.) transformations on a large scale. In consequence, the value of contemporary modern production system is increasingly determined by the level of advancement of its software, which determines whether production will actually be efficient, flexible, etc.36 In the literature – speaking of the process of transforming companies within the network structures (networking) – there is diagnosed, among others, the formation of architecture of the organizational space with the following attributes: fractality, honals, agility, virtuality, biology, cognition, inventinity, etc.37 On the other hand, SPNG are described as organizations: agile – a group of forms of agile/lean/smart/le(an-)agile type; they are characterized by the flexible optimization of the conditions of production adapting to, e.g. an unpredictable environment;38 re-configurable (advances form FMS, Flexible Manufacturing System, a flexible manufacturing system, i.e.: RMS/RAS, reconfigurable manufacturing/assembly system) – allowing for quick adaptations of a structure system in order to match the production functions (and their power) to the ever-changing demands;39 holographicsyn(ergy+in)tegration (holographic&syntegrity organization) – with the ability to create images/models of economic reality in a manner similar to the associative-illuminating pro-
36
Badurek J., Przedsiębiorstwo informacyjne. Systemy produkcyjne nowej generacji, Wyd. Politechniki Gdańskiej, Gdańsk 2015, pp. 23 – 28; Zawadzka L., Badurek J., Łopatowska J., Systemy produkcyjne nowej generacji. Modele interdyscyplinarne, Wyd. Politechniki Gdańskiej, Gdańsk 2012, pp. 61nn, 74nn. 37 Hołodnik D., Perechuda K., Odsieciowianie, [in:] Lichtarski J., Szumowski W. (eds.), Sieci międzyorganizacyjne, procesy i projekty w erze paradoksów, Wyd. Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego, Wrocław 2016, pp. 159 – 174; Perechuda K., Ciesliński W., Teoretyczne aspekty sieciowania przestrzeni organizacyjnej, [in:] Krupski R. (ed.), Zarządzanie strategiczne. Strategie sieci i przedsiębiorstw w sieci, Prace Naukowe Wałbrzyskiej Wyższej Szkoły Zarządzania i Przedsiębiorczości T. 32, Wałbrzych 2015, pp. 301 – 316; Antczak Z. (ed.), Kapitał ludzki w strukturach wirtualno-sieciowych. Nowe role pracowników i menedżerów wiedzy, Difin, Warszawa 2013; Antczak Z., Kapitał intelektualny i kapitał ludzki w ewoluującej przestrzeni organizacyjnej (w optyce badawczej knowledge management), Wyd. UE, Wrocław 2013. 38 Wang L., Koh S.C.L. (eds.), Enterprise Networks and Logistics for Agile Manufacturing, Springer, New York 2010. 39 Musharavati F., Process Planning Optimization in Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems, Dissertation.com, Boca Raton Florida 2010.
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cesses occurring in the brain;40 cognitive (cognitive organization/factory; CTS, cognitive technical system) – linking cognitive science, computer science and mechatronics (in the form of integrated automation and expert systems) allowing for the adaptive control of production;41 hipertext (hypertext organization) – of a matrix structure inspired by internet nodes (within a network) with separate layers (e.g. project groups, systemic-business, etc.), which allows to generate a process of fragmentation/atomization of knowledge (chunk-ofknowledge);42 distributed (DMS, distributed manufacturing system) – a special combination of sub-systems for organizations and knowledge of co-partners in order to achieve an economic optimum at a certain time.43 For examples of structuring of mega-trends, dimensions and planes in SPNG – within the topic map – see Fig. 5. IX. Semantic ranges of terms: ‘New Knowledge Economy’ and ‘Knowledge Society’, as well as interchangeable terms. The economy (based on) knowledge (KBE, Knowledge-Based Economy) – is, according to the OECD definition, the economy based on „(…) the creation, understood as production, and further transmission or distribution and practical application of knowledge and information (...) three stages which are the basis of economic development – production, distribution, implementation. Knowledge is a specific product (an independent entity), which drives growth”;44 „(…) the economy in which the primary component is the management of economic processes and skillful management of people, is a structure in which the main issue is to know and determine the mechanisms of the influence on the transformation and development of the economy (...) is the era of a knowledge society known as knowledge economy or knowledge era”.45 At the beginning of the 20th century, as necessary threshold conditions singling out the knowledge society/economy, it was pointed out that: the economy and society should be characterized by openness, economy is highly developed and innovative (e.g. income reaches approx. 20 thousand $ per capita, participation of services in the creation of GDP is approx. 70%, about 3% of GDP is spent on R&D, etc.), the public is educated (secondary education is 40
Schwaninger M., Intelligent Organizations. Powerful Models for Systemic Management, Springer Verlag, Berlin 2009. 41 Jeschke S., Isenhardt I., Henning K., Automation, Communication, and Cybernetics in Science and Engineering 2009/2010, Springer Verlag, Berlin 2011. 42 Lessem R., Schieffer A., Transformation management. Towards the integral enterprise, Vol. 1, Transformation and Innovation, Gower Publ. [at Ashgate Publishing Company], Farnham England, Burlington Vermont 2009. 43 Kühnle H. (ed.), Distributed Manufacturing. Paradigm, Concepts, Solutions and Examples, Springer, London – New York 2010. 44 Niemczyk L., Rachunkowość finansowa aktywów kompetencyjnych i kapitału intelektualnego, Pacioli Institute, Rzeszów 2013. 45 Skrzypek E., Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy i jej wyznaczniki, „Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy” 2011, No. 23, pp. 270 – 285.
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universal, and at least half of the working population has a higher degree), proinnovative climate is created by the state and it supports creative people and the demand for innovation, the socio-economic structure adopts new forms and forces significant modifications in the functioning of the public sector, etc.46 The concept of the economy (based on) knowledge appeared in the first half of the 80s. in the work of the OECD. It was associated with transformations based on a displacement of the traditionally understood industry by – not entirely defined – post-industrial civilization, where knowledge played a decisive role in stimulating socio-economic processes. And in scientific inquiry, as well as in publicism, the new stage of economic development has been defined by a number of imprecise or misused terms. Turbo-capitalism, neocapitalism, the third wave, meritocracy, managerial revolution, global-corporate society, knowledge economy/society/civilization – are all trending terms used interchangeably e.g. with such concepts as: civilization/society/information/digital/network/post-industrial/postmodernist economy, etc. X. Summarizing considerations. The aim of the summarizing considerations is to systemise the issues which could possibly form the basis for the creation of meso- (mediumrange) or macro-model of economic and social structures changed by knowledge. The starting point could be, for example, preliminary systematization of the impact of knowledge (e.g. big data, basal data, meta-data and their analysis, inference, use, interpretation, reinterpretation, enrichment, verification, selection, etc.) materializing in the form of (among others) the Internet things carried out at the following levels: individual and micro-groups, meso-groups, small organizations and institutions, as well as macro-groups and the state. Analyzing the contents of table 6. (see Tab. 6.) – in the context of basic sociologicalhistorical data concerning development and transformation of capitalism – it can be noted that in its early and late phases – it is possible to identify intense processes of deconstruction of many existing institutional-organizational solutions (on the following levels: individual and micro-groups; meso-groups and institutions, as well as macro-groups, organizations and the state) and create new ways of functioning - within the framework of absolute and aggravated exploitation of most social groups and layers (exploitation of social capital under the auspices of the liberal and neo-liberal axiology). 46
Kleer J., Co to jest GOW, [in:] Kukliński A. (ed.), Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy. Perspektywy Banku Światowego, seria: Science and Government, Komitet Badań Naukowych, Ofic. Wyd. Rewasz, Warszawa 2003, ep. VI.2.
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Tab. 6. An example of systematization of the impact of knowledge materializing in the
form of, among others, Internet of Things carried out at the following levels: individual and micro-groups – meso-groups and institutions – and macro-groups, organizations and the state. Level Individuals and microgroups
Processes suppression freedom and privacy (total surveillance; opposition of individual freedom and the security of the state); sense of security so-called. old workplaces;
mesogroups, small organizations and institutions
freedom and privacy (total surveillance; opposing individual freedom – security institutions); security; so-called old jobs;
macrogroups, organizations and the state
freedom and privacy (total surveillance; opposition of individual freedom – the security of the state); sense of security; so-called old workplaces (decomposition of the traditional labor market); stable structures;
Processes creation creation and promotion of new (i.e. anti-family, pursuit of profit, legalization of attitudes and behaviors previously forbidden, etc.) manipulative-behavioral attitudes (including neuromarketing); control over individual thinking; invigilation, location, creating so-called profiles, etc. on the basis of meta-data, electronic traces, electronic intelligence, etc. – uses include banking, insurance, police, special forces, etc.; individually tailored marketing or advertising on TV/Internet banking deals, TV show, etc.; digital exclusion; deep divisions and atomization of society; anti-social processes; mass-exploitation and poverty; identification and membership deficits; acting out via, e.g. revolts, street riots, jihad, hacking, etc.; new jobs (self-employment, start-ups, fixed-term contracts, management contracts, etc.); remote: control of health, medical attention and treatment, etc.; creation and promotion of new (i.e. anti-family, pursuit of profit, legalization of attitudes and behaviors previously forbidden, etc.) manipulative-behavioral attitudes (including neuromarketing); control over individual and group thinking; identification and membership deficits; acting out via, e.g. revolts, street riots, jihad, hacking, etc.; digital exclusion; deep divisions and atomization of society; anti-social processes; mass-exploitation and poverty; information and institutional of advantage (foreign communications tools, foreign capital takes over the institutions, etc.); digitaleconomic-military neocolonialism (powers, corporate and services wars); new jobs (self-employment, start-ups, fixed-term contracts, management contracts, etc.); processes of disintegration of states; instability of old structures, institutions and organizations; fierce struggle for water, food, raw materials, jobs, etc.; manipulative-behavioral attitudes (including neuro-marketing); digital-economic-military neo-colonialism (powers, services and corporate wars); structures/organizations of total control and surveillance examining, among others, all electronic traces; outsourcing of war [including war corporations (PMCs, Private Military Corporations) possessing armed mercenary armies (the so-called Gangsters for Capitalism): Abraxas Corp., Academi, Aegis Defence Services, AKE Group, ArmorGroup, BearingPoint Inc., Blackwater Worldwide, CACI International, Control Risks Group, Crescent Security Group, CTU Security Consulting Inc., DynCorp, EODT Company, Erinys International, Frontier Services Group, G4S, Garda World, Genric Security, Global Risk, Grey, Greystone Ltd., GSI Government Services Incorporated, Halliburton, Hart Integrated Solutions, Henderson Risk Limited, International Security and Surveillance Limited, Kroll Corporate Risk Holdings, Military Professional Resources Incorporated, Northrop Grumman Corp., Ol-
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ive Security, Omega Services, Parsons Corp., Pilgrims Group, Reflex Responses, Risk Advisory, Rubicon International, Steele Foundation, Tokai Bussan Co. Ltd., TOR International, Total Intelligence Solutions, Triple Canopy, Vinnell Corporation, Xe Services LLC, etc.]; A.I. at battlefields (drones, robots, etc.); identifying, locating and killing a NPL-based meta-data; cyberintelligence and economic intelligence; mass/collective control and manipulation of information; neurotechnology, etc.; triad: media – PR – propaganda-(social technique of games and entertainment); control of individual and collective thinking; new, well-paying jobs for the loyal - generated by governments, law enforcement agencies, departments and corporations; new organizational structures and logistics (network and logistic chains); new tools for finance, insurance, healthcare, etc.; digital exclusion; deep divisions (rich – poor, educated – uneducated, etc.) and atomization of society; anti-social processes and social degradation; mass exploitation and poverty; new technologies (e.g. related to the Internet, RFID, beacons, etc.); biotechnology; nanotechnology; military and the space industry;
Source: own. Fig. 7. Examples of structured megatrends, dimensions, levels in Next Generation Manufacturing System, agile networks and self-emerging architecture NGMS – in Knowledge Society/Economy – as part of a topic map. Capitalism in phases: Early Levels NGMS Agile networks
Dimensions
Megatrends
selfemerging architekture NGMS
Mature Late
?
New Order: Knowledge Social – Economy
Source: own.
Analyzing the relationships contained in Figure 7. (see Fig. 7), it is worth noting the reciprocal influence of agile networks and self-emerging structures NGMS. Moreover, they change the spatial architecture of the enterprise in a significant way and, in return – of doing business, and through it – the whole economy. Nowadays, a qualitatively important variable (a capital as important as land or money), which modifies the functioning of the
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economy and society (in the framework of the capitalist system) is knowledge. It causes the emergence and, after a transitional period, the formation of the beginnings of a new order: the Knowledge Society and Economy (early stage). The analysis of the newly formed Knowledge Society (see Tab. 8.) reveals a number of disconcerting trends and transformations that can be found in the final form of a completely globally controlled society, which (in the framework of an autocratic regime) is manipulated by a sparse oligarchy. The formation of a new type of society is, at the beginning, of an insularity type, i.e. there are spatially scattered centers, thanks to the qualitative leap over the existing forms of functioning, they reach their new potential. Their operating rules are different and have a negative effect, subordinating and exploiting the former environment, which is guided by inadequate (in the light of the logic of a new society) rules of conduct. Table 8. Dimensions of an industrial and post-industrial society.
Problem Individual The world of tangible and intangible assets
Dominant principle
Dominant organization of work
Characteristics of society Industrial in the late phase Post-industrial in the early phase working man: homo faber self-development: homo creator versus exclusion dominates: the world of material dominates the world of objects; this approach is expressis objects verbis emanation of the system of values; man fulfills the role of an object deepens the duality and imbalance: subject approach (as a (as it is easier to manage); derivative of the primacy of profit and greed) versus the world of higher values (and rising deficits related to their absence); formalization, standardization maximizing diversity (i.e. F. Dyson’s Law) resulting, and economies of scale; among others, in a fast-growing, dysfunctional financial disparity (so-called poles of poverty and wealth) and the oligarchy of society; the world of hierarchy, bureau- flexible hybrid structures and/or network-virtual nodes or cracy and specialization, divi- hierarchical-control centres; sion of roles and work ethics; the organizational architecture, among others, with the dominated by the execution of following attributes: fractality, honals, agility, virtuality, commands and control; biology, congitivity, inventity; work is transformed by rational- computerization and data processing/knowledge prevails ization, technology, and distri- over the conversion of matter; bution into simple operations; work organization based on the group tasks/projects, craftsman is replaced by an where participants have a broad education and high engineer and semi-skilled work- skills/competencies (scientific knowledge is appreciated), er; they receive resources and tasks to solve; integration problems have been decisions are made through negotiations, cooperation, partially solved by long-term participation (since its scope is determined by the topemployment and the related down oligarchy – it evokes a feeling of deceployalty; tion/irrelevance and manipulates the other participants in work in production determines the process); the rhythm of life, creates a groups focus on too many goals – which leads to conflicts value system, determines the or impasse; time (clock); in the organization, the emphasis is on continuous mobilidominated by a mass, standard- zation, availability and commitment – which is the source ized production of goods; of apathy, alienation, conformism, etc.;
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Education and science
Broader environment
education serves as preparations for work through the assimilation of values and acquisition of skills throughout one’s career; studies are not particularly innovative; the world is predictable, programmed, structured, coordinated; in the subjective feeling of an individual (in the horizon of their life) – everlasting; energy replaces work/physical strength; there is expansion of the markets/economies (such as globalization, blue oceans, etc.); working individual has guaranteed revenue, which allows for the maintenance of the family, self-improvement, education of children, leisure, travels, etc.;
there prevails a mercenary, freelance and multiprofessional attitude; many groups forced to sign ‘junk’ contracts earn little, existing on the border of survival, and many hard-working people live in poverty (precariat/job security and giant agglomerations – slums – favelas, etc.); working time exceeds the statutory framework and interferes with private/family time: all that counts are the economic/financial results; next to mass production, often automated, more and more businesses focus on specific, custom orders; continued education throughout one’s career next to selfknowledge (including studying one’s own experience, intuition, etc.) – are important sources of knowledge; in research, commercial innovation is dominant;
the world is turbulent, unpredictable in the long term, there is the so-called state of stable disequilibrium; cyber-space creates a new world, characterized by decentralizing, spontaneity and chaos; the transmission of data is dominated by: wireless connectivity, interconnectivity (it has the ability to connect everything with everything), multi-media coverage (the ability to upload text, graphics, voice, video, etc.); the subsoil existence of the knowledge society (in its current early stage of existence) is a techno-structure of communication [so-called glokal networks – global-local web] – technical structure for creating, processing and dissemination of ‘info-mass’ (tele-mathics of large amounts of information); Internet, among others, allows for: education without going to school (LMS, learning management system), performing work without a physical presence in the enterprise (teleworking, flexible forms of work, etc.), conducting business around the clock (virtual companies), changing the power relations – citizens [virtual cities, offices and ministries, tax accounting, marketing, on-line elections; there are also numerous dangers (e.g. Big Brother-like control, ‘programming’ voters), as well as advantages [technically possible tele-democracy – a grassroots representative democracy), but the result is the phenomenon of people redundant or excluded (surplus people)]; transformations of mass media (e-journals, e-newspapers), the system of copyright (music, movies, books in the Internet, e-libraries, digitization of archives; intensification of institutional usage of the advantage over individual corporations – including Codex Alimentiarius, ACTA, TTIP, etc.), contact with others without changing the place of residence (chats, environmental websites, emails, etc.), modifications of consumption patterns (e-banking, etourism, e-shopping, virtual stocks, virtual parks), leisure [computer games, exploring places recreated digitally from old photos of streets and city areas (redendering), parks, museums, etc.], and even elements of everyday life [home appliances media center, computer controlling the operation of a flat/house (heating, air conditioning, lighting, cooking, etc.)], a personal (virtual) assistant/caregiver
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/doctor, robot-surrogate (with hazardous occupations), etc.; the utilization of possibilities and opportunities in the global economy of networks is more important than solving problems; there is a phenomenon of power differentiation (socioeconomic equivalent of an avalanche); strong corporate and capitalist exploitation (low and very low wages in relation to qualifications) are accompanied by accelerated degradation of the social environment (e.g. unemployment, structural unemployment, deliberate atomization of society, breaking ties between various socioprofessional groups, anomie, alienation, family breakdowns, exclusion, promotion of various pathologies, deviations, etc.); weaker or less developed society are tied into semicolonial and/or neo-colonial subordination (mainly economic, but also cultural, financial, technological etc.) with greater powers, and they are exploited by the oligarchies; the exploitation process is exacerbated by the conduct of a part of the local management team (upper, middle and lower), which, thanks to the kapo mentality, exacerbates forms of exploitation, thereby aggravating the misery of others; a working individual very rarely has ensured revenue which allows them to maintain a family, educate themselves, bring up and educate their children, entertainment, travel, etc. (a well-paid stable job has become a scarce resource); politics is dominated by pragmatism and the primacy of business and economics, and strategic management perception; there is an increase in the span of socio-economic links between centers and peripheries of corporate and global economy, the deepening of economic dependency and civilizational degradation of smaller and weaker societies; the launch of a global trend of the ‘race to the bottom’, i.e. a competition of less developed societies and economies to attract investment and foreign capital, regardless of the numerous dangers of destructive functioning tied to the supra-national/global capital (speculative mechanisms/financial markets); social struggle is (seemingly) replaced by entrepreneurship and individual mobility; knowledge becomes a quickly repaid capital; there is growing importance of creativity and feasibility; the economy is transformed by networking, virtualizing and globalizing; business and international relations ignore and disrespect the environment, general social values, low inflation, strengthening of the currency/economy, credible monetary policies, etc.; the powers lead to destabilization, degradation and plundering of many societies and states; wars, armaments and arms trafficking become a source of enormous profits for many countries and corporations (outsourcing and privatization of war); international law, international agreements and treaties
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cease to be standards applicable to powers; there is total surveillance of electronic and information technology regarding citizens (own and foreign), other governments and rival countries, competing corporations and economies; development scenarios: (basic variant) progressing global financial and economic crisis, numerous local and regional armed conflicts and the third world war [with weapons of mass destruction N, B, C, electromagnetic weaponry, etc.], mass exterminations and genocide, epidemics, hunger and poverty, earthquakes combined with tsunamis, non-harvests, widespread degeneration in labor camps, socalled common (forced) euthanasia, genetic-abortiveeugenic experiments, radiation and contamination, etc. reduce the human population from 7.5 billion to 0.5 billion; against protesting masses there is used so-called soft, non-lethal weaponry (the so-called non-lethal weapons or less-lethal); the networked plebs is inoculated with a swarm mentality; there is formed one global-hypertotalitarian government subordinated to the so-called oligarchic elite of so-called nobility, and the economy functions in a stagnant-ecological-sustainable development; space is exploited within the entire solar system [optimistic variant: eventually the direct info-democracy is victorious – grassroots representative democracy, science and the economy is developing dynamically, and humanity reaches out to the so-called deep space];
Source: own.
For the participants socialized in a traditional system of values – relationships – of the socio-economic world – the impact of the new reality will be perceived as the birth of chaos, instability, disorder, growing (soon-to-be general) uncertainty, deepening division. In the history of human societies, transformations of the socio-economic system proceeded with a different intensity in different areas. It happened, for example, in the case of early capitalism, when a state-feudal society started to collapse (differently in England, France, Germany or Poland). The elites which introduced the socio-economic changes, following a system of values different from the previous one – was driven by a new reality (e.g. the French or Soviet Revolution). Following this analogy – the early stages of the new order will most likely mean mass migrations, disturbances, revolutions, dictatorships, struggles, uprisings, and even a world war. The financial and economic crisis in developed societies (in the years 2007/8 – 2015/6), or the changes in the Maghreb countries, in the Middle East, in China (e.g. the increase in importance of the country's economy on a global scale, giant changes to the local currencies, energy and commodity deficits etc.) indicate the next phase of re-structuring of connections and relations between the new [global-corporatepost-industrial-oligarchic structure knowledge society] and the old reality.
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