WMS MARKET REPORT COMPACT 2016 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE MARKET FOR WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS // EDITION 2016
FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR MATERIAL FLOW AND LOGISTICS // TEAM WAREHOUSE LOGISTICS
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 1 ·· V1.2
INTRODUCTION »In the age of digitalisation and e-commerce the focus is more and more on information technology in logistics. Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) for management, control and optimisation of storage and distribution systems fundamentally determine the efficiency of lean logistics in companies. For more than 15 years, the »Team warehouse logistics« from Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics IML runs one of the world’s leading information platforms for the comparison of Warehouse Management Systems and is constantly evaluating trends and developments of the WMS Market, the standard WMS and the WMS projects. With the participation of nearly all relevant WMS vendors, warehouse-logistics.com offers distinctive information about the actual status on research and development efforts as well as general market trends of this specific industry sector. The present WMS MARKET REPORT COMPACT 2016 summarizes the most relevant findings.«
Kira Schmeltzpfenning Team warehouse logistics
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CONTENTS THE WMS MARKET VENDOR TYPES · MARKET PRESENCE · TURNOVER · PARTNERSHIPS · SUCCESS FACTORS · INTERNATIONALISATION · EMPLOYEES · TRENDS
THE STANDARD WMS DEFINITIONS · FUNCTIONAL SCOPE · DEVELOPMENT FOCUS · BUDGETS · STANDARDISED SOFTWARE · LICENSING MODELS · STRENGTHS OF WMS
THE WMS PROJECT NUMBER & DISTRIBUTION · CUSTOMER · TECHNOLOGIES · DATABASES · SECTOR FOCUS · GOALS · CHALLENGES · SELECTION CRITERIA
APPENDIX SHORT INTRODUCTION WAREHOUSE-LOGISTICS.COM · FRAUNHOFER IML · FRAUNHOFER SOCIETY · DATA BASES · IMPRINT
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THE WMS MARKET VENDOR TYPES · MARKET PRESENCE · TURNOVER · PARTNERSHIPS · SUCCESS FACTORS · INTERNATIONALISATION · EMPLOYEES · TRENDS
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THE WMS MARKET VENDOR TYPES AND MARKET PRESENCE
The Integrator often acts as a general contractor and supplementary offers material handling equipment („one-stop shop“). The WMS is highly integrated in the control of the material flow.
24% 46%
The core competence of a "Pure" WMS Vendor is software for the warehouse - possibly with a focus on dedicated industry sectors. This vendor type might offer supplementary warehouse-related software (e.g. a Forklift Control System, Pick-by-Voice solution).
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 5 ·· V1.2
A WMS of a Suite Vendor is mostly part of a broader software suite (e.g. ERP-/ SCM system) and generally features a higher integration in intercompany or multi-site modules and functions of the business suite.
30% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
46% of the participating WMS vendors describe themselves as Suite Vendors.
!
THE WMS MARKET DEVELOPMENT OF VENDOR TYPES AND MARKET PRESENCE
20%
24% 37%
46%
30%
43% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
2010
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Suite Vendors
2016
"Pure" WMS Vendors Integrator
! The proportion of companies, which describe themselves as a Suite Vendor increased from 2010 to 2016.
The 2010 data derives from the Market Report 2010. The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 6 ·· V1.2
THE WMS MARKET MARKET PRESENCE AND COMPANY STRUCTURES Market presence of WMS vendors
Company size of WMS vendors (2015) 25%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
20%
10% ≤10 years
28%
11-20 years
29%
21-30 years >30 years
15% 10% 5% 0%
33% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Number of employees in the WMS area per vendor <25
14%
59% 41%
33%
≤ 50 employees
25-50 51-100
16%
101-250
11%
> 50 employees
>250
26% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland there are approximately 170 vendors of WMS. Most of the WMS vendors have extensive experience in the are of Warehouse Management Systems.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 7 ·· V1.2
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THE WMS MARKET ACTUAL TURNOVER, GENERAL DEVELOPMENT, INCREASE OF TURNOVER Estimation of the development of turnover within the next four years (starting in 2016)
2% 12% 27%
Increase rapidly (more than 7%) Increase moderately (3% to 7%) Remain stable (+/- 3%)
1,250 Million Euro WMS turnover1
Decrease moderately (3% to 7%) © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
Decrease rapidly (more than 7%)
59%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
1) Extrapolated WMS turnover in 2015 of vendors, who actively market their WMS in the region of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 2) Average yearly increase of turnover from 2012 to 2015.
6% year-by-year increase of turnover2 © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 8 ·· V1.2
THE WMS MARKET SHARE OF TURNOVER PER VENDOR TYP
Integrators
25% Suite Vendors
7% "Pure" WMS Vendors
68% ! © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 9 ·· V1.2
About 68% of the total WMS turnover were achieved by Suite Vendors.
THE WMS MARKET Cumulative share of turnover
Cumulative share of turnover
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Percentage (Suite Vendors)
Percentage ("Pure" WMS Vendors) © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
!
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Integrators
Cumulative share of turnover
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
The cumulative share of turnover is based on the turnover in the market segment of the different vendor types. Example: 23% of all Suite Vendors achieve about 80% of the turnover in this specific market segment.
Percentage (Integrators) © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 10 ·· V1.2
"Pure" WMS Vendors
Suite Vendors
CUMULATIVE SHARE OF TURNOVER PER VENDOR TYP
THE WMS MARKET DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKET VOLUME AND THE COMPETITIVE PRESSURE Expected development of the WMS Market in the upcoming 4 years (starting in 2016) 80%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
70%
70% 60% 50%
Development of the competitive pressure in the past 3 years (status 2016)
40% 30% 21% 20%
5%
8%
10% 0%
2%
0% 35%
Decreased Stayed the same
60%
Increased
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 11 ·· V1.2
THE WMS MARKET PARTNERSHIPS Advantages for the vendors through partnerships
Partner's knowhow
Reduction in costs 70% 60%
90%
New areas of business
50%
Access to new customers
Reduction in risks
40% 30% 20%
Rounding out the portfolio
10%
Partnerships of the vendors in the area of WMS
Increase in profit
0%
Technology and Development partnerships
78% Sales partnerships
Opening of new markets (e.g. abroad)
Expansion of resources
Increase in flexibility Synergy effects
Concentration on the core business Systems © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
76% Implementation partnerships
Within the frame of horizontal networking in the range of Logistics-IT, technology and development partnerships are continuously growing in importance for the WMS vendors.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 12 ·· V1.2
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
!
THE WMS MARKET SUCCESS FACTORS OF WMS VENDORS Top 5 success factors of WMS vendors
Experience in logistics and processes Extensive references in logistics
Experience in logistics and processes
56% 35% References in logistics
Implementation of customised solutions Experienced staff Technology leadership
Implementation of standardised solutions Global availability Customer support offered
28%
Company act as a general contractor
Implementation of customised solutions
Low implementation times Business software in addition to a WMS
23% Experienced staff
Storage technology in addition to a WMS © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Low implementation costs Implementation methods
Regional availability
0%
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 13 ·· V1.2
20%
40%
60%
21% Technology leadership © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
THE WMS MARKET GROWTH FACTORS FOR THE WMS MARKET Top 5 growth factors for the WMS Market
1.
Dynamics in logistics (functions, processes)
2.
Providing information to the customer on the cost effectiveness of a WMS
3.
E-Commerce / M-Commerce (Ubiquitous Service Consumption)
4.
Mechanisation and automation in the companies
5.
Providing information about the benefits of implementing a WMS © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 14 ·· V1.2
THE WMS MARKET INTERNATIONALISATION Reasons for the expansion and the future development of foreign branches
Strategies regarding the terms of marketing and internationalisation
22%
Active marketing at the global level
48%
Primarily marketing at the national level Targeted marketing in several selected countries
30%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
48% of the WMS vendors make the conscious decision not to market at a global level, but instead target the marketing on several selected countries.
!
1.
Strategic expansion
2.
Growth market
3.
Existing customers plan to expand
4.
Existing customers are located in that country
5.
Direct customer request © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 15 ·· V1.2
THE WMS MARKET EMPLOYEES IN THE AREA OF WMS Predicted development of the number of employees up to 2018
Actual development of the number of employees from 2013 to 2015
9481
16% 34%
2015
Increase rapidly (more than 7%) Increase moderately (3% to 7%) Remain stable (+/- 3%) Decrease moderately (3% to 7%) Decrease rapidly (more than 7%)
8579 2013
50% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
10% employee growth © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
The actual employee growth complies with 10% with the predicted values of the WMS Market Report Compact 2014.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 16 ·· V1.2
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THE WMS MARKET EMPLOYEES IN THE AREA OF WMS Expected Development of the number of employees in the area of WMS up to 2020
2% 11% 33% Increase rapidly (more than 7%) Increase moderately (3% to 7%) Remain stable (+/- 3%)
Decrease moderately (3% to 7%) Decrease rapidly (more than 7%)
54% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
87% of the WMS vendors expect a moderate or even rapid increase of the number of employees in the area of WMS up to 2020. This forecast underlines the previously mentioned positive trend of the last years.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 17 ·· V1.2
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THE WMS MARKET TURNOVER PER EMPLOYEE Ø Turnover per employees in 2013 and 2015
131,720 € 2015
122,392 € 2013
7.6% Increase of turnover per employee © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
Ø Turnover per employee of each vendor typ in 2015
Suite Vendors
135.016 €
"Pure" WMS Vendors
129.422 €
Integrators
112.614 € © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 18 ·· V1.2
THE WMS MARKET NUMBER OF WMS-CUSTOMERS AND -INSTALLATIONS Number of WMS-installations worldwide (system-related)
>500
201-500
201-500
101-200
101-200
51-100
51-100
21-50
21-50
11-20
11-20
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
>500
5-10 <5 0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Example: 24% of the companies serve between 51 and 100 customers worldwide.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 19 ·· V1.2
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Number of WMS-customers worldwide (per company)
5-10 <5
30%
!
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Example: 16% off the companies have implemented their WMS between 51 and 100 times.
!
THE WMS MARKET BENEFICIAL TRENDS Top 5 beneficial trends for the upcoming 4 years 60% of the WMS vendors think, that Mobile platforms are a an important or very important trend in the upcoming 4 years.
Mobile platforms (e.g. Smartphones, Tablets)
Logistical assistance systems
Use of global standards for logistical objects
35% of the WMS vendors think, that Big Data will play an important or very important role in the upcoming 4 years.
Cloud computing / SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) !
Big Data © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 20 ·· V1.2
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THE WMS MARKET BENEFICIAL TRENDS Additional trends on the WMS Market in the upcoming 4 years
Important drivers of the WMS Market in the upcoming 4 years
1.
New technologies like cloud computing / SaaS and big data analytics pushing into the WMS Market.
2.
A global standardisation (GTIN, RFID), caused by a worldwide usage of the WMS gains more and more relevance.
3.
The adoption of consumer goods like smartphones, wearables and drones from the consumer market to the industry sector accelerates.
Wearables
Virtual personal assistants
Gesture control 3D printing Drones / quadrocopter / multicopter
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 21 ·· V1.2
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
THE WMS MARKET CONCLUSION Vendor types
Turnover
Success factors
Employees
From 2010 to 2016 you can monitor a shift of vendor types from "pure" WMS vendors to Suite Vendors and Integrators. After the increase of software expertise of Integrators in the last years, now there is a tendency for outsourcing the software division as well as for the offer of WMS without storage technology by Integrators. Rapidly growing market with a yearly increase of turnover of 6% and a significant positive forecast for the coming 4 years of more than 85% of the WMS vendors. The distribution of turnover is based on the Pareto principle. This implies that about 25% of the WMS vendors achieve 80% of the market turnover.
Logistics- and process-know-how is one of the most important success factors of the WMS vendors. Only those who understand the processes of their customers are able to depict them digitally. The second main success factor are references in logistics. By validated WMS Reference Projects on warehouse-logistics.com, WMS vendors have the possibility to have their references structurally validated by a neutral third party . The positive forecast of the development of workforce from the year 2013 has been confirmed. The number of employees in the WMS sector has increased by about 10% from 2013 to 2015. Without the present skill shortage, the increase would probably have been greater. The forecast from 2016 to 2020 promises further growth of the number of employees on the WMS Market.
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THE STANDARD WMS DEFINITIONS · FUNCTIONAL SCOPE · DEVELOPMENT FOCUS · BUDGETS · STANDARDISED SOFTWARE · LICENSING MODELS · STRENGTHS OF WMS
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THE STANDARD WMS DEFINITION AND DEMARCATION Warehouse Management System (WMS) In current language, the term Warehouse Management is used to describe the management, control and optimisation of storage and distribution systems. In addition to the fundamental functions of warehouse management, e.g. quantity and storage location management and control and disposition of conveying means, the scope of a warehouse management systems includes
methods and means for controlling system statuses and
a range of operational and optimization strategies.
Thus, the task of a WMS is to manage and optimise intra-company storage systems.
Definition pursuants to VDI-Guidline 3601: Warehouse Management Systems © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 24 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS PLANE MODEL OF SYSTEM LANDSCAPE (FROM WMS´S PERSPECTIVE) Tasks per system level: management, planning, disposition (company)
process control, control optimisation (warehouse)
Identification, handling, transport (warehouse) Illustration from VDI Standard 3601 - Warehouse Management Systems © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
Source: VDI Standard 3601 - Warehouse Management Systems © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 25 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS FUNCTIONAL SOPE OF A WMS (CORE- AND ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS)
ERP
Batches
CORE FUNCTIONS
Best Before Dates
Warehouse Structure
Package Optimisation
Kit Building (Multiple) Client Capability
Master Data Management
Consignment
Multi-Warehouse Handling Capability
Inventory Management
Dock & Yard Management Double / Multiple-Depth Storage
Empties and Load Carriers Forklift Guidance System
Handling Units Management Hazardous Material
Production Supply and Removal
Transport Management Incoming Goods Advanced Shipping Note Receipt
WarehouseInternal Processes Repositioning
Replenishment
Deconsolidation
Quality Inspection Storage
Hazardous Substances
Order Management
Resource Planning / Labour Mgmt. Returns
Scrapping Serial Numbers
Order Picking
Slotting & Warehouse Reorganisation Consolidation
Rebooking Stock-Taking
Control Centre
MFCS PLC
Quelle VDI Standard 3601 - Warehouse Management Systems Source: © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 26 ·· V1.2
Outgoing Goods
ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
Customs
ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
Cross-Docking
Weight Control Packaging Dispatch
Delivery Feedback
Value Added Services
Vendor Managed Inventory
Illustration from VDI Standard 3601 - Warehouse Management Systems © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
THE STANDARD WMS CORE FUNCTIONS OF A WMS
Receipt 91%
Advanced Shipping Note 89%
Advanced Shipping Note Completion / Feedback on Stock 86%
Storage 79%
Management
Outgoing Goods
Quality Inspection 58% Deconsolidation 41%
Packaging 89%
Order Picking 78%
Inventory Mgmt. 81%
Transport Warehouse Master Data Mgmt. Mgmt. Structure 75% 76% 89% Warehouse-internal Processes
Dispatch 78%
Delivery Feedback 62%
Order Management 74%
Relocation / Replenishment / Control Stock-Taking Centre Consolidation Rebooking 68% 76% 91% 57%
Average functional degree of performance of the WMS in the area of core functionalities (based on the WMS database of the Fraunhofer IML).
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 27 ·· V1.2
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Incoming Goods
!
THE STANDARD WMS ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF A WMS Additional functions of a WMS
New additional functions since 2015
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
(Multiple) Client Capability Batches Serial Numbers Best Before Dates Handling Units Management Cross-Docking Multi-Warehouse Handling Capability Weight Control Double / Multiple-Depth Storage Returns Forklift Guidance System Production Supply and Removal Consignment Slotting and Reorganisation Empties and Load Carriers Resource Planning/Labour Management Scrapping Value Added Services (incl. Billing) Package Optimisation Material Flow Control Vendor Managed Inventory Dock and Yard Management Customs Hazardous Material 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
75% 71% 57% 45% 42%
Handling Units Management Cross-Docking Production Supply and Removal Scrapping Package Optimisation © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
Average functional degree of performance of the WMS in the area of additional functionalities (based on the WMS database of the Fraunhofer IML).
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 28 ·· V1.2
!
THE STANDARD WMS CHANGES IN THE FUNCTIONAL SCOPE Top 5 changes in the average functional degree of performance of the WMS (functional scope) in the area of additional functions since 2014
+13%
Forklift Guidance System
+11%
Resource Planning / Labour Mgmt.
+10%
Consignment
+ 9%
Double / Multiple-Depth Storage
+ 7%
Serial Numbers © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 29 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS ESSENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FUNCTIONAL AREA (SELECTION)
Horizontal Integration and Networking Developments since 2013:
Cross-Docking Support of different forms of planned and unplanned cross-docking
Future developments:
Dock and Yard Management Integration and connection of dock and yard management functionalities into the WMS
Graphical assignment of trucks, etc. to docks and visualisation of the assignment situation
Package Optimisation Cargo space optimisation for the transport under consideration of parameters and graphical visualisation of the optimisation results
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 30 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS ESSENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FUNCTIONAL AREA (SELECTION)
Decentralisation and Information Control Developments since 2013:
Forklift Guidance System Generation of optimised transportation orders under consideration of double cycles, etc.
Support of static and dynamic positioning using RFID
Resource Planning / Labour Management Consideration of the number of expected orders and predefined standard times for tasks in the process of employee-based resource planning
Future developments:
Quelle: …
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 31 ·· V1.2
Control Centre Decentralised control centre, which is available via a browser based solution and/or a native app (accessible via mobile devices) and can be configured for individual information needs
THE STANDARD WMS FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOCUS Top 5 of the functional developments of the WMS vendors in the next 4 years
Functional developments of the WMS vendors in the next 4 years Control centre functionality Cross-industry functionality Industry-specific functionality Package optimisation Dock and yard management Slotting and warehouse reorganisation Resource planning / labour management Forklift guidance system Cross-docking Returns Multi-warehouse handling capability Weight control Production supply and removal (Multiple) client capability Value added services Handling units management Serial numbers Double / multiple-depth storage Kit building Best before dates Empties and load carriers Consignment Batches Hazardous material Vendor managed inventory Hazardous substances Scrapping Customs
81%
Control centre functionality
64% Cross-industry functionality
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
48%
0%
20%
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 32 ·· V1.2
40%
60%
80% 100%
Industry-specific functionality
42% Package optimisation 39%
Dock and Yard Management
© Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
THE STANDARD WMS TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FOCUS Technological developments of the WMS vendors in the next 4 years Mobile platforms Web-based user interface Ergonomics/ user interface (Audio-) visual picking principles Industry 4.0 Augmented reality Cloud computing/Software-as-a-Service 3D visualisation Smart robots Intelligent planning and control systems Self-service analytics Predictive analytics Integration into a SCE/ SCM solution Predictive maintenance Adaptation of the programming language Emulation (virtual commissioning) Integration of the worker Database independent WMS Wearables Autonomous vehicles Digital security Energy-efficient control systems Operating system independent WMS Gamification Gesture control Drones/ quadrocopter/ multicopter 3D printing
Top 5 of the technological developments of the WMS vendors in the next 4 years
70% Mobile platforms 59% Web-based user interface
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
59% Ergonomics / User interface
0%
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 33 ·· V1.2
20%
40%
60%
80%
56%
(Audio-) visual picking principles
48% Industry 4.0
© Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
THE STANDARD WMS DEVELOPMENT IN THE AREA OF MOBILE CONTROL CENTRE Offer of a control centre for mobile devices in 2012 and in 2016
31%
33%
67%
69% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
2012
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Yes No
2016 !
A clear trend in information provision on mobile devices is visible. The number of warehouse management systems with control centre functionalities for mobile devices has more than doubled over the last four years.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 34 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS MOBILE CONTROL CENTRE
Offer of a control centre for mobile devices (2016)
Percentage of control centres Number of supported operating systems for native apps offered as a native app
19% 43%
33%
Yes No
57%
Yes
1
No
2-3
81%
67% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
The above-mentioned data refers exclusively to WMS, which offer a control centre for mobile devices (in 2016).
!
! A control center for mobile devices is offered for 67% of all systems. More than 50% of them are even available as a native app on smartphones, tablets or other mobile devices. If a WMS provider has decided to offer the system as a native app, it is usually programmed directly for several operating systems (Android, iOS, Windows Mobile).
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 35 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS DEVELOPMENT BUDGET Yearly costs for the development of the WMS (in % of WMS turnover) 4%
2%
27%
25%
35%
35%
7% 9% 28%
2014
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
27%
<5% 5-10% 11-15%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
2016
16-20% >20%
The readiness to invest in the development of the WMS has highly increased over © Fraunhofer IML the last years. In 2016 35% of warehouse-logistics.com the WMS vendors invest more than 20% of their WMS turnover in the development of their WMS.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 36 ·· V1.2
!
THE STANDARD WMS PICKING TECHNOLOGIES Support of manual picking technologies by the WMS
Significant chances in the level of performance of WMS since 2012
using audio+21% Paperless visual picking techniques
Paperless using radio data transmission or infrared Using paper / order picking lists © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Paperless using pick-by-voice Paperless using pick-by-light Paperless using put-to-light Paperless using audio-visual picking techniques (e.g. pick-by-vision, picking glasses) 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Significant Chances in the level of performance of WMS since 2012
Picking using robots (stationary)
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Picking using a machine (for example an A frame) Picking using robots (moveable)
Picking using a gantry crane 5%
10%
15%
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 37 ·· V1.2
20%
25%
30%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
100%
Support of fully automated picking technologies by the WMS
0%
+10%
Paperless using put-to-light
35%
40%
+17%
Picking using robots (stationary)
+14%
Picking using a machine (e.g. an A-frame) © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
THE STANDARD WMS STANDARDISED SOFTWARE VS. INDIVIDUAL SOFTWARE Individual Software
1%
big part of client-specific customisation, less coverage by software standard (~ 80/20)
Standardised Software small part of client-specific customisation, basically coverage by software standard (~ 20/80)
26%
Individual Standard WMS Part of client-specific customisation and coverage by software standard is about the same (~ 50/50)
73% 73% of the asked WMS vendors define their WMS as a Standardised Software.
!
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 38 ·· V1.2
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
THE STANDARD WMS DEVELOPMENT IN STANDARDISED SOFTWARE VS. INDIVIDUAL SOFTWARE
1%
3%
26%
31%
66%
73% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
2014
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Individual Software
2016
Individual Standard WMS Standardised Software
! More and more WMS vendors cover their functionalities by standards in the system.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 39 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS LICENSE MODELS Offered license models by the WMS vendors ! Explanation for license models
Use of a company or company group license
Concurrent User: This license model specifies the maximum number of users allowed to access the WMS at the same time.
Licensing per site, location, plant or factory
Licensing according to the number of concurrent users
Named User: This license model specifies the number of users who are allowed to access the WMS with a registered, named access.
Licensing according to the number of named users
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Licensing according to performance parameters
Licensing per server installation 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Performance Parameters: In this license model, licensing is based on performance parameters, such as the number of order items.
80%
! 73% of the WMS vendors are generally willing to negotiate a company or group license.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 40 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF WMS FROM THE VENDORS POINT OF VIEW
1.
Great functional range in standard package
2.
Integration of automation technology
3.
Cross-industry WMS functionality
4.
Ability to release and update software
5.
High level of integration into SAP ERP © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 41 ·· V1.2
THE STANDARD WMS CONCLUSION Functional scope
Development focus
Standard software
Licensing models
You can identify development potentials in the core functions. Especially in the area of automated consolidation and deconsolidation as well as the quality inspection and delivery feedback in the WMS the average functional degree of fulfilment of all considered systems is conspicuous low.
Significant growth of the functional degrees of fulfilment of the additional functions compared to 2014 – especially in the area of optimisation of internal processes (forklift guidance system, resource planning). Increased development of control centre functionality, especially regarding the design of ergonomic user interfaces and parametrisable requests. Configurability and parameterisation instead of complex programming of functionalities are central. Significant more vendors cover their functionalities by standards in the WMS..
The majority of the WMS vendors offers different licensing models as well as combinations of those, depending on the individual situation. At the same time a fundamental difference depending on licensing based on the IT structure (server licences) vs. licensing based on the physical structure (site licences) can be stated. Three out of four of the WMS-vendors are basically willing to negotiate about a company licence.
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 42 ·· V1.2
THE WMS PROJECT NUMBER & DISTRIBUTION · CUSTOMER · TECHNOLOGIES · DATABASES · SECTOR FOCUS · GOALS · CHALLENGES · SELECTION CRITERIA ·
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 43 ·· V1.2
THE WMS PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OF WMS PROJECTS Percentage distribution of WMS projects to WMS vendor types (2015)
>1.700
9% 11% Suite Vendor Integrator
WMS-Projects in 20151
"Pure" WMS Vendor © Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
80%
∅ Number of projects per vendor © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Suite Vendor
Integrator 1) Extrapolated WMS projects in 2015 of vendors, who actively market their WMS in the region of Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
"Pure" WMS Vendor
32 10 6
© Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
The given is based on the vendors‘ statements. The given datadata is based on the WMS vendors' statements © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 44 ·· V1.2
THE WMS PROJECT AVERAGE PERIOD OF USE OF A WMS Average period of use of a WMS 2016 compared to 2014 (in years) ! In 30% of all cases Warehouse Management Systems are used for 15 years or more (upward trend). Thus, WMS vendors and WMS customers enter a long-term, strategic partnership.
≥15
10-14
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
5-9
<5
0%
10%
20%
30% 2014
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 45 ·· V1.2
40% 2016
50%
60%
70%
THE WMS PROJECT THE TYPICAL CUSTOMER Largest installation of the WMS vendors 30%
Distribution of the WMS projects in new and existing customers
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
25% 20% 15%
44%
existing customers
10%
56%
5%
new customers
0% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Number of parallel working users
! For nearly 25% of the WMS vendors more than 500 users work parallel in their largest installation.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 46 ·· V1.2
!
56% of the realised WMS projects in 2015, were follow-up projects with existing customers.
THE WMS PROJECT AVERAGE LENGTH OF A WMS IMPLEMENTATION FOR NEW CUSTOMERS Ø Length of a WMS implementation for new customers with manual storage
Ø Length of a WMS implementation for new customers with automated storage 18-21 months
9-12 months 15-18 months 12-15 months
6-9 months
9-12 months 3-6 months
<3 months
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
6-9 months 3-6 months <3 months 0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
! Depending on the size of the warehouse and the complexity of the processes, the average length of a WMS implementation takes up to 12 month for manual storages and up to 21 months for automated storages.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 47 ·· V1.2
THE WMS PROJECT CONNECTION OF STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES IN WMS PROJECTS Storage technologies to which the WMS has already been linked in projects
Development in the area of automatic small-parts warehouses since 2012 90%
Bulk warehouse
82%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Manual small-parts warehouse
86%
80%
Manual high-bay racking Automatic high-bay warehouse
70%
Automatic small-parts with AS/RS Flow storage
60%
56%
Tray warehouse
Paternoster warehouse
50%
Manual mobile rack warehouse
40%
Cantilever storage system
2012
35%
2016
Channel / satellite warehouse
30%
Sorter Autom. small-parts with shuttle
20%
Storage system for long materials Silo, tank
10%
Hanging garments storage System with a gallery level
0% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Autom. mobile rack warehouse Horizontal carousel
Push storage system Automatic stacking cradle system Autom. container storage system Automated parking systems
0%
20%
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 48 ·· V1.2
40%
60%
80%
100%
Automatic small-parts warehouse with shuttle system
Automatic small-parts warehouse with storage and retrieval machine
! The percentage of WMS, with which projects with shuttle systems have been implemented, increased about 20% from 2012 to 2016.
THE WMS PROJECT WMS AS CLOUD SOLUTION Share of the WMS offered as cloud solution on the WMS Market (2016)
Share of the immediately available cloud solutions
41%
47%
Yes No
53%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
59%
Share of systems promoted as a cloud solution
Yes
43%
No
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Yes No
57%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
The above mentioned data reference only on WMS, which can be offered as cloud solution if required (in 2016).
53% 41% 57%
of the WMS are provided as cloud solution of the cloud solutions are immediately available
of the cloud solutions are promoted as a WMS
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 49 ·· V1.2
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
!
THE WMS PROJECT DATABASES AND SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS Experiences of WMS vendors with server operating systems in projects
Oracle Database (Relational)
Mac OS X Server 100%
Windows Server 2012
80%
IBM System i (ehemals AS/400)
60%
Windows Server 2008
40% 20%
Top 3 databases that are connected in projects by WMS vendors
Solaris / SunOS (Oracle)
0%
91% 79% Microsoft SQL Server 49% DB2 (DB/400)
© Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
Linux
HP-UX
Windows Server 2003
AIX (IBM) Unix
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 50 ·· V1.2
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
THE WMS PROJECT IN-MEMORY DATABASES WMS specifically designed to use in-memory database technology
! The below mentioned data references only on WMS, which are specifically designed to use in-memory database technology. Has the WMS been already connected to an in-memory database?
30% 26% 25%
100%
100% 20%
17%
98% 2014
15%
Which in-memory database has already been connected to the WMS?
6%
6%
96%
2016
94%
10%
SAP HANA
2014 93%
Oracle
2016
QlikView
92% 5%
90%
0%
88%
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
88% © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
! About 26% of the WMS vendors specify, that their WMS is designed or compatible for the use of inmemory databases.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 51 ·· V1.2
! Every WMS vendor with an in-memory database compatible WMS was able to set it up on customer side in 2016.
THE WMS PROJECT SECTOR FOCUS OF THE WMS VENDORS Strategic Orientation of WMS-vendors
Few areas high specialisation
8% Interbranch general functionality
56%
36% Some areas low specialisation
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
! Only 8% of all WMS vendors focus on few areas with high specialisation.
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 52 ·· V1.2
THE WMS PROJECT GOALS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A WMS (CHANCES) Importance of selected customer requirements for logistics Increased readiness to deliver Faster reaction times Lower error rates Shorter processing times Greater inventory visibility Increase of productivity Sustainability of the solution (technological / strategic) Tracing of batches / serial numbers Process and data security Missing functions of existing solution Greater process transparency (e.g. order status) Information networking with customers and suppliers Increased flexibility of the WMS vendor Verification of performed process steps (e.g. accounting of value added services)
© Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Personnel reduction Optimisation of the shipping boxes or pallet loads (for order picking) Optimisation of cargo space loading for the transport (trucks, containers, etc.)
Missing know-how for the existing solution Fulfilment of legal requirements
0%
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 53 ·· V1.2
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
THE WMS PROJECT CHALLENGES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A WMS (RISKS) Reasons for delay or termination of WMS-projects Customer's lack of knowledge about their own processes Personnel capacity shortages on customer side Expansion of the scope of the project Parallel ERP implementation Client underestimated the time needed to complete the project Problems with other groups Different understanding of the requirements (specifications) Customer had insufficient funds On-site defects Problems with data exchange / interfaces Person in charge of the project changed at the customer's end Acquisition / merger Poor communication Project was too complex Problems with master data Market requirements changed (e.g. business area is discontinued) Problems during test- and acceptance phase Regulatory approval processes © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
Personnel capacity shortages on vendor side Insufficient training Project budget exceeded Overall economic situation Customer made unreasonable demands 0%
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 54 ·· V1.2
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
THE WMS PROJECT SUBSTANTIAL CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A WMS VENDOR Top 5 criteria for the selection of a WMS vendor
1. 2.
WMS vendor has customer references
3.
Implementation time
4.
Professional qualifications of the WMS employee
5.
Simple parameterisation of the WMS
Implementation costs
© Fraunhofer IML / warehouse-logistics.com
The given data is based on the vendors‘ statements. © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 55 ·· V1.2
THE WMS PROJECT CONCLUSION Number & distribution
Customer
Cloud solutions
Sector focus
In 2015 more than 1,700 projects have been realised by the active vendors in the region of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 80% of it have been realised by Suite Vendors. The typical customer uses his WMS at least for 10 years (upward trend). He enters a long-term and strategic partnership with the WMS vendor.
The long-termed partnership can as well be proven by the number of follow-up projects. In more than 50% of all projects these are existing customers continuing the partnership. Installations with 500 or more concurrent users are not rare. Almost 25% of the WMS vendors serve companies of this size.
Meanwhile about 50% of the WMS vendors additionally offer their WMS as a cloud solution. But only half of those have already marketed their WMS as a cloud solution. Further on you can monitor, that cloud solutions still generate only a low single-digit percentage of the total turnover on the WMS Market.
The orientation of more and more WMS vendors is independent of branches, with an offer of general functionalities. Only 8% of all WMS vendors (and so 17% less than 2012) report a high specialisation on a few areas. This could result in a higher competitive pressure in "standard projects" and a lack of specialised niche providers.
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 56 ·· V1.2
APPENDIX SHORT INTRODUCTION WAREHOUSE-LOGISTICS.COM · FRAUNHOFER IML · FRAUNHOFER SOCIETY · DATA BASES · IMPRINT
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 57 ·· V1.2
WAREHOUSE-LOGISTICS.COM LEADING LOGISTICS PLATFORM FOR COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF WMS
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 58 ·· V1.2
Vendor-independent and validated WMS Database for the functional comparison and selection of WMS with about 90 participating systems
Yearly updated questionnaire with more than 3.700 aspects to determine the functional scope of the participating WMS
On-site validation process is certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001
Questionnaire conform to VDI standard 3601
Validated WMS Reference Projects to determine the vendor’s project expertise
Information available in English, German, Italian
CURRENT PARTICIPANTS OF THE WMS DATABASE
warehouse-logistics.com
COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Stand: November 2016 © Fraunhofer ·· Seite 59 ·· V1.2
WMS CONSULTING BY FRAUNHOFER IML INTRALOGISTICS AND -IT PLANNING Encompassing or temporarily Consulting by interdisciplinary teams:
Process Analysis, Defining Requirements, Composing Related Documents
Vendor Selection, Comparison of Bids, Vendor Presentations
Realization Support (e.g. Testing Procedure, GoLive) P R O J E C T
A N D
Q U A L I T Y
M A N A G E M E N T
Requirements
Specifications
Tendering
Realization
1
2
3
4
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 60 ·· V1.2
THE FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT THE LARGEST ORGANIZATION FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN EUROPE
66 institutes and research units Nearly 24,000 staff
More than €2 billion annual research budget totaling. Of this sum, around 1.7 billion euros is generated through contract research Roughly two thirds of this sum is generated through contract research on behalf of industry and publicly funded research projects
Roughly one third is contributed by the German federal and Länder governments in the form of base funding
"Fraunhofer lines"
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 61 ·· V1.2
THE FRAUNHOFER IML IN PROFILE
Services from planning to realization
Customised individual solutions
Capable of innovation, creativity and scientific competencies
Long-standing know-how about consultancy, projecting and realisation
A partner for all tasks in the field of material flow and logistics
Future-proof investments according to the latest state of the art
Data and facts: 270 scientists, 250 postgraduate students and student assistants, turnaround of 25.5 million € in 2015 (there of 50% from industry)
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 62 ·· V1.2
SELECTION OF LATEST RESEARCH TOPICS AND PROJECTS OF THE FRAUNHOFER IML
SmARPro Social Networked Industry HumanMachine Interaction
Cyber-Physical Systems
Cellular Transport Systems
Coworking Space
3D Printing
Pick-by-Ink Industrial Data Space
Digitalisation
RackRacer
Competence Centre for SMEs 4.0
SMART FACE
Enterprise Labs © Fraunhofer IML warehouse-logistics.com
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 63 ·· V1.2
DATA BASIS GENERAL REMARKS FOR THE DATA BASIS The WMS Market Report Compact is based on the 16 year expertise of the Fraunhofer IML and it´s partners in the range of WMS. Since the year 2000 a global leading WMS Database for the continual market evaluation and trend analysis is conducted and content wise as well as technologically advanced. The »Team warehouse logistics« designed a questionnaire for the capture of relevant information
about WMS vendors,
about the functional scope of the systems
for the appraisal of current and prospective trends and developments on the WMS Market
The questionnaire contained approx. 3700 criteria in the year 2016. The data of itemised questionnaires were condensed and evaluated. The representation of data occurs accumulated and anonymised and is supported through spreadsheets and graphics.
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 64 ·· V1.2
The data of more than 80% of the participating vendors and systems were ascertained through personal expert interviews (in context of the annual validation). According to the »Advisory Committee warehouse logistics« the participants of the WMS database represent around 80-90% of the relevant vendors on the considered markets. Unless explicitly mentioned the data, graphics and spreadsheets refer to the year 2016.
OPERATING NUMBERS OF THE STUDY Kategorie Total period of the assessment
February 2012 to September 2016
Main period of the assessment
February 2016 to September 2016
Number of involved WMS vendors
90 vendors
Number of involved systems (WMS)
107 systems
IMPRINT PUBLISHER
DATA EVALUATION AND EDITING
© Copyright 2016 Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik IML Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Str. 2-4 44227 Dortmund http://www.iml.fraunhofer.de http://www.warehouse-logistics.com
[email protected]
Nico Freund Norman Grünewald Christina Koulis Björn Krämer Markus Leßmann Kira Schmeltzpfenning Simon Schulz Marleen Voß Michael Wagner
All company- and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. All rights reserved, including translation into other languages. Each reproduction and treatment of the work for the purposes of propagation requires an administrative act of the Fraunhofer IML. All text, images and graphics are subject to the copyright and may only be used while maintaining the copyright (© Fraunhofer IML, warehouselogistics.com) . All information and reference, were compiled by the authors after best knowledge and certain and examined by them with greatest possible care. Nevertheless any warranty for the correctness, completeness and accuracy of the information can be assumed .
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 65 ·· V1.2
PICTURE CREDITS © rangizzz / fotolia.com © peshkova / fotolia.com © Jakub Jirsák / fotolia.com © Coloures-pic / fotolia.com © Eisenhans / fotolia.com © Sergey Nivens / fotolia.com © zapp2photo / fotolia.com
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INTERESTED? Project guidelines for a successful implementation
! WHITEPAPER FOR FREE DOWNLOAD ON http://www.warehouselogistics.com/152/3/white-paper.html
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 66 ·· V1.2
VDI-Standard 3601 regarding Warehouse Management Systems
VDI-STANDARD TO BUY FROM BEUTH VERLAG AT http://www.vdi.eu/nc/guidelines/vdi_ 3601warehouse_management_systeme/
!
INTERESTED? Further selected publications of Fraunhofer IML Ebel, D.; Kompalka, K.: Marktstudie 2015 ERP-Systeme für den Handel- 1. Aufl. Dortmund: Verlag Praxiswissen, 2015 ISBN: 978-3-86975-104-7 Freund, Nico; Pott, Christoph: Software-Kosten unter Kontrolle In: Hebezeuge Fördermittel (2016), Nr. 10, p.16-17 Geißen, Tim; Pott, Christoph; Grünewald, Norman: Agile Ansätze nutzen In: Logistik heute (2016), Sonderheft, p.56-58 Knoblauch, Hannah; Pott, Christoph: Grüner werden durch IT In: Materialfluss (2016), Nr. 10, p. 8-9 Malsam, Ewgeni: Picken lernen mit Nic In: Logistik entdecken (2015), Nr.16, p.36-37 Mättig, Benedikt: Einsatz von Augmented Reality In: Technologie-Screening Handelslogistik: Perspektiven erkennen – Effizienz steigern, p.15-22 München: Huss, 2016 ISBN 978-3946350-16-3
© Fraunhofer ·· Seite 67 ·· V1.2
Nettsträter, Andreas; Geißen, Tim; Witthaut, Markus; Ebel, Diemar; Schoneboom, Jens: Logistics software systems and functions: An overview of ERP, WMS, TMS and SCM systems In: ten Hompel, Michael (Ed.); Rehof, Jakob (Ed.); Wolf, Oliver (Ed.): Cloud Computing for Logistics Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, p.1-11 Spee, D.; Beuth, D.: Lean Warehousing erfolgreich umsetzen: Herausforderungen und Erfahrungen in der Praxis München: Huss, 2015 ISBN 978-3-944281-68-1 Spee, D.; Bühner, S.: Retourenmanagement – eine logistische Herausforderung: Theorie und Praxis zur Abwicklung von Warenrückgaben. 1. Aufl. München: Huss, 2015 ISBN 978-3-944281-72-8 ten Hompel, M.: Software in der Logistik: Fit für Multichannel. 1. Aufl. München: Huss-Verlag, 2015 ISBN 978-3-944281-69-8 ten Hompel, M.; Rehof, J.; Wolf, O.: Cloud Computing for Logistics Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-3-319-13403-1 ISBN 978-3-319-13404-8