Callan Book 5 [Stage 9 10]

WPROWADZENIE Celem tej książki jest, niemal wyłącznie, wzbogacenie słownictwa studenta w sposób szybki i efektywny. Prawdopodobnie właśnie teraz student będzie odczuwał, że zaczyna umieć język angielski. W tym momencie istnieje niebezpieczeństwo, że zechce on zacząć używać go w bardziej naturalny, swobodny sposób. Może się zdarzyć, iż zniecierpliwiony uporządkowanym funkcjonowaniem Metody, opartej na pytaniach i odpowiedziach, student będzie chciał prowadzić bardziej swobodne rozmowy i czytać ciekawe książki na lekcji. Jest on jak atleta, który chce opuścić trening przed czasem i przystąpić do zawodów. Jedynie bardzo zły trener mógłby na to pozwolić. W tym momencie nauki student nie posiada jeszcze wystarczającego zasobu słów i płynności w użyciu przyswojonego materiału, aby móc sobie pozwolić na prowadzenie swobodnych rozmów w klasie. Przy pierwszej próbie takiej rozmowy student sam zorientowałby się, że jąka się i w desperacji szuka odpowiednich wyrazów niezbędnych do wyrażenia myśli. W ten sposób znudziłby resztę klasy. Oczywiście jest w stanie przeprowadzić prostą rozmowę i może to czynić poza lekcjami, jeżeli ma taką możliwość; jednakże w takiej rozmowie znudzi tylko jedną osobę a nie całą klasę. Wymaga to dużego egoizmu i braku wrażliwości, aby zanudzać ludzi i narzucać się im ze swym jąkaniem. Jest to tak, jak w przypadku muzyka, czy aktora, który wychodzi na scenę bez wystarczającego przygotowania może to okazać się bardzo krępujące. Są różne sposoby poszerzania zasobu słownictwa. Student może, na przykład, utworzyć listę 1000-ca słów w tej książce i uczyć się systematycznie, na pamięć 10ciu słów dziennie, przez okres trzech miesięcy. Musiałby on oczywiście powtarzać każdą grupę 10-ciu słów co najmniej dwa razy. Na przykład, student mógłby nauczyć się 10-ciu słów w poniedziałek, powtórzyć je we wtorek i ponownie w środę, a potem jeszcze raz pod koniec danego miesiąca. Nie jest to oczywiście bardzo interesujący sposób nauki, nie jest też wcale bardzo szybki. Innym sposobem wzbogacenia słownictwa jest prowadzenie swobodnych rozmów i dyskusji, jak również czytanie interesującej książki na lekcji. Jednak podczas prowadzenia swobodnych rozmów może pojawić się znudzenie, o którym już wcześniej wspomniano. Dodatkowo każde nowe słowo, użyte w rozmowie lub w książce, musi być objaśnione przez nauczyciela (oznacza to, iż nauczyciel będzie mówił zbyt wiele). Tak, jak w każdym innym systemie, słownictwo nadal musi być powtarzane systematycznie, następnego dnia i później kolejnego, a także jeszcze raz na końcu miesiąca. Jeżeli studenci tego nie uczynią, to po upływie dwóch miesięcy nie tylko nie będą mogli przypomnieć sobie znaczenia tych słów, ale również wielu z nich nie będzie pamiętało, że kiedykolwiek w swoim życiu widzieli je bądź słyszeli. Z doświadczeń Metody Callana wynika, że prawidłowość taka ma miejsce.

Jakikolwiek system poszerzania słownictwa zostanie zastosowany, nie będzie w nim ucieczki od powtórek. Oczywiście są studenci, którym zapamiętywanie słów przychodzi z łatwością. „Chwytają" oni również słówka w miarę wydłużania się okresu obcowania z językiem angielskim. Jednakże tacy studenci zdarzają się rzadko. Dla zdecydowanej większości zapamiętywanie słownictwa stanowi dużą trudność. Gdyby tak nie było wszyscy bylibyśmy poliglotami. Czasami nauczycielom języka angielskiego trudno jest to zrozumieć. Dla nich samych nauczenie się języka było proste i z reguły nie rozumieją oni, jak trudne może to być dla przeciętnego studenta. Tak czy inaczej, nawet studenci posiadający dobrą pamięć, muszą powtarzać. W posługiwaniu się językiem nie wystarcza zapamiętanie słowa, konieczne jest przypomnienie go sobie i użycie natychmiast w danym momencie bez wahania; nie tylko przez okres następnych paru miesięcy, ale przez całe życie. Dobra pamięć niekoniecznie musi być długa. Doświadczenia Metody Callana wskazują, iż najszybszym, najłatwiejszym i najbardziej efektywnym sposobem poszerzania zasobu słów, jest systematyczne powtarzanie, jak również technika szybkich pytań i odpowiedzi stosowana w całej Metodzie. Technika ta rozwija szybki refleks u studenta i zapewnia możliwość natychmiastowego przypomnienia sobie danego wyrazu. Jest to również najmniej nudne podejście. Przyswajane słownictwo i zdolność użycia go poprzez swobodne rozmowy może zająć przeciętnemu studentowi lata. Po omówieniu wszystkich pięciu książek Metody Callana, student nie będzie miał żadnych trudności w rozmowie czy dyskusji na jakikolwiek temat. Nie potrzebuje on żadnych specjalnych lekcji konwersacji. Cała Metoda Callana składa się właśnie z rozmowy, począwszy od pierwszej lekcji - rozmowy kontrolowanej i efektywnej. Ostatnim problemem swobodnej rozmowy, abstrahując od faktu, iż jest ona trudna do prowadzenia w dużym gronie osób, jest to, że w takiej rozmowie przewagę będą miały osoby najbardziej rozmowne i komunikatywne. Natomiast reszta klasy będzie siedziała w milczeniu. Nawet jeżeli studenci rozumieją, iż swobodna rozmowa nie jest efektywna, nadal istnieje dla nich i dla nauczycieli pokusa, aby zaangażować się w nią od czasu do czasu - sprowokowane może być to pytaniami z książki. Na przykład, po pytaniu takim, jak „Co złości cię bardziej niż cokolwiek innego?", może wyniknąć dyskusja o sprawach, które złoszczą studentów najbardziej. Może wydawać się ona bardzo interesującą, jednakże zwalnia lekcję w znacznej mierze z przyczyn wyżej wspomnianych, doprowadzając studentów do zmęczenia. Lekcje przeprowadzane w ten sposób mogą podwoić czas trwania nauki studenta, z czego nie będzie on zadowolony. Po zadaniu pewnych pytań, nauczyciel może zapytać studenta, „Dlaczego?" lub „Dlaczego nie?", tylko po to, aby dać studentowi szansę wyrażenia jego opinii w sprawie zawartej w pytaniu. Jeżeli jednak student nie umie wyrazić swych myśli szybko, bez wahania, nauczyciel powinien natychmiast przystąpić do zadania następnego pytania. Ogólna dyskusja nie powinna być dozwolona pod żadnym pozorem. Jest ona stratą czasu i w końcu doprowadzi do znudzenia.

STAGE 9 815 LESSON 125

EDGE LITTLE BY LITTLE krawędź, poruszać się stopniowo po trochu WHAT PART OF THE TABLE IS THIS?

INTEND zamierzać That part of... is the edge

CAN WE BALANCE A DINNER-PLATE ON ITS EDGE ? Yes, perhaps we can balance ... but it'd be rather difficult and would depend on the type of plate CAN WE CUT BREAD WITH THE THICK EDGE OF A KNIFE ?

No, we cant...

The verb "to edge" means "to move slowly, little by little," usually in a sideways direction, but also in any direction./ WHAT DOES THE VERB "TO EDGE" MEAN ?

The verb ... "to move slowly, little by little" ...

WHY DOES A CAR HAVE TO EDGE FORWARD WHEN TURNING FROM A SMALL SIDE-STREET INTO A MAIN STREET AGAINST THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC ? A car has to edge forward when ... so that other cars can see what it intends doing, and so slow down to let it pass ... TIN puszka

816 WHY DO FACTORIES PUT FOOD IN TINS ?/ WHAT METAL IS A TIN MADE OF?

Factories put food in tins to conserve it

A tin is made of tin

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS AND PARTICIPLES HELPFUL pomocny

Adjectives of two syllables which end in the letters -er, -le, -ow and -y form their comparatives and superlatives by adding -er and -est. For example, clever - cleverer - cleverest. WHICH ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES FORM THEIR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES BY ADDING -ER AND -EST ?/ The adjectives of two syllables which form ... are those which end in -er, -le, -ow, or -y GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

Simple ... simpler ... simplest

Adjectives of two syllables which do not end in the letters - er - le - ow or -y and have the accent on the first syllable, form their comparatives and superlatives by using "more" and "most". For example, helpful

more helpful

the most helpful

useless

more useless

the most useless

817 WHICH ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES FORM THEIR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES BY USING "MORE" AND "MOST" ?/ The adjectives of two syllables which form ... are those which do not end in -er -le -ow or -y and have their accent on the first syllable GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

Modern . .. more modem ... the most modern

Participles ending in -ed or -ing also form their comparatives by using "more" and "most". For example, pleased

more pleased

the most pleased

boring

more boring

the most boring

HOW DO WE FORM THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF PARTICIPLES ENDING IN -ED OR -ING ? We form the ... by using "more" and "most"... GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE !/

Learned ... more learned ... Interesting...

Adverbs of two syllables made from adjectives by adding -ly form their comparatives and superlatives by using "more" and "most". For example,

carefully

more carefully

the most carefully

HOW DO WE FORM THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF 818 ADVERBS OF TWO SYLLABLES WHICH ARE MADE FROM ADJECTIVES BY ADDING -LY ? We form the ... which are made from adjectives by adding -ly by using "more" and "most" GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/

Happily; more happily; the most happily

SYMPATHY współczucie WHAT KIND OF PE OPLE DO YOU HAVE MOST SYMPAT HY FOR ? The kind of people I have most sympathy for are those who lie in bed for years, or who are blind ... ANXIETY trwoga, niepokój

ANXIOUS niespokojny

DO YOU FEEL ANY GREAT ANXIETY ABOUT YOUR OWN PERSONAL FUTURE, OR THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD ? Yes, I feel some anxiety... or... No, I don't feel any ... WHY IS A SHOPKEEPER ANXIOUS TO PLEASE HIS CUSTOMERS ?/ A shopkeeper is ... so that they will come back again ...

819 ENTERTAIN zabawiać

ENTERTAINMENT rozrywka

WHAT KIND OF ENTERTAINMENTS EXIST IN THE PLACE WHERE YOU LIVE? The kind of ...are... SUPPOSING YOU COULD ENTERTAIN A FAMOUS PERSON AT YOUR HOUSE, EITHER A GREAT FIGURE IN HISTORY OR SOMEONE ALIVE TODAY, WHOM WOULD YOU CHOOSE?/ Supposing I could entertain ... I'd choose... BY ACCIDENT przez przypadek IF BY ACCIDENT YOU KNOCKED SOMEBODY'S ARM WHILST HE WAS WRITING, WHATT) YOU SAY? If by accident... I'd say "I'm sorry", or just "Sorry" BACKGROUND tło, pochodzenie

APPLY składać podanie, zastosować

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE BACKGROUND OF A PICTURE OR A PHOTOGRAPH ? By the background... mean that part which is behind the main subject

WHEN A STUDENT APPLIES TO GO TO UNIVERSITY, IS HE ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT HIS PERSONAL BACKGROUND ?/ Yes, when a ... or ... No, when a... 820 WHAT KIND OF ACTIVITIES DO YOU APPLY YOUR ENERGIES TO MOST? The kind of activities ... are ... DOES THE LAW OF THE LAND APPLY TO EVERYBODY ? Yes, the law ... or, at least, it should WHERE DO YOU HAVE TO GO TO APPLY FOR A PASSPORT ?

You have

to go to... to apply... HIGHLY2000 wysoce

THE BROWNS

Brawnowie

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD " HIGHLY ". It's highly probable that the Browns won't come today

ANCIENT starożytny

EGYPT Egipt

WHICH IS ONE OF THE MOST ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD ? One of the ... is the Egyptian civilization, or the Babylonian civilization... SOMEWHAT nieco GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "SOMEWHAT". I'd say he was somewhat lacking in common sense

AT ALL w ogóle 821 GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "AT ALL". It's very strange; I've worked hard all day but don't feel tired at all MERCHANT kupiec WHAT DOES A MERCHANT DO?/

A merchant buys and sells goods

IDIOM 28 WHY ON EARTH = a very strong form of "why ?" dlaczego u licha ... e.g. Why on earth didn't you buy one, as they were so very cheap? WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "WHY ON EARTH" MEAN ?

The idiom ... a very strong form of "why?"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! DICTATION 67

I just can't understand why on earth they got

married if they don't like each other very much UNITY jedność

There are various means of transport/these days;/not as in the old days/ when people only had the choice/ of going on foot/ or on horseback,/ or by some/ horse-drawn means of transport./ Being overweight is usually due to overeating./ One usually needs to be taught/ how to operate a factory machine./ Unity is essential for success/ in a battle./ Alfred is the elder/ of the two children,/ though even he is not very old./ They just could not decide/ whether to rent a house/ for the summer / or stay at a hotel. / Eventually, however,/ they chose to rent a house. 822 LESSON 126 EXPLAIN TO wyjaśnić, wytłumaczyć SUGGEST TO sugerować, proponować CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE GAME OF FOOTBALL TO ME (OR ANY OTHER GAME YOU MIGHT KNOW) ? Yes, I can explain the ... A game of football is composed of... CAN YOU SUGGEST TO ME A NICE PLACE FOR A HOLIDAY ? Yes, I can suggest ... or... No, I can't... CONFIDENT pewny siebie NOW THAT YOU ARE AT THIS STAGE OF YOUR ENGLISH STUDIES, DO YOU THINK YOU'D BE ABLE TO TRAVEL ABROAD CONFIDENT OF MAKING YOURSELF UNDERSTOOD IN THE LANGUAGE? Yes, now that I'm at... or... No, now that...

AGREE ABOUT

AGREE THAT

AGREE TO

uzgodnić

zgodzić się, że...

zgodzić się na

AGREE WITH zgodzić się

LAND IN PRISON znaleźć się w więzieniu

823 IF YOUR FRIEND WANTS TO GO TO ONE CINEMA AND YOU WANT TO GO TO ANOTHER, AND YOU CAN'T AGREE ABOUT WHICH TO GO TO, WHAT DO YOU DO ? If my friend wants to ... we ... DO YOU AGREE THAT LIFE WAS BETTER IN THE PAST THAN IT IS TODAY ?/ Yes, I agree that... or... No, I don't agree WOULD YOU AGREE TO DO AN EXTRA THREE HOURS OF ENGLISH TODAY ? Yes, I'd agree to ... or... No, I wouldn't...

WOULD YOU AGREE TO A PLAN THAT MIGHT LAND YOU IN PRISON ? Yes, I'd agree to ... or ... No, I wouldn't... WHEN YOU DON'T AGREE WITH OTHERS, WHAT DO YOU DO?/

When 1 don't agree with ... I ... TAKE CARE opiekować się, uważać

RUN OVER przejechać (coś, kogoś)

CARE FOR tu: mieć ochotę

WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO BE DONE WITH DRIVERS WHO DON'T TAKE CARE WHILST DRIVING, AND SO RUN OVER PEOPLE? I think that drivers who don't... ought to ... 824 WHO TAKES CARE OF YOU WHEN YOU'RE ILL ?/

My ... takes care ...

DO YOU CARE WHAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT YOU ?

Yes, I care ... or ...

No, I don't care what... When we ask someone to dance, we can say "Would you care for this dance ?", or "Would you like to dance ?" WHAT CAN WE SAY WHEN WE ASK SOMEONE TO DANCE? I DARE SAY = IT IS PROBABLE przypuszczam

DARING śmiałość, odwaga

When we ask ... we can say ... REQUIRE wymagać, żądać

"I dare say you're right" means I think it is probable that you are right. For such an expression we always use the first person./ WHAT DOES THIS SENTENCE MEAN, IN OTHER WORDS ? - "I DARE SAY YOU'RE RIGHT." That sentence means, in other words, "I think it

is probable that you are right" WHAT KIND OF JOB WOULD YOU SAY REQUIRED THE MOST DARING? I'd say the kind of job which ... would be that... EAGER ochoczy

RUB trzeć

825 WHEN PEOPLE ARE EAGER TO DO SOMETHING, WHAT DO THEY SOMETIMES LOOK LIKE?/ When people are ... they sometimes look alive, have bright eyes, and perhaps rub their hands together ... FACE (v) wyglądać, stawić czoła

FACE TO FACE oko w oko

WHERE DOES THIS WINDOW FACE ONTO ?

This window ... the street, a courtyard...

IF YOU FOUND YOURSELF FACE TO FACE WITH A KILLER WITH A KNIFE IN HIS HAND, WHAT'D YOU DO? If I found myself... I'd ... UP TO aż do... ABOUT HOW MANY PAGES OF THIS METHOD HAVE YOU STUDIED UP TO NOW ?/ I've studied about... pages of... ATTACK atakować DO INNOCENT PEOPLE EVER GET ATTACKED IN THE STREETS OF YOUR HOME TOWN ? Yes, innocent people ... or ... No, innocent... BURY zakopać, pogrzebać WHAT DOES A DOG DO WITH ITS BONE ?

A dog buries its bone in the ground...

826 WHERE DO THEY BURY THE DEAD IN YOUR COUNTRY - OUTSIDE THE TOWN, IN THE GROUNDS OF A CHURCH ... ETC. ? They bury the dead ... ANGER

złość

WHAT ANGERS YOU MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE?/

... angers me more than anything else

INSULT obrazić, obraza WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST WAY TO INSULT A PERSON ? I think the best... is to ... IDIOM 29 FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE = a very strong form of "please" na miłość boską e.g. For heaven's sake, be quiet! and let me get some sleep. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE" MEAN ? GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

The idiom ... "a very..."

For heaven's sake, don't do that again! or I shall get very angry

827 DICTATION 68

MADNESS szaleństwo

Football is played throughout the whole world./ It is such a popular game/ that in some cases it is almost a form of madness./ Provided you go straight home after school,/ you will be in time to see/ your uncle before he leaves./ Everyone was dressed/ in their very best clothes/ for the big dance,/ which commenced at 8 p.m./ The waiter placed the tray/ carefully on the table./ The meal he had brought us/ consisted of potatoes/ and a small piece of meat/ which appeared to be old and hard. LESSON 127

AFRAID OF bać się, obawiać się czegoś

AFRAID THAT obawiać się, że

AFRAID TO bać się coś robić

WHY DO YOU SUPPOSE SOME PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY CHILDREN, ARE AFRAID OF THE DARK ? I suppose some ... because they imagine things that are not there... WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE AFRAID THAT THEY MIGHT GET KILLED IF THEY TRAVEL BY PLANE MORE THAN BY OTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORT ?/ Some people ... because a plane accident is front-page news ... ARE YOU AFRAID TO TRAVEL BY PLANE ?

Yes, I'm afiaid... or... No, I'm not...

We can also use "afraid" for an apology. For example, a shopkeeper might say to a customer "I'm afraid we haven't got the size you want, sir". 828 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "AFRAID" USED IN AN APOLOGY/ I'm afraid I can't help you

COMPOUND WORDS

E.G. A LONG - HAIRED DOG długowłosy pies

WELL-TIMED

dobrze wymierzony (czasowo)

A compound word can be formed by using an adjective and a noun together. For example, the adjective "long" can be put together with the noun "hair" and we can say "a long-haired dog" meaning a dog with long hair. Other examples are - "A blue-eyed baby, a one-legged man, and a broad-shouldered man." GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY PUTTING ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS TOGETHER. A blue-eyed baby, a one-legged man, a broad-shouldered man

Another way of forming a compound word is by using an adverb and a participle together. For example, the adverb "well" can be put together with the participle "cooked" and so we can say "a well-cooked meal". / GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY PUTTING ADVERBS AND PARTICIPLES TOGETHER. A badly-dressed man. A carefully-made plan. A well-timed move 829 WHISKERS wąsy (kota)

HUNTING polowanie

NOISELESSLY bez hałasu

MOUSE - MICE mysz, myszy

GAP szpara, luka

FENCE płot

HEDGE żywopłot

A cat's whiskers are the same width as its body./ This means that, when it goes hunting for mice and birds, and wishes to pass noiselessly through a gap in a fence or a hedge, it can first try the width of the gap with its whiskers to see if it is possible to get through the gap without using force and making a lot of noise. / FOR WHAT PURPOSE DOES A CAT USE ITS WHISKERS ? A cat uses it's whiskers in order to pass ... HAVE YOU ANY GAPS IN YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENGLISH YOU HAVE LEARNT (OR LEARNED) SO FAR ? Yes, I've some gaps ... or... No, I don't think I've any ... HALL hol/sala

ENTRANCE wejście

TOWN HALL ratusz

A hall is a large room. For example, we have the entrance hall of a house, the dining hall of a college, and a village or town hall where public meetings and even dances can be held. / 830 WHAT IS A HALL ?

A hall is a large room

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES OF ITS USE. POOL zbiornik/basen

LIQUID ciecz

INDOOR (S) wewnątrz

Entrance hall... OUTDOOR (S) na zewnątrz

OUT OF DOOR na zewnątrz

SWIMMING POOL basen

A pool is a collection of water or other liquid, either large or small. For example, "a pool of water on the road, a pool of blood" or "a swimming pool". /

WHAT IS A POOL ?

A pool is a collection of water or other liquid...

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE!

Pool of blood...

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF AN INDOOR SWIMMING POOL ? / The advantages... are that the water can be heated, and one can swim in it in any kind of weather... WHICH DO YOU PREFER AN INDOOR OR AN OUTDOOR SWIMMING POOL ?/ I prefer ... DO YOU SPEND MOST OF YOUR TIME INDOORS OR OUT OF DOORS ? I spend most... E.G. NICE TO SEE

831 ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE

miło widzieć

IT IS WELL TO jest dobrze

It is well to note the construction Adjective + Infinitive. For example, "It is very nice to see you again." GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF AN ADJECTIVE PLUS INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION. / It's good to be alive MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING * ADJECTIVE OR INFINITIVE E.G. MAKE HIM HAPPY OR uczynić go szczęśliwym

MAKE THE CAR GO sprawić by samochód jechał

Another construction to be noted is with the word "make" which is as follows:Make + Somebody or Something + Adjective or Infinitive. For example, "It will make him happy (adj)" and "It will make the car go (inf)".

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE CONSTRUCTION "MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING + ADJECTIVE OR INFINITIVE". / The news made them sad. We made the table look like new 832 KNEE kolano

KNEEL - KNELT - KNELT uklęknąć

WHAT DO WE CALL THIS JOINT OF THE LEG ?

We call... knee

ON WHAT OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE KNEEL ? The occasions on which people kneel are when they say their prayers ... (LATE = RECENTLY DEAD OR ENDED)

zmarły, ostatni

LATELY/

ostatnio

WHO WAS THE LEADER OF THE LATE GOVERNMENT IN YOUR COUNTRY ? / The leader of... was... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT THE LATE MR. JOHNSON ? When we speak... we mean he has died recently or lately

MATCH dopasować

JUDO dżudo

IS IT THE FASHION AMONG WOMEN TODAY TO MATCH THEIR HAND BAGS WITH THEIR SHOES, AND FOR MEN TO MATCH THEIR TIES WITH THEIR SOCKS OR HANDKERCHIEFS ?/ Yes, it's the fashion ... or... No, it isn't... 833 DO YOU THINK A SMALL MAN WHO KNEW JUDO WOULD BE A MATCH FOR A BIG MAN WHO KNEW HOW TO BOX ? Yes, I think ... or... No, I don't think ... WHEN DO THEY HOLD FOOTBALL MATCHES IN YOUR HOME TOWN? They hold... FUNERAL pogrzeb WHAT COLOUR CLOTHES DO EUROPEAN PEOPLE USUALLY WEAR FOR A FUNERAL ? European people usually wear black for a funeral

MYSTERY tajemnica DO YOU LIKE MYSTERY STORIES ? /

Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't like ...

HUMBLE pokorny, biedny CAN YOU NAME ANY GREAT MEN WHO WERE OF HUMBLE BIRTH ? Yes, I can ... Lincoln, Dickens ... PATH ścieżka

WHY DO WE HAVE A PATH IN A GARDEN? We have a... so that people don't walk on the grass or on the flowers ... INSURE2050 ubezpieczyć 834 IS IT THE LAW IN YOUR COUNTRY THAT EVERYONE MUST INSURE HIS CAR AGAINST ACCIDENTS ? / Yes, It's the ... or ... No, it isn't... IDIOM 30 SORE POINT = a subject which causes unpleasant memories of past difficulties czuły punkt and arguments. e.g. Don't ask him why he had to sell his car last year; it's a sore point with him. WHAT'S THE MEANING OF THE IDIOM "SORE POINT" ? The meaning ... is "a subject which causes unpleasant memories ..." GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

Don't speak about what happened on holiday last summer; it's a sore point with her

DICTATION 69 It looks as if/ we are in double trouble./ Not only have we lost our money/ and return tickets home,/ but also the key of the front door. /1 will have to look the word up/ in a modem dictionary:/ this one is too old./ Though there has been some delay,/ the goods will nonetheless/ arrive in time./ Walking in the forest,/ we came across a great lion/ which did not seem at all fierce,/ lying lazily in the sun./ He certainly looked a real king, however,/ and did not need to sit upon a throne/ to let the world know/ that this was his kingdom.

835 LESSON 128 HYPHENED (OR HYPHENATED) COMPOUNDS

SPOON łyżka

E.G. A TEN - MINUTE TALK 10-minutowa rozmowa GIVE ME SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF HYPHENED COMPOUNDS, PLEASE ! A three-roomed flat. A slow-moving train. A ten-minute wait. An ash-tray. A table-spoon

836 THE ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM UNIT jednostka

PENNY pens

PENCE

pens

SHILLING szyling

MONETARY/ monetarny

The English monetary system has now changed somewhat, but when reading old books it will be the old system that will be referred to, and so it is well to know something of that system, which was simply as follows:- The three basic units were the penny, the shilling and the pound. 12 pennies made a shilling and 20 shillings made a pound.

WHAT WERE THE THREE BASIC UNITS OF THE ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM ? The three ... were the penny, the shilling and the pound HOW MANY PENNIES MADE A SHILLING ? /

Twelve pennies ...

HOW MANY SHILLINGS MADE A POUND ?

Twenty...

The word "penny " has two plurals - "pennies" and "pence". When speaking about the actual coins, we say, for example, "I will give you six pennies", that is, six coins but, when speaking about value and not the actual coins, we say, for example, "This pencil costs ten pence."

WHAT ARE THE TWO PLURALS OF THE WORD "PENNY", AND WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN THEIR USE?/ The two plurals of ... The monetary system used today is much simpler. The shilling has gone, leaving a hundred pennies to make one pound, and instead of saying "pennies" or "pence" people usually say just the letter "p", e.g. This pencil costs ninety "pee" (90p).

837 IN THE MONETARY SYSTEM USED TODAY, HOW MANY PENNIES MAKE A POUND ? In the ... a hundred ... DOUBLING CONSONANTS OVERCOME

przezwyciężyć

SLOW DOWN zwolnić

NATURAL

naturalny

PICK UP tu: przyswoić

FORBID - FORBADE • FORBIDDEN zabronić

GATHER SPEED nabierać szybkości

PECULIAR dziwny, osobliwy

SUFFIX przyrostek

PECULIARITY osobliwość

SUNNY słoneczny

As you have already seen, English spelling is no easy matter, and so the best way perhaps to overcome the difficulty is not by learning rules, which often confuse rather than help and slow down the natural speed at which the language should be used, but by noting carefully how each individual word is spelt and how it behaves when used in different ways./ For example, instead of trying to remember the rule that explains why the word "forbid" doubles the "d" in its past participle "forbidden" whilst the word "happen" doesn't double its "n", it is perhaps better to note the behaviour of each individual word, accept its peculiarities without too much question, and remember them and practise using them. This way of learning can be used for language study in general, i.e. note and copy, without worrying too much about the reasons behind everything. This is, in fact, how some people are able to pick up a language in a matter of a few weeks. 838 WHAT IS PERHAPS THE BEST WAY TO OVERCOME THE DIFFICULTY OF ENGLISH SPELLING ? Perhaps the best... is not by learning rules ... but by noting how each individual word is spelt and how it behaves when used in different ways GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/

Instead of trying to remember the rule ... preferred, whilst... offered

Sometimes, however, a rule which is very clear and easy to remember, can help in the learning of the language. For example, with a word of one syllable which ends in a single vowel and a single consonant, the consonant is usually doubled when we add a suffix beginning with a vowel. For example "big-bigger; hit-hitting; sun-sunny" etc. WHEN DO WE USUALLY DOUBLE A CONSONANT ? We usually ... with a word of one syllable which ends in a single vowel and a single consonant

839 GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! Sad-sadder; glad- gladden; run-running

WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT THE DRIVING OF A CAR, WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF TO SLOW DOWN ? / When we ... to gather speed EITHER OF THEM jedną którąś z nich

NEITHER OF THEM żadnej z nich

EQUALLY

równie, równo

Notice the way in which we can answer the following: "Which of these books do you want?" - "Either of them, it does not matter, as they are both equally interesting", or "Neither of them, as they are both very boring." IF I ASK YOU WHICH OF TWO THINGS YOU WANT, AND THE CHOICE IS OF NO IMPORTANCE TO YOU, WHAT DO YOU REPLY ?/ If you ask... either of them AND IF YOU WERE NOT INTERESTED IN EITHER OF THE TWO THINGS, WHAT WOULD YOU REPLY? If I were ... neither of them NEXT następny WHO'S SITTING NEXT TO YOU ?

... is sitting next to me

WHEN SHALL WE SEE EACH OTHER NEXT ?

We'll see ... next...

OBJECT przedmiot 840 WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE OBJECT OF LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ? / I think the object of... is ... PAD COTTON wyściółka, tampon bawełna

COTTON-WOOL wata

ABSORB wchłaniać

WHEN WE CUT OURSELVES, WHY DO WE PUT A PAD OF COTTON WOOL OVER THE CUT ? When we cut... to absorb the blood and to cover and protect the wound IS THIS CHAIR PADDED ?

Yes, this ... or ... No, this chair...

REACH OUT sięgać WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're reaching out for me to give you something

SCALE skala

THERMOMETER termometr

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE SCALE ON A THERMOMETER ? / By the scale ... we mean the marks on it showing the degrees of temperature WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A MAP IS DRAWN TO A SCALE OF ONE INCH TO A MILE ? When we say that... we mean that an inch on the map represents a mile of actual land 841 UNFINISHED SENTENCES ENDING WITH " TO "

CONTINUATION kontynuacja

Sometimes we leave a sentence unfinished, ending it with the word "to". For example, "I did not want to tell him but I had to". The continuation of the sentence would have been "had to tell him". / GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNFINISHED SENTENCE ENDING WITH "TO", PLEASE ! He said I could go if I wanted to (go) FINISH THIS SENTENCE, PLEASE! - "I DON'T WANT TO DO IT, BUT I SUPPOSE 1 OUGHT TO ..." ... do it TAKE HOLD OF chwycić się czegoś CHANCE szansa

TAKE BY SURPRISE zaskoczyć kogoś

TAKE A BATH kapać się

BY CHANCE przypadkiem

WHY DO PEOPLE TAKE HOLD OF SOMETHING WHEN THEY SUDDENLY BECOME AFRAID ? People take ... in order to give them strength and support and to steady themselves WHAT DO PEOPLE OFTEN DO WHEN THEY ARE TAKEN BY SURPRISE ? People often jump when they ... 842 HOW OFTEN DO YOU SUPPOSE THE AVERAGE PERSON TAKES A BATH? I suppose the average ... about... WHAT DID HE SAY ? He said he supposed the average person took a bath about once a ... Some other uses of "take" are "take a holiday; take a house for a year; take a degree; take an exam" etc./

CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME OTHER USES OF THE VERB "TAKE" ? ... take a holiday; take a chance ... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE GIVE SOMEONE A SECOND CHANCE ? When we say ... we mean they have failed at something or done something wrong and we are going to give them the chance to do better ... WHY DO PEOPLE THESE DAYS HAVE A MUCH GREATER CHANCE OF LIVING TO A MUCH GREATER AGE THAN THEY DID IN THE OLD DAYS ?/ People these days ... because life today is easier and more comfortable, and modern medicine has improved a lot in recent times ... 843 WHICH OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS OF YOUR LIFE HAVE HAPPENED TO YOU BY CHANCE ? Of the most important... by chance are ... TEMPTATION

pokusa

DO YOU EVER GET THE TEMPTATION TO DO SOMETHING VERY STRANGE?-FOR EXAMPLE, TO SHOUT SOMETHING OUT WHEN EVERYONE IN A ROOM IS VERY SILENT Yes, I sometimes ... or ... No, I never ... WHAT ?/ VIEW

widok

WHAT KIND OF VIEW WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE FROM YOUR BEDROOM WINDOW? I'd like ... a view of... HIDE - HID - HIDDEN ukryć WHERE'D BE THE BEST PLACE TO HIDE FROM THE POLICE IN THIS BUILDING ? The best place ... in this building would be ... WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO HIDE" ?/ The paradigm ... hide-hid-hidden LIAR kłamca

WHO'S THE BIGGEST LIAR YOU'VE EVER MET ?

... is the biggest...

844 DETAIL detal, szczegół

WHEN SOMEONE GIVES YOU AN ACCOUNT OF A FILM HE HAS SEEN, OR OF SOMETHING THAT'S HAPPENED TO HIM, DO YOU LIKE HIM TO GIVE YOU ALL THE SMALL DETAILS AS WELL?/ Yes, when someone...

1 like him ... or... No, when someone ... 1 don't like ... but just the main points ... IDIOM 31 GET ONE DOWN = make one tired and unhappy zniechęcić kogoś e.g. With all the noise and everyone getting angry it just gets you down after a time. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GET ONE DOWN" MEAN ?

The idiom ... make ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! He had to stop work, because the problems and difficulties of the job got him down after a time DICTATION 70

CORNER (v) Rat

The men arrived late/ at the works so often/ that they lost their jobs./ It is said that/ when a rat is cornered/ by a man/ and has to defend its life,/ it will fly/ at the man's throat./ John did not realize/ what he was doing/ and consequently forgot/ to shut the door behind him./ They have always led/ a very comfortable life till now./I suppose/ we shall reach the end of the book/ eventually/ if we keep working steadily./ The price of goods/ depends on supply and demand./ If the demand is great/ but the supply is small,/ the price will, of course, be high. 845 LESSON 129

HOW DO YOU DO ? jak się pan/pani miewa

HOW ARE YOU ? jak się masz

When we are introduced to somebody, we shake his hand and say "How do you do ?" and he replies the same "How do you do ?" WHEN WE ARE INTRODUCED TO SOMEBODY, WHAT DO WE SAY ? When we are ... "How do you do ?" AND WHAT DOES THE OTHER PERSON REPLY ? The other... "How do you do ?" When we meet somebody we know, we say "How are you ?" and they can reply in many different ways, but perhaps one of the most common replies is "Not too bad"./ WHAT DO YOU SAY WHEN YOU MEET SOMEONE YOU KNOW? When I meet... "How are you ?" AND WHAT DO THEY GENERALLY REPLY ?

They generally reply "Not too bad"

UNDERNEATH pod spodem, poniżej The difference between "under" and "underneath" is the same as that between "after" and "afterwards". "Underneath" means "under that" or "under it", and, unlike the word "under", it does not usually need to be followed by any other words. For example, "I knelt down by the car and looked under it", whilst "I knelt down by the car and looked underneath"./ 846 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "UNDER" AND "UNDERNEATH" ? The difference ... "underneath" means "under that" or "under it" ... it does not usually need to be followed by any other words GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

I knelt down by the car and looked under it... or ... I knelt down ... underneath

WANDER wędrować, spacerować

DISTINGUISH rozróżnić

CAN YOU DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION BETWEEN THE WORDS "WANDER" AND "WONDER" ? / Yes, I can ... or... No, I can't... WHAT DOES THE WORD "WANDER" MEAN ? The word ... WHAT DOES THE WORD "WONDER" MEAN ? STILL jeszcze, wciąż

847 ANNOYANCE irytacja, zniecierpliwienie

YET

STRESS akcent

The word ...

jeszcze , już

GOOD HEAVENS! wielkie nieba!

As we have already seen, we use "still" for something that is in progress at the moment, whilst we use "yet" for something that has not begun or happened. This means that "still" is generally used in positive sentences whilst "yet" is generally used in negative and interrogative sentences. In addition, however, we must note that when "still" is used in questions, it often gives the feeling of surprise or annoyance etc., and is generally spoken with a heavy stress, e.g. "What! Is that man still here?" - in other words, "Why doesn't he go home and let us all have some peace ?" - or, "Good heavens! You aren't still eating, are you?"/

WHAT FEELING DOES THE WORD "STILL" OFTEN GIVE WHEN USED IN QUESTIONS ? The feeling the word ... is one of surprise or annoyance HOW IS IT USED? GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

It's used with a heavy stress "Good heavens! Are you still working ?"

When "still" is used with comparatives, such as "longer, quicker, worse" etc., it is similar in meaning to the word "even" (meaning "more"), e.g. "If we want to get there in time, we must go still faster" or "even faster". 848 WHEN "STILL" IS USED WITH COMPARATIVES, WHAT IS IT SIMILAR IN MEANING TO ?/ When "still" is ... "even" (meaning "more") GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

My French is bad, and my English is still worse

ACCORDING TO według IF 1 SAID TO YOU THAT ACCORDING TO THE NEWSPAPERS THIS MORNING WORLD WAR THREE HAD BEEN DECLARED, WOULD YOU BELIEVE ME ? No, if you said ... WHY NOT? WHAT, ACCORDING TO YOU, IS THE BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH CRIMINALS ?/ I think the best way to deal... WHEN THINGS DON'T GO ACCORDING TO PLAN, WHAT DO YOU DO ? When things don't go ... BAND zespół, banda, taśma

DISTURBANCE zakłócenie

MILITARY wojskowa

SWEAT SHAPE pot, pocić się kształt

849 IN THIS COUNTRY, DO YOU GET BANDS OF YOUTHS GOING AROUND THE TOWNS CAUSING DISTURBANCES ? Yes, in this country we get... or ... No, in this country we ... DO YOU LIKE THE SOUND OF A MILITARY BAND ?/

Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't ...

WHY DO THEY PUT A BAND OF MATERIAL INSIDE A HAT? They put a ... in order to absorb the sweat and help the hat to keep its shape CARRIAGE wagon

WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE VERB "TO CARRY" ?

The noun ... "carriage"

HOW MANY CARRIAGES DOES THE AVERAGE TRAIN CONSIST OF? The average train consists of perhaps ... carriages IF A FACTORY SENDS YOU GOODS, WHO USUALLY PAYS FOR THE CARRIAGE - YOU OR THE FACTORY ?/ If a factory ... 850 ABOUT (cont.)

o, wokół, wokoło

FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS

tygodniami

WHAT ABOUT (YOU)

co (ty) na to

We must now note some of the different uses of the word "about". WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO PEOPLE ARGUE ABOUT ?

The kind of ... are politics, religion ...

DO YOU THINK THERE'S ANYTHING TERRIBLE ABOUT TELLING PEOPLE YOU ARE NOT AT HOME WHEN, IN FACT, YOU ARE ?/ Yes, I think there's something ... or ... No, I don't think... DO PEOPLE STAND ABOUT ON THE CORNERS OF THE STREETS IN YOUR TOWN ? Yes, people stand about... or... No, people don't... ARE YOU IN THE HABIT OF MOVING THINGS ABOUT IN YOUR HOUSE, OR DO YOU LEAVE THINGS IN THE SAME PLACE FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS ?/ Yes, I'm in the ... or... No, I'm not in ... but I leave things ... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "THERE ARE FLOWERS ABOUT THE DOOR" ? When we say ... we mean there are flowers around the door 851 I DON'T THINK THERE'S GOING TO BE ANOTHER WORLD WAR, WHAT ABOUT YOU ? - THAT IS, WHAT DO YOU THINK ? Yes, I agree. I don't ' think ... or... No, I don't agree. I think there's going to ... BITTER gorzki(a)

DISSATISFACTION

DOES TEA WITHOUT SUGAR TASTE SWEET ?/

niezadowolenie

No, tea ... but it tastes bitter

WHAT DO YOU THINK MAKES PEOPLE BITTER, ESPECIALLY IN THEIR OLD AGE ? I think that what makes people ... is dissatisfaction with their lives; things not having happened as they had wished; illness,... etc. NEAT schludny

WHAT WORD CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF THE WORD "TIDY" ? We can use ... "neat" instead of...

POVERTY ubóstwo WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO BE DONE ABOUT THE POVERTY IN THE WORLD ? I think... ADMIRE podziwiać WHOM DO YOU ADMIRE MORE THAN ANYONE ELSE ?/

I admire ... more than anyone else

GENEROUS hojny 852 DO YOU THINK THE RICH ARE MORE GENEROUS THAN THE POOR? Yes, I think the ... or... No, I don't...

IDIOM 32 TOUCH AND GO = dangerously very uncertain O mały włos... e.g. It was touch and go for a moment. I thought the piece of wood would break and we'd all fall into the sea. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "TOUCH AND GO" MEAN ?

The idiom... uncertain...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! The car was in a very bad condition, and it was touch and go whether it would get us home or not

DICTATION 71 The ship sank slowly/to the ocean bed./Some of the men on board were drowned/ as they were unable to swim./ Others managed / to hold on to pieces of wood/ thaj were floating/ on the surface of the sea/ and so were able to save themselves,/ and were carried to land/ by the tide./ Empires have always meant/ the conquering of one country by another,/ and the country which conquers/ then demands a tax/ which makes it possible/ to conquer still more countries./ He was a great literary figure/ of his day,/ but today he is very little read./ 853 LESSON 130 2100

DEAR

drogi

DO YOU THINK IT IS POSSIBLE FOR TWO PEOPLE TO REMAIN DEAR FRIENDS FOR LIFE ? Yes, 1 think it's ... or ... No, 1 don't... IS LIFE VERY DEAR TO YOU ?

Yes, life's very ... or ... No, life isn't...

WHAT'S THE DEAREST THING YOU'RE WEARING ?

My ... is the dearest...

EASY EASE łatwość, łatwy, wygodny wyswobodzić się

ILL AT EASE/ skrępowany

AT EASE swobodnie

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY AN EASY CHAIR?

By an easy chair we mean a comfortable chair

AND AN EASY LIFE ?

A comfortable and unhurried life

DO YOU FEEL AT EASE IN STRANGE COMPANY, OR DO YOU FEEL ILL AT EASE ? I feel... in strange company ARE YOU ABLE TO DO THE DICTATIONS IN THIS BOOK WITH EASE ?/ Yes, I'm able to do ... or ... No, I'm not able ... IF YOU HAVE A HEADACHE, WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE BEST WAY TO EASE THE PAIN ? If I have a ... I think ... the pain is to lie down, relax, take an aspirin ... etc. 854 FAILURE

TO BE OBLIGED niepowodzenie, przerwa być zobowiązanym

CANDLE świeca

LIGHT - LIT - LIT

zaświecić

WHEN THERE'S A FAILURE IN THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, WHAT ARE WE OBLIGED TO DO ?/ When there's a... we're obliged to light candles WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO LIGHT" ?

The paradigm ... "light - lit - lit"

WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO YOU THINK MAKE A PARTY A FAILURE? I think the kind of things that are ... STEAL kraść

ROB okraść

THIEF złodziej

The difference in sentence construction when using the verbs "steal" and "rob" is as follows:To steal + something + from somebody. The thief stole + my watch + from me. To rob + something or somebody + of something. The thief robbed + me + of my watch.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION WHEN USING THE VERBS "STEAL" AND "ROB" ?/ The difference... is "to steal + something..." 855 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! The thief stole + a handbag + from Mary. The thief robbed + Mary + of her handbag The object of the verb "steal" is what is taken by the thief, whilst the object of the verb "rob" is the person or the place from whom or from which the thing is stolen, e.g. The man stole a car. The man robbed me (or the bank). WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS OF THE VERBS "TO STEAL" AND "TO ROB" ? The difference ... is that the object of the verb "steal" is what is taken by the thief, whilst the object of the verb "rob" is the person from whom or from which the thing is stolen GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE!/

He stole a pen. He robbed them of a pen. He robbed the Post Office

HANDLE (v+n) rączka-klamka, obchodzić się

GENTLE delikatny

WHAT'S THIS ?

It's the door-handle

856 WHAT KIND OF OBJECTS MUST BE HANDLED VERY GENTLY WHEN WE TOUCH THEM ? The kind of objects that... are objects such as glass, eggs ... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A PERSON WITH A GENTLE NATURE ? By a person... we mean someone who is not cruel or rough ... etc. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A GENTLE WIND ?/

By a ... we mean a wind that is not at all strong ...

DO YOU KNOW HOW TO HANDLE (I.E. USE) A GUN ? Yes, I know how ... or... No, I don't know... WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO HANDLE A HORSE ? The best way ... is gently, without making any quick or sudden movements... etc. HAND-IN-HAND ręka w rękę

ARM-IN-ARM / ramię w ramię

GIRLFRIEND SHORTHAND przyjaciółka, dziewczyna stenografia

CUSTOM zwyczaj SYMBOL symbol

HAND (v) wręczyć, podawać

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "WALKING HAND-IN-HAND"?/ By "walking handin-hand" we mean two people holding each other's hand as they walk 857 IS IT THE CUSTOM IN YOUR COUNTRY FOR A BOY TO WALK ARM-IN-ARM WITH HIS GIRLFRIEND ? Yes, it's the custom ... or... No, it isn't... WHAT IS SHORTHAND? Shorthand is a system of writing in which we use symbols to represent the sounds of words WOULD YOU HAND ME THAT BOOK, PLEASE !

Yes, certainly

ENQUIRE dowiedzieć się

OFFICE biuro

INQUIRE dowiedzieć się

ENQUIRY / INQUIRY zasięgnięcie informacji

WHERE DO WE GO TO ENQUIRE ABOUT TRAIN TIMES AT THE STATION ?/ We go to the enquiry office to enquire about train ... ESCAPE uciec, ucieczka IF YOU HAD BEEN A PRISONER DURING THE LAST WORLD WAR, WOULD YOU HAVE TRJED TO ESCAPE ? Yes, if I'd been a ... I'd have tried to escape ... or ... No, if I'd been ... REGRET żałować IS THERE ANYTHING YOU REGRET HAVING DONE OR NOT HAVING DONE ? Yes, there's something I regret... or... No, there isn't anything ... WHAT ?/ WHY ?

858 TENDER miękki, wrażliwy, delikatny

ENABLE umożliwić, upoważnić

LOVINGLY/ z miłością serdecznie

ARE THE BOTTOMS OF THE AVERAGE MAN'S FEET TOO TENDER TO ENABLE HIM TO WALK WITHOUT SHOES ON ? Yes, the bottoms ... or ... No, the bottoms of... WHY ?

Because he has been accustomed for a long time now to wearing shoes, although it doesn't take long to harden one's feet

IN THIS SENTENCE - "THE MOTHER PUT HER HAND TENDERLY ON HER CHILD'S HEAD" - WHAT DOES THE WORD "TENDERLY" MEAN ?/ In that sentence - "The mother..." - the word "tenderly" means "gently and lovingly"

IDIOM 33 CAN'T MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT = can't understand it at all INSTRUCTION instrukcja e.g. I can't make head nor tail of this letter I got from John this morning. I don't know whether he means he is coming tomorrow or not WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "CANT MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT" MEAN ? The idiom... means "can't understand it at all" 859 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE!

These instructions that go together with the

machine are so complicated that I can't make head nor tail of them LESSON 131

INTEREST DOCUMENTS zainteresowanie, zysk, udział dokumenty

SHARES SEAT-BELT akcje pas bezpieczeństwa

WHEN WE BUY AN INTEREST IN A BUSINESS, WHAT EXACTLY DO WE CALL THE DOCUMENTS WE BUY ? When we buy an... the documents we buy we call "shares" IS IT IN YOUR OWN INTEREST TO WEAR A SEAT-BELT IN A CAR?/ Yes, it's in your own...

VERBS, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDING IN "Y"

TIDINESS ład, porządek

When a verb ends in "y" with a consonant in front of it, we change the "y" into "i" when adding -es or -ed. For example, "carry - carries - carried". WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE ADD -ES OR -ED TO A VERB ENDING IN "Y" ? When we add... we change the "y" into "i" GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE!/

study - studies - studied; hurry - hurries - hurried

Nouns and adjectives usually behave in a similar way to verbs before a suffix is added, e.g. tidy - tidier - tidily - tidiness. 860 HOW DO NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES THAT END IN "Y" PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT BEHAVE ? Nouns and ... behave in a similar way to verbs ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! JUST gdy tylko, tylko

pity - pitiful - pitiless PREFERABLY lepiej, raczej

CAN YOU REMEMBER WHAT YOU DID JUST AS YOU CAME INTO THE ROOM ?/ Yes, I can ... WHAT MUST A DRIVER DO WHEN THE GAP BETWEEN TWO OTHER CARS IS ONLY JUST WIDE ENOUGH TO ALLOW HIM TO PASS ? When a gap between two other cars is only just wide enough to allow a driver to pass, he must drive very slowly, and preferably have someone standing in front of his car to wave him to the left or to the right... LARGELY w dużym stopniu

QUALITY jakość

CLEVER mądry, sprytny

DO YOU THINK THAT SUCCESS IN LIFE (LIKE MAKING A FORTUNE) IS LARGELY A MATTER OF LUCK, OR DO YOU THINK CERTAIN QUALITIES ARE REQUIRED WHICH ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN LUCK. IN OTHER WORDS, DO YOU THINK THAT RICH, SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE ARE CLEVERER THAN POOR AND UNSUCCESSFUL PEOPLE, OR JUST LUCKIER ?/ Yes, I think that... or ... No, I don't think that... but I think that... 861 M AY AS WELL... AS

WE M AY G O

może także

W E M A Y A S W E LL G O

może pójdziemy

równie dobrze możemy iść

DO YOU THINK THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE IN PRISON FOR LIFE OFTEN THINK THAT THEY MAY AS WELL BE DEAD AS IN PRISON ? Yes, I think that people ... or ... No, I don't think ... WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO SENTENCES ? WE MAY GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING AND WE MAY AS WELL GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING The difference is that the first sentence expresses a possibility, whilst the second one is saying that, as we do not know what else to do this evening, we may as well go to the cinema. In other words, going to the cinema would be better than doing nothing 862 ON ACCOUNT OF

ze względu, przez

BOMB

bomba

EXPLOSION

eksplozja

TIP

koniuszek (języka), wskazówka

TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT brać pod uwagę

ON MY OWN ACCOUNT/ na własną rękę

IF IT SNOWED IN THE MIDDLE OF SUMMER, WOULD YOU SAY THAT IT WAS ON ACCOUNT OF PAST ATOMIC BOMBS AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS HAVING DISTURBED THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE? Yes, if it ... or ... No, if it... I wouldn't say ... WHEN CONSIDERING THE PRICE OF A MEAL IN A RESTAURANT, DO YOU TAKE INTO ACCOUNT SUCH THINGS AS THE SERVICE CHARGE AND THE WAITER'S TIP, ETC. ?/ Yes, when considering the ... or ... No, when ... ARE YOU STUDYING ENGLISH ON YOUR OWN ACCOUNT OR BECAUSE YOU ARE FORCED TO ? I'm studying English ... WHAT PART OF MY TONGUE IS THIS AND WHAT PART OF MY FINGER IS THIS? That's the tip of your tongue and the tip of your finger When we are trying to think of a word or a name that we know well but doesn't come to us immediately, we say it's on the tip of our tongue./ 863 WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE ARE TRYING TO THINK OF A WORD OR A NAME THAT WE KNOW WELL BUT DOESN'T COME TO US IMMED IATELY ? When we are trying ... we say it's on the tip of our tongue NOT ... NOR nie ma... ani... IF YOU ARRIVED HOME AT MIDNIGHT DYING OF THIRST AND FOUND THAT, FOR SOME REASON, THERE WAS NOT A SINGLE DROP OF WATER IN THE HOUSE NOR A BOTTLE OF DRINK, WHAT'D YOU DO ?/ If I arrived ... nor abottle of drink, I'd ... DELICATE delikatny HOW SHOULD DELICATE THINGS BE HANDLED ? Delicate things should be handled with great care, i.e. delicately OBSERVE obserwować DO PEOPLE BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY NORMALLY DO WHEN THEY THINK THEY'RE NOT BEING OBSERVED ? Yes, people behave ... or ... No, I don't think ... WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS ? 1 think this is because, when we are in company with other people, we have to behave as we are expected to behave, out of consideration for them, but when we are

alone, we can behave as we wish...

864 RIVAL rywal WHY IS IT THAT, IN ALMOST EVERYTHING ONE DOES, ONE NEARLY ALWAYS HAS A RIVAL ? I think the reason that one nearly always has a rival in almost everything one does is that when something is worth doing and pays well, there's nearly always more than just one person wanting, or trying, to do it... PRESERVE zabezpieczać, konserwować HOW DO WE PRESERVE FRUIT?/ We preserve fruit by putting it in bottles or tins PAW łapa WHAT'S A PAW?

A paw is the foot of an animal which has nails, like that of a cat, a dog, a lion etc ...

IDIOM 34 LUCKY BREAK = a piece of good luck usually following a period of little or no success

uśmiech szczęścia e.g. For many weeks I was without work and without money, then I had a lucky break: a man offered me a very good job on a ship. HITCH - HIKE jechać autostopem WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "LUCKY BREAK" MEAN ?

The idiom ... "apiece of ..."

865 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! We had to hitch-hike, and for hours no one stopped for us, then we had a lucky break: someone stopped for us and we covered 400 miles in one day SELLER sprzedawca

SWIMMER pływak

DICTATION 72 He is now/ in control of one of the largest/ printing presses in the country./ Another step/ and the child would have stepped/ right off the table/ and fallen onto the floor./ After a bill has been passed by parliament,/ it becomes an act./ My uncle was always talking with pride/ about his many adventures abroad/ as a young man./1 was introduced to the seller/ and gave the car a trial run/ and found it was working all right./ Although he was a strong swimmer,/ he was borne out to sea/ by the tide.

LESSON 132 WOODEN drewniany

HUT chata

WOOLLEN wełniany

SILKEN jedwabny

GOLDEN złoty

A wooden hut is a hut made of wood; a woollen hat is a hat made of wool; a silk dress is a dress made of silk, whilst silken hair is hair which is soft and smooth like silk; a gold watch is a watch made of gold, whilst golden hair looks like gold in colour. WHATS A WOODEN HUT?

A wooden ... made of wood

WHATS A WOOLLEN HAT? A woollen ...made of wool 866 WHAT'S A SILK DRESS?/

A silk ... made of silk

WHAT'S SILKEN HAIR ?

Silken .... like silk

WHAT'S A GOLD WATCH?

A gold ... made of gold

WHAT'S GOLDEN SKIN ?

Golden ... looks like gold in colour

EVERY OTHER DAY co drugi dzień DO YOU HAVE ENGLISH LESSONS EVERY DAY OR EVERY OTHER DAY ?

I have English... OTHERWISE poza tym

ENGAGED zajęty

WHEN A FRIEND CALLS UPON YOU AT YOUR HOUSE AND YOU ARE OTHERWISE ENGAGED, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/ When a friend ... I... IF A CAR HAD NO WHEELS AND ALL ITS WINDOWS WERE BROKEN BUT OTHERWISE WAS IN GOOD CONDITION, WOULD YOU BUY IT ? Yes, if a car ... or ... No, if a car ...

PERFORM przedstawiać

TRICK sztuczka

PERFORMANCE przedstawienie

867 IF YOU HAD TO PERFORM IN A PLAY, WHAT KIND OF PART WOULD YOU LIKE TO PERFORM ?/ If I had to perform ... I'd like to ... CAN YOU PERFORM ANY TRICKS? WHICH ONES?

Yes, I can ... or ... No, 1 can't...

WHAT TIME DOES THE LAST PERFORMANCE BEGIN AT YOUR LOCAL CINEMA? The last... at my... begins at... ENVY zazdrościć DO YOU ENVY A TEACHER HIS JOB ? ADVICE (n) porada

ADVISE (v) radzić

PRACTISE (v) ćwiczyć, praktykować

LICENCE (n) licencja

PRACTICE (n) praktyka LICENSE (v) udzielić pozwolenia

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "ADVICE " AND "ADVISE " ?/ The difference ... that "advice" is the noun, whilst "advise" is the verb WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN SPELLING BETWEEN THE NOUN "PRACTICE" AND THE VERB "PRACTISE" ? The difference ... that the noun is spelt "-ce", whilst the verb is spelt "-se" 868 AND BETWEEN THE NOUN "LICENCE" AND THE VERB "LICENSE" ? It's the same difference

RECORD (n)-the "e" is pronounced as in "rest"

RECORD (v)-the "e" is pronounced as in "see"

rejestr, akta

zanotować utrwalać

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "RECORD" (N) AND "RECORD" (V) ?/ The difference... is that "record" is the noun, whilst "record" is the verb CAN YOU THINK OF ANY RECORD THAT HAS BEEN BROKEN RECENTLY ? Yes, I can think ... or ... No, I can't... WHICH? HAVE YOU EVER RECORDED YOUR OWN VOICE ? WHAT DID IT SOUND LIKE ? SCATTER rozrzucić, rozsypać

2160

ROW rząd, szereg, hałas, awantura

Yes, I've recorded ... or... No, I haven't... It sounded ... DISORDERLY nieuporządkowany

WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF SCATTERING SEEDS ON THE LAND INSTEAD OF SETTING THEM CAREFULLY IN THE GROUND IN ROWS ?/ The disadvantages of... are that birds eat them, the wind blows them away, etc ... 869 WHY DOES A DISORDERLY CROWD OF PEOPLE SCATTER WHEN THE POLICE ARRIVE ? When the police arrive, a disorderly crowd of people scatters because people are afraid of being arrested or hit by the police,... etc. TAP kran, kurek

TURN ON odkręcić

WHAT AM I DOING ?

ANTICLOCKWISE odwrotnie do wskazówek zegara You're tapping your fingers on the table

IN WHICH DIRECTION DOES ONE NORMALLY TURN A WATER-TAP ON ? One normally turns a water-tap on in an anticlockwise direction UPSIDE DOWN do góry nogami WHAT AM I DOING ?/

RIGHT WAY UP prawidłowe położenie You're turning the book upside-down

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "UPSIDE - DOWN" ?

WEAR być ubranym, nosić

RUB trzeć, zacierać

WORN-OUT zniszczony

The opposite of... is the right way up MEND naprawić

870 WHAT'D HAPPEN IF I KEPT RUBBING MY ARM ON THE EDGE OF THE TABLE, LIKE SO? If you kept rubbing your... you'd wear the arm of your jacket (or dress) smooth and probably wear a hole in it WHAT DO WE DO WITH THINGS THAT ARE WORN - OUT ? / We mend or throw away thinks that are worn-out EXPERIENCE doświadczenie

QUALIFICATION

kwalifikacje

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S MORE IMPORTANT - EXPERIENCE OR QUALIFICATIONS ? 1 think it depends ... DEBT dług WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO BE IN DEBT"? "To be in debt" means that we owe somebody something, usually money

INTERRUPT przerwać

INTERRUPTION

przerwa

WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE INTERRUPT SOMEONE WHO'S SPEAKING ? When we ... we say "Excuse me" WHAT DO THEY SAY ON TELEVISION WHEN THERE'S AN INTERRUPTION ? When there's an interruption on television, they say "We're sorry for the interruption..." 871 MENTION wzmianka, wspomnieć GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MENTION" IN IT./ Would you mention to Mr. Green the fact that he still hasn't paid his bill, and see what he says IDIOM 35 GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK = understand the

źle zrozumieć

opposite of what is meant

e.g. No, you've got hold of the wrong end of the stick. It's the opposite of what I meant WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK" MEAN ? The idiom ... "understand the opposite ..." GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Every time you explain anything to him, he always seems to get hold of the wrong end of the stick DICTATION 73

CLOTHING odzież, bielizna

On the whole/we speak English rather well now./ I have a clothing account/ at Westman's,/ where I spend nearly all my money./ The eastern states of North America/ were settled by the Europeans before the western states./ Before drawing money from a bank/ it is usually necessary/ to sign a cheque./ The size of the temple/ was much greater than we had expected./ After a very violent storm/ the navy found/ that many of its best ships/ had been broken on the rocks./1 would not dare/ to differ with his opinions. 872 LESSON 133 WAS + INFINITIVE

"Was" (or "were") plus an infinitive expresses a future event in relation to the past, e.g. "I did not realize back in 1940 that I was never to see my mother again."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF "WAS" OR "WERE" PLUS AN INFINITIVE. They were to find out later that he had lied to them - at the time they had believed him ACT czyn, CAPABLE zachowywać się, grać zdolny

BRING AN ACTION AGAINST wytoczyć sprawę sądową

WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE NOBLEST ACT A PERSON IS CAPABLE OF PERFORMING ?/ I consider... the noblest act a person is capable of performing WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO JUDGE A PERSON - BY WHAT HE SAYS OR HOW HE ACTS ? I think the best way to ... is by ... WHERE'D YOU HAVE TO GO IF YOU WANTED TO BRING AN ACTION AGAINST SOMEONE ? You'd have to go to the law courts if you wanted ... 873 BAR sztaba, MADMAN przegroda, barykadować szaleniec

LOCK zamek.zamykać

BARRISTER/ adwokat

WHICH IS HEAVIER: A BAR OF GOLD OR A BAR OF IRON (IF, OF COURSE, THEY ARE THE SAME SIZE)? A bar of gold is ... WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN THE POLICE PUT A BAR OF WOOD OR METAL ACROSS THE ROAD ? When the police put... it means that cars are not allowed to pass... SUPPOSING AN ESCAPED MADMAN WERE RUNNING AROUND IN THIS BUILDING, WOULD YOU FEEL SAFER IF YOU LOCKED THE DOOR OF THE ROOM OR IF YOU BARRED IT?/ Supposing an escaped... I'd feel safer if... We can also use "bar" in a legal sense. For example, when we talk about the "prisoner at the bar", or a "barrister" being called to the bar, etc. GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "BAR" BEING USED IN A LEGAL SENSE. The prisoner at the bar; called to the bar ... CART wóz, fura, furmanka

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO PUT THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE" ?/

"To put the ..." means to put something first when it should come second

874 CAN YOU GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ?

Learning to read and write a

language before learning to speak and understand it is like putting the cart before the horse, as a language should be listened to first, then spoken, then read, and then finally written

DECEIVE oszukiwać ARE YOU VERY GOOD AT DECEIVING PEOPLE ? EITHER SIDE obydwie strony

Yes, I'm... or... No, I'm not...

NOT ... EITHER nie jest... ani.../nie...także, również

ARE THERE STUDENTS SITTING ON EITHER SIDE OF YOU ? Yes, there are ... or... No, there aren't... GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF "NOT... EITHER";

This pen isn't his, and it isn't yours either

WHAT AND WHICH The word "what" is generally used in a somewhat unlimited sense, whilst "which" is used in a more limited sense, e.g. "What kind of books do you like reading ?"- that is, of all the books that exist, whilst "Which of these books do you prefer ?" - that is, of the limited number we have here at the moment. 875 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "WHAT" AND "WHICH" ? The difference ... is that "what" is generally used in a somewhat unlimited sense, whilst "which" is used in a more limited sense GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE!/ "What kind of food do you like to eat most ?" - that is, of all the foods that exist, whilst, "Which of these dishes would you prefer ?" - that is, of the limited number of dishes of food we have here at the moment FAINT zemdleć, zemdlenie

ENERGETIC energiczny

EXCITEMENT podniecenie

FEAR strach

WHAT DO PEOPLE THINK OR DO WHEN A FAINT SMELL OF BURNING REACHES THEIR NOSES ? When a faint... reaches people's noses, they think something is on fire, a cigarette end that is still burning has perhaps fallen on something ... they try to find out where the smell is coming from ...

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "YOU MUST NOT BE FAINT-HEARTED IF YOU WISH TO SUCCEED IN LIFE" ? / "You must not be ..." means that you must be strong, energetic, courageous and determined ... 876 WHY DO PEOPLE FAINT ?

People faint because of excessive heat, excitement, fear, pain,...

GLASSES okulary WHY DO PEOPLE WEAR GLASSES ?

People wear ...

DO YOU THINK PEOPLE LOOK BETTER WITH OR WITHOUT GLASSES ? I think some people ... HAPPEN TO przypadkowo (coś zrobić) WHEN YOU HAPPEN TO SEE SOMEONE IN THE DISTANCE WHILST WALKING DOWN THE STREET AND THAT SOMEONE IS A PERSON YOU DON'T PARTICULARLY WANT TO SPEAK TO, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/ When I happen to see ... want to speak to, I... OUTWARD(S) zewnętrzny, na zewnątrz

INWARD(S) wewnętrzny, do wewnątrz

WHY DOES A MAN'S STOMACH GROW OUTWARDS INSTEAD OF INWARDS AS HE GETS OLDER? A man's stomach ... as he gets older because he eats too much and does not take enough exercise ...

LEAN oprzeć się, pochylić się LEAD ołów

BENEATH poniżej, na dole

GIVE WAY ustępować

FEATHER ióro

VACUUM próżnia

877 WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're leaning on the table

WHY DOES THE LEANING TOWER OF "MSA LEAN ?/ The leaning... because the ground beneath one side has given way WHAT WAS THE FAMOUS EXPERIMENT THAT GALILEO IS SAID TO HAVE PERFORMED FROM THE TOP OF THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA ? The famous experiment... was the one that showed that two objects of different weights, such as a feather and a piece of lead, fall at the same speed as each other if they fall through a vacuum ... MANKIND

rodzaj ludzki

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MANKIND?

By mankind we mean people in the world in general

MONKEY małpa

CLOSELY ściśle, dokładnie

WHICH ANIMAL IS MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO MAN ?

The monkey is the animal which is...

PIGEON gołąb

CAGE/ klatka

COUPLE para, kilka

MATE kolega, koleżanka

WHICH BIRD DO WE USE FOR RACING ?

We use the pigeon ...

HOW DO WE MAKE PIGEONS RACE? We make pigeons race by taking them a long way from home and then letting them go free to fly back home Two little tricks that are sometimes used to make a pigeon hurry home faster are as follows:- If the pigeon's a female bird, her owner can give her a couple of false eggs to sit on a few days before the race. On the day of the race he takes her off the eggs and sends her away. She will fly home faster, because she will be worried about her eggs. If, on the other hand, the pigeon's a male bird, on the day of the race the owner can take the pigeon out of its cage where it has its female mate, and at the same time show him that he's putting another male bird in with his mate. During the race the pigeon will hurry home fast and angry, wanting to get back to his mate and throw out his rival. 878 WHAT ARE TWO LITTLE TRICKS THAT CAN BE USED IN PIGEON RACING ?/ The two little ... are ... ARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST KEEPING ANIMALS IN CAGES ? I'm for keeping ... or... I'm against... IDIOM 36 SNAP DECISION = A quick decision - fast, like the snap of one's fingers szybka decyzja e.g. There wasn't time to think carefully: I had to make a snap decision.

879 WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "SNAP DECISION" MEAN ? GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

The idiom... "quick..."

Although it was a snap decision, it was the right one

DICTATION 74 It doesn't matter / if we occasionally make a mistake./ We were suddenly forced to stop/ by the appearance of men/ standing in front of us/ with bows and arrows./ Some of them/ had drawn back their bows/ ready to let fly at us./ The youth claimed/ that he had not stolen the apples/ but the shopkeeper would not believe him./ Last year I paid a visit/ to the Holy Land/ which is the birthplace of Christ./ We stood on the shore/ and watched the sun go down over the lake. LESSON 134 "SO" AND ITS MANY USES (CONT.) IT IS NOT SO SO, YOU HAVE COME! to nie jest tak (to nie prawda) a więc przyszedłeś SO KIND AS tak dobra i...

JUST (EXACTLY) właśnie, ściśle, dokładnie

IT SO HAPPENS tak się składa WASH UP umyć

Some further examples of the uses of the word "so" are:1) He said the train had left, but it was not so (not true) 2) So, you have come after all! (said as an exclamation) 3) It so happens that I have just the thing you are looking for 4) Would you be so kind as to help me wash up the plates and dishes ?/ 880 CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE WORD "SO" ? Some further ... are 1) He said the train had ... MELT topnieć WHAT DO WE GET WHEN ICE MELTS ?

We get water when ice melts

NOTHING TO DO WITH IT nie mieć nic wspólnego z... WHAT HAS THAT GOT TO DO WITH IT ? co to ma wspólnego...

IF WE WERE DISCUSSING ART AND I SUDDENLY SAID "AH YES, BUT WHAT ABOUT THE COST OF FOOD THESE DAYS ?", DO YOU SUPPOSE THAT'D HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE DISCUSSION? No, if we were discussing ... I don't suppose that'd have ... AND WHATD YOU PROBABLY ASK ME?/ I'd probably ask you what the cost of food had got to do with art?

881 PICK AT skubać

PICK OUT wybrać

WHAT AM I DOING? You're picking at your clothes (or at the comer of your book, etc.) WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO PICK OUT" ?

"To pick out" means to choose ...

REGARD

GREET

GREETINGS

uważać

witać

pozdrowienia

BYE - BYE

CHEERIO

CHEERS

dowidzenia

cześć

dzięki

WHAT'D YOU REGARD AS THE GREATEST FAVOUR THAT ANYONE COULD DO YOU ? I'd regard ... as the greatest favour that... WHEN WE WISH TO SEND OUR GREETINGS TO A FRIEND THROUGH A THIRD PERSON, WHAT DO WE SAY ?/ When we wish ... we say "Give my regards to John when you see him" WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE GREET SOMEONE IN THE STREET? We say "Hallo!" or "Good evening!" etc. when we greet... AND WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE LEAVE SOMEONE? We say "Goodbye; Bye-bye; Cheerio" or just "Cheers" when we leave someone

882 SCENT zapach, wyczuć

GIVE OFF wydzielać

RIDER jeździec

WHICH FLOWER DO YOU THINK GIVES OFF THE NICEST SCENT?/ I think the ... gives off the nicest scent CAN YOU TELL ME OF A CASE YOU KNOW WHERE AN ANIMAL HAS SHOWN IT HAS SCENTED DANGER BEFORE THE DANGER HAS ACTUALLY BEEN REACHED ? Yes, I can ... or ... No, I can't...

As an example, a horse will sometimes refuse to cross a bridge that is in danger of breaking, even though its rider might try to make it go on ... and animals, such as deer, can also scent danger when a tiger is about... GO RIGHT iść, układać się dobrze THOUGHTFUL rozważny, zamyślony

TEMPER LOSE ONE'S TEMPER usposobienie, opanowanie stracić panowanie nad sobą GO BAD zepsuć się

SWEET/ słodki

WHEN THINGS DON'T GO RIGHT, WHAT DO YOU DO - LOSE YOUR TEMPER, OR JUST BECOME VERY QUIET AND THOUGHTFUL, ETC. ? When things don't go... I... 883 WHAT DO WE DO WITH FOOD THAT HAS GONE BAD?

We throw away food that has gone bad

WHAT KIND OF THINGS PUT YOU INTO A BAD TEMPER ?/

The kind of ... temper are...

WOULD YOU SAY THAT GENERALLY SPEAKING WOMEN WERE MORE SWEET-TEMPERED THAN MEN ? Yes, I'd say that... or ... No, I wouldn't say ... FOUR WAYS OF FORMING THE FUTURE There are four ways in which we can form the Future, and they are as follows:1) I shall go to London tomorrow (Normal Future) 2) 1 go to London tomorrow (Present Simple) 3) I am going to London tomorrow (Present Progressive) 4) I am going to go to London tomorrow (Future Intention) Naturally, we can't use these different forms as we like. In some cases we use one form, whilst in other cases we use another, and, as with so much else in English, we best learn when to use them through practice./ WHAT ARE THE FOUR WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN FORM THE FUTURE? The four ways ... are 1)1 shall got to London tomorrow (Normal Future) 2) I go to ... 884 CAN WE USE THESE DIFFERENT FORMS JUST AS WE LIKE?

No, we can't...

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO LEARN WHEN TO USE THEM ? The best way to ... is through practice BY NOW do tej pory IF YOU HAD LEFT FOR SCOTLAND TEN HOURS AGO, WOULD YOU HAVE ARRIVED THERE BY NOW ? Yes, if I'd left ... or ... No, if I'd ... WARN

AHEAD

TRIANGLE

ostrzegać, uprzedzać

do przodu/z przodu

trójkąt

WHAT KIND OF SIGN DO WE SEE ON THE SIDE OF THE ROAD THAT WARNS US THAT THERE'S DANGER AHEAD?/ The kind of sign we ... ahead is a red triangle with a picture of the danger in the middle. If, for example, it's a dangerous bend, a line in the shape of a dangerous bend ... MERCY

litość

HAS IT BEEN THE HABIT THROUGHOUT HISTORY FOR THE CONQUEROR TO SHOW MERCY TO THOSE HE HAS CONQUERED ? No, it hasn't been the ... 885 WHAT WOULD YOU HAVE DONE? DESIRE

2200

I'd have...

pożądanie

WHAT'S A SIMILAR WORD TO "WISH" ?

A similar word to "wish" is "desire"

HAVE YOU ANY GREAT DESIRE TO VISIT A PARTICULAR FOREIGN COUNTRY ? Yes, I've a great... or... No, I haven't any ... WHICH ?/ IDIOM 37

IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS = problems never come in ones and twos nieszczęścia chodzą parami but many come together e.g. There was nowhere we could buy any petrol for the car, there were no trains or buses until the next morning, and there was only one hotel, and that was full. Well, you know what they say, it never rains but it pours. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS" MEAN ? The idiom ... means that problems ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! 886 DICTATION 75

One thing went wrong after another. It's always the same; it never rains but it pours

INJUSTICE

niesprawiedliwość

The chickens/ have not laid a single egg/ for an entire week./ The soldiers behaved with great courage/ and fought well,/ but still they lost the battle./ He had the choice/ of either entering the government/ and becoming some kind of official/ or of entering the church/ and becoming a priest./ The village looked very pretty/ lying in the valley /in the morning sunshine./ It is not uncommon/ to find public speakers/ preaching against the social injustices/ of the day./ His eyes travelled to the ceiling. LESSON 135 UPRIGHT pionowy, stojący, wyprostowany

LUNG płuco

ORGAN organ, narząd

WHY IS IT HEALTHIER TO SIT AND WALK UPRIGHT RATHER THAN WITH HEAD AND SHOULDERS BENT FORWARD ? The reason it's healthier ... is that the lungs and other organs of the body are not pressed against each other, and with an upright back the blood moves more freely in the body and the person feels less tired ... WORK OUT rozwiązać, obliczyć WORK OUT THIS PROBLEM, PLEASE - WHAT IS IT THAT, THE MORE WE TAKE AWAY FROM IT, THE BIGGER IT GETS? It is a hole: because the more we take away from a hole, the bigger the hole becomes 887 WHAT ARE YOU DOING ?/

I'm working out the problem of- "What is it..."

ADVANCE

STEP BY STEP

posuwać się do przodu

krok po kroku

IN ADVANCE z wyprzedzeniem

CONFUSION zmieszanie, zażenowanie IN ARREARS z dołu, po (płacić)

WHY IS IT BETTER TO ADVANCE SLOWLY STEP BY STEP WHEN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE RATHER THAN RUSH FORWARD TOO QUICKLY ?/ The reason it's better to advance ... too quickly is that, unlike many other subjects, a foreign language requires that page one is'thoroughly learnt before page two can be completely understood, as the work on each page is based on the work on the pages that have gone before it, so to rush on too quickly would mean eventual confusion ...

WHEN PEOPLE WORK FOR A WAGE, ARE THEY PAID IN ADVANCE OR IN ARREARS ? When people work ... in arrears BARE goły

WEAPON broń

SILENCE (v) uciszyć

ARE MY HANDS COVERED ?

BARELY ledwie

No, your hands ... but they're bare

IS IT POSSIBLE TO KILL A MAN WITH ONE'S BARE HANDS; THAT IS, WITHOUT USING A WEAPON OF ANY KIND ? Yes, it's possible to ... 888 HOW ?/ By putting your hands round his neck and pressing your thumbs hard into his throat WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "HE SILENCED HIM WITH A BARE WORD" ? "He silenced ..." means he silenced him with nothing more than a word ... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "WE BARELY HAD TIME TO EAT" ? When we say "We barely ..." we mean we only just had time to eat GO BACK COME BACK GO IN COME IN RETURN wracać (pójść z powrotem) (przyjść z powrotem) wejść wejść wracać ENTER wejść

DESCEND zejść, schodzić

GO DOWN schodzić

COME DOWN/ schodzić

Sometimes you may find it difficult to know when to use the verb "go back" and when to use "come back", when to use "go in" and when to use "come in", exactly as when to use "bring" and when to use "take". There may appear to be no problem with these words but, in fact, pupils often confuse their use, as everything depends on where the person who is doing the act is at the time, and where the person who is speaking or writing about the action is at the time./ For example, if at the time of speaking I am at the school, I would say "After the lesson tomorrow, I shall go back home", whilst, if at the time of speaking I were at home, I would say "After the lesson tomorrow, I shall come back home". If, therefore, you are in any doubt as to what you should use, you can easily overcome the problem by using the word "return", which serves for both "go back" and "come back", and the word "enter", which serves for both "go in" and "come in"./ 889 WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH THE WORDS "GO BACK" AND "COME BACK" AND "GO IN" AND "COME IN" ? The problem with the ... is that

everything depends on where the person who ... HOW CAN WE OVERCOME THE PROBLEM ? We can overcome the problem by using the word "return"... and the word "enter" ... The same thing can be applied to the word "descend", which can be used for both "go down" and "come down". Though, in fact, it is seldom used in this way, you can use it if you are in difficulty and don't know whether you should use "go down" or "come down"./ 890 WHAT WORD CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF "GO DOWN" OR "COME DOWN" ? We can use the word "descend" instead of... DO WE, IN FACT, GENERALLY USE THE WORD "DESCEND" INSTEAD OF "GO DOWN" OR "COME DOWN" ? No, we don't, in fact, generally use ... GET dostać, nabyć, otrzymać Although the word "get" has many different meanings, we cannot always use it in place of the other verbs with the same meaning./ For example, we cannot say, "I hope one day to get a doctor". For this reason, when there is any doubt, it is perhaps safer to avoid using "get" and use the verb of the same meaning. WHATS THE PROBLEM WITH USING THE WORD "GET" ? The problem with ... is that we can't always use it in place of the other verbs with the same meaning HOW DO WE OVERCOME THE PROBLEM ? We overcome ... by avoiding its use and using the verb of the same meaning instead CASE przypadek, sytuacja

IN CASE na wypadek

RISK ryzyko

RUN A RISK/ ryzykować

WHAT DO WE CALL THE PERSON WHOM WE EMPLOY TO FIGHT OUR CASE IN THE LAW COURTS? We call the person whom we employ to fight our case in the law courts a lawyer or a barrister 891 DO YOU CARRY AN UMBRELLA IN CASE IT RAINS, OR ARE YOU THE TYPE OF PERSON WHO PREFERS TO RUN THE RISJC OF IT RAINING ?/ I carry an ... or ... No, I don't carry ... I'm the kind of... DEGREE stopień

BY DEGREES stopniowo

ANGLE kąt

RIGHT ANGLE kąt prosty

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "WE ADVANCED BY DEGREES" ? "We advanced by degrees" means we moved slowly and carefully forward HOW MANY DEGREES ARE THERE IN A RIGHT ANGLE ? There are 90 degrees in a right angle WHAT'S THE TEMPERATURE TODAY? - I.E. ABOUT HOW MANY DEGREES IS IT TODAY ? It's about... degrees today

EXCUSE (v) (pronounced "excuz") tłumaczyć, wybaczyć

EXCUSE (n) wymówka

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "EXCUSE" (v) AND "EXCUSE" (n)?/ The difference ... is that "excuse" is the verb, whilst "excuse" is the noun 892 FANCY

czuć, wyobrażać sobie, wyszukany

WAIST pas, talia

WAISTCOAT

kamizelka

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "I FANCY THAT JOHN WILL NOT COME THIS EVENING" ? If you said "I fancy that..." you'd mean you had a feeling that John would not come AND WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "I FANCY MYSELF TO BE IN ANCIENT GREECE" ?/ If you said "I fancy myself..." you'd mean you imagined yourself to be ... WHAT PART OF THE BODY IS THIS ?

That part of the body is the waist

DO YOU LIKE FANCY WAISTCOATS FOR MEN ?

Yes, I like ... or... No, I don't like...

WHAT DO YOU FANCY FOR YOUR DINNER THIS EVENING; THAT IS, WHAT'D YOU LIKE TO HAVE ? I fancy ... for my dinner this evening

PINT

GALLON galon

893 8 PINTS = 1 GALLON HOW MANY PINTS MAKE A GALLON ? HOW MANY LITRES MAKE A PINT ? JEALOUS zazdrosny

LITRE litr 1 PINT = 0.5679 LITRES/ 8 pints make a gallon Point 5679 litres make a pint

HAVE YOU GOT A JEALOUS NATURE ?

Yes, I've got a ... or... No, I haven't got a...

MINE kopalnia

MINER górnik

WHAT DO WE CALL A MAN WHO WORKS IN A MINE? We call a man who works in a mine a miner TEND dążyć, zmierzać DO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE TEND TO LIKE OTHERS OR TO DISLIKE OTHERS ?/ I think most people tend to ... TOUGH twardy WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TENDER" ?

The contrary of "tender" is "tough"

NAME A TOUGH METAL.

894 CONTENT (n) (kon'tent)

Steel is a tough metal

CONTENT (v) (kon-tenf)

(with the accent on the first syllable)

(with the accent on the second syllable)

zawartość

zadowolić, zaspokoić

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "CONTENT" (n) AND "CONTENT" (v) ? The difference ... is that "content" is a noun, whilst "content" is a verb WHAT ARE THE CONTENTS OF YOUR POCKETS OR BAG ? The contents of my ... are a handkerchief, some money ... ARE YOU CONTENT WITH YOUR LIFE ? /

Yes, I'm ... or ... No, I'm not...

WITNESS świadek HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO GO TO THE LAW COURTS AS A WITNESS TO AN ACCIDENT OR A CRIME ? Yes, I've had to go ... as a witness ... or ... No, I've never had ... RID pozbyć się, uwolnić się

GET RID OF pozbyć się

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO RID OURSELVES OF SOMEONE WHO'S CAUSING US TROUBLE ?/ The best way to ... is, if the problem is serious, to call the police WHAT'D I EXPECT YOU TO DO IF I TOLD YOU TO GET RID OF THAT PEN ? If you told me ... you'd expect me to throw it away

895 ABOVE ALL ponad wszystko GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "ABOVE ALL" IN IT. Dont forget we need plenty of paper, pencils, rulers, etc. for the exam, but above all pens that write properly IDIOM 38 IN A NUTSHELL = briefly; in a few words krótko mówiąc e.g. After all the complicated explaining you have been doing, what you really mean to say - to put everything in a nutshell - is that you are not able to do the job. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "IN A NUTSHELL" MEAN ? GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

The idiom... "briefly..."

To put it in a nutshell, the answer is "no"

DICTATION 76 As a rule,/1 do not waste a lot of time/ worrying about details of little importance./ Last night/ there was a terrible storm/ and the surface of the sea/ looked like/ a mass of hills and valleys./ There has been a wonderful improvement/ in his health/ and he is now beginning/ to enjoy life again./ Wisdom usually comes with experience./ Although he objected,/ he was still defeated./ I do not mind you smoking your pipe/ whilst I am eating./ We switched on the light/ and found that all the Christmas gifts/ had been stolen from the tree. 896 LESSON 136

FLOUR mąka

GRIND - GROUND - GROUND mleć

HOW IS FLOUR MADE?

Flour is made by grinding corn

HOW DO WE SHARPEN AN AXE ? HARM szkoda, krzywda

HARMFUL szkodliwy

SHARPEN ostrzyć

We sharpen an axe by grinding it on a stone HARMLESS nieszkodliwy

CREATURE stworzenie, istota

IF YOU WANTED TO HARM SOMEBODY, WHATD YOU DO ? If I wanted... I'd... WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST HARMFUL CREATURE AND WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST HARMLESS CREATURE ON EARTH ?/ I think the ... is the most harmful creature and the ...

is the most harmless creature on earth "DO" WITH "WHO" The auxiliary verb "do" is not used with the interrogative pronoun "who" - e.g. "Who speaks German here ?" and not "Who does speak German here ?", unless, of course, one is being emphatic. Sometimes, however, you will find "do" together with "who", but this is because in such cases the word "who" should really be "whom", e.g. "Who do you think I saw yesterday ?" should really be "Whom do you think I saw yesterday ?"/

897 WHY IS IT WE SOMETIMES FIND THE AUXILIARY VERB "DO" WITH THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN "WHO" WHEN, IN FACT, "DO" IS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE USED WITH "WHO"? The reason we sometimes find ... "who", is that, the word "who" in such cases should really be "whom" GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

"Who did you give the money to ?" should really be "Whom did you give the money to ?"

IRON (v+n) prasować / żelazo, żelazko DO YOU IRON YOUR CLOTHES YOURSELF OR DOES SOMEONE ELSE IRON THEM FOR YOU ? I iron my... or... Someone else irons my clothes for me LIKELY prawdopodobny, możliwy

UNLIKELY nieprawdopodobny

DO YOU THINK ITS LIKELY TO RAIN IN THE NEXT 24 HOURS ? Yes, I think it's likely to ... or... No, I don't think... DO YOU THINK ITS VERY UNLIKELY THAT YOU WILL GO THROUGH THE ENTIRE WINTER NEXT YEAR WITHOUT CATCHING A SINGLE COLD ?/ Yes, 1 think it's very ... or ... No, I don't think it's very ... but I think it's very likely that I will catch a cold 898 DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR

zrobić przysługę

THAT'S ALL RIGHT

nie ma za co, w porządku

NOT AT ALL

nic takiego, proszę, bardzo

IT'S NOTHING nic takiego

WELCOME witamy

DON'T MENTION IT nie wspominaj, drobiazg

When we give something to someone or do someone a favour etc., and they say "Thank you", there are many ways in which we can reply, depending to some extent on what we have given them or what we have done. We can say, for example, "That's all right That's O.K. Not at all. It's nothing. You're welcome. Don't mention it" etc., or we can just reply with a smile without saying a word./ WHEN WE GIVE SOMETHING TO SOMEONE, OR DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR ETC., AND THEY SAY "THANK YOU", WHAT DO WE REPLY ? When we give ... we reply "That's all right. That's O.K. Not at all..." 899 UP (końcówka) robić coś kompletnie

TEAR - TORE - TORN drzeć

When we add the word "up" to a verb it sometimes gives it the meaning of doing something more completely. For example, "I'm breaking this match"; that is, once, whilst "I'm breaking this match up" means I'm breaking it many times./ WHEN WE ADD THE WORD "UP" TO A VERB, WHAT MEANING DOES IT SOMETIMES GIVE THE VERB ? When we add ... it sometimes gives the verb the meaning of doing something more completely GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! "I'm cutting a loaf of bread into two halves", means, I'm cutting the loaf once, whilst "I'm cutting the loaf of bread up" means I'm cutting it many times WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're tearing a piece of paper

WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're tearing a piece of paper up

PILE stos, kupa

ONE ON TOP OF THE OTHER jeden na drugim

WHAT AM I DOING?

HEAP / stos, kupa

You're piling your books one on top of the other

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD SIMILAR IN MEANING TO THE WORD "PILE" ? Another word similar to ... is "heap" As with many words which are similar in meaning, in some cases we prefer to use the word "pile", whilst in other cases we prefer to use the word "heap", whilst in still other cases we can use either one word or the other. A pile is usually tidier than a heap.

900 POINT punkt

FREEZE - FROZE - FROZEN2250 zamarzać, marznąć, zamrażać

CENTIGRADE (OR, CELSIUS) skala Celsjusza WHATS THIS?

ZERO zero

NOUGHT zero FAHRENHEIT/ skala Fahrenheita

It's the point of your pencil

WHAT DO WE USE TO SHARPEN THE POINT OF A PENCIL ? We use a knife to sharpen...

WHAT IS BOILING POINT ?

Boiling point is 100 degrees centigrade or 212 degrees Fahrenheit

WHAT IS FREEZING POINT?

Freezing point is nought (or zero) degrees centigrade, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit

SCRATCH podrapać WHAT'S THIS ?

CHEEK

SCRAPE

policzek

SCRATCH OUT

drapać/skrobać

zdrapać

It's your cheek

901 WHAT AM I DOING?/ WHAT AM I DOING NOW ?

You're scratching your cheek with your finger You're scraping your cheek with your fingers

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO USE IN ORDER TO SCRATCH OUT THE DATE ON A COIN ? We have to use the point of a knife ... etc., in order to scratch ... DO WE USUALLY HAVE TO SCRAPE OFF OLD PAINT FROM A CAR OR A WOODEN DOOR BEFORE PUTTING ON A NEW COAT ?/ Yes, we usually have to scrape off ... THE ...THE im ... tym

THE SOONER ... THE BETTER im wcześniej tym lepiej WOULD YOU SAY THAT THE MORE WE LEARN THE HAPPIER WE BECOME ? Yes, I'd say that... or... No, I wouldn't say...

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "THE SOONER... THE BETTER". The sooner we get the job finished the better, so that we can have a rest

RESPONSIBLE odpowiedzialny

COUNCIL rada

902 AT ABOUT WHAT AGE IS A CHILD CONSIDERED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS OWN ACTIONS ?/ A child is considered to be ... at about... years old

WHAT'S A LOCAL TOWN COUNCIL RESPONSIBLE FOR ? A local town council is responsible for keeping the streets clean, looking after the public gardens, supplying water and electricity to the houses, etc.... FRIGHT strach

FRIGHTEN przerażony

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN FRIGHTENED BY A GHOST ? Yes, I've been ... or... No, I've never been ... WHAT HAPPENED ?

MEAN (adj)

skąpy

WHO DO YOU THINK ARE THE MEANEST PEOPLE YOU KNOW OF ? I think ... are the meanest people I know of THOUGHTLESS bezmyślny, nierozważny WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A THOUGHTLESS PERSON? By a thoughtless person, we mean either someone who doesn't think, or someone who shows little consideration for others... 903 PALE blady

SICKNESS choroba

WHAT CAN MAKE A PERSON'S FACE TURN PALE ?/ Fright, fear, sickness etc., can make a person's face turn pale IDIOM 39

PREPARATION przygotowanie

OFF THE CUFF = without preparation, or, not official. (The expression conies bez przygotowania from the habit in the old days of men writing notes on their hard shirt cuffs.) e.g. I can't give you a full and proper answer to your question but only one off the cuff. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "OFF THE CUFF" MEAN ? GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

The idiom "off the cuff' means...

He had no time to prepare a proper speech and so had to give one off the cuff

HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO MAKE A SPEECH "OFF THE CUFF" ?

LESSON 137

- ISH

SICILY Sycylia

When we add the letters "-ish" to an adjective it means "rather" or "more or less". For example, "Sicily is not exactly a big island, like Japan or Britain, but it's biggish compared with the other islands in the Mediterranean." 904 WHAT MEANING DO THE LETTERS "-ISH" GIVE WHEN WE ADD THEM TO AN ADJECTIVE ? The letters "-ish" give the meaning of "rather" or "more or less" when we add them to an adjective GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ "The ceiling is not exactly white, but it's whitish"

We cannot always add the letters "ish" to an adjective. We do not say, for example, "simplish". This is because it does not sound very nice. We would instead say, "fairly simple".

UPSET

FEEL UPSET

TERRIBLY

zdenerwowany, wylać

być zdenerwowanym

strasznie

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "MY PLANS FOR THE FUTURE HAVE ALL BEEN UPSET BY THE INTERFERENCE OF MY FATHER" ? If you said that your plans for the future had all been ... you would mean that he had not agreed with your plans, and had made you change them ... etc. IF YOU UPSET A DRINK OVER A LADY'S DRESS, WHAT'D YOU SAY AND DO ?/ If I upset a ... I'd say "I'm terribly sorry" and would try to help her clean the dress in some way 905 IF I SAID "I'M FEELING VERY UPSET TODAY", WHAT WOULD I MEAN ? If you said that you were feeling very upset today, you'd mean that something unpleasant had happened to you, or you had seen something unpleasant etc ...

WRECK wrak, popsuć, zrujnować

MISFORTUNE SHIPWRECK TAKE TO nieszczęście wrak statku uciekać, ratować się

HOW WOULD YOU FEEL, AND WHAT WOULD YOU DO, IF ALL YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE WERE WRECKED THROUGH SOME ACCIDENT OR SOME PIECE OF MISFORTUNE ?/ If all my plans for the future were wrecked ... I'd feel... and I'd...

DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS IN A SHIPWRECK. In a shipwreck, the ship sinks and people take to small boats, or drown ... ADVERTISE reklamować

SALE sprzedaż

ADVERTISING reklamowanie

COMMERCIAL handlowy

FOR SALE na sprzedaż

ADVERTISEMENT reklama

PRODUCT produkt

906 HOW WOULD YOU ADVERTISE THE FACT THAT YOU HAD A HOUSE FOR SALE ? I'd advertise the fact that... by putting an advertisement in the newspaper ... etc. WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST FORM OF ADVERTISING FOR SELLING A COMMERCIAL PRODUCT ?/ I think the best form ... is . "SOME" IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

USUAL zwykły

We sometimes use the words "some, somebody" and "something", in interrogative sentences instead of the usual "any, anybody", and "anything". We generally do this when we expect a positive answer, and especially when we offer something to somebody. For example, "Would you like some more tea ?" - "Is there somebody here you're looking for ?" - "Would you like me to buy you something nice for Christmas ?" etc./ WHEN DO WE USE "SOME, SOMEBODY" AND "SOMETHING" IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES INSTEAD OF THE USUAL "ANY, ANYBODY" AND "ANYTHING" ? We use "some"... when we expect a positive answer, and especially when we offer something to somebody GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE ! "Would you like some more tea ?" "Did I hear somebody ring the front door bell just then ?" "Would you like something nice for dinner ?"

907 BARGAIN targować się

OVER o coś

SECOND-HAND używany

BASEMENT/ suterena

GET THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN wytargować lepiej niż oczekiwano WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID THAT I HAD HAD TO BARGAIN FOR OVER AN HOUR WHEN I BOUGHT MY SECOND-HAND CAR, BUT EVENTUALLY GOT THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN?/ If you said that you

had had to bargain ... you would mean that you had bought a car that was not new and that, for more than an hour, you had had to argue about the price, because the price was not fixed. Eventually, the deal was to your advantage, which meant you got the car cheaper than the expected price ... WHAT KIND OF GOODS WOULD WE EXPECT TO FIND IN THE BARGAIN BASEMENT OF A SHOP? The kind of goods we'd expect... would be those which the shop was able to sell more cheaply than at the normal price ... CAUTION ostrożność

CAUTIOUSLY ostrożnie

IN WHAT KIND OF SITUATIONS DO PEOPLE MOVE VERY CAUTIOUSLY ? The kind of situations in which people ... is when there's danger ... etc ... 908 HOW MANY TIMES DO THE POLICE CAUTION YOU ABOUT BAD DRIVING BEFORE THEY TAKE AWAY YOUR LICENCE ?/ The police caution you ... about bad driving before ... DELIVER dostarczać

MAIL poczta

BEFOREHAND przedtem

SET FREE uwolnić

AT WHAT TIME DO THEY DELIVER THE MAIL AT YOUR HOUSE ? They deliver the ... at about... IF YOU HAD TO DELIVER A SPEECH, WOULD YOU CAREFULLY PREPARE NOTES BEFOREHAND OR WOULD YOU GIVE IT "OFF THE CUFF" ?/ If I had to deliver a speech, I'd ... WHICH WOULD SOUND MORE NATURAL ?

Delivering the speech off the cuff would sound more natural

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "THE PRISONERS WERE DELIVERED FROM THE ENEMY" ? When we say that the prisoners were ... we mean that they were set free CRITIC krytyk DO YOU THINK CRITICS SERVE A USEFUL PURPOSE ? IF SO, WHAT ? Yes, I think critics ... because they ... or ... No, I don't think ... 909 DO THEY ALWAYS KNOW WHAT THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT ?/ Yes, they always ... or ... No, they don't always ... IDIOM 40

HARD UP = having very little money spłukany, bez pieniędzy e.g. I can't let you have any money this week: I'm very hard up.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "HARD UP" MEAN ?

The idiom ... "having very ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

We were so hard up we couldn't even buy a newspaper

OPPOSITION opozycja

SADLY smutno

DICTATION 77 Some people find it sad/ that the steam engine/ is hardly any longer used/ on the railways these days./ Although he strongly opposed the bill,/ he knew it would be passed/ all the same/ and so, after replying to the opposition,/ he returned sadly to his seat./ The guards were given orders/ to shoot the enemy on sight./1 am an early bird,/ and so feel very bright/ in the morning/ and dull in the evening./ Find out if he is fit/ to do the job first. LESSON 138 DOUBLE CONTRACTIONS

One of the reasons spoken English is difficult to understand is due not only to contractions but to double contractions. For example, "I would have seen him if he had been there" becomes "I'd've seen him if he'd been there." - "I would have" becomes "I'd've." 910 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLE CONTRACTION. An example of a double contraction is "He'd've gone if he'd been able to"

EXPECT = TO LOOK FORWARD TO AN EVENT spodziewać się

RELY ON / polegać na

ARE YOU EXPECTING A LETTER FROM ANYONE IN THE NEXT FEW DAYS ? Yes, I'm expecting ... or ... No, I'm not ... DO YOU THINK A CHILD CAN BE EXPECTED TO STUDY WITHOUT BEING FORCED TO DO SO, EITHER BY HIS TEACHER OR HIS PARENTS ?/ Yes, I think a child ... or... No, I don't think ... I EXPECT BY NOW THAT YOU UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING I SAY WITH EASE - IS THAT RIGHT ? Yes, that's right... or ... No, that isn't right...

CAN YOU ALWAYS BE RELIED UPON TO DO THINGS THAT YOU HAVE PROMISED SOMEONE YOU WILL DO ? Yes, I can always be relied upon to ... or... No, I can't always be ... 911 FAST umocowany

FASTEN umocować, zapiąć

TOUCH DOWN tu: ląduje

AEROPLANE samolot

TAKEOFF wystartować

SAFETY-BELT pas bezpieczeństwa

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO IF WE WANT TO HOLD TWO PIECES OF WOOD FAST TOGETHER ? If we want to... we have to hammer a nail into them... etc WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE NOTICE "FASTEN YOUR SEAT - BELTS" THAT APPEARS IN AN AEROPLANE JUST BEFORE THE PLANE TAKES OFF OR LANDS ? The meaning of the notice "Fasten your seat-belts" that appears in an aeroplane just before the plane takes off or lands is that we must tie our safety-belts around us to hold us fast when the plane leaves the ground and when it touches down HASTEN pospieszyć

HASTE

pośpiech

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO HASTEN A LAZY WORKER?/ The best way to ... is to offer him more money or tell him he will lose his job ... 912 WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "MORE HASTE LESS SPEED" ? "More haste less speed" means that often if we try to do something too fast we finish by doing it much slower than if we had taken our time

GARDEN GATE = GATE OF THE GARDEN ELIMINATE wyeliminować

PORTER portier

HALL - PORTER portier holu

We can often put two nouns together in English and by doing so eliminate the need for the words "of the". For example, "the clock face" means "the face of the clock". GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF PUTTING TWO NOUNS TOGETHER AND SO ELIMINATING THE WORDS "OF THE" / "Hall-porter" meaning "the porter of the hall". "Book cover" meaning "the cover of the book". "Table top" meaning "the top of the table" OVERNIGHT przez noc

IF YOU WERE EVER TO BECOME VERY RICH AND FAMOUS, WOULD YOU PREFER IT TO HAPPEN OVERNIGHT OR LITTLE BY LITTLE? If ever I were to become ... I'd prefer it to... 913 MERE zwykły, normalny

IS THERE ANY JOB YOU COULD THINK OF THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO DO, NOT FOR MONEY, BUT FOR THE MERE HONOUR THAT GOES WITH THE JOB ? Yes, there's a job I can think of that I'd like ... or... No, there isn't any job I can ... WHICH JOB ?/ NUISANCE

utrapienie

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST THING TO SAY TO PEOPLE, OR DO WITH PEOPLE, WHO MAKE THEMSELVES A NUISANCE ? I think the best... is to ... POST słup

DOORPOST słup od drzwi

GOAL bramka

DIG "DUG-DUG kopać

WHAT ARE THESE ?

POSTAGE opłata pocztowa

These are doorposts

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO WHEN WE WANT TO PUT POSTS IN THE GROUND TO MAKE THE GOALS FOR A GAME OF FOOTBALL OR RUGBY ?/ When we want to put posts in the ground to make the ... we must dig fairly deep holes in the ground ABOUT HOW LONG DO YOU THINK IT TAKES TO REACH THE POST OF BANK MANAGER IF YOU START RIGHT FROM THE BOTTOM ? I think it takes about... years to reach the ... 914 HOW MUCH IS THE POSTAGE FOR A LETTER FROM YOUR COUNTRY TO ENGLAND ?/ The postage for a letter from ... is ... PUNISH

karać

HOW'D YOU PUNISH A PUPIL WHO WAS LACKING IN DISCIPLINE ? I'd punish a pupil who was lacking in discipline by ... FOLD składać

WHAT AM I DOING? NATIVE

pochodzący z

You're folding a page of your book COLONIALISM

kolonializm

A native is a person born in a certain country or place. For example, "I'm a native of...".

WHAT'S A NATIVE ?/

A native is a person born in a certain country or place

TREASURE skarb

IS THERE STILL ANY LOST TREASURE IN THE WORLD? Yes, there's still ... especially at the bottom of the sea where treasure ships sank during storms in the old days 915 RECEIPT2300 rachunek

PROVE udowodnić

WHY DOES ONE ASK FOR A RECEIPT TO BE SIGNED WHEN ONE DELIVERS GOODS ?/ One asks for a receipt to be signed when ... in order to prove that they have, in fact, been delivered IDIOM 41

TELL OFF = to speak angrily to someone for doing something wrong

skarcić

e.g. The teacher told the pupil off for being late for his lesson. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "TELL OFF" MEAN ?

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE!

The idiom ... "to speak ..."

If I'm not home early at night, I get told off by my mother

DICTATION 78

We spent the whole afternoon/ gathering up the apples/ that had fallen on the ground./ A railway line/ does not have to be level,/ but it cannot climb too rapidly,/ otherwise a train cannot run on it./ As we weighed the cake/ my father gave a cry of surprise./ He had not realized/ it would weigh so much./ The theatre seats were well-made,/ so that the audience/ could relax/ and watch the play in comfort./ For one brief moment,/ I was certain he would obey. 916 LESSON 139

EXCUSE ME przepraszam

I'M SORRY przepraszam

ACCIDENTALLY przypadkowo

Generally speaking, we use "Excuse me" for something that is not very important and "I'm sorry" for a more important apology. This, however, like so many other things, is only a general rule. WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "EXCUSE ME" AND "I'M SORRY" ? The difference ... is that we generally use "Excuse me" for something that is not very important, and "I'm sorry" for a more important apology WHAT DO YOU SAY WHEN YOU WANT TO PASS BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE SPEAKING TO EACH OTHER ?/ When I want to ... I say "Excuse me, please" AND WHAT DO YOU SAY IF, IN PASSING, YOU ACCIDENTALLY STEP ON THE FOOT OF ONE OF THE TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE SPEAKING ? If, in passing, I accidentally step... I say "Oh, I'm terribly sorry! I hope I havent hurt you" REJOICE radować się

REJOICING radosny

WEALTHY bogaty

DISASTER katastrofa

917 WHY ARE PUBLIC REJOICINGS NOT AS COMMON NOW AS THEY WERE IN THE PAST?/ Public rejoicings are not as common ... because many countries in the world today are at peace; and with the progress of science, people are becoming wealthier and healthier than in the past, and so national disasters such as war, plague, hunger etc., are rarer ... SCREW śruba

SCREWDRIVER śrubokręt

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A NAIL AND A SCREW ? The difference ... is that a nail we hammer into a piece of wood, whilst a screw we turn and turn with a screwdriver THEN wtedy, następnie, w przypadku The word "then" has three meanings:1) At that time - e.g. I shall see him on Thursday and will give him the news then. 2) Next - e.g. We'll have dinner first, and then watch T.V. 3) In that case - e.g. If you don't understand, then ask.

WHAT ARE THE THREE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "THEN" ?/ The three meanings ... are "at that time; next; in that case" GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! 1) 1 began studying English last year, and before then (i.e. before that time) did not know a single word. 2) I shall study first, then go to the cinema. 3) You will find the door locked; then what will you do ?

918 URGE ponaglać WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO URGE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING HE DOES NOT WANT TO DO ?/ The best way to urge someone to ... is to tell him how much better everything will be after he has done it...

YOU'RE RIGHT masz rację

YOU'RE WRONG mylisz się

AM 1 RIGHT WHEN I SAY THAT THE OPPOSITE OF "BELIEVE" IS "UNBELIEVE" ? No, you aren't right when you say that... but you're wrong, because the opposite of "believe" is "disbelieve"

AFFAIR sprawa

LOVE AFFAIR romans

IS IT WISE TO SPEAK ABOUT ONE'S PRIVATE AFFAIRS IN PUBLIC ? No, it isn't wise to ... ARE LOVE AFFAIRS ALWAYS HAPPY ?/

BASIN WASH - BASIN miednica (basen) miednica

No, love affairs aren't...

RIVER BASIN SHAPED LIKE dorzecze mieć kształt (kogo, czego)

919 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WASH-BASIN AND A RIVER BASIN ? The difference between ... is that a wash-basin is an object in which we wash our hands and face, whilst a river basin is so called because it is shaped like a basin ... CHARM czar

CHARMING czarujący

SNAKE - CHARMER zaklinacz węży

MUSICAL muzyczny INSTRUMENT instrument

SNAKE wąż MAGIC magiczny

WHO'S THE MOST CHARMING PERSON YOU KNOW ?

The most charming person I know is ...

WHAPS A SNAKE-CHARMER?/

A snake charmer is a person who charms a snake by playing a musical instrument...

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHO CAN PUT A MAGIC CHARM ON OTHER PEOPLE ? Yes, I believe that there ... or ... No, I don't... WHETHER czy

Just a short note to remind ourselves about the use of the word "whether". With the word "whether" we generally add the words "or not", and it usually expresses a doubt, e.g. "I wonder if Tom will come" or "I wonder whether Tom will come or not." The word "whether" cannot generally be used to express a condition. Only "if" will do in such cases, e.g. If you meet James, tell him to come and see me./ 920 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN USE BETWEEN THE WORDS "WHETHER" AND "IF" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. The difference in ... is that with the word "whether" we generally add the words "or not", and it usually expresses a doubt,e.g. "I wonder if Tom ..." or "I wonder whether Tom ...". The word "whether" can't generally be used to express a condition ...

LAST

ostatni

LATEST

ostatni, najnowszy

LAST BUT ONE przedostatni

The difference between "last" and "latest" is that, if I say "Have you read John Brown's last book ?" it usually means John Brown is dead and I am talking about the last book he wrote; whereas, if I say "Have you read John Brown's latest book?" it means that John Brown is still alive and I am talking about the book he has written most recently./ WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "LAST" AND "LATEST" ? The difference ... is that if I say "Have you seen Charles Smith's last painting?" it usually means Charles Smith is dead; whereas if I say "... Charles Smith's latest painting ?" ... he is still alive ... 921 WHICH'S THE LAST LETTER BUT ONE IN THE ENGLISH ALPHABET ? Y's the last letter but... BLACKBOARD tablica

CHALK kreda

WHAT DO WE WRITE ON A BLACKBOARD WITH ?

We write on a blackboard with a piece of chalk

EYEBROW

EYELASH

EYELID

LID

PAN

brew

rzęsa

powieka

pokrywka

garnek

WHAT'S THIS?

It's an eyebrow

WHAT ARE THESE ?/

Those are eyelashes

WHAT'S THIS?

It's an eyelid

DOES WATER IN A PAN BOIL MORE QUICKLY WITH THE LID ON OR WITH THE LID OFF? AND WHY? Water in a pan boils more quickly with the lid on because, with the lid on, the steam and the heat are kept in...

FAVOUR (v) = TO APPROVE OF; TO HELP faworyzować, darzyć względami

YACHT jacht

922 WHAT KIND OF FILMS DO THE PEOPLE IN YOUR COUNTRY FAVOUR THE MOST ?/ The kind of films the people ... are ... (westerns, action films, war films, films about love ...)

DOES BAD WEATHER FAVOUR A YACHT IN A RACE AT SEA ?

No, bad

weather doesn't...

WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU DON'T APPROVE OF SOMETHING ?

When I don't approve ... I... (say so, or shake my head ...)

CLOTHE

ubrać, odziać

CAN A WOMAN CLOTHE HERSELF MORE CHEAPLY THAN A MAN?/ Yes, a woman can ... or... No, a woman can't...

ABILITY zdolność, możliwość HAVE YOU ANY SPECIAL ABILITY THAT MOST PEOPLE DON'T HAVE? Yes, I've a special... or... No, I haven't any... WHAT?

ENDLESS bez końca GIVE ME A SENTENCE CONTAINING THE WORD "ENDLESS". There was an endless stream of traffic on the road

923 BUNCH

grono, wiązanka

GRAPE winogrono

WHICH'D YOU RATHER RECEIVE, A BUNCH OF FLOWERS OR A BUNCH OF GRAPES ?/ I'd rather receive a bunch of... RESIST opierać się

RESISTANCE opór

GO QUIETLY iść spokojnie

WOULD YOU RESIST ARREST BY THE POLICE ?

Yes, I'd resist... or... No, I

wouldn't resist arrest by the police, but I'd go quietly ... IDIOM 42 GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER = make to feel unwelcome odwrócić się plecami do kogoś e.g. I didn't know what I had done wrong, but everyone seemed to give me the cold shoulder.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER" MEAN ? The idiom ... "make to ..." GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! NOBLE (n) szlachetny

Instead of a friendly welcome we were given the cold shoulder REVOLUTION rewolucja

924 DICTATION 79 Lacking central heating,/ we managed to keep the room/ sufficiently warm with an oil heater/ which our next-door neighbour/ had lent us./ The nobles had behaved so wickedly/ that the people marched against them,/ and so a bloody revolution broke out./ The Greeks in the old days/ believed in many gods,/ whereas in the Christian Bible/ there is only one god./ The accident was not really the soldier's fault:/ he simply did/ what the captain commanded him to do./ It was quite plain/ that he was a policeman,/ even though he was not in uniform. LESSON 140

THE MEALS

APPROXIMATE

CEREAL

przybliżony

płatki

FRY - FRIED - FRIED BACON smażyć boczek

TOAST tost

MARMALADE marmolada

SNACK przekąska

SUBSTANTIAL zasadniczy

SANDWICH kanapka

BREAK (n) przerwa

DESSERT deser

TEA herbata

925 SUPPER kolacja

BISCUIT herbatnik

SOUP zupa

TAKE TEA posiłek o godz.

CHEESE ser żółty

CHOCOLATE2350 czekolada

Most people in England eat three average meals a day, the names of which depend on what time of the day they are eaten. The following is a list of six possible meals with their approximate times:1) 8 a.m. Breakfast - consisting of a cereal with milk; fried eggs and bacon; toast and marmalade, and a cup of tea or coffee, generally with milk and sugar./ The English usually like to face the day with something substantial in their stomachs, as it helps to steady the nerves and keeps them calm. It also means that they do not need to eat too much at midday or in the evening. WHAT'S THE FIRST MEAL OF THE DAY; AT WHAT TIME DO WE HAVE IT; AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? The first meal of... we have it... and it consists of... 2) 11 a.m. Snack - consisting of a cup of tea or coffee and a sandwich, usually taken during a ten or fifteen minute break at work. WHAT DOES A SNACK CONSIST OF, AND WHEN DO WE TAKE IT ? A snack consists of... and we take it... 3) 1 p.m. Lunch - consisting of soup, meat, vegetables and a dessert. The main meal of the day is called dinner, which means that if lunch is the main meal of the day, then it can be called dinner instead of lunch./ 926 WHEN IS LUNCH, AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? Lunch is at... and it... WHY IS LUNCH SOMETIMES CALLED DINNER ? Lunch is sometimes ... because it is sometimes the main meal of the day

4) 4 p.m. Tea - consisting of a cup of tea and a piece of cake or a sandwich; again taken during a ten or fifteen minute break at work, or by a housewife together with her friends.

WHAT DOES TEA CONSIST OF, AND WHEN AND BY WHOM IS IT TAKEN ?/ Tea consists of... and it's taken at... by ... 5) 7 to 9 p.m. Dinner - generally speaking it is more the middle and upper classes that have dinner. It consists of soup, meat, vegetables and dessert, etc. Most other people have a large tea, as soon as they arrive home from work at about 6 p.m., consisting of sandwiches, cakes or perhaps something more substantial, such as cheese, fish, meat, etc.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EVENING MEAL TAKEN BY THE MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASSES AND THAT TAKEN BY MOST OTHER PEOPLE ?/ The difference... is that middle and... eat between 7 and 9 p.m. and the meal is called dinner, and consists of... whereas that taken by ... is eaten at about 6 p.m., and consists of... 6) 10 to 11 p.m. Supper - consisting of either the same kind of food as at dinner or just something like cheese and biscuits and a hot drink of chocolate etc. It can be taken instead of dinner. Not many people take supper, as they do not like to go to bed on a full stomach.

927 WHEN IS SUPPER, AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ?

Supper is at ... and consists of...

WHY DONT MOST PEOPLE TAKE SUPPER?/

Most people dont... because ...

As has already been stated, most English people only eat three times a day, and then these three meals are not usually very big. If they do eat more than three times a day, the meals they have are usually very light. If they have a fairly large breakfast, they might have no snack at 11 a.m., and have a light lunch. If they have a large lunch, then they will probably have no tea and a light evening meal, and so on.

HOW MANY MEALS A DAY DO MOST PEOPLE GENERALLY EAT ?/ Most people generally eat three... IF THEY DO EAT MORE THAN THREE MEALS A DAY, WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? If they do eat more ... it means that the meals are very light...

928 DINE jeść obiad

DINING-ROOM jadalnia

WHAT'S THE NAME OF THE ROOM IN WHICH ONE DINES ? The name of the room ... is the dining-room JAM

ORANGE

PEAR

PLUM

dżem

pomarańcza

gruszka

śliwka

The difference between marmalade and jam is that marmalade is generally made from oranges whilst jam is made from other fruits, such as pears, apples, plums, etc./ WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARMALADE AND JAM ?

The difference... is that marmalade is generally made from oranges... jam ... other fruits...

THE COUNTRY wieś

VICTORY zwycięstwo

Sometimes we use "the country" not with the meaning of "the opposite of the town" but meaning "the people of a nation", e.g. "The country rejoiced at the news of the victory". 929 HOW ELSE CAN WE USE "THE COUNTRY" BESIDES MEANING "THE OPPOSITE OF THE TOWN" ?/ We can use "the country" besides meaning

"the opposite of the town" with the meaning of "the people of a nation" GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

Most of the country was in favour of

his election HEAL uleczyć, uzdrowić ABOUT HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR A CUT ON THE HAND TO HEAL ? The time it takes for a cut on the hand to heal depends on how deep the cut is...

LIVE (v)

LIVE (adj) The "i" is pronounced as in the verb "to lie"

żyć

żywy

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIVE (v) AND LIVE (adj)? The difference ... is that "live" is a verb, whilst... DO YOU THINK ITS ALL RIGHT TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS ON LIVE ANIMALS ?/ Yes, I think it's all right to ... or ... No, I don't think it's all right to ... MILD

REMARK

łagodny

uwaga, spostrzeżenie

LOOK(n)

spojrzenie

STORMY

burzliwy

WHAT KIND OF REMARK WOULD SOMEONE HAVE TO MAKE TO BRING A MILD LOOK OF SURPRISE TO YOUR FACE ? The kind of remark someone would ... would be that he has the same Christian name or surname as myself, or that he used to live in the same town as myself... etc. 930 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD WEATHER? By mild weather, we mean weather that is not stormy, or very hot, or very cold. In other words, not extreme WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD DISCIPLINE ?/

By mild discipline, we mean discipline that is not very severe

AND WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD WINE, MILD EXERCISE, ETC. ? By mild wine, we mean not strong wine, whilst by mild exercise, we mean not violent exercise

PROOF dowód IN YOUR COUNTRY, DO YOU HAVE TO CARRY DOCUMENTS AS PROOF THAT YOU ARE WHO YOU SAY YOU ARE ? Yes, in my country we have to carry ... or ... No, in my country we don't...

SAYING powiedzenie WHAT DOES THIS SAYING MEAN - "A BIRD IN THE HAND IS WORTH TWO IN THE BUSH" ?/ That saying means that what you've actually got in the hand you can be sure of, and that is worth twice what you might be able to get, because you can't be sure of getting it ...

931 HUNT pościg, poszukiwanie WOULD YOU JOIN THE HUNT FOR A MURDERER ? WHY OR WHY NOT ?

ARMS

broń

Yes, I'd join the ... or... No, I wouldn't...

ARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST THE POLICE CARRYING ARMS WHILST WALKING AROUND THE STREETS ON DUTY ? I'm for the police ... whilst ... or ... I'm against the ... TRAP pułapka WHAT FOOD DO WE PUT IN A TRAP TO CATCH A MOUSE ?/ We put cheese in a trap to catch a mouse WHY ?

Because mice like cheese, and cheese has a strong smell, and so attracts the mice to it

IDIOM 43

TOUCH WOOD = what people say when they touch wood in the hope of odpukać w niemalowane preventing bad luck. e.g. We've been very lucky and everything's gone very well until now; touch wood. 932 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO AND SAY WHEN THEY WISH OR HOPE TO PREVENT BAD LUCK ? When people ... they touch wood and say "touch wood" GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

I've been driving now for ten years without an accident; touch wood

DICTATION 80 She picked up her wedding ring/ from the floor/ and put it back on her finger./ A bird has a pair of wings/ and a tail./ The value of goods/ depends a great deal/ on how much they are in demand./ Unless the sea is very rough,/ the ship won't rock and roll very much./ Most people like to live a settled life,/ but often find their lives/ are interfered with/ by those who like to stir up trouble./ A chicken is not a very brave bird. LESSON 141 "BY" AND ITS MANY USES GO PAST przejść obok

BY HIMSELF sam

NEARBY pobliski

The word "by" has many different uses. The following sentences will serve as examples of how it is used:-

1) "I like to sit and watch people pass by my window". "By" in this case means "to go past ". 2) "Mr. Williams lives by himself means that nobody lives with him; whereas, "Mr Williams did the job all by himself" means "without help". 3) "He worked by night and slept by day" means "during the night" and "during the day". 4) "Hamlet was written by Shakespeare" means "Shakespeare was the writer of Hamlet".! 5) "He came from a nearby village" - Exactly as we don't say "a far village" but "a distant village" so we don't say "a near village" but "a nearby village". 933 TELL ME THE MEANING OF THESE SENTENCES WITHOUT USING THE WORD "BY":"I SAW HIM PASS BY MY HOUSE YESTERDAY"

I saw him going past my house yesterday

"HENRY SAT IN THE ROOM ALL BY HIMSELF"

Henry sat alone in the room

"HENRY DID THE TRANSLATION ALL BY HIMSELF"/

Henry did the translation without help

"THIEVES OFTEN WORK BY NIGHT"

Thieves often work during the night

"THIS PICTURE WAS PAINTED BY ME"

I was the painter of this picture

934 IS IT CORRECT TO SAY "THE MAN LIVED IN A NEAR TOWN" ? No, it isn't correct to... WHAT MUST WE SAY INSTEAD?

We must say "The man lived in a

nearby town" instead POT naczynie INKPOT słoik atramentu

COOKING - POT garnek do gotowania INK atrament

FLOWERPOT doniczka JAMPOT słoik dżemu

TEA-POT/ czajnik do herbaty

NAME ME SOME DIFFERENT KINDS OF POTS WE CAN HAVE.

Some different kinds of pots we can have are cooking-pots, flowerpots, jampots, inkpots, tea-pots, coffee-pots...

IN RELATION TO w stosunku RELATIVE względny

RELATIONSHIP związek

OVERWEIGHT ważyć za dużo/nadwaga

PYGMY Pigmej

RELATIVES krewni DWARF karzeł

GIANT olbrzym

DO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE ARE OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT IN RELATION TO THEIR HEIGHT ? I think most people are ... in relation... 935 WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP LIKE BETWEEN SERVANT AND MASTER IN THE OLD DAYS ?/ The relationship between servant...

was often not very good, and sometimes quite cruel... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT EVERYTHING IS RELATIVE ? When we say that everything is relative, we mean, for example, that a man is only tall because in relation to himself the people around him are short. Among pygmies or dwarfs a man of normal height would

be considered a giant, whereas the same man in Scandinavia or Texas would be considered short - it's all relative ...

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD WE CAN USE INSTEAD OF "RELATIONS" WHEN TALKING ABOUT THE FAMILY ? Another word we can ... is "relatives" AT SEA na morzu

BY SEA po morzu

HOW LONG ARE YOU AT SEA FOR WHEN YOU TRAVEL BY SEA FROM EUROPE TO AMERICA?/ How long you are at sea when you travel by ... depends on the ship, but I should think about... IN SEASON w sezonie

OUT OF SEASON

po sezonie

936 ARE APPLES IN OR OUT OF SEASON AT THE MOMENT ? Apples are ... season at the moment THREAD nitka

NEEDLE igła

SEW szyć

COMPASS kompas

INJECTION zastrzyk

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO? You're pretending to thread a piece of cotton through the eye of a needle

ABOUT HOW LONG DOES THE THREAD OF COTTON HAVE TO BE TO SEW A BUTTON ON A SHIRT?/ The thread of cotton has to be about a foot long to sew a button on a shirt WHAT OTHER KINDS OF NEEDLES ARE THERE BESIDES SEWING NEEDLES ?/ There are compass needles, and needles for giving injections ... besides sewing needles WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO SEW" ? The paradigm ... sew - sewed - sewed or sew - sewed - sewn

937 USE UP zużyć

GO SHOPPING iść na zakupy

DO THE SHOPPING robić zakupy

WHEN ALL THE FOOD IS USED UP AT HOME, WHAT DO YOU HAVE TO DO ? / When all the food is ... I have to go shopping and buy some more ... WHO DOES THE SHOPPING IN YOUR HOUSE? AGENT agent

...does the shopping in my house

AGENCY agencja

WHEN YOU GO ON HOLIDAY, DO YOU FIX EVERYTHING UP THROUGH A TRAVEL AGENCY BEFOREHAND OR DO YOU JUST GO ? When I go on holiday, I... TITLE tytuł

CHAMPION zwycięzca

BOXER bokser

DUKE książę

LORD pan

WHAT WAS THE TITLE OF THE LAST BOOK YOU READ ?/

The title of

the last book I read was... WHO, AT PRESENT, HOLDS THE TITLE OF WORLD HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION BOXER? At present... holds the title of... WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE THE TITLE OF DUKE OR LORD ETC. ? Yes, I'd like to have ... or ... No, I wouldn't like ...

938 BELIEF wiara DO YOU THINK THAT BELIEF IN RELIGION IS INCREASING IN THE WORLD GENERALLY, OR GROWING LESS ? / I think that belief in religion is ... SHAVE golić się WHAT DO WE SHAVE WITH ?

RAZOR brzytwa We shave with a razor

EFFORT wysiłek IS IT AN EFFORT FOR YOU TO GET UP IN THE MORNING ?

Yes, it's an

effort for... or... No, it isn't an ... IDIOM 44

KEEP ONE'S FINGERS CROSSED trzymać kciuki When we wish for something to happen, we cross our fingers like this (second finger over the first). IS IT THE CUSTOM IN YOUR COUNTRY FOR PEOPLE TO CROSS THEIR FINGERS WHEN THEY WISH FOR SOMETHING. IF NOT, WHAT DO THEY DO INSTEAD ? Yes, if s the custom in my... or... No, it isnt the custom... Instead they... 939 DICTATION 81 The storm had done/ a lot of damage on the beach,/ which took a lot of tidying up./ It was clear/ that the poor fellow/ was suffering from stage-fright,/ as it was the first time/ he had ever spoken in public./ Our plans/ were at a very advanced stage/ of development/ when we had to change them entirely;/ and in doing so received/ a stream of letters in protest./ They all went to the railway station/ to wave goodbye to their guest. LESSON 142 VERB + AND + VERB

E.G. GO AND HAVE

idź i weź

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF A VERB + AND + ANOTHER VERB, PLEASE ! Come and see me next Sunday. Let's wait and see what will happen. Would you go and buy me a newspaper, please ?

GO AHEAD iść na przód, śmiało

JUST THE SAME to samo

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SEE A NOTICE BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD SAYING "WARNING - DANGEROUS BEND AHEAD" ?/ When we see a notice ... it means that further down the road, the road bends suddenly and that we should slow down if we want to avoid having an accident 940 WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD AND YOUR PARENTS FORBADE YOU TO DO SOMETHING, DID YOU USED TO GO AHEAD AND DO IT JUST THE SAME ? Yes, when I was a child and ... I used to go ahead and ... or ...

No, when I was a child ... I didn't used to go ... WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES?

BATH kąpiel

BATHE kąpać się

The consequences were that... my parents scolded me... SUNBATHE/

kąpiel słoneczna

One of the main differences between "bath" and "bathe", apart from the fact that "bath" is generally used as a noun, whilst "bathe" is generally used as a verb, is that we have a bath at home, whilst we go for a bathe in the sea, in a river, or in a swimming pool etc. WHAT'S ONE OF THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN "BATH" AND "BATHE" ? One of the... apart from the feet that "bath" is generally used as a noun whilst "bathe" is generally used as a verb, is that we ... Other uses of the word "bathe" are, for example, "to bathe a wound with water, to bathe in sunshine" or "to sunbathe"./ 941 WHY DO PEOPLE SOMETIMES BATHE THEIR EYES? People sometimes ... because they have some kind of eye illness, or because their eyes feel tired ... DO YOU DO ANY SUNBATHING ?

Yes, I do some sunbathing ... or... No, I don't do any sunbathing

CHEAT2400 oszust

WHO'S THE BIGGEST CHEAT, OR WHAT IS THE BIGGEST CHEAT, YOU'VE EVER COME ACROSS OR HEARD OF ? The biggest cheat I've ever... was ... WHAT HAPPENED? WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO HAPPEN WHEN A PUPIL IS CAUGHT CHEATING IN AN EXAM?/ When a pupil is caught cheating in an exam, I think ... he should be sent out of the room... DIP zanurzać

HORIZON horyzont

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ?

HORIZONTAL poziomy

You're pretending to dip your pen into some ink in order to write

WHAT'S MY HAND DOING ?

Your hand's moving in a horizontal direction, then suddenly dipping and coming up again

942 DOES THE SUN RISE OVER THE HORIZON IN THE EAST OR THE WEST ? The sun rises over the horizon in the east. FEED - FED - FED

karmić

IF A DOG SITS LOOKING AT YOU WHILST YOU ARE EATING AT TABLE, DO YOU FEED IT WHILST YOU YOURSELF ARE FEEDING, OR DO YOU LEAVE SOME FOOD ON YOUR PLATE AND GIVE IT TO THE DOG AFTER YOU'VE FED ?/ If a dog sits ... I... HAY siano

STRAW słoma

STEM łodyga

The difference between hay and straw is that hay is dried grass, whilst straw is the stems of wheat or other types of corn after it has been cut WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAY AND STRAW?

The difference

... is that hay is... 943

THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S" TASTE STYLE PREFERENCE upodobanie styl gust

DETERMINE determinować

RUN biec

Generally speaking, we use the apostrophe "s" for people or animals, e.g. Mr Johnson's tie; my uncle's house; the horse's tail etc., but sometimes we can also use it for things, e.g. "The book's main purpose is to teach", which is the same as saying "The main purpose of the book is to teach". / WHEN DO WE USE THE APOSTROPHE "S" ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! We use the apostrophe "s" for people or animals, e.g. Mr. Johnson's tie; the horse's tail... also ... for things, e.g. the book's main purpose ... As with so much else in a language, it is mainly a question of making a pleasant sound, being easy to pronounce, and having a smooth rhythm. For example, we might prefer to say "The history of Athens" rather than "Athens's history" as it runs more smoothly off the tongue. It is often a question of taste or style.

WHAT MAINLY DETERMINES THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S" ?/ The use of the apostrophe "s" is mainly determined by whether or not it makes a pleasant sound, is easy to pronounce, and has a smooth rhythm With the names of people, we are almost obliged to use the apostrophe "s", whilst with animals and things we often have the choice. Often, however, even with the names of people, we have a choice. For example, we can say "The works of Shakespeare" if we like, in preference to "Shakespeare's works". 944 WHEN ARE WE ALMOST OBLIGED TO USE THE APOSTROPHE "S", AND WHEN DO WE HAVE THE CHOICE ?/ We are almost obliged to... with the names

of people, whilst with animals and things we often have the choice...

HELP poczęstować się

CANT HELP nie przestać

AT A PARTY, DO YOU THINK ITS BETTER TO LET EVERYONE HELP THEMSELVES TO THE FOOD, OR FOR THEM TO BE SERVED BY SOMEONE ? At a party, I think ifs better to let... or... At a party...

for people to be served by someone IS THERE ANY MISTAKE IN ENGLISH THAT YOU CAN'T HELP MAKING WHEN YOU WRITE OR SPEAK ? Yes, there's a mistake in ... or... No, there isn't any mistake ... WHICH ?/ LOAD ładunek, ładować

BARREL lufa

ELEPHANT słoń

ROD pręt

WHICH ANIMAL DO YOU THINK CAN PULL THE HEAVIEST LOAD ? I think the elephant can ... 945 HOW DID THEY USED TO LOAD A GUN IN THE OLD DAYS ? They used to load a gun in the old days first by pouring gunpowder down the barrel of the gun, then packing the powder down hard with a metal rod ... and then finally dropping the lead ball down the barrel on to the powder WHAT DO WE USE TO FISH WITH ? VOYAGE podróż WHAT IS A VOYAGE ?

We use a rod (a fishing-rod) to fish with SPACE przestrzeń

A voyage is usually a journey by water, or into space

EXCELLENT wspaniały CAN WE EXPECT EXCELLENT FOOD IN A FIRST-CLASS RESTAURANT?/ Yes, we can expect...

LOVER kochanek CAN YOU NAME ANY GREAT LOVERS IN HISTORY ? Yes, I can name ... Casanova, Don Juan, Lord Byron ...

TOUR objazd

TOURIST turysta

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN ON A TOUR ?

Yes, I've been on ... or... No, I've never...

946 WHERE?

RABBIT królik

PET ulubieniec (zwierzę)

DO YOU LIKE RABBITS AS PETS OR AS FOOD ?

I like rabbits as ...

IDIOM 45 KICK THE BUCKET = to die

umrzeć

e.g The old man had been ill for quite some time, and finally kicked the bucket last night WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "KICK THE BUCKET" MEAN? GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

The idiom ... "todie"

We hadn't expected him to kick the bucket so soon

As death is a serious matter, this idiom would only be used on non-serious occasions.

LESSON 143

MILL młyn

WINDMILL wiatrak

SAIL MILLER ramię wiatraka młynarz 947 HOLLAND Holandia

MOUNTAINOUS górzysty

WATERMILL młyn wodny

HILLY pagórkowaty

RUN poruszany

SITUATE sytuować

CLOTH materiał

PACKET paczka

The difference between a windmill and a watermill is that, although both might contain a machine for grinding, a windmill is worked by the action of the wind on four giant arms called sails, which, turning round in the wind, turn the large stones inside the mill enabling the miller to grind his corn to make flour. A watermill, on the other hand, is run by water, and for this reason is situated by a fast-flowing river or stream. It is worked by a large wheel which is forced round and round by the water./ WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WINDMILL AND A WATERMILL ? The difference ... is that a windmill is worked by the action of the wind ... a watermill... is run by water... We generally find windmills in flat country where the wind is strong. For this reason there are many in Holland. Watermills we generally find in hilly or mountainous country which has a lot of rain and many fast-flowing rivers or streams. Watermills can also be made to produce electricity or to drive various kinds of machines./ WHERE DO WE GENERALLY FIND WINDMILLS AND WATERMILLS ? We generally find windmills in flat country ... Watermills we generally find in hilly or mountainous country ... The word "mill" can also be used with the meaning of "factory", but we usually think of a mill in this sense as producing such things as cloth or steel; whilst a factory usually produces a finished article like a car, an electric iron, or a packet of cigarettes, etc. 948 WHAT'S GENERALLY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MILL AND A FACTORY ? / The difference ... is that we usually think of a mill as producing such things as cloth or steel, whilst a factory usually produces a finished article like a car... CONVINCE przekonać

ADMIT przyznać się, wpuszczać

TRY próbować

WHEN A MAN COMMITS MURDER AND THE LAW CANNOT PROVE HE DID IT, EVEN THOUGH EVERYONE IS CONVINCED HE DID, WHAT HAPPENS? When a man ...the man is set free

AND IF AFTERWARDS HE ADMITS TO THE CRIME, WHAT HAPPENS?/ If afterwards he ... he is still left free, because a man can't be tried twice for the same crime (unless perhaps further proof can be found) WHAT MUST YOU BUY IN ORDER TO BE ADMITTED TO THE CINEMA ? You must buy a ticket in order... RELIEVE

ulżyć, zwolnić

PILL pigułka, tabletka

RELIEF ulga

PARCEL

paczka

949 IF WE HAVE TOOTHACHE, HEADACHE, STOMACH-ACHE ETC., WHAT CAN WE DO TO RELIEVE THE PAIN?/ If we have toothache ... we can take a pill etc. to relieve the pain HOW LONG IS A SOLDIER GENERALLY ON GUARD FOR BEFORE HE'S RELIEVED ? A soldier is generally on guard for perhaps two to four hours before he's relieved WHAT'S THE NOUN OF "RELIEVE" ?

The noun ... is "relief

DURING A WAR, WHAT DO WE MEAN BY RED CROSS RELIEF? During a war, by Red Cross relief, we mean parcels of food and medicine etc. sent to the soldiers who are prisoners behind the enemy lines ... SELF SELFISH tu: oblicze samolubny

SELF-CONTROL samokontrola

CONTROL (v)

EMOTION

kontrolować

uczucie

WHY IS IT THAT WE SELDOM KNOW ANOTHER PERSON'S REAL SELF ?/ The reason we seldom ... is that most people keep a part of themselves hidden from others... WHAT DO YOU THINK A SELFISH NATURE IS DUE TO ? I think a selfish nature is perhaps due to the person being spoilt as a child ... 950 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SELF-CONTROL?

LIE -LAY -LAIN

LIE - LIED - LIED

położyć się

kłamać

By self-control we mean we control our own feelings, desires and emotions without discipline coming from others ... LAY - LAID - LAID kłaść, położyć (coś)

Three verbs which sometimes get confused with one another are -1) The irregular verb "to lie" as in "to lie in bed", its paradigm being "lie - lay - lain" 2) The regular verb "to lie" meaning "not to tell the truth", its paradigm being "lie - lied - lied" and 3) The verb "to lay" as in "to lay the book on the table", its paradigm being "lay - laid - laid".

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE IRREGULAR VERB "TO LIE" AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ?/ The paradigm... lie - lay - lain, and it means ... as in "to lie in bed" WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE REGULAR VERB "TO LIE", AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? The paradigm ... lie - lied - lied, and it means ... i.e. "not to tell the truth" 951 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO LAY" AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? The paradigm ... lay - laid - laid, and it means ... as in "to lay the book on the table" TIGHT TIGHTLY obcisły, ciasny mocno LOOSE-FITTING luźny WHAT AM I DOING ?

TIGHT-FITTING obcisły

CONTAINER zbiornik

AIRTIGHT hermetyczny

WATERTIGHT/ wodoszczelny

You're holding on tightly to the arm of the chair

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TIGHT" ?

The contrary ... "loose"

WHICH ARE MORE COMFORTABLE - TIGHT-FITTING OR LOOSE-FITTING CLOTHES ? Loose-fitting clothes are more comfortable WHY ?

Because they allow one to move more easily. In hot weather they keep one cool whilst in cold weather they keep one warm, as they allow plenty of air between the body and the material the clothes are made of

and so act as a form of protection ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY A CONTAINER IS AIRTIGHT AND WATERTIGHT ?/ When we say a ... we mean that no air or water can pass into it from outside, or vice versa AIM cel, celować

TAKE AIM nacelować

952 WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO?

You're pretending to take aim at

the window with a gun HAVE YOU ANY PARTICULAR AIM IN LIFE ?

Yes, I've a ... or... No,

I haven't a... WHAT? DAMP wilgotny IS IT HEALTHY TO LIVE IN A DAMP HOUSE?

No, it isn't healthy to ...

WHY NOT ?

Because it can make us ill...

INDEED rzeczywiście, naprawdę WHAT DOES THE WORD "INDEED" MEAN, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR ?/ The word "indeed" means "really", and we use it for emphasis GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

It's very cold indeed

JAW szczęka WHAT PART OF THE BODY'S THIS?

It's the jaw

LADDER2460 drabina DESCRIBE A LADDER./ A ladder's two pieces of wood or metal with several smaller pieces put horizontally across the two to act as steps for climbing when the ladder is leant against a wall... 953 USE OF THE HYPHEN When to use a hyphen and when not to use a hyphen in English is by no means easy to learn. These days, writers, and sometimes even dictionaries, will disagree about the use of the hyphen. As with most things, it is often safer to observe each individual case and remember it. One point worth noting, however, could be that a hyphen can make a difference in meaning. For example, a "paper-knife" with a hyphen, is a knife which is used for cutting paper, whilst a "paper knife" without a hyphen is a knife made of paper. TELL ME SOMETHING ABOUT THE USE OF THE HYPHEN IN ENGLISH./

When to use a hyphen and when not to... GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A HYPHEN CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING. "Paper-knife" with a hyphen means ... whilst the same words without the hyphen mean ... 954 IDIOM 46 A LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND = a relief from worry kamień spadł. .. z serca e.g. Now that I know the results at last, it's a great load off my mind.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "A LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND" MEAN ? The idiom "a load off one's mind" means "relief from worry" GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !

I'm glad you've arrived safely. It's a great load off my mind

DICTATION 82 I am afraid/1 cannot recommend him for the job./ A wound we get from fighting,/ whilst an injury we get by accident./ They decided to separate/ and sit at separate tables./ We generally finish a business letter/ with "Yours faithfully" or "Yours sincerely"./ When we apply for a job,/ the manager, or whoever it might be,/ usually asks for a reference./ The corn stood shoulder high,/ but sad to relate/ was full of weeds./ There is still a chance/ that the envelope containing the money/ might be found./

STAGE 10 955 LESSON 144

SHADE cień, odcień, osłonić BEAM wiązka światła

SHADOW cień SCREEN ekran

OVERHEAD nad głową

PROJECTOR projektor

OLD - FASHIONED staroświecki

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "TO SIT IN THE SUN"? The opposite of "to sit in the sun" is "to sit in the shade" WHAT SHADE OF BLUE DO YOU PREFER-A LIGHT SHADE OR A DARK SHADE ? I prefer a... shade of blue WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO?/

You're pretending to shade your eyes from the sun

By the word "shadow", we generally mean a dark shape thrown onto a surface by an object standing in front of a light For example, if we put the light on in this room and held our hand over the table, we would be able to see the shadow of our hand upon the table. WHAT DO WE GENERALLY MEAN BY THE WORD "SHADOW"? By the word "shadow" we generally mean a dark shape thrown onto a surface by an object standing in front of a light GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ When the sun rises in the morning, the houses etc. throw long shadows on the ground, whilst at midday, with the sun overhead, the shadows are short 956 AT THE CINEMA, WHEN SOMEONE PASSES IN FRONT OF THE PROJECTOR AND SO CUTS THE BEAM OF LIGHT, WHAT DO WE SEE APPEAR ON THE SCREEN ? At the cinema, when ... we see the shadow of the person's head appear on the screen

DO YOU LIKE OLD-FASHIONED HOUSES WHERE THE CEILINGS ARE SUPPORTED BY BIG WOODEN BEAMS ?/ Yes, I like old-fashioned ...

or... No, I don't like ... WOULD YOU LIKE TO LIVE IN SUCH A HOUSE ?

CHEER dodawać otuchy, skandować

CHEERS okrzyki

HIP! HIP! HURRAY! (OR, HURRAH!)

Yes, I'd like to ... or... No, I wouldn't...

CHEER UP! WINNER CONCERT głowa do góry zwycięzca koncert hip, hip, hura

SUPPOSING I WERE THE SPORTS MASTER AT A SCHOOL AND AFTER A GAME I SAID "THREE CHEERS FOR THE WINNERS", WHAT WOULD I THEN SHOUT, AND WHAT WOULD THE PLAYERS SHOUT IN REPLY ?/ Supposing you were the ... you would shout "Hip! Hip!" and the players would shout "Hurray", both you and the players repeating this three times 957 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO AT A CONCERT WHEN THE PERFORMANCE HAS BEEN VERY GOOD? People cheer at a concert when the performance ... WHAT DOES IT MEAN : "CHEER UP! THINGS ARE NOT AS BAD AS THEY SEEM" ? "Cheer up! Things are not as bad as they seem" means that someone is telling us not to be so miserable, as the situation that is making us unhappy is not as serious as it appears to be DIRECT TELEPHONING bezpośredni telefonując ENGLISH CHANNEL

Kanał La Manche COURSE kurs

CHANNEL kanał

OFF COURSE z kursu

TAKE THE NAME bierze nazwę

CONTACT (v) TELEPHONE EXCHANGE kontaktować się centrala telefoniczna DOVER

Dover

CALAIS Calais

CURRENT prąd DIRECTLY bezpośrednio

CURVE zakrzywienie

MAINLAND kontynent STRAITS cieśnina

958 WHEN TELEPHONING FROM YOUR HOME TOWN, ARE YOU ABLE TO CONTACT PEOPLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES DIRECTLY-OR DO YOU HAVE TO GO THROUGH THE LOCAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGE ?/ When telephoning from ... I can be put... or ... When telephoning ... I have to go ... DIRECT ME TO THE NEAREST POST OFFICE FROM HERE, PLEASE ! You go out of the building, turn ...

WHEN SWIMMERS SWIM THE ENGLISH CHANNEL, DO THEY SWIM IN A DIRECT LINE FROM DOVER TO CALAIS ? No, when swimmers ... they don't swim in ... but they swim in a curve WHY IS THIS?

Because if they tried to go in a direct line, they'd be carried off course by the strong current and land not at Calais but somewhere further along the coast

Some people wonder what right the English have to call the channel between England and France the English Channel. Usually the water between the mainland and an island takes the name of the island or the name of a town on the island. For example, the sea of Japan, the Straits of Gibraltar or the Straits of Messina. WHAT DO YOU DO DIRECTLY THE LESSON IS OVER ?/

I... directly the lesson is over ...

959 DO YOU THINK YOU'D BE ANY GOOD AT DIRECTING A LARGE BUSINESS ? Yes, I think I'd be good at... or... No, I don't think I'd be any good at.. FELLOW facet, kolega, członek

ASSOCIATE partner

SCHOOL - FELLOW kolega szkolny

COMRADE towarzysz

FELLOW-WORKER współpracownik

SOCIETY stowarzyszenie

A fellow is a male person. We sometimes use the word for a man whose name we don't know, e.g. "Who was that fellow I saw you with yesterday ?" Another meaning of the word fellow is "associate" or "comrade", e.g. fellow-worker, school-fellow, etc. A third meaning of the word fellow is a member of a learned society, e.g. a Fellow of the Royal Society, or a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. WHAT ARE THE THREE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "FELLOW" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH. The three meanings of... are: 1) A man whose name we don't know, e.g. Who was that fellow ... ? 2) An associate or comrade, e.g. fellow-worker ... 3) A member of a learned society, e.g. Fellow of the Royal Society ... WILL - WOULD

TO BE IN T HE HABIT OF/

mieć zwyczaj 960 The words "will" and "would" can be used with the meaning of "to be in the habit or*.

For example, "He will sit in his chair by the fire for hours and hours smoking his pipe and not saying a word", or, "In the old days he would sit in his chair by the fire

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF "WILL" AND "WOULD" USED WITH THE MEANING OF "TO BE IN THE HABIT OF". "The birds will come here every day to be fed" or "The birds would come here every day to be fed"

CAMERA

aparat fotograficzny

TAKE A PHOTOGRAPH zrobić zdjęcie

WHAT DO WE DO WITH CAMERAS?/ JUICE

We take photos with cameras

sok

WHICH'S YOUR FAVOURITE FRUIT JUICE ?

My favourite ...

NEST

skorzystać z

gniazdo

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF

WHAT DO WE CALL THE HOME A BIRD BUILDS FOR ITSELF? We call the home... a nest WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY SOMEONE HAS FEATHERED HIS NEST ? When we say someone has ... we mean, usually in an unpleasant way, that someone has taken advantage of a certain situation, and all he has thought about is making money out of the situation: he has put the money into the bank in order to live a comfortable life, rather like a bird that feathers its nest in order to make it comfortable 961 NOON południe WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR MIDDAY ? RARE

Another word ... is noon

rzadki

NAME ME A RARE METAL. DICTATION 83

UNDONE

Gold is a rare metal odwiązany, otworzony, nieskończony

The boy whistled to himself/ as he cycled down the empty street./ The evil deed has been done/ and cannot be undone,/ so we must accept the fact/ and stop crying about it./ Every now and again/ we have to grease our cars/ if we want them to run properly./ The girl sat cutting the pink cloth up/ into small pieces./ In the discussion that followed,/ Arthur lost his temper/ and began to quarrel violently.

LESSON 145

JOKE żart DO YOU LIKE PEOPLE WHO ARE ALWAYS LAUGHING AND JOKING ? Yes, I like people who ... or... No, I don't ... CAN YOU TELL US A JOKE ?

Yes, I can tell you a joke - "A man ..." ... or... No, I can't...

962 HIRE wynająć The word "hire" is similar in meaning to the words "rent" and "let", but sometimes it is used differently. For example, although we hire or rent a car, we don't hire a house - we rent it. On the other hand we don't rent a servant to help us for a day we hire him./ WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "HIRE" AND "RENT" ? The difference ... is that we hire or rent a car but not a house ... we don't rent a servant... but hire him LONELY

LONELINESS

SADNESS

SADLY

DEFINITION

samotny/-ie

samotność

smutek

smutny

definicja

HUGE ogromny, wielki

EMPEROR cesarz, imperator

The word "alone" means "without company, by oneself, by itself etc For example, "I live alone" or "The house stood alone". The word "lonely", on the other hand, expresses a feeling of sadness which can be caused by being alone. For example, "He sat down sadly by the river looking the perfect picture of loneliness."/ WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "ALONE" AND "LONELY" ? The difference ... is that "alone" means "without company" ... whilst "lonely" expresses a feeling of sadness ... 963 Despite these two definitions, it doesn't follow that one feels lonely because one is alone, neither does it mean that one can't feel lonely in company - one is a physical condition, whilst the other is a spiritual condition. For example, one can say "I live all alone, but I never feel lonely" or "I suddenly felt terribly lonely standing there in the middle of that huge crowd."/

DOES IT NATURALLY FOLLOW THAT ONE IS LONELY WHEN ONE IS ALONE, OR THAT ONE CAN'T BE LONELY IN COMPANY ? No, it doesn't naturally ... GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE !

He sat alone, but seemed quite happy. An emperor in the old days must have felt very lonely surrounded by people he could not trust.

BY - AND ITS MANY USES (cont) BY THE HAND za rękę

BY BIRTH BY HEART z urodzenia na pamięć

POETRY poezja

MEASUREMENT wymiary

NATIONALITY narodowość The following sentences are examples of some more uses of the word "by":964 1) They were walking slowly by the river - meaning "near". 2) We shall have finished the job by this time tomorrow - meaning "before or at". 3) The workmen get paid by the hour. The room was 14 feet by 20 - "by" being used here with measurements. 4) He is Chinese by birth. He can learn poetry by heart very quickly. She led the child by the hand. WHO'S SITTING BY ME ?

... is sitting by you

WILL THE LESSON BE OVER BY 6 O'CLOCK?/ Yes, the lesson'll be over by ... WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE GET PAID BY THE HOUR? The kind of people who

get... are private teachers, factory-workers... WHAT ARE THE MEASUREMENTS OF THIS ROOM ?

The measurements of this room are ... by... WHAT NATIONALITY ARE YOU BY BIRTH ? MAKE THE BEST OF zrobić najlepszy użytek

OR

MAKE THE MOST OF wykorzystać

I'm ... by birth AH, WELL no, tak

"Make the best or* and "make the most or1 are similar in meaning, and we use them when things are not exactly as we would like them to be. For example, if we return home late at night feeling very hungry and we find there's not much food in the house, we might say "Ah, well, we'll just have to make the best of what there is". In other words, we'll have to be content with what there is, and do the best we can with it. 965 WHEN DO WE USE THE EXPRESSIONS "MAKE THE BEST OF" OR "MAKE THE MOST OF" ?/ We use the... when things are not exactly as we would like them to be GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! If we hadn't very much money, we might say "Ah, well, we'll just have to make the most of what we've got" WHICH MEANS?

To be content ...

REPORT świadectwo wezwać, raport

REPORTER

HEADMISTRESS

reporter

dyrektorka szkoły

MISBEHAVIOUR

złe zachowanie

HAPPENING wydarzenie IF YOUR SCHOOL REPORT IS (OR WAS) GOOD (OR BAD) WHAT DO (OR DID) YOUR PARENTS SAY ? If my school report ... my parents... HAVE YOU EVER BEEN (OR WERE YOU EVER) REPORTED TO THE HEADMASTER (OR HEADMISTRESS) OF YOUR SCHOOL FOR MISBEHAVIOUR ?/ Yes, I've sometimes been ... or... No, I've never... 966 WHAT'S A NEWSPAPER REPORTER'S JOB? A newspaper reporter's job is to report the news, events and happenings of the day SET zestaw, komplet

JET odrzutowiec

SMART elegancki

WELL-DRESSED dobrze ubrany

The word "set" as a noun can mean a group of people or things. For example, the "jet set" is a set of very rich people who do a lot of travelling by jet aeroplane, or the "smart set" is a group of people who are rich and well-dressed. For things, we can have a set of tea-cups, that is cups all of the same kind, or a set of stamps, or knives, or false teeth, etc./ WHAT DOES THE WORD "SET" MEAN AS A NOUN ? The word "set" as a noun means a group of people or things

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE! TRACK ślad

RUNNING-TRACK bieżnia

... young set... set of handkerchiefs ...

PRINT odcisk

HOW IS A TRACK MADE?

RAILWAY-TRACK szyny kolejowe

RUN biegać

A track is made by people or animals constantly

walking over the same piece of ground WHAT'S A RUNNING-TRACK?

A running-track is a track we find in a sports

field, used for foot races... 967 WHAT ARE RAILWAY-TRACKS ?/

Railway-tracks are the lines on which trains run...

HOW CAN WE TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TRACKS OF A HORSE AND THOSE OF A COW ? We can tell the difference ... by the prints. The prints left by a horse are round like a horseshoe, whilst those of a cow are split down the middle ... HOW DO THE POLICE TRACK A MURDERER? The police track a murderer mainly by asking people questions ...

ALIKE podobni

LIKE EACH OTHER

podobni

WHAT CAN WE SAY INSTEAD OF "THEY ARE LIKE EACH OTHER" ?/ We can say "They are alike" instead of "They are like each other" WHAT CAN WE SAY INSTEAD OF "THIS BOOK'S LIKE THAT BOOK" ? We can say "These two books are alike" instead of "This book's like that book" PACKAGE pakunek, paczka

PACKET paczka

STRING sznurek

A package and a parcel are more or less the same thing, though a parcel we think of more as being tied with string. A packet, on the other hand, we generally think of as being a small package, or a container for something we buy, like cigarettes. 968 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PACKAGE, A PARCEL AND A PACKET ?/ The difference ... is that... CAMP obóz

TENT

namiot

WHAT DO WE CALL A GROUP OF ARMY TENTS IN A FIELD? We call a group of... a camp

RAKE

2500

grabie

DESCRIBE A RAKE.

A rake's rather like a fork, or the spread fingers of a human hand, on the end of a stick. We use it, for example, in the garden for collecting dead leaves together

SADDLE siodło WHAT'S A SADDLE?

MESSAGE wiadomość

A saddle is a thing, usually made of leather, used as a seat on a horse or on a bicycle

VIA przez

ORAL ustny

HOW DO WE SEND A MESSAGE ?

MESSENGER posłaniec

We send a message either in written form or orally, via a messenger; or even via a pigeon

969 DICTATION 84 It was thus decided/ that the best plan/ would be to find/ some kind of natural harbour/ along the coast,/ protected perhaps by some high cliffs,/ and leave the boat there./ It was clear/ that both nephew and niece/ worshipped their uncle./ War was declared/ and all foreigners were seized/ by the police/ and thrown into prison./ The student's lodgings were very poor./ His room was furnished/ with just a bed,/ table, chair/ and a shelf for his books./ The student himself was so poor/ that he scarcely had the money/ to buy stamps/ for any letters/ he might need to write. LESSON 146 BEAT - BEAT - BEATEN bić, pobić WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're beating your pen on the edge of the table

DOES YOUR TOWN USUALLY GET BEATEN AT FOOTBALL? Yes, my town ... or... No, my town ... CHIEF wódz, główny

CHIEFLY głównie, przede wszystkim

TRIBE plemię

WHAT DO YOU FIND TO BE THE CHIEF DIFFICULTY FOR YOU IN LEARNING ENGLISH ?/ I find the chief... to be ... CAN YOU THINK OF THE NAMES OF ANY CHIEFS OF RED INDIAN TRIBES ? Yes, I can think of... Geronimo, Sitting Bull... 970 HOW DO YOU CHIEFLY SPEND YOUR FREE TIME ? I chiefly spend my free time ... reading, watching TV ...

DISAPPOINT rozczarować

DISAPPOINTMENT

rozczarowanie

ARE YOU EASILY DISAPPOINTED? Yes, I'm easily disappointed... or... No, I'm not... WHAT'S THE BIGGEST DISAPPOINTMENT YOU'VE EVER SUFFERED IN YOUR LIFE?/ The biggest disappointment ...was when... FINE rafinowany,

SUPERIOR pierwszorzędny, wyższy,

SKILL zręczność, wprawa

SKILLED wykwalifikowany

REFINE(D) oczyszczać, rafinować

APPROVAL aprobata

ADMIRATION podziw

The word "fine" means 1) superior or highly refined, e.g. fine gold, 2) delicate, small or thin, e.g. fine thread, 3) highly skilled e.g. a fine judge of horses, and 4) used when showing general approval or admiration, e.g. a fine piece of work; a fine woman; a fine day. GIVE ME ONE OF THE FOUR MEANINGS AND AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "FINE". Superior or highly refined, e.g. fine gold 971 HOLLOW pusty, zapadnięty

SOLID stały masywny

SUNKEN zatopiony

FALL TO PIECES rozpaść się na kawałki

SORT rodzaj, gatunek

The word "hollow" means 1) not solid, and 2) sunken WHAT DOES THE WORD "HOLLOW" MEAN ?

The word "hollow" means ...

WHAT SORT OF SOUND DO WE GET WHEN WE HIT SOMETHING HOLLOW ? We get a sort of hollow sound when we hit something hollow HOW DO PEOPLE GET HOLLOW CHEEKS ? People get hollow cheeks through working too much, not sleeping enough, not eating enough, illness, etc. AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES WATER CHANGE FROM A LIQUID STATE TO A SOLID STATE?/ Water changes from ... at a temperature of nought degrees centigrade or 32 degrees Fahrenheit WHEN SOMETHING IS NOT SOLIDLY BUILT, WHAT IS IT IN DANGER OF DOING ? When something is not... it's in danger of falling down or falling to pieces ... WOULD YOU LIKE THE JOB OF SORTING LETTERS AT THE POST OFFICE? Yes, I'd like ... or ... No, I wouldn't...

972 WHY OR WHY NOT ? THE LOT wszystko

THEY = HE OR SHE oni

THEM = HIM OR HER/ im

IF YOU WERE MAKING A BARGAIN WITH SOMEONE AND THEY SAID "LOOK! HOW MUCH DO YOU WANT FOR THE LOT?", WHAT WOULD THEY MEAN? If I were making ... they would mean that they were willing to buy all I had ... We sometimes use the word "they" when we should really use the words "he" or "she". We do this when we are not talking about any man or woman in particular but about people in general, as in the last question, which should really have been "If you were making a bargain with someone and he or she said ... etc.", because the word "someone" is singular and so we shouldn't use the word "they" with it; the word "they" being plural. However, we use the word "they" because, although being grammatically incorrect, it is shorter and easier than saying "he or she" when we don't know if it's a "he" or a "she" we're talking about. 973 WHY DO WE SOMETIMES USE THE WORD "THEY", AS IN THE LAST QUESTION, WHEN TO BE GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT WE OUGHT REALLY TO USE THE WORDS "HE" OR "SHE" ?/ We sometimes use the ... because it's shorter and easier than saying "he" or "she", especially when ... LOUD głośny

SOFT miękki, delikatny

TURN UP zjawić się

ARE YOU THE KIND OF PERSON WHO DOESN'T MIND IF THE RADIO OR THE TELEVISION ETC. IS TURNED UP AS LOUD AS POSSIBLE, OR DO YOU PREFER ALL THE SOUNDS AROUND YOU TO BE SOFT? Yes, I'm the kind of... or... No, I'm not the ... but I prefer all ... REPRESENT reprezentować

SYMBOLIZE symbolizować

GENERAL ogólny, powszechny

CEREMONY ceremonia

The verb "to represent" means 1) to symbolize, e.g. The cross on the piece of paper represents the village church, whilst the circle represents the house where I live, 2) to show, e.g. The picture represents Napoleon dressed in his general's uniform, and 3) to act in place of, e.g. The Queen was represented at the ceremony by her cousin./

WHAT'S ONE OF THE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "REPRESENT" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. One of the... is "to symbolize". For example, "Good heavens! What's that drawing supposed to represent ?" 974 ASHAMED

zawstydzony

SHAME

SHAMEFUL

wstyd

skandaliczny, haniebny

INTERNATIONAL międzynarodowy

ON AN INTERNATIONAL SCALE na międzynarodową skalę

HOW DO PEOPLE BEHAVE WHEN THEY FEEL ASHAMED OF WHAT THEY'VE DONE ? When people feel ashamed of... they drop their eyes... become red in the face... say they're terribly sorry... etc. WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE MOST SHAMEFUL ACT COMMITTED IN RECENT YEARS, EITHER IN YOUR OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OR ON AN INTERNATIONAL SCALE ?/ I consider the most shameful act committed... to be... CAP czapka, beret

WHAT DO WE CALL THE SMALL ROUND HAT THAT SOME BOYS, ESPECIALLY ENGLISH SCHOOLBOYS, WEAR? We call the small... a cap 975 NONSENSE

nonsens

RUBBISH

EXCLAIM

bzdury

zawołać, wykrzyknąć

WHAT DO WE EXCLAIM WHEN WE THINK SOMEONE'S TALKING NONSENSE ? When we think someone's talking nonsense, we can exclaim either "Nonsense!" or "Rubbish!" RANK ranga

ADMIRAL admirał

WHAT'S THE HIGHEST RANK IN THE NAVY?/

TAILOR krawiec

TAILORESS

The highest rank in the navy is admiral... First Sea Lord... etc.

krawcowa

WHAT DO WE CALL A MAN WHO MAKES CLOTHES?

We call... a tailor

WHAT DO WE CALL A WOMAN WHO MAKES CLOTHES ? We call... a tailoress or dressmaker

BAGGAGE (US) bagaż

LUGGAGE bagaż

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY BAGGAGE ?

By baggage we mean suitcases, packages, parcels, etc., that we travel with

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "BAGGAGE" ?

Another word ... is "luggage"

976 DICTATION 85 The cat followed her mistress/ into the kitchen/ hoping for some food./ I scarcely have the courage/ to tell him that/ he will never be a poet,/ only a writer of third-class verse./1 dare not think/ of the effect it will have on him,/ but he ought to be told./ Even if we get a loan,/ we shall only be postponing the day/ when we have to close the business/ as a complete loss./1 can still see the scene now,/ with the boy almost in tears/ standing before the headmaster's desk, / at the end of his first term at school,/ asking not to be sent away./ It was one of those old country houses/ with suits of armour/ standing in the entrance/ and deer wandering around in the grounds outside. LESSON 147 IT IS TIME + PAST TENSE After the words "it is time" we generally use the Past Tense or the Infinitive. For example, we say "Don't you think it's time you had your hair cut ?" or "Don't you think it's time to have your hair cut ?" WHAT DO WE GENERALLY USE AFTER THE WORDS "IT IS TIME" ? We generally use the Past Tense or the Infinitive after the words "It is time" GIVE ME EXAMPLES, PLEASE !

TREAT traktować obchodzić się z kimś

SHOCK szok

It's time we went home. It's time to go home

EXCEPTIONALLY wyjątkowo

TREATMENT leczenie sposób traktowania

977 DO YOU THINK ONE SHOULD TREAT EVERYONE ALIKE - THAT IS, DO YOU THINK ONE SHOULD TREAT A WAITER AS ONE WOULD TREAT A KING ? Yes, I think one should treat... or... No, I don't... DO YOU KNOW HOW TO TREAT SOMEONE FOR SHOCK, OR SOMEONE WHO'S FAINTED ? Yes, I know how to ... or... No, I don't... HOW ?/

By making them comfortable, keeping them warm ...

CAN YOU THINK OF A BOOK OF HISTORY, SCIENCE, ETC. THAT TREATS ITS SUBJECT EXCEPTIONALLY WELL ? Yes, I can think of... or ...No, I can't think ... WHAT DO YOU THINKS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR A COMMON COLD? I think the best treatment... is ... ALLOWANCE

przydział, zasiłek

MAKE ALLOWANCE

uwzględniać, brać w rachubę

DO YOU THINK IT'S BETTER TO GIVE A CHILD A FIXED WEEKLY ALLOWANCE, OR GIVE HIM MONEY LITTLE BY LITTLE AS HE NEEDS IT ?/ I think it's better to give a child ... IN OUR TREATMENT OF CRIMINALS, DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD MAKE ALLOWANCES FOR THE FACT THAT THE CRIMINAL HAS PROBABLY HAD A HARD LIFE AS A CHILD ... ETC. ? Yes, in our treatment of... I think we ... or ... No, in our treatment... I don't think ... 978 BEG błagać żebrać

FORGIVE przebaczać

FORGIVENESS przebaczenie

PARDON wybaczać, przepraszam

I BEG YOUR PARDON perzepraszam bardzo ARE YOU AGAINST BEGGING IN THE STREETS ?

Yes, I'm against... or... No, I'm not against...

ON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE BEG FOR FORGIVENESS ? The kind of occasions people ... are when they have done something seriously wrong, like ... When we have not quite heard what someone has said, we either say "I beg your pardon ?" or just "Pardon ?" or "Sorry ?" WHEN WE HAVE NOT QUITE HEARD WHAT SOMEONE HAS JUST SAID, WHAT DO WE SAY ?/ When we have not... we say "I beg your pardon ?" or just "Pardon ?" or "Sorry ?" CLOTH materiał, sukno

CLOTHE ubierać, odziewać

CLOTHING odzież, bielizna

979 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "CLOTH" AND "CLOTHE"? The difference ... is that "cloth" is material, it's a noun, whilst "clothe" is a verb meaning "to put on" or "to wear" clothes ABOUT HOW MANY MORE PIECES OF CLOTHING DOES THE AVERAGE PERSON WEAR IN COLD WEATHER THAN IN HOT WEATHER? The average person wears about... more pieces of clothing in ... DISEASE choroba

CONTAGIOUS zakaźna

INFLUENZA grypa

MALARIA malaria

FEVER gorączka

A disease is an illness which is sometimes contagious, like influenza, malaria or yellow fever, etc. YELLOW FEVER febra WHAT DO WE GENERALLY MEAN BY A DISEASE ? By a disease we generally mean an illness which ... FIRE ognia! WHAT ARE THE ORDERS AN OFFICER GIVES HIS MEN WHEN HE WANTS THEM TO FIRE ON THE ENEMY IN A BATTLE ?/ The orders an ... Take aim! ... Steady!... Fire! (or, Ready! ... Aim!... Fire!) 980 ROOM

pokój, miejsce

255

SOLUTION

° rozwiązanie

DO YOU THINK THERE IS, AND ALWAYS WILL BE, ENOUGH ROOM IN THE WORLD FOR EVERYBODY ? Yes, I think there is ... or... No, I don't think ... IF NOT, WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM ? I think the best solution is ... SHARP ostry, szybki, nagły The word "sharp" has many meanings, but basically it means "quick - sudden violent - severe"./ WHAT DOES THE WORD "SHARP" BASICALLY MEAN ? The word "sharp" basically means "quick, sudden, violent or severe" WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SHARP PAIN AND A DULL PAIN ? The difference between ... is that a sharp pain is sudden and violent, but one that doesn't last long, whereas a dull pain is less violent but more continuous

DOES IT MAKE YOU FEEL A LITTLE ANGRY IF YOU HAVE TO WRITE WITH A PENCIL THAT HASN'T GOT A SHARP POINT, OR CUT WITH A KNIFE THAT HASN'T GOT A SHARP EDGE ?/ Yes, it makes me feel a ... or ... No, it doesn't make ...

981 CAPE przylądek

HORN

róg

NAME ME SOME FAMOUS CAPES IN THE WORLD. Some famous ... are the Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa; Cape Horn, in South America...

RAW surowy, nierafinowany

UNPROCESSED nieprzetworzony

DO YOU EVER EAT RAW MEAT OR VEGETABLES ?

Yes, I sometimes... or ... No, I never ...

WHY OR WHY NOT? WHAT DO WE MEAN BY RAW MATERIALS ? By raw materials we mean materials in their natural or unprocessed state GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE !

SAMPLE próbka

Coal, wood, metal

BEFOREHAND

przedtem, uprzednio, z góry

WHY DOES A BUSINESS SEND ITS CUSTOMERS A SAMPLE OF THE GOODS IT WISHES TO SELL ?/ A business sends its ..., so that the customers can see beforehand what the goods look like before ordering a large quantity 982 UNDERGRADUATE

student, studentka

GRADUATE

osoba, która ukończyła studia

WHAT DO WE CALL A UNIVERSITY STUDENT WHO HAS NOT YET TAKEN HIS DEGREE ? - AND ONE WHO HAS TAKEN IT ? A university student who has not yet... we call an undergraduate, whilst one who has taken it we call a graduate

VAIN próżny, daremny

STRUGGLE (v) usiłować, walczyć

WHAT DOES THE WORD "VAIN" MEAN ?

The word vain means ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! They struggled in vain to free themselves from the ropes that bound their hands behind their backs. He was very vain about his appearance. He was always looking at himself in the mirror

DICTATION 86 A search was made/ to see if the number of mice/ on board the merchant ship/ was excessive./ One of the boxes/ was split open with an axe/ and was found to be full of worms./ Baskets of oranges/ with a leaf or two still on them/ were put on the tables/ in preparation for the village feast,/ and it was felt/ that even the greediest of villagers/ would go away well satisfied./ It was decided/ that the land should be ploughed/ and beans grown on it./ We balanced the log of wood/ on the top of the old oil drum/ and with a lot of cursing/ managed to hammer the bent nail into it./ James, who was too lazy to help,/just sat and laughed/ when the log fell on my toe,/ cutting the leather of my shoe. 983 LESSON 148 TURN TO

zwrócić się do TURN = CHANGE odwrócić, obrócić

BADLY

MISJUDGE

źle, kiepsko, licho

źle osądzić

TURN OUT TO BE DISHONEST okazać się nieuczciwy

OUT OF TURN poza kolejką

TRAFFIC LIGHTS

światła QUEUE kolejka stać w kolejce

STEP OUT OF TURN wejść poza kolejką

WHOM DO YOU TURN TO WHEN YOU ARE IN TROUBLE OR NEED HELP BADLY ? I turn to ... when I'm in ... IN WHAT ORDER DO TRAFFIC LIGHTS TURN FROM STOP TO GO AND VICE VERSA; THAT IS, IN WHAT ORDER DO THE COLOURS CHANGE ?/ The order in which traffic lights turn from ... is ... DO YOU FIND YOU OFTEN MISJUDGE A PERSON YOU MEET FOR THE FIRST TIME ? FOR EXAMPLE, YOU MIGHT THINK HE'S HONEST AND HE TURNS OUT TO BE DISHONEST, OR YOU THINK HE'S NICE AND HE TURNS OUT TO BE THOROUGHLY UNPLEASANT Yes, I often find I... or... No, I don't often find ... I... WHAT DO YOU DO, OR HOW DO YOU FEEL, IF YOU ARE IN A QUEUE AND SOMEONE STEPS OUT OF TURN IN FRONT OF YOU?/ If I'm in a queue and someone steps ... I...

984 ALOUD na głos, głośno WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TO READ TO ONESELF" ?

The contrary

is "to read aloud"... DO ONE'S BEST robić wszystko co można DO YOU ALWAYS TRY TO DO YOUR BEST IN EVERYTHING YOU DO? Yes, I always try to ... or... No, I don't...

BEYOND poza, za

WILD dziki

FANTASTIC fantastyczny

EXPECTATION oczekiwanie

IF YOU FACED SOUTH AND COULD LOOK AT THE HORIZON FROM WHERE YOU'RE SITTING NOW, WHICH VILLAGE, TOWN, CITY OR COUNTRY WOULD BE JUST BEYOND THE HORIZON?/ If I faced south and could ... the village of... would be ... HAS ANYTHING EVER HAPPENED TO YOU WHICH HAS BEEN BEYOND YOUR WILDEST DREAMS - THAT IS, BEYOND YOUR MOST FANTASTIC EXPECTATIONS ? Yes, something has happened to ... or... No, nothing has ever... WHAT? 985 WHO WOULD YOU SAY WAS BEYOND DOUBT THE GREATEST PERSON ALIVE TODAY ? I'd say that... was beyond doubt the ... COARSE

CULTIVATE

CULTIVATED

ordynarny, gruby, szóstki

uprawiać,udoskonalać

kulturalny

UNCULTIVATED

meuprawny;(os) niekulturalna

UNREFINED

szorstki

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COARSE CLOTH OR COARSE FOOD ? By coarse ... we mean rough to feel or to taste; not refined ... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A COARSE PERSON OR COARSE BEHAVIOUR? By a coarse ... we mean not refined, educated or cultivated; or, unrefined, uneducated or uncultivated DOT kropka WHAT'S THIS?

It's a dot

WHERE DO WE PUT DOTS WHEN WE'RE WRITING ? When we're writing, we put dots over the letters "i" and "j"; at the end of sentences; and in colons and semi-colons 986 FIRM

mocny

FLESH

ciało

IS THE FLESH ON AN OLD MAN'S ARM USUALLY FIRM ? No, the flesh on an old man's arm isn't usually firm. It depends on how old the man is; how he has lived; whether he's still physically active; whether he takes any exercise, etc....

WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOU WERE FIRM IN YOUR CHARACTER, FIRM IN YOUR DECISIONS, FIRM IN PURPOSE ETC. ? Yes, I'd say I was ... or... No, I wouldn't say I was ... WHICH IS THE BIGGEST FIRM IN YOUR HOME TOWN ?/

ROT zgnić

The biggest... is ...

ROTTEN zgniły, zepsuty

WHERE DOES MEAT ROT MORE QUICKLY - IN THE HEAT OR IN THE COLD ? Meat rots more quickly in the heat CAN YOU THINK OF ANY FOOD THAT PEOPLE LIKE TO EAT WHEN IT'S ROTTEN ? Yes, I can think of some food that... certain cheeses, certain birds, etc.... SHEET prześcieradło 987 ARE YOU ABLE TO SLEEP COMFORTABLY IN A BED WITHOUT SHEETS ?/ Yes, I'm able to sleep ... or... No, I'm not able ... WHICH IS THINNER, A SHEET OF PAPER OR A SHEET OF STEEL ? Usually a sheet of paper, but it depends: a sheet of metal can be made very thin these days WHAT HAPPENS TO A SHEET OF WATER WHEN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR FALLS BELOW FREEZING POINT ? When the temperature ... a sheet of water freezes into a sheet of ice RAY promień WHEN ARE THE RAYS OF THE SUN AT THEIR HOTTEST ?/ The rays of the sun are... at noon SAUCE

sos

WHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE SAUCE?

My favourite ...

VEIL woalka, welon WHEN AND WHY DOES A WOMAN SOMETIMES WEAR A VEIL ? A woman sometimes ... at a funeral in order to hide her tears ... sometimes at a wedding ... YIELD ugiąć się, ustępować

KILO (KILOGRAM)

kilo

988 IF SOMEONE PUT A 100 KILO OBJECT ON YOUR BACK, WOULD YOUR LEGS YIELD BENEATH THE WEIGHT ?/ Yes, if someone ...

WOULD YOU YIELD TO A THIEF WHO WAS TRYING TO STEAL SOME THING FROM YOU WITHOUT A FIGHT ? Yes, I'd yield to a ... or... No, I wouldn't... WHY OR WHY NOT ?

Because, if he were carrying some kind of weapon, it'd be too dangerous not to yield ... or... because I'd be so angry, I wouldn't care if I got hurt

EARNEST poważny, sumienny WHAT DO WE MEAN BY AN EARNEST PERSON ?

By an earnest person, we

mean someone who's serious or sincere LESSON 149

RUN SHORT OF wyczerpać się, kończyć się WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU RUN SHORT OF MONEY ? When I run... I borrow some from...

ALTOGETHER zupełnie, razem, całkiem CAN YOU THINK OF A FILM THAT YOU'VE SEEN THAT WAS ALTOGETHER BAD ? Yes, I can think ... or ... No, I can't... WHICH? WHY? 989 TAKING THINGS ALTOGETHER, DO YOU THINK LIFE ON THIS EARTH IS WORTH LIVING?/ Yes, taking things ... I think ... or ... No, taking things ... BITE - BIT - BITTEN

ugryźć

WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're biting your finger

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO BITE" ? The paradigm ... bite - bit - bitten... CONFIDENCE zaufanie

SECRET sekret

IN CONFIDENCE w zaufaniu

KEEP A SECRET dotrzymać tajemnicy

SELF-CONFIDENCE pewność siebie

IN SECRET w sekrecie

IS THERE ANYONE YOU CAN THINK OF IN WHOM YOU HAVE SUCH CONFIDENCE THAT YOU COULD TRUST THEM TO KEEP YOUR GREATEST SECRETS ?/ Yes, there's someone I can ... or ... No, there isn't anyone ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT SOMEONE IS FULL OF SELFCONFIDENCE ? When we say that... we mean that he has great confidence in himself, or in his ability to do something... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE SPEAK TO SOMEONE IN CONFIDENCE ? When we say we speak... we mean we speak to them in secret...

990 DRAG wlec FIGURATIVE MEAN TO SAY FALL BEHIND ociągać się (się),ciągnąć przenośny chcieć powiedzieć pozostawać w tyle BIT kawałek, odrobina

COME ON / zbliżyć się, nadejść

WHAT BASICALLY DOES THE WORD "DRAG" MEAN ? Basically, the word "drag" means to pull something heavy along, or to move slowly We can also use the word "drag" in a figurative sense, e.g. "Whatever you do, don't drag me into the argument" GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "DRAG" USED FIGURATIVELY. You mean to say that you've dragged me all this way just to show me that! WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "THE FILM WAS QUITE GOOD, BUT IT DRAGGED A BIT IN THE MIDDLE" ? / If you said "The film was ..." you would mean that it moved a little slowly and heavily in the middle ... WHAT DOES A MOTHER MEAN WHEN SHE'S OUT WALKING WITH HER CHILDREN AND SHE SAYS "COME ON NOW, DON'T DRAG BEHIND" ? When a mother's out with ... and she says "Come on now ..." she means that she wants her children to keep near her and not walk slowly and so fall behind and get lost...

991 FLASH błysk błyskać się

APPROACH

zbliżyć się, odejście

LIGHTNING błyskawica

THUNDER ROLL

THUNDER grzmot

grzmot się rozlega

THUNDERSTORM burza

PASS (time) upłynąć

ONCE MORE jeszcze raz

When there's a thunderstorm, we first see the flash of lightning, then later, after a few seconds, we hear the thunder, even though, in fact, the thunder and lightning happen at the same time. The reason for the delay in hearing the thunder is that sound travels more slowly than light/

WHY IS IT THAT IN A THUNDERSTORM WE FIRST SEE THE FLASH OF LIGHTNING, THEN, AFTER A DELAY OF A FEW SECONDS, WE HEAR THE ROLL OF THUNDER ? The reason that in a ... is that sound travels slower than light If we want to find out whether the storm is approaching us or going away from us, all we have to do is count the number of seconds that pass between seeing the flash of lightning and hearing the thunder roll, and then, when the lightning flashes a second time, to count once more. If, the second time, the number of seconds we count between seeing the lightning and hearing the thunder is greater than the first time, then the storm is moving away; if, on the other hand, the number of seconds is less, then the storm is approaching. / 992 HOW CAN WE FIND OUT IF A STORM IS APPROACHING US OR GOING AWAY FROM US ? We can find out if... by counting the number of seconds that pass between seeing the flash of lightning and hearing the thunder roll... SIGNAL

sygnał

WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're making a signal for someone to stop

SLIP poślizgnąć się, przesunąć się

SLIDE poślizgnąć się, ześlizgnąć się

CRUSH zgnieść, rozgnieść

ONOMATOPOEIA onomatopeja

SKIN (of a fruit) skórka z owoca

CONNECTION2600

CRASH trzask, grzmot BANANA banan

połączenie, związek

There are many words in English that give us an idea of their meaning by their sound. This connection between sound and meaning is known as onomatopoeia. For example, we have the two words "slip" and "slide" which are both similar in meaning, but the word "slip", which has a short, quick sound, we generally use for a short, quick action like slipping on a banana skin in the street, whilst the word "slide", which has a longer and slower sound in its pronunciation, we generally use for a longer and slower action like snow sliding down the side of a mountain./

993 Another two examples of onomatopoeia can be seen with the words "crash" and "crush". For example, "The glass fell on the floor with a crash" and "He crushed the letter angrily in his hand". WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ONOMATOPOEIA? By onomatopoeia we mean the connection between the sound and the meaning of a word GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ An example is "slip" and "slide". We use "slip" for a short, quick action, like slipping on a banana skin, whilst we use "slide" for a longer, slower action, like snow sliding down the side of a mountain WHAT KIND OF SOUND DOES THUNDER MAKE WHEN IT BREAKS ? Thunder makes a crashing sound when it breaks WHAT AM I DOING? SLIGHT drobny, mały, nieznaczny

You're crushing a piece of paper in your hand UNIMPORTANT nieważny

994 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A "SLIGHT HEADACHE" OR A "SLIGHT DELAY" ? By a "slight headache" or a "slight delay" we mean a headache which's not very strong, and a delay of a very few minutes WHAT THEN DOES THE WORD "SLIGHT" MEAN ?/ ... light, little, unimportant AS - AND ITS DIFFERENT USES

WHILE chwila, podczas gdy

The different uses of the word "as" are as follows:1) With the meaning of "when" or "while", e.g. As I was coming to school it was raining. 2) Used to show a reason for something, e.g. As Mr. Green has not arrived yet, let us go and have a drink whilst we are waiting. 3) With the meaning of "in the same way", e.g. Try and do it exactly as I have done it 4) In comparisons, e.g. I am as tall as my father. It is not as (or so) easy as it appears. 5) In the construction "the same... as", e.g. His hair is the same colour as mine. 6) In the construction "such ... as", e.g. He is not such a bad fellow as he appears to be.

7) Used when giving examples, e.g. We study all sorts of subjects, such as history, science, art, mathematics etc./ 995 TELL ME THE SEVEN DIFFERENT USES OF THE WORD "AS", PLEASE ! AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH. The seven different... are 1)...

SAUCER spodek, podstawka

TABLECLOTH obrus

WHAT DO WE USE A SAUCER FOR ? We use a saucer to stand a cup on, in order to prevent any of the liquid that might collect round the bottom of the cup getting onto the table or tablecloth and leaving a mark ...

FADE zwiędnąć, wypłowieć

SUNLIGHT światło słoneczne

WHAT MAKES THE COLOUR IN CLOTH FADE?/

KNOT węzeł, supeł

WORK LOOSE rozluźnić się

Sunlight can make the colour in cloth fade ...

UNDO UNDONE nie zrobiony rozwiązać, rozpiąć, nie załatwiony

WHAT HAPPENS TO A KNOT IF WE DON'T TIE IT TIGHTLY ENOUGH ? If we don't tie ... it will slip, work loose and eventually come undone ...

SCARCE rzadki, niewystarczający WHY DOES FOOD BECOME SCARCE IN WAR TIME ? Food becomes scarce in war time because the fields get destroyed, there aren't enough men to work the land, as they're away fighting, and everything's in a general state of confusion ...

996 PLANT roślina WHICH PLANT DO YOU THINK LOOKS THE NICEST ?

I think the ... plant

looks the nicest REGAIN odzyskać

CONSCIOUSNESS świadomość

BLOODSTREAM strumień krwi

DICTATION 87

We cannot call the man a liar,/ as we have no means of checking/ the truth of his statement./ The actual salary for the job/ is based upon a fixed scale/ which gives the employee/ an increase each year;/ with the amount being settled/ by the government./ The head of the unconscious patient/ was raised/ and a kind of powder/ was anxiously applied to his wound/ with a pad of cotton wool./ When the patient regained consciousness,/ the doctor forbade him all food,/ as he was eager to get him well again/ as soon as possible/ by immediately getting rid/ of whatever poison/ might be in the patient's bloodstream./ He also advised him/ to remain thoroughly idle/ for several days after leaving hospital. LESSON 150

997 ANNOY dokuczyć, irytować FALL ASLEEP zasnąć

BORED znudzony FLY latać

BORING nudny

PASS (change) przejść

UNINTERESTING nieinteresujący

When people are very annoyed, they can easily pass from being annoyed to being angry, whilst, when people are very bored, they can easily fall asleep. WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO BE ANNOYED" AND "TO BE BORED" ? The difference ... is that when people are ... WHAT KIND OF THINGS ANNOY YOU ? The kind of things that... are a fly flying round me whilst I'm trying to sleep ... etc. WHAT KIND OF THINGS BORE YOU ?/

The kind of things ... are dull people ...

uninteresting work... etc. WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU FEEL BORED ?

When I feel bored I... listen

to music... WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE BORING ? The best way to ... is to ... make an excuse and leave ... ANY

SOME

WHICHEVER

CONSUME

jakiś, który, jakikolwiek

tu: jakiś

którykolwiek

skonsumować

One of the differences between the words "any" and "some" is that we can use "any" in an unlimited sense, for example, "If you could visit any country in the world, which would you choose ?", that is, whichever country you preferred, whilst the word "some" we use in a more limited sense, for example, "There's some country, which I can't think of at the moment, which consumes more coffee than any other

country in the world", that is, a country in particular. When the word "some" is used in this sense, the noun which follows it is singular, e.g. some country, and not some countries. Generally, as we know, "some" is used as the plural of "a", e.g. a book - some books./ 998 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "ANY" USED IN AN UNLIMITED SENSE AND "SOME" USED IN A LIMITED SENSE. "If you could have any book you liked in this library, which would you take ?" and "There's some book in this library in which I saw a photograph of the last king" APPLAUD oklaskiwać, bić brawo

APPLAUSE oklaski, aprobata

CLAP klaskać

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're clapping your hands together in applause for something WHAT DOES AN AUDIENCE DO WHEN IT APPLAUDS A SINGER OR AN ACTOR ETC. ?/ An audience shouts and claps when it... BLADE ostrze

SHOULDER-BLADE łopatka

OAR wiosło

WHAT DO WE USE THE WORD "BLADE" FOR? We use the word blade for 1) a blade of a knife, a sword or a razor 2) a blade of grass 3) a shoulder-blade, or 4) a blade of an oar; that is, generally speaking, something which is flat and shaped like these objects

999 SORE bolący IF YOU SHOUTED TOO MUCH OR RUBBED YOUR FINGER ON THE EDGE OF THE TABLE LIKE THIS, WHAT'D HAPPEN?/ If I shouted too ... I'd get a sore throat, whilst if I rubbed my ... I'd get a sore finger

CORK korek WHAT'S A CORK MADE OF, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR? A cork is made of cork, and we use it to put into the neck of a bottle in order to stop the liquid in the bottle escaping... DRIVE tu: odstraszać, poruszać

RUDE niegrzeczny

OVERCHARGE przeciążyć, zedrzeć (pieniądze)

HOW DOES A SHOPKEEPER, WITHOUT REALIZING WHAT HE IS DOING, SOMETIMES DRIVE CUSTOMERS AWAY FROM HIS SHOP ? A shopkeeper, without... by being rude to them, keeping them

waiting too long, overcharging them ... etc. HOW ARE MOST TRAINS DRIVEN THESE DAYS - BY STEAM OR BY ELECTRICITY ?/ Most trains these days are driven by electricity SORROW smutek, żal 1000 The difference between "pain" and "sorrow" is that, generally speaking, we use "pain" more in the physical sense, like a pain in the arm, whilst "sorrow" we use in a spiritual sense, like the sorrow a mother feels at the loss of one of her children. WHAT, GENERALLY SPEAKING, IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "PAIN" AND "SORROW" ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! Generally speaking the difference ... is that we use "pain" more in the physical sense ... whilst "sorrow" we use in a spiritual sense ... FOND OF lubić, być zwolennikiem ARE YOU FOND OF CHILDREN AND ANIMALS?/ ARE YOU FOND OF THE THEATRE ? WIPE wytrzeć, otrzeć

FOREHEAD czoło

WHAT AM I DOING ?

Yes, I'm fond of... or ... No, I'm not...

Yes, I'm fond of... or ... No, I'm not...

CARPET

MAT

dywan

wycieraczka

RUG dywanik, kilim

You're wiping your forehead with the back of your hand

The difference between a carpet, a mat, and a rug is that a carpet is usually quite large, sometimes covering the whole floor of a room; a mat we usually put in front of the door for people to wipe their feet on before entering the house, whilst a rug is usually not very large and is placed in front of the fire or by the side of the bed, and is often made of longer and looser threads than a carpet./ 1001 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CARPET, A MAT AND A RUG? The difference ... is that a carpet is usually quite large ... SOUR

kwaśny, cierpki

RIPE dojrzały

UNRIPE niedojrzały

OVERRIPE

mocno dojrzały

WHAT HAPPENS TO MILK IF WE LEAVE IT FOR TOO LONG BEFORE USING IT ? If we leave milk too long before using it, it goes sour (or turns sour)

WHAT'S SOUR FRUIT, AND WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF SOUR FRUIT?/ Sour fruit is fruit that isn't ripe (or is unripe), whilst the opposite of sour fruit is overripe fruit APPOINT mianować, ustanowić

POSITION położenie, sytuacja

IF YOU COULD CHOOSE, WHAT KIND OF POSITION OR JOB WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE APPOINTED TO ? If I could choose, the kind of... I'd like to be ... would be that of... BLAME winić, zganić, zarzut IN ROAD ACCIDENTS WHO, OR WHAT, DO YOU THINK IS TO BLAME MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE ? In road accidents, I think ... driving too close ... is to blame more than anything else 1002 COURT

NOBLE dwór królewski szlachetny

RECTANGULAR prostokątny

TENNIS-COURT kort tenisowy

RECTANGLE prostokąt

NET siatka

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A KING'S COURT ?/ By a king's court, we mean all the important nobles, ministers, or famous men in the land who collect around the king ... DESCRIBE A TENNIS-COURT. A tennis-court is apiece of ground covered either with grass or some kind of material. If with grass, it is carefully rolled flat. It's rectangular in shape with white lines painted on it to show the spaces in which the ball must hit the ground. The rectangle is divided in half by a net... etc. TAME oswojony, domowy WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF A WILD ANIMAL?

WAX

The contrary of... is a tame animal

WOSk

WHAT DO WE USE FOR MAKING CANDLES ? /

We use wax for making candles

BANK brzeg WHAT DO WE CALL THE SIDES OF A RIVER?

We call the sides of a river "the banks"

1003 AT LAST wreszcie

IN THE END w końcu

We do not use "at last" in negative sentences; instead we would use "in the end", e.g. "At last, we managed to get the tin open", or, "In the end, we didn't manage to get the tin open." MAKE A SENTENCE USING THE WORDS "AT LAST". After searching all day, we at last realized our mistake in thinking that what we were looking for could be found without help MAKE A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "IN THE END". In the end, we did not find what we were looking for DICTATION 88 The moment the prisoner/ had climbed the high fence/ and made good his escape,/ he went to the place/ where he had been told/ a weapon of some kind/ had been buried for him./ The child got down on his knees/ to look at the poor dog's paw,/ which had a small nail caught in it./ It is a mystery/ why some people live a life of virtue/ whilst others live/ in exactly the opposite way./ From the carriage window/ we had a clear view of the ancient town/ through the gap in the mountains./ Wandering around the village/ we came across a funeral/ at the entrance of a small church./ It was obviously not the funeral/ of any distinguished person,/ as was clear by the humble-looking crowd. 1004 LESSON 151

SPARE zapasowe

PUNCTURE przebicie, przedziurawić się

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "HE CANT SPARE THE MONEY TO BUY HIMSELF A NEW SUIT" ? If you said ... you'd mean he has some money, but must use it for other things and has none left, or spare, with which to buy himself a new suit WHAT DO YOU DO IN YOUR SPARE TIME ?

I... in my spare time

WHY DO WE CARRY A SPARE WHEEL IN A CAR ?/ We carry a ... so that, if we get a puncture in any of the four we are using, we can change it immediately ... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A SPARE ROOM AT HOME ? By a spare ... we mean an extra room in the house which we keep empty for guests etc. FOOL głupiec

PART (v) dzielić, oddzielić

IDIOT idiota

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "A FOOL AND HIS MONEY ARE SOON PARTED" ? By a ... we mean that, when an idiot has any money, it is not long before he loses it by doing something stupid with it... HAS ANYBODY EVER FOOLED YOU ? Yes, I've been fooled by someone ... or... No, nobody has ever fooled me 1005 WHO?

WHEN?

WHERE? HOW?

SPILL - SPILT - SPILT (OR SPILLED)

rozlać

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE POUR TOO MUCH WATER INTO A GLASS ? When we pour too ... some of the water spills over the edge of the glass ... WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "THERE'S NO USE CRYING OVER SPILT MILK" ? "There's no use ..." means that, whatever misfortune it is that has happened cannot be changed, and so it is a waste of time crying about it...

FORMER poprzedni

LATTER ostatni

THE FORMER.. poprzedni..

THE LATTER ostatni

WHAT DO I MEAN WHEN I SAY "IN FORMER TIMES MOST PEOPLE HAD TO WALK EVERYWHERE THEY WENT"?/ When you say that in former times ... you mean that in earlier days most... but not nowadays When we say "Paris and Rome are capital cities; the former is in France whilst the latter is in Italy", we mean that the first mentioned is in France whilst the second mentioned is in Italy. WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "BEETHOVEN AND TOLSTOY WERE BOTH GREAT MEN; THE FORMER WAS GERMAN WHILST THE LATTER WAS RUSSIAN"? When we say "Beethoven ..." we mean the first mentioned was German whilst the second mentioned was Russian 1006 ARISE powstaswać, pojawiać

BACK(v) cofnąć, poprzeć, wzmacniać

B ACK OU T/ wycofać się

WHEN AN ARGUMENT ARISES, WHAT DO YOU DO ? - DO YOU BACK OUT OF IT BEFORE IT GETS TOO HEATED, OR DO YOU GO INTO IT WITH PLEASURE ? When an argument arises, I ... BLESS błogosławić, czcić

WHAT DOES A PRIEST DO WHEN HE BLESSES PEOPLE ? A priest... makes a movement with his hand ... when he blesses people WHICH WOULD YOU RATHER BE BLESSED WITH - HEALTH OR WEALTH ?/ I'd rather be blessed with ... 1007 CRACK rozłupać trzasnąć

WORKMANSHIP wykonanie

DAMPNESS wilgoć

DRYNESS suchość, jałowość

WHIP bat, chłostać WHAT 'D HAPPEN IF I BIT HARD ON MY PEN (OR PENCIL) ?

If you bit ... you'd crack it

WHAT CAUSES CRACKS IN THE WALLS AND CEILING ? Age, dampness, dryness or bad workmanship can cause cracks in walls and ceilings WHY DOES THE DRIVER OF A HORSE AND CART CRACK HIS WHIP ?/ The driver of a ... to make his horse go faster without actually having to hit the horse SPIN - SPUN - SPUN prząść, obrócić

TEAM zespół

SPIN-DRIER maszyna do suszenia

WHAT HAPPENS BEFORE A GAME OF FOOTBALL STARTS? Before a game of... the captains of the two sides spin a coin to decide which half of the field their team will play in WHAT'S A SPINNING MACHINE ? WHAT'S A SPIN-DRIER?

A spinning machine is a machine used for spinning wool or cotton thread A spin-drier is a machine for drying clothes

DO YOU PREFER TEAM GAMES OR GAMES IN WHICH YOU PLAY AS AN INDIVIDUAL?/ I prefer ... 1008 FORTH2650 naprzód

REPLACE zastąpić

The word "forth" means "forward" or "out". It is one of those words which's used more in written than in spoken English./ In spoken English, we generally replace the word "forth" with the word "out". For example, instead of saying "bring forth, set forth" etc., we say "bring out, set out" etc. TELL ME ABOUT THE WORD "FORTH", PLEASE !

The word "forth" means "forward" or "out". It is one ...

GIVE ME A SENTENCE CONTAINING THE WORD "FORTH", PLEASE ! The writer set forth his arguments with great skill SPOT miejsce, punkt WHY DO WE SOMETIMES CALL A DOG "SPOT" ?/

We sometimes...

because it has a coloured spot somewhere on its coat.

If, for example, it's a white dog, it might have a black spot in the middle of its back ... etc.

WHAT KIND OF SPOT DO YOU PREFER FOR A PICNIC ? I prefer... a quiet spot by the sea ... for a picnic ARRANGE zaaranżować, planować

ARRANGEMENT plan, układ

BOOK (v) zamówić, rezerwować

IN ANY CASE w każdym razie WHICH SHOP IN THIS PLACE DO YOU THINK ARRANGES ITS GOODS IN ITS WINDOWS THE BEST, AND WHICH DO YOU THINK ARRANGES ITS GOODS THE WORST ?/ I think the shop in this place which arranges ... is ... whilst the one which arranges them the worst is ... 1009 HAVE YOU ARRANGED TO DO ANYTHING THIS EVENING ? Yes, I've arranged to ... or... No, I haven't... WHAT? DOES A FAMOUS ACTOR, SINGER OR ENTERTAINER GENERALLY MAKE HIS OWN ARRANGEMENTS WITH THE THEATRE WHERE HE'S BOOKED TO PERFORM ? No, a famous actor ... does not generally ... He generally has a manager who makes all the arrangements for him ... WHY ?/

Because entertaining is one job, and managing is another, and to do two jobs at the same time could be very tiring. In any case, entertainers are often not practical businessmen, and so find it rather difficult to run themselves ...

VESSEL naczynie

BLOOD-VESSEL naczynie krwionośne

A vessel is any kind of container, such as a cup, a bottle, a drum etc. We also call a ship a vessel, and also have "blood-vessels" in the body. WHAT IS A VESSEL?

A vessel is any kind ...

1010 WARMTH ciepło WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE ADJECTIVE "WARM"?

The noun of ...is "warmth"

MEANWHILE tymczasem MAKE A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MEANWHILE". James was still eating, so meanwhile, I decided to finish the little piece of sewing I still had to do PECK dziobać

BEAK dziób

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A CHICKEN PECKS THE GROUND? When we say that... we mean that it picks up food from the ground with its beak POLITENESS uprzejmość

JEALOUSY

zazdrość

DICTATION 89 Although it was freezing cold/ outside the hut,/ inside we were all sweating with the heat./ We found that we could grind the com/ with reasonable ease/ between two stones/ and produce enough flour/ for several loaves of bread/ which, when they had been baked,/ we piled neatly one on top of the other./ It was clear/ that they were rivals,/ for one could see that/ beneath their politeness to each other/ they suffered from a bitter jealousy/ and envy./1 was given my pint of beer/ in a thick glass/ which felt as heavy as lead/ and had a large handle to it./ The path turned at an angle/ of ninety degrees/ and passed between rows of flowers/ which gave off a strong scent. 1011 LESSON 152 BLOCK kloc, blok, blokować WHAT CAN WE USE A BLOCK OF WOOD FOR? We can use a block of wood for putting under the wheels of a car to stop it running down hill... under the leg of a table which is not level... etc. WHY DO THE POLICE SOMETIMES BLOCK A ROAD ? The police sometimes... because an accident may have happened further up the road ... they may be looking for a criminal... part of the road might be in danger of sliding down a hill... etc. CREAM

śmietana

WHAT IS CREAM AND WHERE DOES IT COME FROM ? Cream is the fat part of the milk which rises to the surface, or anything which looks like it in appearance WHY DO SOME PEOPLE RUB CREAM INTO THEIR HANDS AFTER DOING ROUGH OR DIRTY WORK ? Some people rub ... in order to help clean their skin and keep it smooth ... SPRING - SPRANG - SPRUNG skoczyć, skakać CURIOUS ciekawy, osobliwy

JACK-IN-THE-BOX SPRING (n) niespodzianka w pudełku wiosna UNFASTEN odwiązać

1012 A "Jack-in-the-box" is one of those surprise boxes in which there is a head made of paper, or some such material, fixed on a spring, so that when someone, curious to know what is inside, unfastens the lid of the box, the head suddenly springs out and makes the person jump with fright. WHAT'S A "JACK-IN-THE-BOX" ?/

A "Jack-in-the-box" is one ...

WHAT'S THE MOST CURIOUS THING THAT HAS EVER HAPPENED TO YOU ? The most curious thing... ARTICLE przedmiot, artykuł ABOUT HOW MANY ARTICLES WOULD YOU SAY THERE WERE IN THIS ROOM ? I'd say there were about... articles in this room WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE WRITE ARTICLES IN NEWSPAPERS ? The kind of people who ... are professional writers, or people who have special knowledge of particular subjects ... etc. BOLD śmiały, zuchwały

COURAGEOUS odważny, mężny

IMPRISONMENT uwięzienie STRIKING uderzający, zdumiewający

REMEDY lekarstwo, środek

DENTIST dentysta SHAMELESS bezwstydny

WELL-DEFINED dobrze zdefiniowany

IMPRISON uwięzić

1013 The word "bold" is similar in meaning to the word "brave"; both have the meaningof courageous, without fear etc., but, like so many words which are similar in meaning, they are often used differently. "Bold" we use more with the meaning of being confident and going forward without fear of danger; whereas one can be brave without even moving - for example, when face to face with one's dentist, or when suffering from an illness that has no remedy, or when facing the possibility of imprisonment for one's beliefs etc. Another two meanings of the word "bold" are- "shameless", e.g. a bold dress; and "clear, striking" or "well-defined", e.g. "The name over the shop was written in bold letters."/ WHAT DOES THE WORD "BOLD" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES. The word "bold" means being confident and going forward without fear of danger, e.g. The soldiers marched boldly forward to meet the enemy; "shameless", e.g. She wore a very bold dress; and "clear, striking, well-defined", e.g. The house was painted in very bold colours STAIN

plama

WOODWORK stolarka, drewno

REMOVE usunąć

DRY CLEANER'S pralnia chemiczna

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO PAINT A TABLE" AND "TO STAIN A TABLE" ? The difference ... is that paint does not enter into the woodwork of the table, but forms a covering or coat, which can be scraped off. Stain, on the other hand, is a thinner liquid which enters into the woodwork and colours it 1014 HOW CAN ONE REMOVE A STAIN FROM ONE 'S CLOTHES ? One can remove ... by using a stain remover; depending on what kind of stain it is. Usually it is easier to take the clothes to the dry cleaner's ... CREEP - CREPT - CREPT

pełzać

The word "creep" means either to move like a snake with the body close to the ground, or just to move slowly and cautiously. WHAT DOES THE WORD "CREEP" MEAN ?

The word "creep" means ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! 1) The thief s hand crept across the table to steal the woman's handbag. 2) Because the road was blocked, the cars were creeping slowly forward

STEPS kroki

STAIRS schody

UPSTAIRS na górze

DOWNSTAIRS na dole

SIMILAR/ podobny

The two words "steps" and "stairs" are similar, but we generally think of steps leading up to a public building or down the mountain-side to a beach; whilst stairs we think of as being indoors, like the stairs leading from one floor of a building to another. When talking about steps we say "go up the steps" and "go down the steps", but when talking about "stairs" we say "go upstairs" and "go downstairs". 1015 WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "STEPS" AND "STAIRS" ?/ The difference ... is that we generally think of "steps" as being out of doors ... "stairs" being indoors ...

PASSAGE przejście, korytarz, wyjątek

EXTRACT wyjąte/c

A passage is a very narrow way, generally between two houses, or inside a house, like a corridor. We can also use the word with the meaning of "sea passage", or with the meaning of a short extract taken from a speech or a piece of writing. WHAT DOES THE WORD "PASSAGE" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES. The word ... "a very narrow way" ... also ... For example,... corridor... sea passage ... piece of writing...

STEER sterować, kierować WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ?/

ASIDE na bok, na boku

You're pretending to steer a car, a bicycle or a ship

DRAW ASIDE odciągnąć na bok

The word "aside" means "on one side" or "to one side".

WHAT DOES THE WORD "ASIDE" MEAN ?

The word ... "on one ..."

DO YOU PUT MONEY ASIDE EACH WEEK FOR ANY SPECIAL PURPOSE? Yes, I put money aside ... for a special purpose ... or... No, I don't... 1016 AT A PARTY, WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A MAN DRAWS ANOTHER MAN ASIDE FROM THE REST OF THE CROWD ?/ At a party, when a ... it means he has something to say to him that he does not want the others to hear...

STICK-STUCK-STUCK wetknąć, wbijać

PIN szpilka, przypiąć

WHAT DO WE DO WITH A STAMP? WHAT DO WE DO WITH A PIN?

OPPOSITION opozycja

We stick a stamp on an envelope

We stick a pin into two pieces of paper or cloth to hold them together. We also use a type of pin for pinning notices onto notice-boards ...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "STICK" ?

The paradigm ... stick - stuck - stuck ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY A MAN STICKS TO HIS OPINIONS ?/ When we say ... we mean his opinions remain fixed and he refuses to change them against strong opposition BORDER granica, skraj, graniczyć ARE THE POLICE ALLOWED TO FOLLOW A CRIMINAL ACROSS THE BORDERS OF THEIR OWN COUNTRY INTO ANOTHER COUNTRY ? No, the police aren't... 1017 WHY NOT ?

Because the police of one country have no right to enter another country without the permission of that country

WHAT MUST THEY DO INSTEAD?

They must ask the other country to help them catch the criminal instead

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY FIND ALONG THE BORDERS OF A FIELD?/ We generally find a hedge or a fence along the ... PATTERN wzór DO YOU PREFER PLAIN CLOTHES OR CLOTHES WITH A PATTERN ON THEM ? I prefer ... WHO DO YOU THINK SHOULD BE MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR SETTING THE CORRECT PATTERN OF BEHAVIOUR FOR A CHILD - ITS PARENTS OR ITS TEACHERS ? I think a child's ... should be more responsible ... WEAVE - WOVE - WOVEN tkać, knuć, pleść WHAT AM I DOING?/

You're weaving the first finger of your right hand over and under the fingers of your left

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "WEAVE" ? The paradigm ... weave - wove - woven WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO WE MAKE BY WEAVING ?

We make cloth, baskets etc. by weaving

1018 RUIN (S)

ruina, ruiny

FINANCIAL finansowy

HOW CAN DRINK CAUSE A PERSON'S FINANCIAL RUIN ?/ How drink can cause a person's financial ruin depends a lot, of course, on the individual; but a person who drinks constantly often smokes constantly, both of which habits can be very expensive. Also a person who's constantly drunk can lose his job or his position in society. On the other hand, some of the wealthiest members of society are heavy smokers and drinkers ARE THERE ANY OLD RUINS IN YOUR HOME TOWN ? Yes, there are ... or ... No, there aren't... WHAT KIND ? HOW OLD ? WHISPER szept, szeptać WHAT AM I DOING ? WHY DO PEOPLE WHISPER?

You're whispering People whisper because they don't want others to hear what they say

LAMP lampa HOW DO YOU PREFER TO SEE A ROOM LIT - WITH OVERHEAD LIGHTS OR WITH LAMPS ? I prefer to see a... GARAGE garaż 1019 DO MOST PEOPLE IN YOUR TOWN KEEP THEIR CARS IN GARAGES OR LEAVE THEM IN THE STREET? Most people in my ... UNSCREW odkręcić (śrubę)

ON RECEIPT OF

po otrzymaniu...

DICTATION 90 We managed/ to unscrew the lid of the box/ with the point of a knife,/ and, instead of the treasure/ we had expected to find inside,/ found nothing but a heap of coins,/ which, after scraping away the dirt/ that had collected on them,/ we saw were not even very old./ Perhaps some thief? had already stolen/ whatever else had been inside./ On receipt of the news,/ given us by an eye-witness,/ that our side had won the battle,/ there was great rejoicing/ in the streets./1 scratched the back of my head,/ and fancied that some kind of trick/ must have been employed/ in order to have got the licence,/ and so began to make enquiries/ which I knew might be rather risky/ and lead to trouble.

LESSON 153 STIFF sztywny, twardy

WORK praca, pracować

PASTE pasta

REFUSAL odmowa

The word "stiff* means "not easily bent", like a stiff piece of wire, or a stiff neck from reading too long; or it can mean "not easily worked", like a stiff paste. We can also use the word figuratively. For example, "The man had a stiff manner". WHAT DOES THE WORD "STIFF" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES. The word ... "not easily ...". For example, a stiff arm, a stiff piece of card, a stiff refusal... 1020 ASTONISH zadziwiać, zdumiewać WHAT DO PEOPLE SAY AND DO WHEN THEY ARE ASTONISHED ?/ When people are astonished, they open their eyes, and perhaps their mouths, wide, raise their hands and say something like "Good heavens!" BOUND granica, odbić się, ograniczyć

OUT OF BOUNDS zakaz przekraczania

BOUNDARY granica/graniczny

IS SPAIN BOUNDED ON ALL SIDES BY THE SEA ?

No, Spain isn't... but a lot of it is

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SEE A SIGN SAYING "OUT OF BOUNDS" ? When we see a... it means it is forbidden to go beyond that point... HOW DOES ONE GENERALLY MARK THE BOUNDARY OF ONE'S PROPERTY ?/ One generally marks ... with a boundary-wall, fence, hedge etc.... BEE pszczoła

STING - STUNG - STUNG użądlić

SENSATION uczucie

SLAP klaps, dawać klapsa

IODINE jodyna WHAT'S A BEE LIKELY TO DO IF IT LANDS ON YOU WHILST YOU'RE SUNBATHING AND YOU DISTURB IT ? If a bee lands on you whilst... it's likely to sting you 1021 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO STING"?

The paradigm ... sting-stung-stung

FROM WHAT ELSE DO WE GET A STINGING SENSATION ?/ We get a stinging sensation when someone slaps our face, or when we cut ourselves and have to put some iodine on the cut to clean it... etc.

CURL 2700 zwinąć, falować, lok WHAT DO WE CALL A PIECE OF HAIR THAT FORMS THE SHAPE OF A RING? We call a piece of hair that ...a curl CAN SMOKE CURL UPWARDS WHEN THERE'S A STRONG WIND? No, smoke can't curl... WHY NOT ?

Because the wind straightens the smoke out and sends it flying across the sky ...

STORE dom handlowy, zapas, zaopatrywać

VARIETY różnorodność

TINNED FOOD/ żywność w puszkach

A store is a shop which sells a great variety of goods. It can either be a very large shop in the city, which sells food, clothes, furniture and almost anything you can think of; or it can be a shop in a village, which sells all sorts of articles that the people in the village might need - that is, anything from eggs to shoes. The word "store" is often used in the plural. 1022 WHAT'S A STORE (OR STORES)?

A store is a shop which sells a great variety of goods. It can either...

The verb "to store" means to collect and keep for future use, whilst the noun "store" means a collection of something or other for future use./ WHAT DOES THE VERB "TO STORE" MEAN ? AND THE NOUN?

The verb ... "to collect..."

A collection of...

DO YOU (OR YOUR MOTHER OR YOUR WIFE) KEEP A STORE OF TINNED FOOD AT HOME ? Yes, I keep a ... or ... No, I don't... ATTEMPT próba

MOUNTAINEER góral, alpinista, taternik

WAS MOUNT EVEREST CONQUERED AT THE FIRST ATTEMPT?/ No ... but many teams of mountaineers had attempted to climb it for many years before it was finally conquered ...

BOW(n) łuk, smyczek

BOW(v) kłaniać się, schylać się

BOW TIE muszka (na szyję)

RAINBOW tęcza

1023 The noun "bow" and the verb "bow" are different in pronunciation. A "bow" (n) we use for firing arrows, and to describe anything which is bow-shaped, such as a "bow tie" or a "rainbow"; whilst the word "bow" (v) means to bend the body into the shape of a "bow" (n), for example, when one bows before the king. WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "BOW" (n) AND "BOW" (v) ?/ The difference ... is that... for firing arrows ... to bend the body ... STOVE piec

RUN ON tu: ogrzewać

A stove can either be used for heating or for cooking, and can run on gas, electricity or wood etc. WHAT DO WE USE A STOVE FOR, AND WHAT DO WE RUN IT ON ? We use a stove for ... and we run ... CURRENT prąd, bieżący, aktualny The word "current", apart from meaning the current of a river or of the sea, is also used with the meaning of current events, and current opinions etc. WHAT DOES THE WORD "CURRENT" MEAN ?/ The word "current", apart fiom... STRETCH wydłużyć, naprężyć, wyciągać się 1024 The basic meaning of the word "stretch" is "extend". WHAT'S THE BASIC MEANING OF THE WORD "STRETCH" ?

The basic ...

WHAT AM I DOING?

You're stretching yourself

WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're stretching out your hand to take something

WHAT AM I TRYING TO DO?

You're trying to stretch your tie, pullover, dress etc.

HOW FAR DOES THE ROAD OUTSIDE THIS BUILDING STRETCH ? The road outside... stretches as far as... AWKWARD niezgrabny

CUPBOARD kredens

EMBARRASS / zakłopotać

The basic meaning of the word "awkward" is "difficult" or "having little skill".

WHAT'S THE BASIC MEANING OF THE WORD "AWKWARD" ? The basic... WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE AWKWARD IN THEIR MOVEMENTS? The reasons some people are ... could be many and various. Perhaps they are suffering from an illness, or perhaps as a child they played very little sport or the usual games that children play and so never developed an easy movement of the body ... 1025 WHAT'S THE MOST AWKWARD THING YOU HAVE AT HOME-THAT IS, THE MOST DIFFICULT THING TO USE, LIKE A CUPBOARD THAT WON'T OPEN PROPERLY ?/ The most awkward ... is ... WHAT HAS BEEN THE MOST AWKWARD MOMENT OF YOUR LIFE, THAT IS, THE MOST EMBARRASSING MOMENT ? The most awkward ... was ... WELL studnia WHAT DO WE CALL A HOLE IN THE GROUND FROM WHICH WE GET WATER ? We call a hole in ... a well DECREASE maleć, spadać WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF THE WORD "INCREASE"?

The opposite of... "decrease"

FAN kibic, miłośnik, wahlować WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're fanning yourself with your book

ARE YOU A FAN OF ANY FOOTBALL CLUB (OR FILM STAR ETC.)?/ Yes, I'm a fan ... or... No, I'm not a... GOAT koza

ROCKY skalisty, chwiejny

HILLSIDE stok

1026 TELL ME SOMETHING ABOUT GOATS (DESCRIBE THEM ETC.). Goats have two horns, a beard, give milk, often live on mountains or rocky hillsides ... PINCH szczypać, uszczypnąć WHAT AM I DOING?

You're pinching your cheek

WHY DID WOMEN IN THE OLD DAYS SOMETIMES PINCH THEIR CHEEKS ? Women in the old ... pinched their cheeks in order to bring some colour to their faces

PROPOSE proponować, oświadczyć się "To propose" means to suggest or to intend, e.g. "This is the plan I propose", or, "Next year they propose to go to Ireland for their holiday." WHAT DOES "TO PROPOSE" MEAN ?

"To propose" means ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE !

This is the ... and ... Next year...

DICTATION 91 The doctor gave Edward/ some liquid/ with which to bathe/ the lids of his eyes./ The river descended slowly/ through a kind of chalk basin/ and only began/ to hasten itself/ when joined by a second river./ The boy had cut/ a branch off the tree/ with his knife,/ which had an edge on it/ like a razor,/ and was using it/ as a fishing rod./ It is very easy/ to be cheated/ and deceived,/ especially if one receives/ no warning./ One can think that/ what one has bought/ is quite without value./ 1 was urged/ to try and get on/ the town council/ by my friends,/ but it would have been/ a great nuisance/ for me to have to attend/ the meetings. 1027 LESSON 154 SWING - SWUNG - SWUNG huśtać się, kołysać WHAT AM I DOING ?

TO AND FRO tam i z powrotem You're swinging your pen to and fro; holding it between your finger and thumb

WHAT'S MY PEN DOING ?

Your pen's swinging to and fro ...

BOWL czara, miska, kula

SUGAR - BOWL cukierniczka

WHEN WE PUT SUGAR ON THE TABLE, WHAT DO WE CALL THE CONTAINER IT'S IN? When we put... a sugar-bowl FUN zabawa, żart

PLAYFULNESS figlarność, swawolność

FUNNY śmieszny

PUZZLE intrygować łamigłówka

JIGSAW układanka 1028 CARDBOARD tektura, pudełka kartonowe

CLUE trop, ślad

CROSSWORD PUZZLE krzyżówka

ACCOMPANY/ towarzyszyć

The word "fun" means amusement; sport; playfulness etc. For example, "It was nothing serious; we just did it for fun." WHAT DOES THE WORD' "FUN" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. The word ... "Our dog enjoys all kinds of fun and games" The word "funny" has two meanings, either "amusing", in which case we laugh or smile, for example, "Charlie Chaplin made some very funny films"; or "strange", in which case we look puzzled, for example, "It's very funny that we haven't received a letter from Richard for over a week. I wonder what has happened" / WHAT DOES THE WORD "FUNNY" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES. The word ... "He looks so funny; I can't keep a straight face whenever I look at him" ... "It's very funny weather we're having for this time of year" A jigsaw puzzle consists of many little pieces of wood or cardboard of different shapes and sizes, which, when fitted slowly and correctly together, form a complete picture of something. A crossword puzzle, on the other hand, consists of a large square divided into many small squares. Into each square we write a letter of the alphabet in order to form words. Accompanying the large square is a list of clues, the answers to which determine the words we form in the squares. For example, clue number one might be "The capital of Japan (5 letters)", and so we write in the squares the word "Tokyo"; or it might be "A queen of ancient Egypt (9 letters)", and we write the word "Cleopatra". / 1029 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A JIGSAW PUZZLE AND A

CROSSWORD PUZZLE ? ... consists of little pieces of wood... consists of a large square... SWEAR - SWORE - SWORN przysiąc, kląć

EVIDENCE jawność, oczywistość, dowód

COPY (n) kopia

Before a witness gives evidence in an English court of law, he is obliged to put his hand on a copy of the Bible, or on a book of his own religion, and say, "I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help me God."/

BEFORE A WITNESS GIVES EVIDENCE IN AN ENGLISH COURT OF LAW, WHAT'S HE OBLIGED TO DO AND SAY ? Before a witness... he's obliged to put... Another meaning of the verb "swear" is to use bad language. For example, some people swear when they are angry or hurt.

WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE VERB "SWEAR", AND WHEN DO PEOPLE SWEAR ?/ Another meaning ... and people swear... WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SWEAR" ? The paradigm ... swear - swore - sworn 1030 BREATH oddech, tchnienie

BREATHE oddech,powiewać

WHAT AM I DOING ?

OUT OF BREATH bez tchu

You're breathing

AND WHAT'S THIS COMING OUT OF MY MOUTH? Your breath is coming... The difference between "breath" and "breathe" is that "breath" is the noun whilst "breathe" is the verb.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "BREATH" AND "BREATHE"?/ The difference ... is that... HOW LONG CAN YOU HOLD YOUR BREATH FOR ? WHY DO PEOPLE GET OUT OF BREATH?

STRIP obnażyć,

STRIPE

rozebrać

pas

STRIPED

pasiasty

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "UNDRESS" ? WHAT AM 1 ABOUT TO DO?

I can hold my ...

People get out of breath through running, climbing the stairs ... etc. UNDRESS rozebrać się

SERGEANT sierżant

Another word ... is "strip" You're about to tear a strip of paper out of your book ...

DO YOU PREFER A STRIPED TIE OR A SPOTTED ONE ?/

I prefer a ...

1031 WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SAY A SERGEANT IS STRIPPED OF HIS STRIPES ? When we say a ... we mean that he has done something wrong and in consequence loses his stripes and rank of sergeant

BURST wybuchnąć, wysadzić

PAPER BAG torebka papierowa

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO?

BURST INTO TEARS rozpłakać się

You're pretending to blow up a paper bag and burst it

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO CRY" AND "TO BURST INTO TEARS" ?/ The difference ... is that a person can cry without trying to control himself, whilst one generally bursts into tears after having tried to control oneself... SWELL - SWELLED - SWELLED (OR SWOLLEN) SWELLING

opuchlizna

AREA obszar

puchnąć

INSECT

FLOOD

insekt

powódź

WHAT USUALLY HAPPENS TO THAT AREA OF THE BODY WHERE A BEE OR SOME OTHER INSECT HAS STUNG US?

That area of the body where ... usually swells

WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE SWELLING? We either do nothing and let it go away by itself or put something on it - a cream or something ... 1032 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SWELL" ?/

The paradigm ... swell - swelled - swelled (or swollen)

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A RIVER SWELLS AND BURSTS ITS BANKS ? When a river ... the land around becomes flooded ... TOWEL ręcznik AFTER WASHING, WHAT DO WE WIPE OUR HANDS AND FACE ON ? After washing we ... a towel TOY zabawka WHAT WAS YOUR FAVOURITE TOY AS A CHILD ?

FRAME ramka

My favourite ... was ...

FRAME OF MIND nastrój

WHAT DO WE CALL THE WOODEN OR METAL BORDER ROUND A PICTURE OR WINDOW ?/ We call the wooden ... a frame CAN YOU THINK OF ANOTHER USE OF THE WORD "FRAME" ? Yes, I can think ... the frame of the human body

WHAT FRAME OF MIND DO YOU USUALLY FEEL IN WHEN YOU GO TO WORK (OR TO SCHOOL) ? I usually feel in a... frame of mind when ...

1033 LUMP gruda, guz, kostka DO YOU PREFER SOUP WITH LUMPS OF MEAT AND VEGETABLES IN IT, OR DO YOU PREFER JUST PLAIN SOUP ?/ I prefer...

SHALLOW płytki, powierzchowny WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "DEEP"?

The contrary of... is shallow

TRAIN pociąg HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO TRAIN A DOCTOR ?

It takes about... years to train...

TRAY tacka WHAT DO WE USE A TRAY FOR ?

We use a tray to carry cups and saucers etc., on...

CLAY glina WHAT DO WE MAKE WITH CLAY ?

We make cups, saucers, bowls etc. with clay

CLERK urzędnik WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A CLERK?/

By a clerk we usually mean a man who works with a pen in an office ...

1034 HOOK hak WHAT DO WE USE A HOOK FOR ? We use a hook for hanging things on; or we use it on the end of a line for catching fish with ...

RESIGN rezygnować WHY DOES ONE RESIGN FROM ONE'S POST? One resigns from one's post either because one has done something wrong, or because one doesn't agree with the people one has to work with ...

TREMBLE drżeć

WHAT'S MY HAND DOING ?

Your hand's trembling

WHAT MAKES PEOPLE TREMBLE?

Fear makes people tremble

BERRY jagoda WHAT CAN WE MAKE WITH BERRIES?/ DITCH rów

EXCESS

We can make jam with berries nadmiar, nadwyżka

WHY DO THEY OFTEN PUT A DITCH ROUND A FIELD? They often put a ... to take away the excess water from the field ... 1035 PASTRY ciasto, klej "Paste" is a mixture of flour and water etc., which is used either for making pastry for cooking, or for sticking things together like paper on walls etc. WHAT IS "PASTE", AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR ?

"Paste" is a mixture ... and we use it either...

LESSON 155 STRICT ścisły, całkowity

DISOBEY nie słuchać, być nieposłusznym

WHY MUST DISCIPLINE IN THE ARMY BE VERY STRICT ? Discipline in the... because soldiers must be trained to behave, not as individuals, but as one solid mass. For this reason the individual's personal wishes have to be strictly controlled. He must be so conditioned to taking orders that, in the heat of battle, he will be more afraid of disobeying an order than he will of the enemy, and will behave not as an individual, but as part of a body ... etc. Another meaning of the word "strict" is "exact". WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE WORD "STRICT" ? GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/

1036 REVENGE2750 odwet, zemsta, pomścić

REPAY spłacać, zwrócić

Another meaning ... is "exact"

"What you say is not strictly true"

SATISFYING zadowalający

WRONG źle

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE EXPRESSION "REVENGE IS SWEET"? By the expression ... that, when we have been wronged by somebod;

it is very pleasant and satisfying to repay the wrong, or in oth< words to get our revenge against him; althougl of course, it is not very civilized .

TRIP wycieczka WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A TRIP? DIVE nurkować

By atrip we mean a short journey

ADVISABLE słuszny, roztropny

IS IT ADVISABLE TO DIVE INTO SHALLOW WATER? No, it isnt advisable to. WHY NOT ?/

Because you'd hit your head on the bottom, perhaps drown ... etc

COMMITTEE komitet

PARLIAMENTARY parlamentarny

A committee is a group of people appointed to attend to some kind of special business. Usually this group is appointed by some larger group, to which it belongs. Foi example, we have university committees, trade-union committees, parliamentary committees, and so on. 1037 WHAT'S A COMMITTEE ? AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! A committee is a ... Some examples are university committees ... COUGH kaszel WHAT AM I DOING ?/

You're coughing

REWARD nagroda DO YOU THINK CHILDREN SHOULD BE GIVEN A REWARD FOR BEHAVING THEMSELVES PROPERLY ? IF SO, WHAT KIND OF REWARD ? OR DO YOU THINK CHILDREN SHOULD BE TAUGHT TO BEHAVE CORRECTLY BECAUSE IT IS THE RIGHT THING TO DO AND NOT JUST FOR THE SAKE OF RECEIVING A REWARD ? I think children ... TWIST skręcić, zwinąć WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO?/ You're pretending to twist a piece of paper in your hands, perhaps so that it can be used to get a light from a fire

COMPLAIN skarżyć się

TO ONE'S TASTE w czyimś smaku; guście

IN A RESTAURANT, WHEN THE FOOD IS EITHER NOT GOOD ENOUGH OR NOT TO YOUR TASTE, DO YOU CALL THE WAITER AND COMPLAIN, OR DO YOU JUST STAY QUIET AND EAT WHAT YOU'RE GIVEN ? In a restaurant, when the food ... I...

1038 COWARD

tchórz

WHY DO YOU SUPPOSE SOME PEOPLE ARE COWARDS WHILST OTHERS ARE BRAVE ?/ I suppose the reason some people ... is that some people are ... smaller, weaker, more afraid to die ... RUST rdza, rdzewieć WHAT HAPPENS TO IRON WHEN IT IS LEFT IN A DAMP ATMOSPHERE ? When iron is left ... it rusts STROKE głaskać, uderzyć, kreska WHICH WOULD CUT DEEPER INTO WOOD: A STROKE FROM A SWORD OR FROM AN AXE, AND WHY ? A stroke from an axe would cut deeper, as an axe is heavier than a sword HOW MANY STROKES OF THE PEN DOES IT TAKE TO FORM THE CAPITAL LETTER "N" ?/ ... three ... WHY DOES A CAT LIKE TO BE STROKED ? ... it is said that it probably reminds it of when it used to be cleaned by its mother's tongue ... ROAR ryknąć, wrzasnąć, ryk, huk 1039 WHAT KIND OF NOISE DOES A LION MAKE?

The kind of noise ... is a roaring noise

SHOWER prysznic WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A RAIN SHOWER ?

By a rain shower we mean a very short period of rain

WHICH DO YOU PREFER: A BATH OR A SHOWER ?

SLOPE zbocze, stok

BRAKE hamować, hamulec

1 prefer a ...

STEEP stromy, urwisty

WILL A CAR STAND STILL ON A SLIGHT SLOPE WITHOUT ITS BRAKES ON ? / No, a car won't stand ... WHAT HAPPENS TO IT?

It begins to slide (or roll) slowly down the slope

AND IF THE SLOPE IS VERY STEEP WHAT HAPPENS ? If the slope is ... the car gathers speed and probably finishes up by crashing into something and causing a fairly serious accident SOIL gleba, ziemia

IS THE SOIL DEEP ON THE SIDE OF A MOUNTAIN ? WHY? /

No ... but it's shallow or thin

Because it gets carried away by the rain ...

1040 COAT OF ARMS herb

DESIGN projektować

SHIELD tarcza

A coat of arms is a design, generally in the shape of a shield, used by a noble family, a town or a university etc. as its symbol. WHAT'S A COAT OF ARMS? BLEED - BLED - BLED

A coat of arms is a ... krwawić

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT SOMEBODY BLEEDS TO DEATH ?/ When we say that... we mean that, being so badly injured or wounded, they lose so much blood that they die WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "BLEED" ?/ SPIT - SPAT - SPAT

The paradigm ... bleed - bled - bled

pluć

IS IT FORBIDDEN TO SPIT IN THE STREETS IN THIS COUNTRY ? Yes, it's forbidden ... or... No, it isn't... WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SPIT"? RICE

The paradigm ... spit-spat-spat

ryż

1041 IN WAR TIME, WHY ARE MESSAGES SOMETIMES WRITTEN ON RICE PAPER ?/ In war time, the reason messages ... is that, if the messenger gets caught by the enemy, he can eat the message

TYPEWRITER maszyna do pisania WHAT DO WE USE A TYPEWRITER FOR?

We use a typewriter for typing

COMB czesać HOW MANY TIMES A DAY DO YOU COMB YOUR HAIR ?

RUBBER guma

RUB OUT wytrzeć, wymazać

I comb my hair about... a day

TYRE opona

WHAT DO WE USE RUBBER FOR? We use rubber for making car or bicycle tyres etc., and for rubbing out mistakes if we are working in pencil... DAYBREAK świt, brzask

INKY atramentowy

DICTATION 92 The girl's eyebrows and eyelashes/ were very dark,/ whereas her hair was fair./ The sailors' ship/ had been wrecked/ near the shore of the island,/ and they managed to walk/ to the land/ in the pale light/ of a silvery moon,/ as the water was only/ waist deep./ Next morning at daybreak/ they came across/ some of the natives/ of the island - / strangelooking people/ with feathers in their hair;/ one of them/ with an inky black monkey/ on one shoulder,/ which was tearing at a small bunch/ of bananas/ the native was holding in his hand./ This man, it appeared,/ was addressed by the others/ with some kind of title,/ and it seemed/ that they spoke to him/ with great caution,/ afraid perhaps of his temper/ and the punishment/ he was able to order for them/ with a mere word. 1042 LESSON 156 RIBBON wstążka, taśma

TIE UP zawiązać

WHAT DO WE USE RIBBON FOR ? We use ribbon for tying up presents. A girl uses it to tie up her hair, and we also use it in a typewriter STUFF materiał, surowiec

MANUFACTURE produkować, wyrabiać

The word "stuff1' we use for anything liquid or solid, raw or manufactured, and especially anything for which we cannot think of the name at the moment of speaking. For example, in a shop we might say "I wonder if you have any of that stuff used for fixing glass in a window ?"

WHAT DO WE USE THE WORD "STUFF" FOR ?/ We use the word "stuff1 for...

ROAST piec

OVEN piekarnik

HOW DO WE ROAST MEAT?

1043 TRUNK pień, tułów

DESTINATION przeznaczenie

...by holding it before or over a fire, or by putting it in an oven

SEPARATELY

TRUNK-ROAD

osobno

szosa główna

CALL rozmowa telefoniczna, wołać TRUNK - CALL tel. rozmowa długodystansowa WHAT DO WE CALL THE MAIN PART OF THE BODY, THAT IS, THE BODY WITHOUT HEAD, ARMS OR LEGS ? We call the main ... the trunk CONSEQUENTLY, WHAT IS A TREE TRUNK ?/

A tree trunk is the main part or body of a tree

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A TRUNK USED FOR TRAVELLING? By a trunk used ... we mean a large, strong box (often wooden) in which we put the main part of our clothing when we travel. We usually send it on to our destination separately, whilst we ourselves just travel with a suitcase.

The word "trunk" therefore we generally use for the main part of anything. For example, a trunk-road is a main road, whilst a trunk-call on the telephone is a longdistance call. We also call an elephant's nose a trunk WHAT ARE THE OTHER USES OF THE WORD "TRUNK" ?/ The other uses of ... are ... trunk-road ... trunk-call...

SHELL muszla, pancerz

OUTER zewnętrzny

1044 WHAT DO WE CALL THE OUTER COVERING OF AN EGG OR A NUT ? We call the outer... the shell

SOW - SOWED - SOWED (OR SOWN) siać AT WHAT TIME OF THE YEAR DOES THE FARMER SOW HIS WHEAT SEED IN YOUR COUNTRY-AND HOW DOES HE SOW IT?/ The fanner

sows his ... in ... - and he sows it... by machine ... WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SOW"?

The paradigm ... sow - sowed - sowed (or sown)

WRAP pakować, owijać

WRAP UP zapakować

WHAT AM I DOING ?

You're wrapping ...

WHAT DO WE USE TO WRAP UP A PARCEL?

We use cardboard, paper, string etc. to wrap up a parcel

DO YOU WRAP UP WELL WHEN YOU GO OUT IN COLD WEATHER ?/ Yes, I wrap up ... or... No, I don't... BRIBE łapówka 1045 IF YOU WERE IN A HIGH POSITION, WOULD YOU ACCEPT BRIBES? Yes, if I were in ... or... No, if I were ... THREATEN zagrozić, zagrażać WHAT AM I DOING ?

THREAT groźba, pogróżka You're threatening to hit somebody with your hand

HAS ANYBODY EVER THREATENED YOU WITH A KNIFE OR A GUN ? Yes, somebody has ... or... No, nobody has ever ... WHAT HAPPENED ? OR, WHAT'D YOU DO IF THEY DID ?/ ... If they did, I'd give them whatever they wanted ... ACCORDING TO THE LAW IN YOUR COUNTRY, DO YOU KNOW IF A THREAT IS CONSIDERED AS SERIOUS AS AN ACTUAL DEED ? - IN OTHER WORDS, IF A MAN THREATENS TO KILL ANOTHER MAN, DOES A COURT OF LAW CONSIDER THAT AS SERIOUS AS IF THE MAN HAD ACTUALLY COMMITTED THE DEED ? According to the law in my ... CHEST kufer, skrzynia, klatka piersiowa

DRAWER szuflada

CHEST OF DRAWERS komoda

WHERE ARE THE HEART AND LUNGS SITUATED IN THE BODY ?/ The heart and lungs are situated in the chest... 1046 A chest is also a large, strong box, usually made of wood, which we use for storing things in, like clothes, tools, medicine, money etc. A chest of drawers is a chest with drawers in it. It is usually a piece of furniture in which we keep clothes.

WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE WORD "CHEST"; AND WHAT IS A CHEST OF DRAWERS ? Another meaning of... is "a large, strong ...", whilst a chest of drawers is ... CROP

2800

plon, zbiór

WHAT KIND OF CROPS DO THEY GROW WHERE YOU LIVE ?/ The kind of crops ... are ...

STOCK zapas OUT OF STOCK zapas wyczerpany

STOCK SIZE normalny rozmiar CURE leczyć, kurować, lekarstwo

IN STOCK w zapasie STOCK - CAR zwykły samochód

The word "stock" means "a store of goods", but when used as an adjective, it means "regular, normal, usual" etc. WHAT DOES THE WORD "STOCK" MEAN ?

The word "stock" means ...

1047 DO MEN'S CLOTHES SHOPS SOMETIMES STOCK WOMEN'S CLOTHES AS WELL; AND VICE VERSA ?/ Yes, men's clothes shops ... or ... No, men's ... SUPPOSING A PERSON IS STOCK SIZE AND HE GOES TO BUY CLOTHES FROM A SHOP, DO YOU THINK HE'S MORE LIKELY TO FIND HIS SIZE IN STOCK THAN IF HE WERE AN EXCEPTIONALLY BIG PERSON OR AN EXCEPTIONALLY SMALL PERSON ? Yes, supposing a person is ... I think ... WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "IN STOCK"?

The opposite ... "out of stock"

WHAT'S THE STOCK CURE FOR A HEADACHE OR FOR A COMMON COLD ?/ The stock cure for a headache is to lie down and take a pill, whilst for a cold it is to go to bed and take medicine ... Stock-car racing is racing in which the kind of car that is used is not a special racing car but basically a normal car made for the road. WHAT'S STOCK-CAR RACING ?

COPPER miedź, miedziak

Stock-car racing is ...

REDDISH

czerwonawy

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COPPER-COLOURED HAIR? By copper-coloured hair we mean hair which is the colour of copper; that is, a reddish brown colour 1048 SOAP mydło WHAT'S THE NAME OF THE SOAP YOU GENERALLY USE? The name of... is SPADE łopata WHAT DO WE USE A SPADE FOR ?/ BRASS

We use a spade for digging

mosiądz

WHAT COLOUR'S BRASS ?

Brass is a yellowish golden colour

BUCKET wiadro, kubeł WHAT DO WE USE A BUCKET FOR ?

We use a bucket for carrying water, sand and so on in

MECHANIC

mechanik

MECHANICAL

mechaniczny

WHAT KIND OF WORK DOES A MECHANIC DO? A mechanic repairs machines ... WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE DO SOMETHING IN A MECHANICAL MANNER ? When we say we ... we mean we do it as if we were a machine, or were like a machine; in other words, without thinking about what we're doing 1049 DICTATION 93

SWITCH (n) trzasnąć, kierować, przełączyć

The cinema queue/ extended down the street/ and curved round the corner./ It was one of those rare films which can be enjoyed/ by different types of people./ The knife was not sharp enough/ to cut the piece of raw meat./ We were relieved to find the baggage/ where we had left it./ George touched the light switch/ and got a shock/ from the electric current./ The racecourse had been closed/ for a whole season./ In the shadows,/ leaning against a wooden beam,/ was a ladder./ A piece of straw/ is really the stem of a wheat plant./ If you give me/ a needle and thread,/ I will sew up the hole/ in your shirt./ A nurse's job/ is to help to heal people/ who are sick. LESSON 157 SHELTER schronienie

WHAT IS A SHELTER ?

A shelter is a small construction, built for protection

against the weather. For example, at a bus stop we might find a small construction of some kind which shelters us from the wind and rain whilst we are waiting for a bus. This is called a bus shelter

AVENUE aleja An avenue is a road with trees on either side, or it can be a wide street (with or without trees) with buildings on either side. WHAT'S AN AVENUE ?

An avenue is a...

1050 BREADTH szerokość WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE WORD "BROAD" ?

The noun of... is breadth ...

BUNDLE tobołek, plik A bundle is a number of articles or objects fastened together. For example, a bundle of sticks, or a bundle of clothes./ WHAT'S A BUNDLE?

ANYHOW byle jak, w każdym razie

A bundle is a ...

ADMIT przyjąć, przyznać

Three examples of the use of the word "anyhow" are as follows:1) Anyhow, you must admit he's a bit of a fool (meaning "in any case, at least"). 2) He's such a careless worker, he does things just anyhow ("carelessly"). 3) I've tried very hard, but I can't get it to work anyhow ("in any way whatever"). GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE WORD "ANYHOW", PLEASE ! Three examples of... are 1)... SAW

piła

A saw is a tool used for cutting (or sawing) wood or metal etc.

1051 WHAT'S A SAW?/

A saw is a...

COTTAGE dom na wsi WHAT IS A COTTAGE?

A cottage is generally thought of as a small house in the country

FLAVOUR smak,zapach

ICE-CREAM lody

WHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE FLAVOUR OF ICE-CREAM ? My favourite ... is ...

CROWN korona WHAT DOES A KING WEAR ON HIS HEAD FOR CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS? A king wears a crown on his...

CURTAIN zasłona

DRAW THE CURTAINS zaciągnąć zasłony

WHEN AND WHY DO PEOPLE DRAW THEIR CURTAINS ?

People draw...

when it's dark and when they switch their lights on, because they don't want people from outside to see into their room ...

FUR futro "Fur" is the thick, soft hair of animals like that on a cat. WHAT IS "FUR" ?

1052 STRAP rzemyk taśma, pasek, przywiązać

"Fur" is the ...

STRIP (n) pasek, taśma, listwa

WRIST-WATCH zegarek na rękę

A strap is a strip of leather or some such material. We use a strap, for example, for a wrist-watch. WHAT'S A STRAP, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR?/

A strap is a... and

we use... WHY DO PEOPLE STRAP THEMSELVES INTO A CAR ? People strap ... so that if there is an accident, they will not be thrown about... etc.

CUSHION poduszka WHY AND FOR WHAT DO WE USE A CUSHION? We use a cushion to sit on or kneel on ... to cover a hard surface and make us feel more comfortable ... etc.

SUCK ssać WHAT AM I DOING?

You're sucking your thumb, or the end of your pen

AT ABOUT WHAT AGE DO CHILDREN USUALLY STOP SUCKING THEIR THUMBS ?/ Children usually stop ... at about... 1053 FATE zguba, przeznaczenie

EXTRAORDINARY niezwykły

AS THOUGH (OR, AS IF) jak gdyby

DESTINY przeznaczenie, los

By fate we mean that the events of our lives are not controlled or determined by ourselves, no matter how hard we try, but by some power beyond ourselves... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY FATE ?

By fate we ...

Napoleon believed in fate, or destiny. Probably because his life was so eventful, and the events so extraordinary, with so much depending on mere chance, that it must have seemed to him as though he were in the hands of fate. WHY DOES A MAN LIKE NAPOLEON BELIEVE IN FATE ?/ A man like ... because his life is so eventful... WHAT EVENTUALLY WAS NAPOLEON'S FATE? Napoleon's fate was eventually to be defeated in battle

MEANTIME tymczasem, w międzyczasie GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MEANTIME". If, in the meantime, it starts to rain, we shan't go

PERCENTAGE procent, odsetek

PER CENT od stu, procent

1054 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION DO YOU THINK SMOKES ? I think about... per cent of ... SWEEP - SWEPT - SWEPT

BROOM

zamiatać

miotła

WHAT DO WE SWEEP THE FLOOR WITH?/

SWALLOW połykać

We sweep ... a broom

WHAT'S THE DANGER OF LETTING A BABY SUCK THINGS, LIKE COINS AND OTHER BITS OF METAL? The danger of... is that it might swallow them

OUNCE (oz.) uncja

POUND (Ib.) funt

STONE (st.) 14 funtów

HUNDREDWEIGHT (cwt.) cetnar = 112 funtów

TON tona

16 OUNCES

= 1 Pound (453.6 grams)

14 POUNDS

= 1 Stone

8 STONES

= 1 Hundredweight

20 HUNDREDWEIGHTS

= 1 Ton

1055 HOW MANY OUNCES MAKE A POUND ?

16 ounces make a pound

HOW MANY POUNDS MAKE A STONE ?/

14 pounds ...

HOW MANY STONES MAKE A HUNDREDWEIGHT ?

8 stones ...

HOW MANY HUNDREDWEIGHTS MAKE A TON ?

20 hundredweights make a ton

HOW MANY GRAMS ARE THERE IN A POUND?

There are 453.6 (453 point 6) grams in a pound

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS FOR OUNCE; POUND; STONE AND The signs HUNDREDWEIGHT ? ... are oz., Ib., St., and cwt.... NEGLECT zaniedbać

DECAY niszczyć, gnić, chylić się ku upadkowi

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU NEGLECT TO CLEAN YOUR TEETH EACH DAY?/ If you neglect... they will decay ... RATE proporcja, tempo, stawka AT WHAT RATE DO YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON WALKS ? I think the... at about 4 miles (about 6.5 kilometres) per hour perhaps 1056 PATIENCE cierpliwość

PATIENT

DO YOU AGREE THAT PATIENCE IS A VIRTUE ? ARE YOU PATIENT ?

cierpliwy, wytrzymały Yes, I agree that... or... No, I don't... Yes, I'm ... or... No, I'm not...

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN A PATIENT IN A HOSPITAL ?

REFRESH odświeżyć

Yes, I've been ... or ... No, I've never...

REFRESHMENT odświeżenie, zakąska

HOW DOES ONE REFRESH ONESELF?/

One refreshes oneself by eating, sleeping and drinking

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY REFRESHMENTS ?

By refreshments we mean food and drink

WHAT ARE THE REFRESHMENTS LIKE IN THE REFRESHMENT ROOM AT THE STATION OF YOUR HOME TOWN ? The refreshments in the refreshment room at... are ... quite good ... PAUSE 285° pauza, przerwa DO YOU LIKE PEOPLE WHO GO ON TALKING WITHOUT A PAUSE FOR HOURS AND HOURS ?/ Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't... or... I don't mind ... if they are interesting 1057 JEWEL klejnot, kamień

MONARCH

monarcha

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE CROWN JEWELS OF ENGLAND? By the Crown Jewels ... we mean the jewels which belong to the monarch and which are kept for safety in the Tower of London DELIGHT zachwycić się, ucieszyć się WHAT KIND OF WORK DELIGHTS YOU MOST ? PRESSURE

The kind of work which... is...

ciśnienie, nacisk

TELL ME WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE? High blood pressure ... can be caused by overeating, not enough exercise ... BEAST zwierzę, bestia NAME A WILD BEAST. POINT punkt, sedno

The lion, the tiger...

SCREEN (v) ekran, zasłona, zasłonić

DICTATION 94 As we sat on our caps/ on the slightly damp grass,/ in the shade of a tree,/ screened from the wind/ by a thick hedge,/ we ate our sandwiches/ and drank fruit juice,/ which cheered us up,/ even to the point of telling each other jokes./ We had hunted all that morning/ but with little success,/ as our aim on occasions/ had not been very straight./ Sometimes we had fired our guns/ without realizing/ that they had not been loaded;/ and so, apart from a rabbit/ that we had caught in a trap,/ we had very little to show/ for our efforts./ We continued eating our cheese sandwiches/ until our jaws began to ache,/ and thought of the soup and meat/ that awaited us at home. 1058 LESSON 158

ABSENCE nieobecność WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "ABSENCE MAKES THE HEART GROW FONDER" ? "Absence makes ..." means that, if we don't see a person for some time, we feel more fond of him ... DO YOU AGREE ?

ABSOLUTELY

Yes, I agree ... or... No, I don't agree ....

absolutnie "czywiście

IS THERE ANYTHING YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY SURE OF, BESIDES DEATH ? Yes, there's something ... or ... No, there isn't... WHAT?

BACKBONE kręgosłup WHAT'S THE BACKBONE?

RUN biec The backbone is the bone that runs down the

middle of the back WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A MAN HAS NO BACKBONE?/ When we say... we mean that he is weak in character and has no courage...

1059 CALCULATE kalkulować WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY SOMEONE IS CALCULATING ? When we say... we mean he has little feeling for others, or that he calculates and plans everything in advance ...

CANAL

kanał

SHIPPING flota handlowa, statki

WHAT IS A CANAL ? WHAT IS IT USED FOR ? AND NAME A FAMOUS CANAL. A canal is a sort of man-made river used for shipping. A famous canal

is the Panama Canal (or the Suez Canal) CAPITAL kapitał

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT CAPITAL FOR STARTING A BUSINESS?/ When we talk... we mean the money required in order to rent a place (office, shop etc.), furnish it, pay for advertising ... etc. IMITATE naśladować

GROWN UP dorosły

WHY DO CHILDREN IMITATE THEIR PARENTS ? Children imitate ... because it's a natural way of learning, and children like to pretend that they too are grown up... 1060 IMMENSE ogromny, niezmierny

DO YOU THINK ITS RIGHT THAT CERTAIN PEOPLE SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO POSSESS IMMENSE PERSONAL WEALTH ? Yes, I think it's ... or... No, I don't... DO YOU THINK YOUR OPINION WOULD CHANGE IF YOU YOURSELF SUDDENLY CAME INTO POSSESSION OF IMMENSE PERSONAL WEALTH ?/ Yes, I think my ... or... No, I don't think ... JOY radość

WHAT'S THE GREATEST JOY OF YOUR DAILY LIFE? The greatest joy of... is... QUALIFY określić, zdobyć kwalifikacje

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE A PERSON TO QUALIFY AS A DOCTOR ? It takes a person about... years to ... SACRED poświęcony, święty

WHICH ANIMAL'S SACRED IN INDIA ? SACRIFICE

poświęcenie, ofiara

The cow is sacred in India

LESSEN zmniejszać, skrócić

WHY DID PEOPLE IN THE OLD DAYS MAKE SACRIFICES TO THE GODS ?/ People in the... to thank them; to lessen the anger of the gods, etc. 1061 WHAT'S THE BIGGEST SACRIFICE YOU'VE EVER MADE IN YOUR LIFE? The biggest sacrifice I've ... was ... GAY wesoły, barwny

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY GAY COLOURS? By gay colours, we mean bright colours INSTANT natychmiastowy, moment DO YOU ANSWER LETTERS THE INSTANT YOU RECEIVE THEM, OR DO YOU WAIT A DAY OR TWO ?/ I answer... or... I wait... ORNAMENT ornament, ozdoba

PURELY....czysto, wyłącznie, całkowicie

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT EVERY PIECE OF FURNITURE IN A ROOM SHOULD HAVE A USE, OR DO YOU BELIEVE THAT CERTAIN PIECES CAN BE PURELY ORNAMENTAL? I believe that... PEARL perła WHAT'S A PEARL DIVER?

1062 EXPLORE odkrywać, badać

A pearl diver is a person, often a woman, who dives down to the bottom of the sea in order to look for pearls which are found in certain kinds of shellfish ... UNIVERSE/

wszechświat

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT ONE DAY MAN WILL BE ABLE TO EXPLORE THE WHOLE OF THE UNIVERSE ? Yes, I believe that... or... No, I don't... ACCUSE oskarżać WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU WERE WRONGLY ACCUSED OF A CRIME ? If I were wrongly ... I'd try to get a good lawyer to defend me ... DICTATION 95 William lit a match/ and, heating the wax with it,/ put the melted wax/ over the knots/ on the coarse string/ round the parcel,/ accidentally dropping/ some of the wax on the rug./ Jane had been out shopping all day./ Refusing to hire a car,/ she had walked everywhere/ and, now, where the bare flesh of her feet/ had been rubbing against her shoes,/ she felt quite sore, which made her earnestly regret/ not having hired a car./ The surface of the water/ lay like a sheet of glass/ and the distant bank/ was veiled in darkness./ Beyond this, all was silent./ The soldiers stood/ in order of rank,/ waiting for the command/ to attack the enemy's castle,/ which was like a small dot in the distance.

LESSON 159 PATRIOTISM patriotyzm

1063 PATRIOT patriota

NATIONALISM nacjonalizm

DEFENCE obrona

DISTINCTION różnica, wyróżnienie się

NATIONALIST nacjonalista

DIMMISH zmniejszać

Patriotism and nationalism often appear similar in meaning, but perhaps we could make a distinction by saying that patriotism is more the love of one's country, whilst nationalism is often the hatred of another country. A patriot will die in the defence of his country, whereas a nationalist will die in attacking another country. HOW PERHAPS MIGHT WE DEFINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM ?/ We might perhaps ... by saying that patriotism is more the love of one's own country, whilst nationalism is often the hatred of another country ... DO YOU AGREE WITH SUCH A DEFINITION ?

Yes, I agree... or...

No, I dont agree... DO YOU THINK THERE'S MORE PATRIOTISM THAN NATIONALISM IN YOUR COUNTRY OR IN THE WORLD GENERALLY? Yes, I think there's

... or... No, I don't think... DO YOU THINK NATIONALISM IS INCREASING OR DIMINISHING IN THE WORLD THESE DAYS ?/ I think nationalism is ... in the world these days

GLORY chwała

WHAT DO SOLDIERS MEAN BY "DEATH OR GLORY"? By "Death or Glory" soldiers mean that they will either die in battle or will win the battle; but will never accept defeat... 1064 PERMANENT stały

TEMPORARY tymczasowy

PICK (fruit) zbierać (owoce)

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PERMANENT JOB AND A TEMPORARY ONE ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH. The difference ... is that a permanent job is one that can last for years, like that of an office-clerk, whilst a temporary job is just for a short period of time, like fruit-picking during harvest time...

PERMIT (v) pozwolić, zezwolić

PERMIT (n) pozwolenie

HOW OLD MUST A PERSON BE BEFORE HE'S LEGALLY PERMITTED TO DRIVE A CAR, BUY CIGARETTES, OR DRINK ALCOHOL IN THIS COUNTRY ?/ A person must be... DO YOU THINK THAT'S REASONABLE ?

Yes, I think that's... or... No, I don't...

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION BETWEEN "PERMIT" USED AS A VERB AND "PERMIT" USED AS A NOUN? The difference... is that, as a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, whilst as a noun, it's on the first REDUCE zredukować WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST WAY TO REDUCE ONE'S WEIGHT? I think the best... is to ... SCENERY sceneria, otoczenie WHAT KIND OF SCENERY DO YOU PREFER ?

The kind of scenery ... is ... mountain scenery...

ADMISSION wstęp

galeria

GALLERY

DO YOU THINK THAT ADMISSION TO MUSEUMS, ART GALLERIES ETC., OUGHT TO BE FREE AND THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD PAY TO MAINTAIN SUCH PLACES ?/ Yes, I think that... or... No, I don't... BARBER fryzjer męski

POLE biegun, pal, Polak, Polka

SURGICAL chirurgiczny

WHAT WAS THE OLD SIGN FOR A BARBER'S SHOP ? The old sign ... was a red and white striped pole which was hung outside the barber's shop WHAT DID THE COLOUR RED REPRESENT, AND WHY ? The colour red represented blood, because in the old days the barber, apart from cutting hair, also used to perform small surgical operations ELASTIC elastyczny WHAT DO WE USE ELASTIC BANDS FOR ? We use ... for wrapping round things like banknotes etc., in order to keep them together ENCOURAGE zachęcić HOW CAN WE ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO STUDY ?/ We can encourage ... by offering them a reward, or by explaining that the

more we know, the easier life can become... GRACE wdzięk, gracja

GRACEFUL wdzięczny, pełen wdzięku

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST GRACEFUL ANIMAL IN ITS MOVEMENTS ? I think the ... is the most... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "THE GRACE OF GOD"? By "the grace of God" we mean that God will favour us and give us what we wish ... LIBERTY

STATUE

TORCH 290°

wolność, swoboda

statua

latarka

WHERE'S THE STATUE OF LIBERTY? 1067 DESCRIBE IT./

TEMPT

nęcić, kusić

The statue of... is at the entrance of New York harbour

It's a huge statue of a woman representing freedom, which was given to America by France. In one hand Liberty holds a lighted torch ... DONKEY osioł

CARROT

marchewka

WHAT'S THE CLASSIC WAY OF TEMPTING A DONKEY TO MOVE ? The classic way of... is by tying a carrot onto the end of a piece of string, then tying the other end of the string onto the end of a stick, and hanging the carrot just in front of the donkey's nose so that he is tempted to move forward to take it. As the stick's tied to the donkey's own back, the carrot will move forward with the donkey, and so the donkey has to move forward again and again and, of course, he never reaches the carrot FIRMNESS stanowczość, stałość, jędrność

RUDENESS niegrzeczność

WHIP (v)

bat, bicz

DICTATION 96

As the blade of the oar/ dipped into the water,/ it hit the side/ of the strange-looking vessel,/ which was shaped like a saucer/ and seemed to be made of cork./ The chickens wander about/ pecking and biting at plants./ Remaining seated in the saddle,/ the rider produced the parcel/ and the message/ from under his huge cape./ The poor tailor worked day and night,/ despite having a fever./ His cheeks had become hollow/ and the flesh on his face/ had lost its firmness./ The chief of the tribe/ ordered the men to be whipped/ for their shameful behaviour./ Some begged for mercy,/ but the chief would not yield./ The court blamed the accident/ and the prisoner's rudeness,/ on the fact that/ the prisoner was over-fond of drink.

1068 LESSON 160

GUIDE

przewodnik

HISTORIC

historyczny

WHEN YOU VISIT A PLACE OF HISTORIC INTEREST DO YOU PREFER TO HAVE A GUIDE ? Yes, when I... or... No, when I... WHY OR WHY NOT?

ENGINEER inżynier WHAT KIND OF WORK DOES AN ENGINEER DO? The kind of work ... is building houses, bridges, ships etc....

GRATEFUL wdzięczny WHAT KIND OF GIFT WOULD YOU BE MOST GRATEFUL TO RECEIVE ?/ The kind of gift I'd be ... would be ...

URGENT pilny WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A PARCEL OR A LETTER ETC. IS MARKED "URGENT" ? When a parcel or... it means that the person who's sending it wants it to arrive and be attended to as soon as possible

DEPARTMENT wydział WHICH DEPARTMENT OF A LARGE STORE WOULD YOU PREFER TO WORK IN ? The department of... I'd prefer to ... would be the ... department

1069 EXPLODE eksplodować WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "BLOW UP" ?/

Another word ... is "explode"

PRECIOUS cenny WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST PRECIOUS THING ON EARTH, OR THAT YOU PERSONALLY POSSESS ? I think the most... is ...

HESITATE wahać się

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "HE WHO HESITATES: IS LOST" ? - AND GIVE ME

AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ "He who..." means that, although, generally speaking, it is better to think carefully before making a decision, there are certain occasions in life when, if we hesitate, we lose our courage. For example, to dive into

cold water in a swimming pool, especially from a high diving-board, needs a bit of courage, particularly if one's not used to it, and the more one hesitates the more difficult it becomes to do...

PUMP pompa, pompować WHAT DO WE USE A PUMP FOR ?

1070 TOTAL całkowity, kompletny

We use a pump to pump water or air etc. into or out of something. For example, when we pump up a football, or pump water out of a boat BILLION

miliard

WHAT'S THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE WORLD ?

The total... about ... billion...

HALLO HELLO HULLO cześć WHAT ARE THE THREE SPELLINGS OF THE WORD "HALLO" ? REPRODUCE reprodukować, odtwarzać

The three ... are...

REPRODUCTION reprodukcja

DO YOU PREFER TO SEE ORIGINAL, BUT THIRD CLASS, PAINTINGS HANGING ON THE WALLS IN A HOUSE, OR GOOD REPRODUCTIONS OF GREAT AND FAMOUS MASTERPIECES ? I prefer to see ... TUBE rura, wąż, tubka

SQUEEZE ścisnąć

TOOTHPASTE pasta do zębów

ARE YOU THE TYPE OF PERSON WHO SQUEEZES A TUBE OF TOOTHPASTE IN THE MIDDLE, OR DO YOU PRESS IT AT THE END OF THE TUBE ? I'm the type of person ...

1071 DISGUST

wstręt, odraza, budzić wstręt

WHAT DISGUSTS YOU MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE ? The thing that disgusts ... is ... bad manners ... COLLAR

kołnierzyk

WHAT'S THIS?/

It's the collar of your....

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A WHITE-COLLAR WORKER? By a white-collar worker we mean someone who works wearing a white collar; that is, has a clean job, such as in an office

CONGRATULATE gratulować ON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO WE CONGRATULATE PEOPLE ? The kind of... are when they have won a prize, passed an exam, got married etc. SOLEMN

uroczysty, solenny

ON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE SPEAK SOLEMNLY AND WEAR SOLEMN FACES ?/ The kind of occasions on which... are funerals, state ceremonies etc.... FRESH

świeży

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A FRESHMAN AT UNIVERSITY? By a freshman ... we mean a first-year student; that is, someone who's new or fresh to the university... 1072 WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF FRESH FRUIT ? The opposite of fresh fruit is tinned fruit, dried fruit, or fruit that is old and losing its taste ... SUBSTANCE substancja WHAT SUBSTANCE IS THIS TABLE MADE OF ?/

The substance this table is made of is wood

BAY zatoka WHICH DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL BAY IN THE WORLD ? I think the Bay of... is the ...

ESSENCE istota WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE ESSENCE OF CIVILIZATION ? I think the essence ... is good manners; that is, consideration for others, trying to disturb or upset others as little as possible

CANVAS płótno

WATERPROOF nieprzemakalny

NYLON nylon

CAMPING obozowanie, kamping

DESCRIBE A TENT.

A tent is made of waterproof canvas, or nylon, supported on poles, and is used for sleeping in when we go camping ...

DESPAIR rozpaczać 1073 DO YOU DESPAIR EASILY ?

Yes, I despair ... or ... No, I don't...

LESSON 161 PREJUDICE uprzedzenie WHAT DO WE MEAN BY PREJUDICE ? By prejudice we mean we form an opinion for or against someone or something before we have sufficient knowledge of the person or thing ... WHAT KIND OF PREJUDICES DO PEOPLE SUFFER FROM ? The kind of prejudices people ... are against other nations; people they've heard about but never met; certain kinds of music or books ... MODEL

model

REPRESENTATION

reprezentacja, wzór

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE MODEL OF AN AEROPLANE ? By the model of... we mean a small representation of a real aeroplane that we often put on a table or desk as an ornament... HOW OFTEN DOES A CAR COMPANY CHANGE ITS MODELS ?/ A car company changes its models about once every ... years WHAT'S YOUR IDEA OF A MODEL HUSBAND OR WIFE ?

My idea

of a... is one who ... 1074 PURPLE fioletowy, liliowy DO YOU LIKE PURPLE ?

Yes, I like purple ... or ... No, I don't...

REPUBLIC republika WHAT'S A REPUBLIC?

A republic is a country that's run by a government elected by the people, with the head of state also being elected and not necessarily permanent, unlike a king or a queen ...

TUNE melodia WHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE TUNE ? DOZEN tuzin

My favourite ...

WHAT'S A BAKER'S DOZEN?

A baker's dozen is thirteen. A dozen is twelve of anything, but a baker's dozen is thirteen

WHAT DOES IT MEAN : "TO TALK NINETEEN TO THE DOZEN" ?/ "To talk ..." means to talk very quickly without stopping, and usually too much COMPLICATED

skomplikowany

WHAT'S THE MOST COMPLICATED THING YOU'VE EVER HAD TO LEARN ? The most complicated thing I've ever had to learn was ... SPLENDID

wspaniały

1075 WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST SPLENDID BUILDING IN THE WORLD? I think ... is the most... EXCELLENT

doskonały, znakomity

WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOUR ENGLISH WAS EXCELLENT NOW ?/ No, I wouldn't say ... but I'd say it was very good, or at least quite good ... FAMILIAR

poufały, zażyły, obeznany

WHY MUSTN'T AN ARMY OFFICER GET TOO FAMILIAR WITH HIS MEN ? An army officer mustn't... because if he becomes a friend, they may not obey him ... TEST test, próbować, zbadać

INADVISABLE

nie godne polecenia

WHY WOULD IT BE INADVISABLE TO BUY A SECOND-HAND CAR WITHOUT FIRST GIVING IT A THOROUGH TEST ? The reason it'd be inadvisable ... is that appearances can easily deceive, and there might be a lot of things wrong with it that are not obvious DIAMOND

diament

WHY DO WE SAY "DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER" ?/ We say ... because they don't wear out and seldom lose their value PROCESSION

procesja

1076 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO IN THIS COUNTRY WHEN A FUNERAL PROCESSION PASSES BY? People in this country ... when a funeral...

MODEST skromny

LUXURY luksus

SHOW pokaz, popis

EXAGGERATE przesadzać

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A MODEST WAY OF LIVING ? By a modest... we mean a type of living without luxury or too much expense or excessive show ... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A MODEST PERSON ?/ By a modest... we mean someone who doesn't boast of, or exaggerate, his achievements... REPUTATION

2950

reputacja

HOW CAN A HOTEL (RESTAURANT, SHOP, SCHOOL, ETC.) GET A BAD REPUTATION ? A hotel... can get... by behaving badly to the public, cheating, not giving good value, etc.... CONSCIENCE sumienie WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A GUILTY CONSCIENCE? By a guilty conscience, we mean that we have done something wrong and are worried about it. Usually we have not been found out or punished, but we still feel uncomfortable about it... SUSPECT podejrzewać 1077 WHAT DO THE POLICE DO WHEN THEY SUSPECT A MAN OF COMMITTING CRIMES BUT HAVE NO PROOF ?/ When the police suspect... they watch his every movement... EXCHANGE wymiana, wymieniać WHAT'S THE RATE OF EXCHANGE IN THIS COUNTRY FOR THE POUND? The rate of... is ... IS THERE ANYTHING YOU OWN THAT YOU WOULDN'T EXCHANGE FOR ALL THE WORLD ? Yes, there's something ... or... No, there ... WHAT? WHY? PROGRAMME program WHAT'S YOUR PROGRAMME FOR THIS EVENING?/ My programme for... is... DO YOU KEEP AT HOME THEATRE PROGRAMMES, FOOTBALL MATCH PROGRAMMES, ETC. OF SPECIAL OCCASIONS YOU HAVE BEEN AT (OR TO) ? Yes, I keep at home ... or... No, I don't...

MOTION ruch, poruszenie, bieg

NOTE DOWN zanotować

REORGANISE reorganizować

CUT DOWN zredukować

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A "TIME AND MOTION" MAN IN INDUSTRY ? By a "time ..." we mean a man who goes around with a watch and a piece of paper and notes down how long each job takes. Then, by reorganising the job, he cuts down the time it takes ... 1078 PROMPT szybki, skory, skłonić, podpowiedzieć WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DOING THINGS PROMPTLY INSTEAD OF LEAVING THEM TILL TOMORROW?/ The advantages of... are that we get them out of our mind ... MOTOR

motor, silnik

WHAT DO WE USE A MOTOR FOR? SUSPICION

We use a motor for driving a car, a bus, a bicycle etc.

podejrzenie

CAN THE POLICE IN THIS COUNTRY HOLD YOU IN PRISON JUST UNDER SUSPICION ? Yes, the police can ... or ... No, the police ...

MULTIPLY mnożyć MULTIPLY 30 BY 3, PLEASE !

30 multiplied by 3 equals 90

MUDDY

REPLAY

DOORMAT2963

ubłocony

odpowiedzieć

wycieraczka

1079 DICTATION 97 As the team came forth/ onto the field/ the crowd applauded by clapping and shouting./ Within minutes/ the ball was in the net/ for the first goal./ Courageously, the opposing side/ fought back, looking for revenge./ The game dragged a little,/ and then, to everyone's annoyance,/ a storm began to approach/ with scarcely a second or two passing/ between the flash of lightning/ and the crack of thunder./ The game had to stop,/ because the field soon became/ a muddy paste/ and arrangements had to be made/ for a replay./ Fortunately, my friend had brought/ a spare raincoat,/ which he was able to lend me./ Leaving the ground, we signalled a taxi/ and went home./ When we arrived home,/ we were careful to wipe our shoes/ on the doormat/ before entering the house.

Lesson

No. ABILITY

139

ARTICLE

ABOUT ABOVE ALL ABSENCE ABSOLUTELY ABSORB ACCIDENT ACCIDENTALLY ACCOMPANY ACCORDING TO ACCOUNT ACCUSE ACT ACTION ADDITION ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE ADMIRAL ADMIRATION ADMIRE ADMISSION ADMIT ADVANCE ADVANTAGE OF ADVERTISE ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISING ADVICE (N) ADVISABLE ADVISE (V) AEROPLANE AFFAIR AFRAID OF AFRAID THAT AFRAID TO AGENCY AGENT AGREE ABOUT AGREE THAT AGREE TO AGREE WITH "AH, WELL" AHEAD AIM AIRTIGHT ALIKE ALL RIGHT ALLOWANCE ALOUD ALTOGETHER ANCIENT ANGER ANGLE ANNOY ANNOYANCE ANTICLOCKWISE ANXIETY ANXIOUS ANY ANY CASE ANYHOW APOSTROPHE "S" APPLAUD APPLAUSE APPLY APPOINT APPROACH APPROVAL APPROVE OF APPROXIMATE AREA ARISE ARM - IN - ARM ARMS ARRANGE ARRANGEMENT ARREARS

129 135 158 1S8 128 125 139 154 129 131 158 133 133 129

AS - AND ITS DIFFERENT USES AS IF AS THOUGH ASHAMED ASIDE ASLEEP ASSOCIATE ASTONISH AT ALL AT EASE AT LAST AT SEA ATTACK ATTEMPT AVENUE AWKWARD

127 146 146 129 159 143,157 135 144 137 137 137 132 155 132 138 139 127 127 127 141 141 126 126 126 126 145 142 143 143 145 136 147 148 149 125 126 135 ISO 129 132 125 125 150 151 157 142 150 150 125 150 149 146 139 140 154 151 130 140 151 151 135

BACK (V) BACKBONE BACKGROUND BACON BADLY BAG BAGGAGE BANANA BAND BANK BAR BARBER BARE BARELY BARGAIN BARREL BARRISTER BASEMENT BASIN BATH BATHE BAY BEAK BEAM BEAST BEAT BEATEN BEE BEFOREHAND BEG BEG PARDON BEHIND BELIEF BENEATH BERRY BEST BEST OF BEYOND BILLION BIRTH BISCUIT BIT BITE BITTEN BITTER BLACKBOARD BLADE BLAME BLED BLEED BLESS BLOCK BLOOD - VESSEL BLOODSTREAM BOLD BOMB BOOK (V) BORDER

152 149 157 157 146 152 150 144 153 125 130 150 141 126 153 157 153 151 158 125 140 148 154 146 149 129 150 133 159 135 135 137 142 133 137 139 142 142 160 151 144 157 146 146 153 137,147 147 147 149 141 133 154 148 145 148 160 145 140 149 149 149 129 139 ISO 150 155 155 151 152 151 149 152 131 151 152

BORED

150

BORING BOUND BOUNDARY BOW(N) BOW(V) BOW TIE BOWL BOXER BRAKE BRASS BREADTH BREAK (N) BREATH BREATHE BRIBE BRING AN ACTION AGAINST BROOM BUCKET BUNCH BUNDLE BURST BURST INTO TEARS BURY BY ACCIDENT BY AND ITS MANY USES BY AND ITS MANY USES (CONT ) BY BIRTH BY CHANCE BY DEGREES BY HEART BY HIMSELF BY NOW BY SEA BY THE HAND BYE-BYE

150 153 153 153 153 153 154 141 155 156 157 140 154 154 156 133 157 156 139 157 154 154 126 125 141 145 145 128 135 145 141 134 141 145 134

CAGE 133 CALAIS 144 CALCULATE 158 CALL 156 CAMERA 144 CAMP 145 CAMPING 160 CANAL 1S8 CANDLE 130 CANT HELP 142 CANT MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT (Idiom 33) 130 CANVAS 160 CAP 146 CAPABLE 133 CAPE 147 CAPITAL 158 CARDBOARD 154 CARE FOR 126 CARPET 150 CARRIAGE 129 CARROT 159 CART 133 CASE 135 CAUTION 137 CAUTIOUSLY 137 CENTIGRADE 136 CEREAL 140 CEREMONY 146 CHALK 139 CHAMPION 141 CHANCE 128 CHANNEL 144 CHARM 139 CHARMER 139 CHARMING 139 CHEAT 142

CHEEK

13 6 CHEER 14 CHEER UP! 14 CHEERIO 13 CHEERS 134 ,14 CHEESE 14 CHEST 15 CHEST OF DRAWERS 15 CHIEF 14 CHIEFLY 14 CHOCOLATE 14 CLAP IS CLAY 15 CLERK IS CLEVER 13 CLOSELY 13 CLOTH 143, 14 CLOTHE 139,147 CLOTHING 132,147 CLUE 15 COARSE 14 COAT OF ARMS 15 COLD SHOULDER (Idiom 42) 13 COLLAR 16 COLONIALISM 13 COMB 15 COME BACK 13 COME DOWN 13 COME IN 13 COME ON 14 COMMERCIAL 13 COMMITTEE 15 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES 12 COMPASS 14 COMPLAIN 15 COMPLICATED 16 COMPOUND WORDS 12 COMRADE 14 CONCERT 14 CONFIDENCE 14 CONFIDENT 12 CONFUSION 13 CONGRATULATE 16 CONNECTION 14 CONSCIENCE 16 CONSCIOUSNESS 14 CONSUME 15 CONT ACT (V) 14 CONTAGIOUS 14 CONTAINER 14 CONTENT (N) 13 CONTENT (V) 13 CONTINUATION 12 CONTRACTIONS (DOUBLE) 13 CONTROL (SELF-) 14 CONTROL (V.) 14 CONVINCE 14 COOKING - POT 14 COPPER 15 COPY(N) 15 CORK 15 CORNER 12 COTTAGE 15 COTTON 12 COTTON - WOOL 12 COUGH 15 COUNCIL 13 COUNTRY 14 COUPLE 13 COURAGEOUS 15 COURSE 14 COURT IS COWARD 15 CRACK 15

Lesson No CRASH

149

CREAM 152 CREATURE 136 CREEP 152 CREPT 152 CRITIC 137 CROP 156 CROSSWORD PUZZLE 154 CROWN 157 CRUSH 149 CULTIVATE 148 CULTIVATED 148 CUPBOARD 153 CURE 156 CURIOUS 152 CURL 153 CURRENT 144,153 CURTAIN 157 CURVE 144 CUSHION 157 CUSTOM 130 CUT DOWN 161 DAMP DAMPNESS DARING DAYBREAK DEAR DEBT DECAY DECEIVE DECREASE DEFENCE DEFINED DEFINITION DEGREE DELICATE DELIGHT DELIVER DENTIST DEPARTMENT DESCEND DESIGN DESIRE DESPAIR DESSERT DESTINATION DESTINY DETAIL DETERMINE DIAMOND DIG DIMINISH DINE DINING • ROOM DIP DIRECT DIRECTLY DISAPPOINT DISAPPOINTMENT DISASTER DISEASE DISGUST DISHONEST DISOBEY DISORDERLY DISSATISFACTIO DISTINCTION DISTINGUISH DISTURBANCE DITCH DIVE DO ONE'S BEST DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR DO THE DO WITH WHO

143 151 126 155 130 132 157 133 153 159 152 145 135 131 157 137 152 160 135 155 134 160 140 156 157 128 142 161 138 159 140 140 142 144 144 146 146 139 147 160 148 155 132 129 159 129 129 154 155 148 136 141 136

DOCUMENTS

131

DONT MENTION IT 136 DOORMAT 161 DOORPOST 138 DOT 148 DOUBLE CONTRACTIONS 138 DOUBLING CONSONANTS 128 DOVER 144 DOWNSTAIRS 152 DOZEN 161 DRAG 149 DRAW ASIDE 152 DRAW THE CURTAINS 157 DRAWER 156 DRESSMAKER 146 DRIVE ISO DRY CLEANER'S 152 DRYNESS 151 DUG 138 DUKE 141 DWARF 141 E ACH OTHER 145 EAGER 126 EARNEST 148 EASE 130 EASY 130 EDGE 125 EFFORT 141 EGYPT 125 EITHER OF THEM 128 EITHER SIDE 133 ELASTIC 159 ELEPHANT 142 ELIMINATE 138 EMBARRASS 153 EMOTION 143 EMPEROR 145 ENABLE 130 ENCOURAGE 159 ENDED 127 ENDLESS 139 ENERGETIC 133 ENGAGED 132 ENGINEER 160 ENGLISH CHANNEL 144 ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM 128 ENQUIRE 130 ENQUIRY OFFICE 130 ENTER 135 ENTERTAIN 125 ENTERTAINMENT 125 ENTRANCE 127 ENVY 132 EQUALLY 128 ESCAPE 130 ESSENCE 160 EVERY OTHER DAY 1 32 EVIDENCE 154 EXAGGERATE 161 EXCELLENT 142,161 EXCEPTIONALLY 147 EXCESS 154 EXCHANGE 144,161 EXCITEMENT 133 EXCLAIM 146 EXCUSE (N) 135 EXCUSE (V) 135 EXCUSE ME 139 EXPECT = TO LOOK FORWARD TO AN EVENT 138 EXPECTATION 148 EXPERIENCE 132

EXPLAIN TO

126

FRIGHT

136

EXPLODE EXPLORE EXPLOSION EXTRACT EXTRAORDINARY EYEBROW EYELASH EYELID

160 158 131 152 157 139 139 139

FRIGHTEN FROZE FROZEN FRY FUN FUNERAL FUNNY FUR

136 136 136 140 154 127 154 157

GALLERY GALLON GAP GARAGE GARDEN GATE GATE GATHER SPEED GAY GENERAL GENEROUS GENTLE GET GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK (IdiomJS) GET ONE DOWN (Idiom 31) GET RID OF GET THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN GIANT GIRLFRIEND GIVE AWAY GIVE OFF GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER (Idiom 42) GLASSES GLORY GO AHEAD GO AND HAVE GO BACK GO BAD GO DOWN COIN GO PAST GO QUIETLY GO RIGHT GO SHOPPING GOAL GOAT GOLDEN GOOD HEAVENS ! GRACE GRACEFUL GRADUATE GRAPE GRATEFUL GREET GREETINGS GRIND GROUND GROWNUP GUIDE

159 135 127 152 138 138 128 158 146 129 130 135

HABIT OF HALL HALL - PORTER HALLO HAND - IN - HAND HAND (V) HANDLE (V+N) HAPPEN TO HAPPENING HARD UP (Idiom 40) HARM HARMFUL HARMLESS

144 127 138 160 130 130 130 133 145 137 136 136 136

FACE (V) 126 FACE TO FACE 126 FADE 149 FAHRENHEIT 136 FAILURE 130 FAINT 133 FALL ASLEEP 150 FALL BEHIND 149 FALL TO PIECES 146 FAMILIAR 161 FAN 153 FANCY 135 FANTASTIC 148 FAST 138 FASTEN 138 FATE 157 FAVOUR 136 FAVOUR(V) 139 FEAR 133 FEATHER 133 FED 142 FEED 142 FEEL UPSET 137 FELLOW 144 FELLOW-WORKER 144 FENCE 127 FEVER 147 FIGURATIVE 149 FINANCIAL 152 FINE 146 FINGERS CROSSED (Idiom 44) 141 FIRE 147 FIRM 148 FIRMNESS 154 FITTING 143 FLASH 149 FLAVOUR 157 FLESH 148 FLOOD 154 FLOUR 136 FLOWERPOT 141 FLY 150 FOLD 138 FOND OF 150 FOOL 151 FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE (Idiom 29) 126 FOR SALE 137 FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS 129 FORBADE 128 FORBID 128 FORBIDDEN 128 FOREHEAD 150 FORGIVE 147 FORGIVENESS 147 FORMER 151 FORTH 151 FOUR WAYS OF FORMING THE FUTURE 134 FRAME 154 FRAME OF MIND 154 FREE 137 FREEZE 136 FRESH 160 FRIED 140

132 128 135 137 141 130 133 134 139 133 159 142 142 135 134 135 135 141 139 134 141 138 153 132 129 159 159 147 139 160 134 134 136 136 158 160

Lesson No. HASTE

138

INKY

155

LESSEN

HASTEN

138 142 145 140 136 145 127 160 142 139 125 160 128 128 128 125 153 143 144 145 160 131 143 146 154 142 142 147 129 129 145 160 127

INQUIRE INQUIRY OFFICE INSECT INSTANT INSTRUCTION INSTRUMENT INSULT INSURE INTEND INTEREST INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL SCALE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES INTERRUPT INTERRUPTION INWARD(S) IODINE IRON (V+NV ISH IT IS NOT SO IT IS PROBABLE IT IS TIME + PAST TENSE IT IS WELL TO. IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS (Idiom 37) IT SO HAPPENS ITS NOTHING

130 130 154 158 130 139 126 127 125 131 146

136

JACK - IN - THE - BOX JAM JAMPOT JAW JEALOUS JEALOUSY JET JEWEL JIGSAW JOKE JOY JUDO JUICE JUST 131 JUST THE SAME

152 140 141 143 135 151 145 157 154 145 158 127 144 ,134 142

LIAR 128 LIBERTY 159 LICENCE (N) 132 LICENSE (V) 132 LID 139 LIE 143 LIED 143 LIGHT 130 LIGHTNING 149 LIKE EACH OTHER 145 LIKELY 136 LIQUID 127 LIT 130 LITRE 135 LITTLE BY LITTLE 125,138 LIVE(ADJ) 140 LIVE(V) 140 LOAD 142 LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND (Idiom 46) 143 LOCK 133 LONELINESS 145 LONELY 145 LONG - HAIRED 127 LOOK 140 LOOK FORWARD TO AN EVENT 138 LOOSE 149 LOOSE - FITTING 143 LORD 141 LOSE ONE'S TEMPER 134 LOT (THE) 146 LOUD 146 LOVE AFFAIR 139 LOVER 142 LOVINGLY 130 LUCKY BREAK Idiom 34) 131 LUGGAGE 146 LUMP 154 LUNG 135 LUXURY 161

KEEP A SECRET KEEP ONE'S FINGERS CROSSED (Idiom 44) KICK THE BUCKET (Idiom 45) KILO (KILOGRAM) KIND KNEE KNEEL KNELT KNOT

149

HAY

HEADMISTRESS HEAL HEAP HEART HEDGE HELLO HELP HELP(V) HELPFUL HESITATE HID HIDDEN HIDE HIGHLY HILLSIDE HILLY HIP! HIP! HURRAY! HIRE HISTORIC HITCH - HIKE HOLLAND HOLLOW HOOK HORIZON HORIZONTAL HORN HOW ARE YOU ? HOW DO YOU DO? HUGE HULLO HUMBLE HUNDREDWEIGHT (CWT) HUNT HUNTING HURRAH! HURRAY! HUT HYPHEN (USE OF) HYPHENATED HYPHENED (OR HYPHENATED) COMPOUNDS 1 BEG YOUR PARDON 1 DARE SAY ICE - CREAM ILL AT EASE I'M SORRY IMITATE IMMENSE IMPRISON IMPRISONMENT INA NUTSHELL (Idiom 38) IN ADVANCE IN ANY CASE IN ARREARS IN CASE IN CONFIDENCE IN RELATION TO IN SEASON IN SECRET IN STOCK IN THE END IN VAIN ' INADVISABLE INDEED INDOOR (S) INFLUENZA INJECTION INJUSTICE INK INKPOT

157 140 127 144 144 132 143 128 128 147 126 157 130 139 158 158 152 152 135 135 151 135 135 149 141 141 149 156 150 147 161 143 127 147 141 134 141 141

LADDER LAID LAIN LAMP LAND IN PRISON LARGELY LAST LAST BUT ONE LATE = ENDED LATE= RECENTLY DEAD LATELY LATEST LATTER LAY LEAD LEAN

146 137 132 132 133 153 136 137 134 126 147 127 134 134

141 142 148 134 127 127 127 149 143 143 143 152 126 131 139 139 127 127 127 139 151 143 133 133

MADNESS MAGIC MAIL MAINLAND MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING + ADJECTIVE OR INFINITIVE MAKE ALLOWANCE MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT (Idiom 33) MAKE THE BEST OF MAKE THE MOST OF MALARIA MANKIND MANUFACTURE MARMALADE MAT MATCH MATE MAY AS WELL AS MEALS MEAN (ADJ) MEAN TO SAY MEANTIME MEANWHILE MEASUREMENT MECHANIC MECHANICAL MELT MEND MENTION MERCHANT

158

126 139 137 144

127 147 130 145 145 147 133 156 140 150 127 133 131 140 136 149 157 151 145 156 156 134 132 132 125

MERCY

134

MERE MESSAGE MESSENGER MICE MILD MILITARY MILL MILLER MIND(N) MINE MINER MISBEHAVIOUR MISFORTUNE MISJUDGE MODEL MODEST MONARCH MONETARY MONETARY SYSTEM MONKEY MOST OF MOTION MOTOR MOUNTAINEER MOUSE MUDDY MULTIPLY MUSICAL MYSTERY

138 145 145 127 140 129 143 143 154 135 135 145 137 148 161 161 157 128 128 133 145 161 161 153 127 16! 161 139 127

NATIONALISM NATIONALIST NATIONALITY NATIVE NATURAL NEARBY NEAT NEEDLE NEGLECT NEITHER OF THEM NEST NET NEXT NICE TO SEE NOBLE NOISELESSLY NONSENSE NOON NOT EITHER NOT NOR NOT AT ALL NOTE DOWN NOTHING TO DO WITH IT NOUGHT NUCLEAR NUISANCE NYLON

134 136 131 138 160

159 159 145 138 128 141 129 141 157 128 144 150 128 127 139,150 127 146 144 133 131 136 161

OAR OBJECT OBSERVE OFF COURSE OFF THE CUFF (Idiom 39) OLD - FASHIONED ON ACCOUNT OF ON AN INTERNATIONAL SCALE ON MY OWN ACCOUNT ON RECEIPT OF ONCE MORE ONE ON TOP OF THE OTHER ONOMATOPOEIA

150 128 13! 144 136 144 131 146 131 152 149 136 149

Lesson No OPPOSITION ORAL ORANGE ORGAN ORNAMENT OTHERWISE OUNCE (OZ.) OUT OF BOUNDS OUT OF BREATH OUT OF DOORS OUT OF SEASON OUT OF STOCK OUT OF TURN OUTDOOR (S) OUTER OUTWARD(S) OVEN OVER OVERCHARGE OVERCOME OVERHEAD OVERNIGHT OVERRIPE OVERWEIGHT PACKAGE PACKET PAD PALE PAN PAPER BAG PARCEL PARDON PARLIAMENTARY PART (V) PASS (CHANGE) PASS (TIME) PASSAGE PASTE PASTRY PATH PATIENCE PATIENT PATRIOT PATRIOTISM PATTERN PAUSE PAW PEAR PEARL PECK PECULIAR PECULIARITY PENCE PENNY PERCENT PERCENTAGE PERFORM PERFORMANCE PERMANENT PERMIT (N) PERMIT (V) PET PICK (FRUIT) PICK AT PICK OUT PICKUP PIGEON PILE PILL PIN PINCH PINT PLANT PLAYFULNESS PLUM POETRY

137,152 145 140 135 158 132 157 153 154 127 141 156 148 127 156 133 156 137 150 128 144 138 ISO 141 145 143,145 128 136 139 154 143 147 155 151 150 149 152 153 154 127 157 157 159 159 152 157 131 140 158 151 128 128 128 128 157 157 132 132 159 159 159 142 159 134 134 128 133 136 143 152 153 135 149 154 140 145

POINT

136,157

POLE POLITENESS POOL PORTER POSITION POST POSTAGE POT POUND (LB ) POVERTY PRACTICE (N) PRACTISE (V) PRECIOUS PREFERABLY PREFERENCE PREJUDICE PREPARATION PRESERVE PRESSURE PRINT PROCESSION PRODUCT PROGRAMME PROJECTOR PROMPT PROOF PROPOSE PROVE PUMP PUNCTURE PUNISH PURPLE PUZZLE PYGMY

159 151 127 138 ISO 138 138 HI 157 129 132 132 160 131 142 161 136 131 157 14S 161 137 161 144 161 140 153 138 160 151 138 161 1S4 141

QUALIFICATION QUALIFY QUALITY QUEUE QUIETLY

132 158 131 148 139

RABBIT RAILWAY - TRACK RAINBOW RAKE RANK RARE RATE RAW RAY RAZOR REACH OUT RECEIPT RECORD (N) RECORD (V) RECTANGLE RECTANGULAR RED - CROSS REDDISH REDUCE REFINE(D) REFRESH REFRESHMENT REFUSAL REGAIN REGARD REGRET REJOICE REJOICING RELATION TO RELATIONSHIP RELATIVE RELATIVES RELIEF RELIEVE RELY ON

142 145 153 145 146 144 157 147 148 141 128 138,152 132 132 150 150 143 156 159 146 157 157 153 149 134 130 139 139 141 141 141 141 143 143 138

REMARK

140

REMEDY 152 REMOVE 152 REORGANISE 161 REPAY 155 REPLACE 151 REPLAY 161 REPORT 145 REPORTER 145 REPRESENT 146 REPRODUCE 160 REPRODUCTION 160 REPUBLIC 161 REPUTATION 161 REQUIRE 126 RESIGN 154 RESIST 139 RESISTANCE 139 RESPONSIBLE 136 RETURN 135 REVENGE 155 REVOLUTION 139 REWARD 155 RIBBON 156 RICE 155 RID 135 RIDER 134 RIGHT 139 RIGHT ANGLE 135 RIGHT WAY UP 132 RIPE 150 RISK 135 RIVAL 131 RIVER BASIN 139 ROAR 155 ROAST 156 ROB 130 ROCKY 153 ROD 142 ROOM 147 ROT 148 ROTTEN 148 ROW 132 RUB 126,132 RUB OUT 155 RUBBER 155 RUBBISH 146 RUDE 150 RUDENESS 159 RUG 150 RUIN (S) 152 RUN 142.143,145 RUN A RISK 135 RUN OVER 126 RUN SHORT OF 149 RUNNING - TRACK 145 RUST 155 SACRED SACRIFICE SADDLE SADLY SADNESS SAFETY-BELT SAIL SALE SAMPLE SANDWICH SATISFYING SAUCE SAUCER

SAW

SAYING SCALE SCARCE SCATTER SCENERY

158 158 145 145 137,145 138 143 137 147 140 155 148 149 157 140 128,146 149 132 159

SCENT

134

SCHOOL - FELLOW 144 SCRAPE 136 SCRATCH 136 SCRATCH OUT 136 SCREEN 144,157 SCREW 139 SCREWDRIVER 139 SEA 141 SEAT - BELT 131 SECOND - HAND 137 SECRET 149 SELF 143 SELF - CONFIDENCE 149 SELF - CONTROL 143 SELFISH 143 SELLER 131 SENSATION 153 SEPARATELY 136 SERGEANT 154 SET 145 SET FREE 137 SEW 141 SHADE 144 SHADOW 144 SHALLOW 154 SHAME 146 SHAMEFUL 146 SHAMELESS 152 SHAPE 129 SHAPED LIKE 139 SHARES 131 SHARP 147 SHARPEN 136 SHAVE 141 SHEET 148 SHELL 156 SHELTER 157 SHIELD 155 SHILLING 128 SHIPPING 158 SHIPWRECK 137 SHOCK 147 SHOPPING 141 SHORT OF 149 SHORTHAND 130 SHOULDER - BLADE ISO SHOW 161 SHOWER 155 SICILY 137 SICKNESS 136 SIGNAL 149 SILENCE (V) 135 SILKEN 132 SIMILAR 152 SITUATE 143 SITUATION 135 SIZE 156 SKILL 146 SKILLED 146 SKIN (OF A FRUIT) 149 SLAP IS3 SLIDE 149 SLIGHT 149 SLIP 149 SLOPE 155 SLOW DOWN 128 SMART 145 SNACK 140 SNAKE 139 SNAKE - CHARMER 139 SNAP DECISION (Idiom36) 133 SO AND ITS MANY USES (CONT ) 134 SO KIND AS 134

Lesson No "SO, YOU

STUFF

156

TENT

145

TUNE

161

HAVE COME !" 134 SOAP 156 SOCIETY 144 SOFT 146 SOIL 155 SOLEMN 160 SOLID 146 SOLUTION 147 SOME 150 SOME IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 137 SOMEWHAT 125 SORE 150 SORE POINT (Idiom 30) 127 SORROW ISO SORRY 139 SORT 146 SOUP 140 SOUR 150 SOW 156 SOWED 156 SOWN 156 SPACE 142 SPADE 156 SPARE 151 SPAT 155 SPILL 151 SPILLED 151 SPILT 151 SPIN 151 SPIN - DRIER 151 SPIT 155 SPLENDID 161 SPOON 128 SPOT 151 SPRANG 152 SPRING 152 SPRING (N) 152 SPRUNG 152 SPUN 151 SQUEEZE 160 STAIN 152 STAIRS 152 STATUE 159 STEAL 130 STEEP 155 STEER 152 STEM 142 STEP BY STEP 135 STEP OUT OF TURN 148 STEPS 152 STICK 152 STIFF 153 STILL 129 STING 153 STOCK 156 STOCK - CAR 156 STOCK SIZE 156 STONE (ST) 157 STORE 153 STORMY 140 STOVE 153 STRAITS 144 STRAP 157 STRAW 142 STRESS 129 STRETCH 153 STRICT 155 STRIKING 152 STRING 145 STRIP 157 STRIPE 154 STRIPED 154 STROKE 155 STRUGGLE 147 STUCK 152

STUNG STYLE SUBSTANCE SUBSTANTIAL SUCK SUFFIX SUGAR-BOWL SUGGEST TO SUNBATHE SUNKEN SUNLIGHT SUNNY SUPERIOR SUPERLATIVES SUPPER SURGICAL SUSPECT SUSPICION SWALLOW SWEAR SWEAT SWEEP SWEET SWELL SWELLED SWELLING SWEPT SWIMMER SWIMMING POOL SWING SWITCH SWOLLEN SWORE SWORN SWUNG SYMBOLIZE SYMPATHY

153 142 160 140 157 128 154 126 142 146 149 128 146 125 140 159 161 161 157 154 129 157 134 154 154 154 157 131 127 154 156 154 154 154 154 146 125

137 161 136 136 125 140

TURN - CHANGE TURN ON TURN OUT TO BE TURN TO TURNUP TWIST TYPEWRITER TYRE

148 132 148 148 146 155 155 155

TABLECLOTH TAILOR TAILORESS TAKE A BATH TAKE A PHOTOGRAPH TAKE ADVANTAGE OF TAKE AIM TAKE BY SURPRISE TAKE CARE TAKE HOLD OF TAKE INTO ACCOUNT TAKE OFF TAKE TEA TAKE THE NAME TAKE TO (BOATS) TAME TAP TASTE TASTE (N) TEA TEA - POT TEAM TEAR TEARS TELEPHONE EXCHANGE TELEPHONING TELL OFF (Idiom 41) TEMPER TEMPORARY TEMPT TEMPTATION TEN - MINUTE TALK TEND TENDER TENNIS - COURT

149 146 146 128

TERRIBLY TEST THAT'S ALL RIGHT THE THE THE BROWNS THE COUNTRY THE FORMER THE LATTER THE LOT THE SOONER ... THE BETTER THEM = HIM OR HER THEN THERMOMETER THEY = HE OR SHE THIEF THOUGHTFUL THOUGHTLESS THREAD THREAT THREATEN THUNDER THUNDER ROLL THUNDERSTORM TIDINESS TIE UP TIGHT TIGHT -FITTING TIGHTLY TIME (IT IS ) TIN TINNED FOOD TIP TITLE TO AND FRO TO BE IN THE HABIT OF TO BE OBLIGED TO DO WITH TO ONE'S TASTE TOAST TON TOOTHPASTE TORCH TORE TORN TOTAL TOUCH AND GO (Idiom 32) TOUCH DOWN TOUCH WOOD (Idiom 43) TOUGH TOUR TOURIST TOWEL TOWN HALL TOY TRACK TRAFFIC LIGHTS TRAIN TRAP TRAY TREASURE TREAT TREATMENT TREMBLE TRIANGLE TRIBE TRICK TRIP TRUNK TRUNK - CALL TRUNK - ROAD TRY TUBE

144 144 143 128 126 128 131 138 140 144 137 150 132 142 155 140 141 151 136 154 144 144 138 134 159 159 128 128 135 130 150

151 146 136 146 139 128 146 130 134 136 141 156 156 149 149 149 131 156 143 143 143 147 125 153 131 141 154 144 130 134 155 140 157 160 159 136 136 160 129 138 140 135 142 142 154 127 154 145 148 154 140 154 138 147 147 154 134 146 132 155 156 156 156 143 160

UNCULTIVATED 148 UNDERGRADUATE 147 UNDERNEATH 129 UNDO 149 UNDONE 144,149 UNDRESS 154 UNFASTEN 152 UNFINISHED SENTENCES ENDING WITH " TO " 128 UNIMPORTANT 149 UNINTERESTING 150 UNIT 128 UNITY 125 UNIVERSE 158 UNLIKELY 136 UNPROCESSED 147 UNREFINED 148 UNRIPE 150 UNSCREW 152 UP 136 UP TO 126 UPRIGHT 135 UPSET 137 UPSIDE - DOWN 132 UPSTAIRS 152 URGE 139 URGENT 160 USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S" 142 USE OF THE HYPHEN 143 USE UP 141 USUAL 137 VACUUM VAIN VARIETY VEIL VERB + AND + VERB VERBS , NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDING IN"Y" VESSEL VIA VICTORY VIEW VOYAGE

133 147 153 148 142

WAIST WAISTCOAT WANDER WARMTH WARN WAS + INFINITIVE WASH - BASIN WASH UP WATCH WATERMILL WATERPROOF WATERTIGHT WAX WE MAY AS WELL GO WE MAY GO WEALTHY WEAPON WEAR WEAVE

135 135 129 151 134 133 139 134 157 143 160 143 150

131 151 145 140 128 142

131 131 139 135 132 152

Lesson No

WEEKS AND WEEKS 129 WELCOME 136 WELL 153 WELL-DEFINED 152 WELL - DRESSED 145 WELL-TIMED 127 WHAT ABOUT (YOU) 129 WHAT AND WHICH 133 WHAT HAS THAT GOT TO DO WITH IT? 134 WHETHER 139 WHICH 133 WHICHEVER 150 WHILE 149 WHIP 151, 159 WHISKERS 127 WHISPER 152 WHO 136 WHY ON EARTH (Idiom 28) 125 WILD 148 WILL-WOULD 144 WINDMILL 143 WINNER 144 WIPE 150 WITNESS 135 WOODEN 132 WOODWORK 152 WOOLLEN 132 WORK 153 WORK LOOSE 149 WORKOUT 135 WORKMANSHIP 151 WORN-OUT 132 WOULD 144 WOVE 152 WRAP 156 WRAP UP 156 WRECK 137 WRIST-WATCH 157 WR O NG 139,155 YACHT YELLOW FEVER YET YIELD YOU'RE RIGHT YOU'RE WRONG

139 147 129 148 139 139

ZERO

136