First Latin grammar (1879)

FIRST LATIN M.

C.

Macmiliar

mi

FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR. MACMILLAN.

FIRST

LATIN GRAMMAR

BY

M.

C.

MACMILLAN,

ASSISTANT MASTER IN

ST.

M.A.

PAUL'S SCHOOL

MACMILLAN AND 1879

[All rights reserved

~\

CO.

OXFORD: BY

E.

PICKARD HALL,

M.A.,

AND

J.

H.

PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.

STACV.

PREFACE. IN this short

Grammar

of the Latin Accidence I have

endeavoured to arrange the paradigms in such a way as to give some hint of the connection between the different forms, without departing from the traditional number and In the arrangeorder of Declensions and Conjugations. ment by stems I have closely followed Mr. Roby, even in the

somewhat uncertain

distinction

between consonant and

i-stems in the Third Declension of Nouns, feeling that division

is

necessary, and that his

is

more

some

satisfactory than

any other.

The Notes, which are printed in small type at the bottom of the page, may well be omitted until the large print has been thoroughly learnt. I have confined the Latin Declenof Greek

words to an Appendix, for the sake of and the Reckoning of Time, Money, and treated clearness, the Numerals, at the end of the book, rather for the sake sion

of following the usage of Latin

Grammars than because

they

strictly to the subject.

belong I have omitted the Syntax because, while a knowledge of grammatical forms is necessary to the beginner of Latin, the use of these forms can only be taught exercises, exist.

and many excellent books on

by progressive

this subject already

CONTENTS. Letters

Nouns

.

.

.

.

Declension of Nouns Substantive

.

.

.

Gender of Nouns Substantive

.

.

*.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Declension of Nouns Adjective .

.

.

Declension of Pronouns Substantive

.,,,

.

20

....

26

.

.

.

...

31

'.

.

36

.

V

.

.

.

.'-../.

^.

.

'.

.

Conjugation of Regular Verbs

Verbs with

-I

5

.

,.

*

Declension of Pronouns Adjective Declension of Numerals ..

Verbs

.

.'

i

4

'

Degrees of Nouns Adjective Pronouns . .

.

.'.'..

.*"

.

.

. .

.

.

.

38

.

46

.

48

-

....

Stems

Irregular Verbs

.

.

.

Defective Verbs

.

-,

.

.

.

^

36

'

50 62

.

64

.

.

76

.

.

.

78

.

.

.

..'

79

.. '

Impersonal Verbs List of Irregular Verbs . .

Adverbs

.*

.

..

.

.

.

,.

.

Conjunctions

.

.

:.

.

.

.

'.

Prepositions

.

.

.

-

.

-95 '

Appendix

I.

Appendix Appendix

II.

III.

Appendix IV.

...

Latin Declension of Greek List of

Numerals

.

..

v

Nouns .

.

.

.

*

97 97

...

99

.

108

.

Roman Mode of Reckoning Time Roman Money .

.

113

.

.

.

118

FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR. THE LETTERS. Letters of the Latin Alphabet are these:

i.

Modern

XT

Name

"

Signs.

A B

a

a

b

be

C

C

CC

D B P

d

de

e f

ef

G-

g

H J

K

e

ge h

h j

J

k

k

1

el

Mm N

L

Q B

generally written J,

(

beginning of words

(i) before a vowel at the (2) between two vowels.

j, ;

used only in a few abbreviations, as

K

for Cdlendae.

en o

o

p q

(

em

n

O P

probably always pronounced hard.

pe .

qu

r

er

S

s

es

T

t

V X

Y

U VI x y

Z

Z

always followed by

u.

te I

)

written

I

V,

of words

y, (i) before a vowel at the beginning (2) between two vowels.

;

ix

Upsllon Zeta

)

i

only used to write T and Z in words borrowed from the Greek (as chlaniys, zona).

THE LETTERS.

2 2.

Vowels.

Each of

the letters a, e,

upsllon) can be pronounced by

own sound

without any addition.

self-sounding

When to

itself,

and

They

o, u,

i,

is

y

(called

named from

its

are called vowels or

letters.

two vowels are pronounced rapidly together so as

produce one vowel-sound,

this

combination

These

diphthong or double-sound.

is

called a

are

ae, oe, an,

eu 3.

;

Consonants.

sounded

in

ei, ui,

The

from the above

4.

i.

other

letters,

which can only be

connexion with vowels, are called consonants

or letters sounded with.

after the

seldom found.

table,

In naming these

a vowel

is

letters,

pronounced

as

we

see

either before or

sound of the consonant.

Consonants may be divided

According

to the parts of the

mouth

at

which they are

formed. u.

According

to the character of the sound.

I.

Gutturals or sounds formed at or near the |

throat (or soft palate),

'

'

/

*' g>

Linguals or sounds formed with the tongue,

r, 1.

Dentals or sounds formed at or near the teeth,

t,

Labials or sounds formed at or with the

p, b,

lips,

d, n, f,

Q

'

s,

z.

v,

m.

THE LETTERS. n.

Sharp sounds or Tenues,

6,

Soft sounds or Mediae,

g, d, b.

Liquids,

1, r,

Sibilant (or hissing letter),

s.

Aspirate (or rough breathing),

h.

The 5.

letters

x = ks

Semivowels.

and z = ds are

The

k, g,

m,

t,

p.

n.

called double letters.

letters j

and

v,

which

in Latin

represent the sounds of the English y and w, are called semivowels.

6.

Table of the alphabet arranged according

nunciation.

Vowels.

to

pro-

NOUNS.

4

INFLEXION. Words

7.

mark

are inflected, that

That

Stem. inflexion

is

part of a

is,

words

their relation to other

altered in their form, to

in a sentence.

word which remains unchanged

in

called the stem.

That part of a word which may be changed

Suffix.

is

called the suffix or ending.

Nouns, pronouns, and verbs are

inflected;

other words

are not.

NOUNS. 8.

Nouns

are inflected

The

end of the stem.

by adding

inflexion

to or

of nouns

changing the is

called

de-

clension.

The (1)

Latins used inflexions to distinguish

Two Numbers:

the Singular

one thing, the Plural when (2) Six Cases

:

it

signifies

when a word

signifies

more than one,

Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive,

Dative, Ablative. (3)

Note

Three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.

i.

A

distinct

form for the Vocative case

is

only found in the

singular of masculine nouns of the second declension,

and

in

some

words adopted from the Greek.

A in

case called the Locative, found in some words, is always the same form either as the genitive, the dative, or the ablative.

Note

2.

Names

l^Iasculine or

of things which were thought of as having sex were others were Neuter (neither of the two}.

Feminine

;

NOUNS. 9.

Nouns

5

are either Substantive or Adjective.

Substantives have inflexions of chiefly each of

one gender

number and

case, but are

only.

Adjectives have inflexions of number, case, and gender.

10. Certain case-endings are

common

to

all

nouns.

Singular. Masc. and Fern.

Neut.

Nom. 1

-m

Ace.

alike.

Plural

Nom. Ace.

-s

-um

Gen. Dat.

1 alike.

Abl.

ii.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. '

Substantives are arranged in five classes, called declensions, according to the

In the

endings of the genitive singular.

ist declension the genitive singular

2nd

ends in -ae -i

3rd

-is.

4th

-iis

5th

-ei.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

12.

First Declension.

Stems ending

Example

:

mensa-,

f.

in -a, chiefly

Feminine.

table.

Singular Number.

Nominative and Vocative

mensa

Accusative

mensa-m

Genitive and Dative

mensae

Ablative

mensa Plural Number.

Note

3.

Nominative and Vocative

mensae

Accusative

mensa-s

Genitive

mensa-rum

Dative and Ablative

mensi-s.

Genitive singular in -ai

sometimes found.

is

in -as is

a family

Note

;

4.

Genitive Plural in

-um

caelicolum (m.), of dwellers in heaven, also

drachmum of drachmas,

Note

5.

found in pater familias, father

of.

mater familias, mother of a family.

(f.) 3

instead

of.

-arum

is

found in

terrigenum (m.), of earth-torn men,

amphorum

(f.),

ef amphors.

Dative and Ablative Plural in -abus

is

sometimes found

in

deabus from dea, goddess (a form retained to distinguish it from the dat. and abl. of deiis, god}, in filiabus, from filia, a daughter, and some other words.

FIRST

AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.

13.

I.

Second Declension.

Masculine (and rarely Feminine) Stems in

Example m.

:

7

-o.

domino-, m. lord,- ag(e)ro-, m. field; puero-, .

boy..

.

Singular.

Nom.

dommu-s

Voc.

domine

dominu-m

Ace. '

Gen.

domini

domino

Dat. Abl.

Plural.

Nom. Voc.

domini

Ace.

domino-s

domino-rum

Gen.

Dat

Abl.

domini-s.

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. Stem

deo-,

m. god,

is

declined thus

:

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

*deii-s

Ace.

deu-m

Gen.

del

Dat. Abl.

deo

Plural.

Note

6.

Nom. Voc.

di or del

Ace.

deo-s

Gen.

deo-mm

Dat. Abl.

di-s or dei-s.

The Vocative of Names with

Note

7.

or

deu-m

in -lus ends in

-I,

gem,

fill,

vulturi,

oh genius,

oh son,

oh vulture.

Substantives declined like puer are

socer,

gener,

vesper,

Liber,

father-in-la-w, son-in-law, evening star, Bacchus,

the singular of jugerum, acre,

and

vir, accusative virum,

man.

SECOND DECLENSION. II.

Example

:

Neuter Stems in

regno-, kingdom ;

membro,

Singular.

Norn. Voc. Ace.

-o.

limb.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

10

14. I.

(a) civi-,

Stems with m.

f.

Third Declension.

Stems ending

labial before

-i.

in

-i.

Ex.:

nubi-,

f.

cloud.

citizen.

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

nube-s

civi-s

Ace.

nube-m

cive-m

Gen.

nubi-s

civi-s

Dat.

nubi

civi

Abl.

nub 6

eive' (also civi)

.

Plural

N.A.V.

nube-s

cive-s

Gen.

nubi-um

civi-um

nubi-bue.

civi-biis.

Dat.

(b) arci-,

Abk

Stems with guttural before f.

-i.

Ex.

:

fasci-,

citadel.

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

fasci-s

arx

Ace.

fascerm

arce-m

Gen.

fasci-s

arci-s

Dat.

fasci

arc!

arce

Abl.

Plural

N.A.V.

fasce-s

Gen.

fasci-um

arci-um

Pat. Abl.

fasci-bus.

arci-bus.

arce-s

m. bundle

THIRD DECLENSION. (c)

Stems with dental before

penti (usually

f.)

serpent.

-i.

Ex.:

II

rati-,.

f.

boat; ser-

12

DECLENSION' Of NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

II.

Stems ending

in

Consonants.

Stems ending in mutes. Ex.: princip-, m. and chief; judec-, m. {Judge ; aetat-, f. age ; ped-, rn,/oot. (a)

Singular.

Norn. Voc.

f.

THIRD DECLENSION.

m.

() Stems ending in -n. Ex. f. man ; legion-, f. legion.

:

agmen-,

Singular.

13 n. host ;

homon-,

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

14

(
n.

Stems ending

work.

in -s.

Ex.

:

honos-, m. honour; opus-,

THIRD DECLENSION.

III.

Ex.

:

bov-, m.

gru-, f.

m.

f.

Stems ending

crane ;

su-,

m.

ox or cow. Singular.

Nom. Voc.

in -u.

f.

swine ; Jov-, Jupiter;

1

6

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

Notes on Peculiar Forms of Cases. Note 13.

-em

Accusative singular in -im and

is

found

in

febris, pelvis, turris, fever,

_

tower,

basin,

securis, restis,

puppis, of a ship,

rope, stern

axe,

rarely clavis, key,

messis, navis, harvest,

Note 14.

ship.

Ablative singular in

-i

only

is

found in

Neuteis with nominative in

-e,

-al,

-ar,

such as mare, animal, calcar, animal,

sea,

excepting -e in jubar,

spur.

nectar, far,

brightness, nectar, spelt.

Note 15.

Ablative singular in

Nouns with

civis,

snake,

imber, ignis, shower, classis,

fire,

axis, axle,

in

always are the same),

end,

cudgel,

unguis, amnis, postis, nail,

found

-im and -em,

anguis, finis, fustis,

bird,

fleet,

is

rope,

citizen,

avis,

and -e

accusative in

(securi, reste,

axe,

-i

river, door-post,

strigilis,

scraper,

and

bilis, bile.

THIRD DECLENSION.

Note

1

6.

Genitive plural in

-mm is

found in

with nominative in

(1) Neuters

I/

-e,

-al,

(2) Parisyllables excepting mater,-

mother,

and

pater, juvSnis, father,

sSnex, vates,

and

canis,

old man, seer,

accipiter,

dog,

and

volucris, bird.

hawk,

(3)

frater,

brother,

youth,

Nominatives with -s or'-x

and consonant as

arx,

cliens, client,

V

citadel.

makes marium,

(4) mas, maris, male,

mus, muris, mouse, makes murium, glis, gliris,

Us,

lltis,

dormouse, glirium,

lawsuit, litium,

nix, nivis, snow,

makes nivium,

.nox, noctis, night,

makes noctium,

dos, dotis, dowry, dotium,

os,

ossis, bone,

vis, force,

makes ossium,

makes

vires, virium.

C

-ar;

i8

DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

15.

Fourth Declension.

Stems ending in Ex.: gradu-, m. step; cornu-,

n. horn.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. Ace.

-u.

FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS.

1 6.

Fifth Declension.

Stems ending Ex.:

die-,

m.

f.

19

in -e.

day.

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

die-s

Ace.

die-m

Gen. Dat.

die-i

Abl.

die

Plural.

N.V.A.

Note 19.

die-s

Gen.

die-rum

Dat. Abl.

die-bus.

In the Genitive and Dative singular final -el

contracted into

is

sometimes

-

as die, acie, fide, day,

edge, faith.

Note 20. The Genitive, Dative, and Ablative plural are seldom found, except in the words res, thing, and dies.

C 2

GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

20

GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 17.

Masculine.

and winds

;

Feminine.

names of

names of males, peoples, months,

All

and most names All

'of

mountains and

names of females and and plants.

rivers.

islands

;

and most

countries, cities,

Neuter.

All indeclinable nouns.

Masculine and Feminine.

employments,

etc.,

1 8.

derived from offices,

or

women.

First Declension.

Words ending

Feminine.

Names men

held either by

in -a, except

names of men,

as nauta, sailor.

Second Declension.

19.

Words ending in -iis and Words ending in -um.

Masculine. Neuter.

These

are feminine in -us,

alvus,

colus,

stomach,

distaff,

common

plural.

canvass,

humus,

pampmus,

winnowing-fan,

ground,

vine-leaf.

virus,

venom,

Note 21.

carbasus,

vannus,

Neuter,

the

-er.

pelagus, sea.

Carbasus has nom. and ace. plural carbasa (neuter); vulgus, vulgum. It has no

people, is neuter, but the ace. is often

THIRD DECLENSION.

20.

21

Third Declension.

Words ending in -o (genitive -onis), -ex and imparisyllables in -es.

Masculine. -er,

-or.

Feminine in -or

is

-or, -os,

arbor, tree.

Neuter, aequor, cor, and marmor, surface,

-os.

Feminine are

marble.

heart,

and dos,

cos,

dowry.

whetstone,

Neuter are both

and

6s, bone,

-er.

6s, face.

Neuter words which end in are

siler,

verbera,

ozier,

blows,

and

-er,

ver, spring,

papaver, piper, acer, tuber, poppy,

cadaver, corpse,

-ex.

pepper, maple, iter,

hump,

deer,

uber,

journey, chick-pea, udder.

Feminine are

faex,

and

lex, law,

lees,

with supellex, forfex, nex, furniture,

Note 22.

arbor,

genitive

scissors,

arboris

;

death.

aequor, aequoris;

cor,

cordis;

marmor, marmoris cos, c5tis dos, dotis 6s, .ossis 6s, oris verbera singular found only in the ablative verbere" ; iter, (plural), verberum itmeris (from old nom. itmer) faex, faecis lex, legis supellex, supel;

;

;

;

;

;

;

lectilis

(an adjective with

nex, necis.

rei,

;

;

gen. of res understood); forfex, forficis;

GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE,

22

Feminine

-es.

ables,

and

seges, corn,

fir-tree,

merces, merges, quies, teges, sheaf,

hire,

mat.

rest,

Words ending in -o (genitive, -inis), -io, -aus, -x (except -ex), -s following a consonant, and pari-

Feminine. -as, -is,

syllables in -es.

Masculine in -o are cardo,

-o (gen. -Inis).

hinge,

ordo,

turbo;

common margo, border.

order, whirlwind,

Masculine are

-lo.

vespertllio, bat,

pugio, scipio, papilio, dagger,

butterfly,

staff,

septentrio,

and unio,

north,

pearl,

and words

like ternio, the

Masculine are

-as.

number

as,

a bronze

vas (vadis,

three,

the

senio, number

six.

and mas, coin,

male,

and elephas,

bail),

elephant.

Note 23. mergitis

;

abies, abietis; quies, quietis

,-

seges, sege'tis;

teges, tegetis

;

merces, mercedis; merges,

vespertllio, vespertilionis

;

as,

mas, maris vas, vessel, genitive vasis, is neuter the plural vasa belongs to the second declension; elephas, elephantis (see Appendix, assis

;

p. 104).

;

;

THIRD DECLENSION.

23

Masculine are

-is.

amnis, axis, river,

callis,

collis,

path,

hill,

axle,

canalis, caulis, cassis, canal,

stalk,

crinis, fascis,

net,

funis, fustis,

bundle,

hair,

rope,

cudgel,

sends, panis, postis,

sodalis,

companion, bramble, piscis, orbis,

fsh,

follis,

pair of bellows,

circle,

loaf,

manes

door-post,

month,

ghosts,

ensis,

unguis, vectis,

torris,

crowbar, sword,

nail,

firebrand,

Imparisyllables

glis,

and

dormouse, lapis, pulvis,

blood,

thorax, fornix, breastplate,

con-

24.

calix,

cup ;

tooth,

ditch,

;

half an as.

Masculine are dens, and fons,

scrobs,

Note

and

arch,

SOnant.

lapidis

ashes,

Masculine in -ax and -ix,

-ax, -ix.

-s after a

cinis,

sanguis, semis,

dust,

stone,

mensis,

(plur.),

cable,

anmis, genitive amnis;

pulvis, pulveris

;

spring,

and rudens, mons, and pons,

glis,

mountain,

gliris;

sanguis, sangumis

;

cinis,

bridge.

cineris;

semis, semissis

;

lapis,

thorax

thoracis; fornix, fornicis; calix, calicis; dens, dentis; scrobs, sciobis.

GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

24

Words ending

Neuter. -n,

in

-a, -e, -ar,

-ur, -us, -c,

-1,

-t.

These are masculine

-ur.

turtur,

furfur,

in -ur,

vultur,

fur,

bran, turtle-dove, vulture, thief.

-us, -utis, feminine

-us.

;

with tellus, the earth,

and

(pecudis),

peciis

palus,

beast (cow, sheep, etc.},

common

incus;

marsh,

and

griis,

anvil,

sus, swine.

crane,

Masculine are lepus, mus, hare,

sal

-1.

salt,

-n

and

sol are masculine, sun.

.

paludis; salis

;

and

also pecten, ren, comb,

Note 25.

kidney,

furfur, genitive furfuris

incus, incudis;

sol, solis

;

mouse.

griis,

;

splen, the spleen.

fur, furis;

tellus, telluris;

grins; lepus, leporis;

pecten, pectinis

;

ren, renis

;

palus,

mus, muris;

splen, splenis.

sal,

FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 21.

Masculine.

Fourth Declension.

Words ending

Words ending

Neuter.

Feminine are

in -iis.

in -u.

trees in -iis,

trfbus, acus, porticus, tribe,

needle,

colonnade,

domus, Idus, and manus, house,

Ides,

hand.

22. Fifth Declension.

Feminine. Dies, mostly masculine, day,

in singular

Note 26.

may be

feminine.

domus, genitive domus (see note 17)

;

Idus,

Iduum.

25

DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. 23.

gender 24.

Adjectives have inflexions to denote differences of as well as of

I.

number and

Stems ending

case.

in -o (masculine

and neuter) and

-a (feminine).

Ex.

:

bono-, bona-, good; tenero-, tenera-, tender ; nig(e)ro-,

nigra-, black.

Singular.

-O

AND

-A STEMS.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

28 25.

Ex.:

II.

Stems ending happy ;

felici-,

in -i

sapienti-,

wise;

tristi-,

sad;

acri-,

keen ; celeri-, swift.

Singular, Masc. and Fern.

Nom. Voc. Ace.

Neut.

Masc. and Fern.

felix

.

Neut.

sapiens

felice-m

felix

sapiente-m

sapiens

Gen.

felici-s

sapientl-s

Dat.

felici

sapienti

Abl.

felici (rarely

sapienti or sapiente.

felice).

Plural

N.V. A.

felice-s

felici-a

Gen.

felici-um

Dat. Abl.

felicX-biis.

sapient e-s

.

sapienti-a

sapient i-um sapient i-bus.

Singular. Masc. and Fern.

Neut.

Nom. Voc.

tristi-s

triste

Ace.

triste-m

triste

Gen.

tristi-s

Dat. Abl.

tristi.

Plural.

N.V. A.

tristi-a

triste-s

Gen.

tristi-um

Dat. Abl.

tristi-bus.

-I

STEMS.

Singular. Masc.

Nom. Voc.

acer

Ace.

Neut.

Fern.

acre

acri-s

acre-m

acre

Gen.

acri-s

Dat. Abl.

acri

Plural Masc. and Fern.

N.V.A.

Neut.

acre-s

acri-a

Gen.

acri-um

Dat. Abl.

acri-biis.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. Ace. ,

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

celer

celeri-s

celere

celer e-m

celere

Gen.

celeri-s

Dat. Abl.

celeri

Plural.

N.V.A.

Masc. and Fern.

Neut.

celer e-s

celeri-a

Gen.

celeri-um

Dat. Abl.

celeri-biis.

Note 28.

Like acer are declined Adjectives which end in

with celeber, and alacer, frequented,

alert,

saluber, piiter, volucer, healthy, putrid, winged.

-ster,

DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

30 26.

Ex.

:

III.

Consonant stems.

melior, letter ; pauper, poor.

Singular. Masc. and Fern.

Neut.

Norn. Voc.

melior

melius

Ace.

melior-em

melius

Gen.

melior-is

Dat.

melior -I

Abl.

melior-e (rarely meliori)

Plural N..V. A.

melior-a

melior -es

Gen.

melior -MID.

Dat. Abl.

melior -ibiis.

Singular. Masc. and Fern.

Nom. Voc. Ace.

Neut.

pauper

pauper-em

pauper

Gen.

pauper-is

Dat.

pauper -1

Abl.

pauper -e Plural.

N.V. A.

pauper-es

Gen.

pauper-Tim

Dat. Abl.

pauper -Ibiis.

DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

31

DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. The

27.

In Latin

Adjective

many

is

a

noun expressing

quality.

adjectives have three forms, denoting dif-

ferent degrees of quality.

The

form of the adjective, as durus,

positive is the simple

hard.

The comparative (1)

A

denotes

:

when two persons

higher degree,

or things are

compared, as durior, harder. (2)

The

A

too high degree, as durior,

superlative denotes

(1)

A

higher degree,

28.

A very From

hard.

:

when more than two persons

things are compared, as (2)

too

durissimus,

high degree, as durissimus, very hard.

the positive

we may

find the comparative

adding -ior to the last consonant of the stem tive

either

the stem;

-imus

*

by adding -issimus or,

by doubling the

to last

;

all

by

the superla-

the last consonant

of

consonant and adding

*.

Nearly

or

hardest.

the words of this form are given in

29 and note 29.

32

DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.


33

34

DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

I

I ^ i oute

,w

S

>Supe

-*r>

<->

c

T?

35

s

s, mu

mu K H *r*

em

um

Io co

to

c,

iv ex

ex

aa

iw *-

o>

js supremus

sum-mus

i

>i> .IrJ

>cu

CU a.

3

?

I i ?

CO

.s

g

I

s

-

,

.s

ii

S

D

2

>g .a

.S

CL,

>6

PRONOUNS.

36"

PRONOUNS. 31.

Pronouns are

either Substantive or Adjective (see

32.

The Pronouns

in Latin

9).

Personal: ego,// nos, Reflexive

your

meus,

:

noster, our ;

my ;

; siius, his, her,

Demonstrative

:

hie, this

that there ;

ille,

we;

divided into

:

tu, thou ; vos,^.

se, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

:

Possessive

may be

is,

its,

tuus, thy ;

vester,

their.

near me ;

that, he ;

iste,

that near

you ;

Idem, the same ; ipse,

he himself.

Relative

qui, who,

:

which ; quisquis, whosoever, which-

ever.

Interrogative Indefinite

at

:

:

quis or qui,

who ? which ?

quis or qui, anyone, any; quisquam, any (one)

all.

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. The Personal Pronouns

are substantive, and have There are two persons, the person who speaks, and the person spoken to. 33.

no

distinction of gender.

FIRST PERSON. Plural.

Singular.

Nom.

7

Ace.

me

Norn. Ace. nos, we Gen. nostrum

Dat.

mih!

Dat. Abl.

Abl.

me

ego,

nobls.

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

37

SECOND PERSON. Plural.

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

tu,

Ace.

N.V.A.

vos,ye,jrou

te

Gen.

vestrum

Dat.

tib!

Dat. Abl.

vobls.

Abl.

te

34.

The

thou

Reflexive Pronoun

distinction of gender.

It refers

is

substantive,

and has no

back to the subject of the

sentence, or person spoken of, which

is

called the third

person.

Singular and Plural.

Ace.

se, himself, herself, itself, themselves

Dat.

sibi

Abl.

se.

The form

Note 32.

sese

is

often used for

Instead of the genitives of

pronouns are sometimes used, as

se.

go, tu

and

se the possessive

mea manus, my hand;

noster exercitus,

our army.

Sometimes the genitive singular neuter of these adjectives

magna pars

mei, a great part of

tua, thy remembrance of us.

me

(i. e.

of

my

nature)

;

is

used, as

memoria

nostri

DECLENSION OF CERTAIN

38

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE. 35.

ending its,

The

Possessive Pronouns are adjectives with stems

in -o.

They

are meus,

their ; declined like

bonus

my;

tuus, thy ; suus, his, her,

24).

(

Noster, our ; vester,jyour ; declined like niger 36.

Some nouns and pronouns

the class of -o

and -a stems

(see

(

24).

adjective belonging to

24) have the genitive

singular in -ius, the dative in -1 for all genders.

37. Ex.

:

toto-, tota-, whole.

Singular. Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

totu-s

tota

totu-m

Ace.

totu-m

tota-m

totu-m

Gen.

totius

\

Dat.

toti

'

Abl.

toto

Nom.

>

in all genders

tota

toto

Plural.

Nom.

toti

totae

tota

Ace.

toto-s

tota-s

tota

Gen.

toto-rum

tota-rum

toto-rum

Dat. Abl.

toti-s in all genders.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.

39

38. Ex.: altero-, altera-, the other ; ut(e)ro-, utra-, which

of two

; ipso-, ipsa-, self.

DECLENSION OF CERTAIN

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE. 39. Ille, that (St.

and

illo-, ilia-)

;

iste,

that near you (St. isto-,

another (St. alio-, alia-), have the nominative ista-) ; and accusative neuter ending in -d instead of *m. allus,

'

Singular. Masc.

Fern,

Neut.

Nom.

ille

ilia

illu-d

Ace.

illu-m

illa-m

illu-d

Gen.

illius

)

Dat.

illi

J

Abl.

illo

..

.

>

in all

renders ilia

illo

Plural

Nom.

ill!

illae

Ace.

illo-s

illa-s

ilia

Gem

illo-rum

ilia-rum

illo-rum

Dat. Abl.

illi-s in all

ilia

genders.

Singular. Masc.

Nom.

Fern,

Neut.

al!u-s

alia

allu-d

Acc

aliu-m

alia-m

aliu-d

Gen.

alms

Dat.

alii

Abl.

alio

\

in all

genders alia

alio

Plural

Nom.

alii

aliae

alia

Ace.

alio-s

alia-s

alia

Gen.

alio-rum

alia-rum

alio-rum

Dat. Abl.

alii-s in all

genders.

42

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. 40. Hie, this near

is

thus declined

:

me (stem

ho-, ha-,

and the

particle -ce),

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. 41. Is, that (stem

i-,

and eo,

ea-), is

thus declined

43 :

44

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. 43. Qui, which (stem quo-, qua-,

clined as a relative

pronoun

:

Singular.

and

qui-), is thus de-

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. Note 39. Ecquis, any? quisquis, whosoever; are found chiefly in the following cases :

Singular.

quisquam, any

45 at all;

DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.

46

44.

DECLENSION OF NUMERALS. The

Cardinals.

du6, two ; tres.

following

three ;

are

declined:

multiples of a hundred below a thousand] sand, when used as a neuter substantive.

an adjective

is

unus, one;

diicenti, two hundred (and other

indeclinable.

mille, a thou-

Mille used as

DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.

47

VERBS.

48

VERBS. Verbs in Latin have inflexions of

45.

mood, and

person, 1

.

Two

Voices

amor, 7 am

(

voice, number, complete verb in Latin has

A

tense.

:

Active, as

:

amo, /

love ;

and Passive,

as

loved.

2.

Two Numbers

3.

Three Persons

Singular and Plural

:

8

(

on nouns).

Second, Third) in each number

(First,

33 on pronouns). 4.

Three Moods

viewed

Indicative

as

:

Subjunctive

Imperative 5.

marking the mode

:

in

which the action

is

:

:

:

amo, /

love.

amem, I be loving or as ama, love thou. as

/ love.

Six Tenses (in the Indicative mood, active voice) the time when the action is performed

marking

:

:

Incomplete action.

Present

Future

as

:

/ am loving or / love. / shall love. amabam, I was loving.

amo,

as amabo,

:

Imperfect: as

Completed action. Perfect

:

as amavi,

Future Perfect Pluperfect 6.

:

as

:

/ have

amaveram,

Four Verbal Forms Infinitive

as amare,

:

Participle

:

/ loved. / shall have loved.

loved or

as amavero,

7 had loved.

:

to love.

as amans, loving.

Gerund and Gerundive

:

as

amandum,

loving; amandus,

to be loved.

Supine

:

as

amatum,

to love (after

a verb of motion).

VERBS.

46.

49

DEPONENT VERBS.

Verbs which have no active

but are active in

voice,

meaning, are called Deponents: as hortor,

I exhort;

morior,

I die. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS.

47.

The

verb has three stems, the Present, Perfect, and Supine

stem, from which all other parts are formed. Verbs are commonly divided according to

their

form

into

four classes, called conjugations.

The

conjugation contains

first

stem ends in

-a

:

as

amo,

/ love ;

verbs whose present

all

ama-re.

infin.

The second

conjugation contains all verbs whose present stem ends in -e as moneo, / advise ; infin. mone-re. :

The

third conjugation contains all verbs

stem ends in a consonant, or in -u or in rego,

I rule ;

tribu-o,

capio,

The

I

(long)

48.

:

(short), as

infin. tribu-ere.

infin.

cap-ere.

fourth conjugation contains

stem ends in

whose present

infin. reg-ere.

/ assign ;

/ fake ;

-i

as audi-o,

all

verbs whose present

/ hear ;

infin. audi-re.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

Ex. amo, I love. Second conjugation. Ex. moneo, / advise. Third conjugation. Ex. rego, / rule. First conjugation.

Fourth conjugation.

Ex. audio, E

/ hear.

CONJUGATION OF _ _ fl O
^ rt

A I

o?o;

*

<-!

>-i

05

03

02

a a

IQ IQ

OD

03

111! IQ IQ

il

W H CO

a s a a 5rt |Q IQ

>H

O O *

I

N

"f -f >o3

>0

M

4242 *-

rt

OQ

03

42

*r .A

22'

o

IQ

H

M

9 9 g g

1

1111& ft

.C 42

W g H < cj

-?? 10

bo;

c ^

o

03

03

CO

REGULAR VERBS.

is

2555d rt

fl

fl

!!!!

H o

^

g CO g CO g 03 Cw g


ii-9* iO iO

i

H

7 7 7 d a a a

'7

!-

"H

-i-l

sin

>H >M 10 'O 43 42

>???? a a g s

W

g-Aifl IO KB P

>H

,u

ill!

5fH

42

c

A4.&4 iO 'O

crj

c^

^ '$'$

P^

g

h

^1

Vl

50

S J

$H

^

PS

PJ

^ J> 4l '*?
J> J>

If

4242P42 iO 'O

.* 4j

I

^

||||

im S o


**

2

>2.2.2.2 A ^ A 03 CO C3 g IOS

W

PR

31

W > r

am-6r

mone-dr

1

i
,s

s a-&

42 42 i

is3

i

"0>

P iO i

42 iO i.

reg

au

E

2

CONJUGATION OF 6 o o

43 43 -M -P

g 1 1 1

<

S!8S XD

.3

-f

S5

is

its

>o

-H -M

o o o

4i 4L -i

^

O O

*S

11! ,000)

a a a a ,i

00

^

CO

yrt -rf

?

^39 -

00

^L 4i -M

OQ

5

is

*

^

H

J

^

o o o o 4, J. J. J.

s g >o

o o

i i i

>0

IS H

"5

t'S I

.UBJUNCTIVE

REGULAR VERBS.

5S ^

s JS

J. J. fl

fl

fl

53

fC

5

5=1

O Q O O

M**

3 rt

d

rt

a

111

A

-^

j >r n

A.jj .H

.,_(

a a a a ,o o o o

r

>

SS

sag

aaa O O Q i

i

i

0^

-

*^

^

54

CONJUGATION OF

I

i

XD

s

REGULAR VERBS.

H

CO c/3

-Z

55

CONJUGATION OF

* i

n

s

A

? a

f

"

7

1

I

>ii-

A

s

as

N u o >

y

g

i

i

I

>

>PX> i

i

i

i

i

"

J

'

.^4

^.

g r*

>3X> i

i

Jj

'

i

_'

**

| U>

i 1

3

|ll^ P

i

,J^

REGULAR VERBS.

I

^ I

t

if

57

CONJUGATION OF

REGULAR VERBS.

4

59

CQ

CQ

73

GQ

X3

3

j-l

S

VERBAL NOUN-FORMS.

60

53. Infinitive.

The Future participle

When

Infinitive Active

active

a verb -has

is composed of the future and the present infinitive of sum, / am. no future the future infinitive is formed by

fore ut, as

dlco fore ut pluat,

The

/ say

that it will rain.

Future Infinitive Passive

is

composed of the supine

and the present infinitive passive of eo, I go*. When a verb has no supine the future infinitive passive is formed by fore ut, as

dlco fore ut urgeatiir,

/ say

that he will be pushed.

54. Participles.

The

Present Participle Active

is

declined like an adjective

with stem ending in -nti.

The Future

Participle Active

is

declined like an adjective

with stem ending in -o. There is no Perfect Participle Active.

Present Participle Passive.

Future Participle Passive.

The

Perfect Participle Passive

is

declined like an adjective

with stem ending in -o. 55.

The Gerund

ing in -ndo. 56. in -ndo.

57.

It is

is

The Gerundive It is

The

a verbal substantive with stem end-

used in is

and

ace., gen., dat,

abl. singular.

a verbal adjective with stem ending

used in the singular and

plural.

and

Supines are the accusative

ablative cases

of a verb-noun of the 4th Declension (stems ending in -u). * In the expression

amatum In

lowed by an accusative there is a going. Hence, ;

means, I say that there

is

m

is

the supine

is

active and

used impersonally,

it

is

for example, the phrase dlco n5s

a going towards loving

us.

may be

fol-

being gone, i.e.

amatum In

VERBS WITH

-I

STEMS.

6l

INFLEXIONS OF DEPONENT VERBS. Deponent verbs have the following forms:

58. (1) (e. g.

(2)

Of the amatum Of

Passive voice:

all

except the future

infinitive

iri).

the Active voice

:

Participle Present.

Future. Infinitive Future.

(3)

Gerund, Gerundive, Supine.

VERBS WITH 59.

in

-i,

The

which

i

STEMS.

following words have the present stem ending out before -1 or -er in inflexion. They

falls

belong to the 3rd Conjugation. Capio, cupio, facio, make,

desire,

take,

fodio, fiigio, jacio, dig,

cast,

flee,

quatio, rapio, sapio,

pario, get, bring forth,

snatch,

shake,

Compounds of

be wise.

(-specie)

and

(-lacio) entice.

look,

Deponents, gradior, step,

morior, patior, die,

Note 41.

snjfer.

6rior, oriri,

rise,

and

potior, potiri, be master,

following forms belonging to a present stem in Indie. Pres.

Subj. Impf.

or-er-is,

-i

have the

:

or-it-ur

pot-it-ur. or-er-et-iir

pot-er-et-ur, pot-er-em-ur,

pot-er-ent-ur.

CONJUGATION OF

62

INFLEXIONS 60.

Ex. cap-I-o,

OF.

VERBS WITH

i

STEMS.

I take.

ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE.

PRESENT.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

VERBS WITH

-I

STEMS.

PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE.

PRESENT.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

64

CONJUGATION OF 6i.

INFLEXIONS OF THE VERB sum, I am.

These tenses are formed from INDICATIVE.

the roots es-

and

fu-.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

INDICATIVE.

PERFECT,

/ have

Singular

Plural

i

been,

/ was.

2

fu-is-ti

3

fu-it

i

fu-im-iis

2

fu-is-ti-s

3

fu-er-unt or fu-er-e.

COMPLETED FUTURE, Singular

or

fu-i

i

/ shall have

fu-er-o fu-er-is fu-er-it

Plural

fu-er-im-iis fu-er-it-is

fu-er-int.

PLUPERFECT, Singular

/ had been. i

2

fu-er-am

been.

CONJUGATION OF

66

IRREGULAR VERBS. 62.

Possum,

I can, compounded Present Stem.

of pote sum.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

The is

present stem

is like

that of

sum; the

perfect stem

potu-. Perfect Stem.

INDICATIVE.

PERFECT,

/ could,

Singular

i

or

/ have

been able

SUBJUNCTIVE. to.

68

i

CONJUGATION OF

11 >O

>

iO

icJ

c g CO

DQ

4 &? cJ

<& d

,Q

P

DO

*r

.op

SP

1

,0 .o

11C

ICtJ

S

I ??

?

o o

|

IRREGULAR VERBS.

69

CONJUGATION OF 64.

Eo,

I go

i-), is

(stem

thus declined

:

Present Stem.

INDICATIVE.

PRESENT,

I am going,

Singular

i

SUBJUNCTIVE.

I go.

or

e-o

e-am

IB

e-as e-at

it

Plural

FUTURE,

Im-iis

e-am-iis

It-is

e-at-is

e-unt.

e-ant.

I shall go.

Singular

Plural

IMPERFECT,

i

ib-o

2

ib-is

3

ib-it

i

ib-im-iis

2

ib-it-is

3

ib-unt.

/ was going.

Singular

i

ib-am

Ir-em

2

ib-as ib-at

ir-es

3

Plural

i

ib-am-us

ir-em-us

2

ib-at-is

ir-et-Is

3

ib-ant.

ir-ent.

IMPERATIVE.

FUTURE, thou shall go.

PRESENT, go.

Sing. 2 Plur.

Sing. 2

Plur. 2

It-e.

INFINITIVE PRESENT

ir-e.

PARTICIPLE PRESENT

i-ens, ace.

GERUND

e-undu-m.

&

3

It-o

2

It-6t-e

3

e-unt-o.

e-nnte-m.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

71

Perfect Stem.

INDICATIVE.

PERFECT,

I have gone,

Singular

Plural

i-dr-im

i-i

2

is-ti

i-er-is

3

i-it or it

i-er-it

i

Singular

2

is-ti-s

3

i-er-unt.

/ shall have gone.

i

I-er-o

2

i-er-is

3

i-er-it.

I had gone.

Singular

is-sem

i

2

3

Plural

SUBJUNCTIVE.

I went.

i

COMPLETED FUTURE,

PLUPERFECT,

or

is-ses i-er-at

is-set

is-sem-us

i

2

3

i-er-ant.

INFINITIVE PERFECT i-is-se or is-se.

PARTICIPLE FUTURE

is-sent.

FUTURE It-uru-s It-urii-s.

esse.

CONJUGATION OF 65. Fio, It is

1

become (stem

fi-),

used as the passive of INDICATIVE.

PRESENT,

/ am

Singular

becoming. i

is

facio,

thus declined

/ make.

:

IRREGULAR VERBS. 66.

Edo,

/ eaf,

is

73

thus declined in the present stem (see

72): INDICATIVE.

I am

PRESENT, Sing,

Plur.

FUTURE, Sing,

Plur.

Plur.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

I eat. ed-am

i

ed-o

2

ed-is

3

ed-it

i

ed-im-iis

2

ed -it-is

3

ed-unt.

or e-s es-t

es-t-is

/ shall eat. i

ed-am

2

ed-es

3

ed-et

i

ed -em-us

2

ed-et-is

3

ed-ent.

IMPERFECT, Sing,

eating, or

i

/ was

eating.

ed-eb-am

2

ed-eb-as

3

ed-eb-at

i

ed-eb-am-iis

2

ed-eb-at-is

3

ed-eb-ant.

or

ed-im

ed-as

ed-is

ed-at

ed-it

ed-am-iis

ed-im-iis

ed-at-is

ed-it-is

ed-ant.

ed-int.

CONJUGATION OF

74 67. Fero,

I bear,

is

thus inflected in the present stem:

ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE.

PRESENT,

i

fer-o

fer-am

2

fer-s

fer-as

3

fer-t

fer-at

i

fer-im-us

fer-am-iis

2

fer-t-is

fer-at-is

3

fer-unt.

fer-ant.

Singular

Plural

FUTURE,

SUBJUNCTIVE.

I bear.

/ shall

Singular

Plural

IMPERFECT,

bear.

i

fer-am

2

fer-es

3

fer-et

i

fer-em-iis

2

fer-et-is

3

fer-ent.

/ was

Singular

Plural

bearing.

i

fer-eb-am

fer-r-em

2

3

fer-eb-as fer-eb-at

fer-r-et

fer-r-em-iis

fer-r-es

i

fer-eb-am-us

2

fer-eb-at-is

fer-r-et-is

3

fer-eb-ant.

fer-r-ent.

IMPERATIVE.

PRESENT,

FUTURE, thou shall

bear.

Sing. 2

fer

Plur. 2

fer-t-e.

Sing. 2 Plur.

INFINITIVE PRESENT

fer-r-e.

PARTICIPLE PRESENT

fer-ens.

GERUND

fer-endu-m.

&

bear.

3

fer-t-o

2

fer-t-6t-e

3

fer-unt-o.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

PASSIVE VOICE.

75

CONJUGATION OF

DEFECTIVE VERBS. 68. Aio,

thus inflected

/

say ; fatur, he speaks ; inquam, quoth /, are

:

INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT. i

Sing,

2

aj-o a-Is

aj-as

3

a-it

aj-at.

Plur. 3

aj-unt.

IMPERFECT. Sing,

Plur.

-eb-am

i

aj

2

aj-eb-as

3

aj-eb-at

i

aj-eb-am-iis aj

-eb-at-is

3

aj

-eb-ant.

INDICATIVE PRESENT. Sing. 3

PERFECT.

fat-ur.

Sing. 3

fa-tu-s est.

INDICATIVE FUTURE. i

fab-6r

3

fab-it-iir.

Sing,

INDICATIVE PLUPERFECT. Sing,

IMPERATIVE PRESENT

Sing.

INFINITIVE PRESENT

fa-tu-s

fa-tu-s erat.

far-e. far-i.

PARTICIPLE PRESENT

fante-m

GERUND

fandi, fando.

GERUNDIVE

fandii-s.

SUPINE

eram

i

3

(ace.)

PERFECT

fa-tu-s.

fa-tu.

DEFECTIVE VERBS. INDICATIVE PRESENT. Sing,

Plur.

77

PERFECT.

i

inqua-m

i

inqui-i

2

inqu-is

2

inqui-s-ti

3

inqu-it

3

inqul-t.

i

inqu-im-iis

3

inqu-i-unt.

Sing,

INDICATIVE FUTURE. Sing. 2

inqu-i-es

3

inqu-i-et.

INDICATIVE IMPERFECT. Sing. 3

inqu-1-eb-at.

FUTURE.

IMPERATIVE PRESENT.

Sing. 2

Sing. 2

inqu-e

Plur.

inqu-it-e.

69.

2

The

verbs coepi,

/

begin, or

I have

remember ; odi, I hate, are only found tenses formed from the perfect stem.

/

&

3

inqu-it-o.

begun; memfoi,

in the perfect

But IMPERATIVE, Sing.

2

memento

Plur.

2

mementot-e.

and

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

78

IMPERSONAL VERBS. 70.

The

verbs

following

libet, it is

second conjugation. miseret,

licet, if is

pleasing,

permitted,

oportet,

piget,

it

it

behoves,

it

it

and

to pity,

repents,

taedet, wearies.

it

shames,

moves

it

poemtet,

vexes,

also pudet,

These verbs are

only used in the third

are

to the

They belong

person singular.

called impersonal because they have

no

personal subject.

7

1.

Other verbs are used both impersonally and per-

sonally, as fit, it

comes

to pass,

juvat, it

delights,

it is

pleasing,

it

added,

liquet, clear,

happens,

convenit, it is

suitable,

dedecet,

decet,

placet, it is

acddit,

accedit, it is

it

becomes,

it

misbecomes.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

72.

79

LIST OF VERBS WITH PRESENT INFINITIVE,

PERFECT INDICATIVE, AND SUPINE. In the following verbs, wherever the supine is found, the and those tenses of the passive voice which

future participle

are formed

no is

from the supine stem also occur.

supine, the future participle, if

any occurs

Where

there

given below. Present

Present

Perfect

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

Supine.

acutum.

acuo, sharpen

acuere

acui

ago, do, drive

agere

egi

actum.

cogo, compel

cogere

coegi

coactum.

algeo, be cold

algere

alsi.

alere

alui

alo,

nourish

apiscor, fasten to oneself,

\

w

}

apisci

f

get

adlpiscor, attain to

exerceo, exercise

arcere

exercere

arcesso,/^, sendfor arcessere ardere ardeo, be on fire Future participle arsurus. arguo, charge with ) > arguere crime ) audeo, dare ausus sum,

adeptum. arcui.

exercui

exercltum.

arcessivi

arcessitum.

arsi.

argui

audere

/ have

augeo, increase, endow augere bibere

occldo,/a// down

argutum.

ausum.

dared.

bibo, drink

cado,/a//

altum.

aptum.

adrpisci

arceo, inclose, keep off

auxi

is

in Latin writers,

auctum.

bibi

cadere

cecidi

casum.

occidere

occidi

occasum.

LIST OF

8o Present

Present

Perfect

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

Supine.

caedere

cecldi

caesum.

occidere

occldi

occlsum.

caedo, /*?//,

cut, slay

occido, kill

only in compounds, as accendere accendi accendo, kindle

-cando,

light,

accensum.

cano, sing capesso, undertake

canere

ceclni

capessere

capessivi

capessitum.

carpo, pluck

carpere

carpsi

caveo, beware

cavere

cavi

carptum. cautum.

cedo, yield up

cedere

cessi

cessum.

censeo, count

censere

censui

censum. cretum.

cerno,

see

sift,

cieo, stir

up

concio, excite cingo,

gird

claudo, shut

conclude, shut up

cernere

crevi

clere

civi

citum.

concire

concivi

concitum. cinctum.

cingere

cinxi

claudere

clausi

clausum.

concludere

conclusi

conclusum.

colo, till

colere

colui

cultum.

coepio, begin consulo, consult

coepere consulere

coepi consului

coeptum. consultum.

coquo, cook

coquere

coxi

coctum.

crepo, rattle

crepere crescere

crepui crevi

crepitum. cretum.

ciibare

ciibui

cubitum.

accubui

acciibitum.

cresco,

grow

ciibo, lie

-cumbo,

lie t

accumbo,

only in compounds, as

recline

cupio, desire

accumbere cupere

cupivi

ciipltum.

currere

cucurri

cursum.

accurrere

accurri

accursum.

dico, say

dicere

dixi

dictum.

disco, learn

discere

didici.

curro,

run

accurro, run up

edisco, learn by heart ediscere

edldici.

IRREGULAR VERBS. Present

Present

Perfect

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

8l

Supine.

divide, divide

dlvidere

dlvisi

divisum.

do, give

dare

dedi

datum.

(1) circumdo, surround

circumdare

circumdedi

circumdatum.

credidi

creditum.

(2) credo, entrustRelieve credere

So reddo, give back ; vendo, sell, and compounds of do and prepositions of one syllable as edo, give forth, utter. doceo, teach

docere

LIST OF Present

Present

Perfect

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

-fendo, strike, only in

ward

defendo,

Supine.

compounds, as

off,

defendere

defend!

defensum.

ferire

(percuss!)

(percussum).

(tuli)

(latum).

guard ferio, strike

Perfect

and supine from

percutio.

ferre bring Perfect and supine from tollo.

fero,

affero, bring to

afferre

attuli

allatum.

aufero, carry off

auferre

abstuli

ablatum.

distuli

dilatum.

differo, disperse,

put r

.

\

\

differre

off offero, bring before

offerre

refero, bring back suffero, bear, endure

ferveo,

boil,

glow

.

fervo, fervere is also used,

fidere

fido, trust fisus flgo, fio,

sum,

/ have

fix

become

findo, cleave

trusted.

figere fieri,

findere

fingo,form, invent

fingere

weep flecto, bend

flere

fleo,

flectere

IRREGULAR VERBS. Present

Present

LIST OF

84 Present

Present

Perfect

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

juvare Future participle, juvaturus

juvo, help, delight

labor, slip, glide

labi

;

Supine.

juvi jutum. adjuvo has adjuturus.

IRREGULAR VERBS. Present

Present

Indicative.

Infinitive.

luceo, be light, beam ludo, sport luo, pay, expiate diluo,

wash away

lugeo, mourn, trans,

-meniscor, only in compounds. memmi, 1 remember, \ r

perfect with pre- > merrimisse.

sent

meaning

commlniscor,

.

devise

J

comminisci

maneo, remain, await manere

LIST OF

86 Present

Present

indicative.

Infinitive.

IRREGULAR VERBS. Present

Present

LIST OF

88 Present

Present

Indicative.

Infinitive.

operio, cover

InSe. opemi

operire

opperior, waitfor

(

petere

piget, it vexes

plgere

pingo, paint plango, beat (esp. the

/

plguit

pigltum

'

est.

pinxi

pictum.

plangere

planxi

planctum.

re

plausi

plausum.

applaud applaudere

-plecto, twine, only in

amplector, embrace -pleo }J///, only in

explodere

applausum. explosum.

compounds (except

plexus), as

amplexum.

amplecti

complere plicare

plico,/0A/

compounds, as

applico, apply

applicare.

pluo, rain

pono, place posco, demand exposco, implore So other compounds, be able

potior, be master (gen. abl.)

applausi explosi

compounds, as

compleo, fillfull

and

(

(

petltum

J

(2) explode, hiss off

possum,

}

Ipetn

J

(1) applaudo,

usually in

opperitum.

}

pingere

(the)

clap

hands)

petivi

)

.

plaudo

oppertum.

(

opperiri

peto, seek, aim at

breast, in grief)

opertum. (

posse

complevi

completum. plicatum.

IRREGULAR VERBS. Present

Present

89

9o Present

LIST OF

IRREGULAR VERBS. Present

Present

Perfect

Indicative.

Infinitive.

Indicative.

LIST OF Present

IRREGULAR VERBS. Present

Present

93

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

94 Present Indicative.

ADVERBS.

95

ADVERBS. Adverbs are indeclinable words, formed from nouns

74.

and pronouns (of which they were

75.

I.

originally cases).

ADVERBS FORMED FROM NOUNS.

Those ending

in

e and o are formed from adjectives with -o stems, as digne, worthily ; bene, well. certo, certainly ; clto, quickly.

ter, chiefly from adjectives feliciter,

im,

and participles with

-i

stems, as

happily ; amanter, lovingly.

from past participles, as sensim, gradually ; minutim, in small pieces.

chiefly

tiis, chiefly

from substantives, as

fundi-tus,//^/?* the bottom; divmi-tus, from the gods.

76.

The

neuter of

adjectives

sometimes used ad-

is

verbially, as

multum, much ; ladle, 77.

The

easily.

Degrees of adverbs. comparative

is

like the neuter of the

formed

com-

parative adjective.

The

superlative

is

formed

like the

neuter of the superla-

tive adjective.

Note

also,

saepe, often ; saeplus

;

saepissrme.

diu,/or long; diurfus; diutissime. nuper, lately ; nuperrime.

ADVERBS.

78.

II.

Adverbs of

ADVERBS FORMED FROM PRONOUNS. place.

The

following are pronominal adverbs

of place, ending in 6,

quo,

hue,

istuc, to

hither,

illuc,

your place,

to that

place.

hinc, hence,

hie, here,

istinc,

from your

illinc, from that

place,

place.

istic,

you are),

hac,

illic,

there (where there (where

istac,

he

is).

iliac,

CONJUNCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS.

97

CONJUNCTIONS. 80. Conjunctions

are

indeclinable

words,

connecting

names, sentences, or parts of sentences. They are often called co-ordinating conjunctions.

Of

these,

et,

-que,

atque, ac,

meaning and, are called meaning of words or

copulative, because they connect the

sentences;

sed, verum, autem,

at,

meaning but, are called meaning; aut, vel, ve,

adversative, because they contrast the

meaning

or,

are called disjunctive, because they disconnect

the meaning.

PREPOSITIONS. 8

1.

The

following words are used as prepositions with

the accusative case

ante

:

PREPOSITIONS.

98 82.

The

following are used both with the accusative

(which generally implies motion), and with the ablative (which generally implies rest)

subter, sub under

The

following are used as

83.

a,

and

above

super

ablative

:

In into; in.

prepositions

with

the

:

cum and

coram

ab

in presence of

from

palam in presence

of

prociil

pro

far from

before

simul

sine

together with

without

de

down from

with

and

prae in front

tenus reaching

of

e to

out of.

84. the following (which are really cases of substantives) are used as prepositions with the genitive

causa, gratia for the sake of

Note 44.

Of

these words

cum

tenus

instar

ergo on account of

after their substantives;

:

ergo,

like to

tenus,

versus

after personal,

reaching

are

to.

always placed

and often

after

relative

pronouns, as mecum, quicum.

Note 45. Many of these words are also used as adverbs the following only as prepositions, that is to say with a substantive dependent on them the monosyllables, also apud, ergo, inter, penes, sine, tenus. ;

:

GREEK NOUNS.

99

APPENDICES. APPENDIX

I.

LATIN DECLENSION OF. GREEK NOUNS. Of the words adopted from the Greek, some (like poeta) were declined throughout like Latin nouns, others retained many Greek forms. They are found belonging to the first, second, and third declensions of Latin nouns.

FIRST DECLENSION. Stems

Examples: poeta, m. poet, Hecate,

in -a.

(TTOWJT??-);

Electra,

f.

('

Aenea-, m. Aeneas, (Au/a-); Anchise-,

f.

m. Anchises, Singular.

Nom. Voc. Ace.

poeta

Electra

Hecate and Hecata

poeta-m

Electra-n

Hecate-n

poetae

Dat

poetae

Hecate

poeta.

Hecate

Abl.

Plural, like the first declension of Latin

Obs.

i

.

In words like Hecate

Hecata-m

Hecate-s

Gen.

we

Hecata.

nouns.

also find all the inflexions of the

Vergil and Horace prefer the Latin forms A.D. 9). the Greek were used by and after Ovid. (fl. First (Latin) declension.

H

2

;

LATIN DECLENSION

TOO

Singular.

Anchises and Anchisa

Nom. Aenea-s Aenea Voc.

Anchisa

Anchise

Anchise-n

Dat.

Aenea-n and Aenea-m Aeneae Aeneae

Abl.

Aenea.

Anchise

Ace.

Gen.

Anchisae

Anchisae Anchisa.

SECOND DECLENSION. I.

Stems

in -6

Examples: Delo-,

f.

(Greek second declension

in

-o).

Delos (A^Xo-); Pelio-, n. Pelion, Singular,

Nom.

Del6s

Voc.

Dele

XT TT

Del6-n and Delu-m

Gen.

Deli

Dat. Abl. Delo.

Stems

Examples geos

:

)

\

-n-^v

Peh6-n

J

Ace.

II.

A

N.V.A.

in -6

Gen.

Pelii

Dat. Abl.

Pelio.

(Greek second declension

Atho-, m. Athos

(*A0a>-)

;

in

-co).

Androgeo-, m, Andro-

('Ai/dpo-yfco-).

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

Atho-s

Ace.

Atho-n and Atho

Dat. Abl.

Atho.

Nom.

Androgeo-s Androgeo and Androgei.

Singular.

Gen.

Patronymics in -des always follow the first declension, in -ides and -ades belong to the third (e. g. Tydides, son o/Tydeus, ace. Tydiden; but Alcibiades, ace. Alcibiadem). Obs.

other

2.

names

OF GREEK NOUNS.

IOI

THIRD DECLENSION. I.

Stems

in -o.

Stems

Examples

:

in -o, -eu, -y.

hero-,

m. hero

(17/30)-)

;

Dido-,

f.

t&o-).

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

hero-s

Ace.

hero-a

Gen.

hero-is

Dat.

hero-i

Abl.

hero-e.

Plural

Nom. Voc.

hero-es

Ace.

hero-as

Gen.

hero-um

Dat. Abl.

hero-isin

hero-ibiis.

Singular.

Nom. Voc. A Acc.

Gen.

Dld5 I

J

Didus.

Obs. 3. Forms from stems in -on (as Dido, Didonis) are found in early poets and later writers. Vergil only uses the nom., voc., and ace. of Dido, employing the synonym Elissa for the other cases.

LATIN DECLENSION

102 Stems

Ex.

in -y.

:

Tethy-,

f.

Tethy s

(Tr)6v-).

Singular.

Norn.

Tethy-s

Voc.

Tethy Tethy-n Tetby-6s

Ace.

Gen. Dat.

Tethy-i

Abl.

Tethy-e.

-eu partly retain the forms of the Greek third declension, partly adopt those of the Latin second declension. Ex. Perseu-, m. Perseus Orpheu-, m. Orpheus ('Opfav) Stems

in

:

;

Singular.

Nom.

Orpheu-s

Voc. Ace.

Orpheu Orphea

Orpheum

Gen.

Orphe6-s

Orphei

Dat.

Orphei, Orphei.

Orpheo

Abl.

Orpheo. Singular.

Nom.

Perseu-s

Voc.

Perseu

Ace.

Persea

Perseum

Gen.

Perse6-s

Persei

Dat.

Persi.

Persia

Abl. Obs. 4.

Persia.

For the name of the Macedonian king

forms given above, Cicero those of an -a or Stem. Nom. Pers e-s

Ace.

Gen. Dat. Abl.

Perse-n Persae Perse and Pers a

Perseus, Livy uses the

-e.

(cf.

Anchises, p. 100).

OF GREEK NOUNS. II.

Stems

Stems

in -e (Gk. elided

in -e

and

2 stems).

103

-i.

Ex.

:

Demosthene-, m.

Demosthenes Singular.

Nom. Voc.

Demosthene-s Demosthene-n Demosthen-e Demostheni Demosthene.

Ace.

Gen.

Dat Abl.

Stems

in

-i,

chiefly feminine.

Ex.

Demosthene-m Demostheni-s

:

Charybdi-,

f.

Charybdis

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

Charybdi-s

Ace.

Charybdi-m

Gen.

Charybdi-s Charybdi.

Dat. Abl.

III.

Labial.

Ex.

:

Styg-,

Ex. f.

:

Charybdi-n

Consonant Stems.

Cyclop-, m. Cyclops

(Ku/cXwar-),

Styx (s?-). Singular.

Nom. Voc. Ace.

Gen.

Cyclop-s Cyclop -a Cyclop -is.

Plural

Nom. Voc. Ace. Gen.

Cyclop-es Cyclop -as

Cyclop-um. Singular.

Nom. Voc.

Styx

Ace.

Styg-a Styg-6s

Gen.

Styg-is.

Guttural.

LATIN DECLENSION

104 Dental stems in Thalet-,

-t.

Ex.

m. Thales (eaX^r-)

;

n. poem m. elephan elephant-, :

poemat-,

Singular.

Nom. Ace.

poema

Gen.

poemat -is. Plural.

Nom.

Ace.

poemat -a

Gen.

poemat -urn

Dat. Abl.

poemat -is.

Nom. Voc.

Thales

Singular.

Thalet -em

Ace.

Thalet -a

Gen.

Thalet-is

Dat.

Thalet -i

Abl.

Thalete.

Nom. Voc.

elephas

elephans

Ace.

Gen.

elephant -a elephant -os

elephant -is

Dat.

elephant -I

Abl.

elephant e.

Nom. Voc.

elephant -es elephant -as

Singular.

elephant-em

PluraL Ace.

Gen.

elephant -um

Dat. Abl.

elephant -ibiis.

Obs. 5.

Thales and Chremes are also declined as -e stems

(cf. p.

103).

Besides elephas we find nom. elephantus, gen. elephanti, ace, plur. elephantos, from an -o stem (Latin second declension). Obs. 6.

OF GREEK NOUNS. Stems in -ad.

Ex.:

All feminine.

1

lampad-,

f.

05

torch

Singular.

Nom. Voc.

lampa-s

Ace.

lampad-a

Gen.

lampad-os

Dat.

lampad -i

Abl.

lampad -e.

lampad-is

Plural.

Nom. Voc.

lampad -es

Ace.

lampad -as.

Stems in

-id.

Of

these stems

some have

ace. sing, in

-Ida or -idem, others reject the stem consonant, and have ace. in -in or -im, abl. in -i. Ex. Laid-, f. Lais :

Parid-,

m. Paris

(n.api-).

Singular.

Nom.

LATIN DECLENSION

106 Stems

in

-n.

Platon-, m. Plato

Ex.

:

Gorgon-,

m.

Gorgon

OF GREEK NOUNS. Stems

in -r.

m. mixing bowl

Ex.

:

aether-,

m. pure air (ai%>-)

1OJ ;

crater-,

.-I I g S S

ifl

g-.s,

!al| f

altej

prior,

I s;

w

if? 2 5 ll 4J

Iwd]

;

of

t

dus

1313^1 ^ o 3g ^

s ^-

^^-id)

'-g 7!

S

-I

sjfgfllM S O S C P

t5

nt

DH'^ 'O >G "2 )il) **

01 cr

*J W '5 8-

? qnot CARDINA

nswering

O M oiavay

5

t! 7^

c

T

en

u?

I hJI

.

^

no-

nagiensnoviens.

nongentiens

milliens.

FRACTIONS OF NUMBERS.

112

2.

FRACTIONS.

(1) Fractions with numerator

dimidia pars

\,

J, tertia ^,

quarta pars.

;

with numerator less by one than denomi-

:

|,

duae partes

|, tres

^,

partes

quattuor partes.

(3) Fractions with

denominator

~2, unci-a, gen. -ao (fern.)

=^

-&

gen. -tis

sextan-s,

1

= }>

^=

2 or its multiples

:

T^, septunx

= f>

ra

b

s>

g en

-

bessis

(masc.)

(masc.) J^Y

dimidium

;

tertia pars

;

quarta

(2) Fractions

nator

i:

=

T%

quadran-s

i

^,

dodran-s

(do-

dextan-s

(de-

quadrans) 1, trien-s

=

If

J

i?

sextans)

^,

quincun-x,

-cis

gen.

^=

(masc.)

^=i

semis gen. semissis

i

i

= as,

1 y ^, deunx

gen. assis '(masc.).

(masc.) (4) Other fractions

:

pars tertia et nona

i,

quattuor septimae

^,

|f,

septem nonae

^Y, pars tertia et septima.

(5) 2 J,

Mixed numbers

:

semis tertius (sestertius)

Obs. ii.

The

Roman

ounces

(unciae).

fractions.

quadrans quartus.

was taken from as libralis, the name of the which was supposed to weigh a pound of 12 The names of its parts were taken to denote

unit

earliest

3^,

coin,

FEARS AND MONTHS.

APPENDIX

113

III.

THE ROMAN METHOD OF RECKONING TIME. The Year.

The Romans in referring to a past year frequently distinguished it by the name of the consuls who held office at the time, and as being so many years before the beginning of some great war.

As we

date a year from that

assigned to the the founding of Rome, which was supposed to have taken place in the year called by us B.C. 753. Therefore the year B.C. 751 would be known by them as annus urbis conditae tertius or A.U.C. in. It must be remembered that the Romans included the year, month, day, etc., from which they counted, so that what we should call 2 years after 753, they counted as 3. In order therefore to find the year B. c. of any Roman date

commonly Romans reckoned from

birth of Christ, the

A.U.C., subtract the

number given from 754, adding The same method will give

inclusive reckoning. A.U.C. of any date B.C.

;

e.

i

for the

the year

g.

A.U.C. 710 = B.C. (7.54-710) -= B.C. 44. B.C. 44 = A.U.C. (754-44) = A.U.C. 710.

The lustrum was

a period either of four or

five years.

The Months.

The Roman

year originally contained ten, afterwards twelve months, beginning with March.. These were called mensis Martius (the month of Mars, the god of war), Aprflis (of sprouting,

rt.

Maius (of growing, rt. mag.), Quintilis, Sexrllis, September, juv.),

aperi-, to open),

Junius (of thriving,

rt.

October, November,

December

(the fifth,

sixth,

seventh,

months of the year), Januarius (of opening farm labours, rt. Jan.), Februarlus (of cleansing, rt. After B.C. 153 the year was considered to begin with ferv.). January. The name Quintilis was changed to Julius in eighth, ninth,

and

tenth

.

ROMAN METHOD OF

114 B.C.

44

in that

in honour of Caius Julius Caesar, whose birthday fell month; Sextilis became Augustus in B.C. 8, to cele-

brate the triumphs, etc., of the first emperor. Before the reformation of the calendar by Julius Caesar (B.C. 46) the months March, May, July (then called Quintilis),

and October contained 31 days, February 28, and the rest 29. To this year of 355 days an intercalary month (mensis intercalaris, but called by Greek writers Mercedonius, the labour month) of 22 or 23 days was added every other year, probably after the 23rd of February. The calendar as reformed by Julius Caesar contained months of the same length as ours. Every fourth year the 2 4th of February was reckoned twice, which was equivalent to our 2 Qth of February in leap-year. The month both before and after B.C. 46 was divided into \veeks, the first beginning on the first day or Calendae (proclamation day), on which the length of the first week was in early days proclaimed to the people. The second week, of 8, or, according to Roman reckoning, 9 days, began on the Nonae, which fell on the 5th of eight months in the year, on the 7th of March, May, July, October, because The third week began they originally contained 31 days.

on

the

Idus

(so called perhaps

of the month, or from

rt.

id,

from

division (div-)ido, the

to shine,

the day of the

full-

moon) which fell on the 131)1 or i5th according as the Nones fell on the 5th or 7th. The intervening days were reckoned backwards from these, the days between the Calends and the Nones as so many before the Nones, those between the Nones and the Ides as so many before the Ides, those following the Ides as so

many before the Calends The day immediately

of the next month.

preceding each of these three was called pridie (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), that next before ante diem tertium (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), or a. d. Ill Won. Id. Kal, and so on. This expression was considered as one word and might have a preposition before it, e. g. differre Calendas Wovembres, to put off aliquid in ante diem

XV

Obs. 1 2. The first day of the fourth week was perhaps called nine days, and began 9 days before the end of the month.

nundlnae,

RECKONING TIME.

115

As for the construction, something to the i%th of October. ante seems to govern Calendas Novembres, the ordinal numbers being attracted from the ablative (e. g. quindecimo and inserted between the preposition and its noun. days of intercalary months were denoted in the same way, the first day being called calendae intercalates, from which the days between the Ides and the 23rd of February were reckoned backwards. die)

The

After Caesar's reform, every fourth year the 24th of February, or a. d. VI Kal. Mart, priorem, was followed by a. d. VI Kal. Mart, posteriorem. Hence arose the name annus bissextus (or in later Latin bissextilis).

The Day.

The

civil

day began

The

24 hours.

at

midnight and was marked out into

natural day

began

was marked out equal length, counted from sunset.

It

into

at sunrise and ended at twelve hours (horae) of

As

sunrise.

in

midwinter

at

Rome it

is

upon

the day is only 9 hours long, while at midsummer rather more than 15, the length of horae depended the time of year, and varied from three-quarters of an

hour to an hour and a quarter. The seventh hour (hora septima) always began at midday. The night was divided for military purposes into four watches (vigilia prima, etc.) of equal length, beginning at sunset.

The

following table gives the days of the months as they

were named after B.C. 45. Before that date, March, May, July, October were the same as in the table ; in all the others our 1 4th would be a. d. XVII Kal., and so on, and Prid. Kal. would fall on our 2pth.

Kalendae, Nonae, Idus, are feminine the names of the months adjectives agreeing with these the date (e. g. on the ;

;

Calends, etc.) a. d.

is

IV Won.

in the ablative case (Kalendis,

Jan.

is

Nonis, Idibus) ante diem quartum Nonas

for

Januarias.

I

2

:

TABLE OF THE

116

-

I

0, -

M << ~% c.S^'oSS^.-^W"" .

.

X ^ V2 5 ..



K*

l-i I-H

Z

K^.

&

K^ (^

1-^*

P" HH

xxxxxx K^ K> K> K> K> S>

J-i

73 73 73 73 73 73

73 73 73 73 73 73 rt

rt

PM

rt

rt

rt

rt

rt

sssjsl-Stt-

rt

rt*

j

g|ggs ^g^ % s s d^d-dga-d .! ^^gJlld^S-d^ ^^^Z^^ O^^-SHH ^ Hi *t> *

h>

'

~H

i

r5

i

<
~

t

ti

rt

73*

73

rt

rt

rt

rt

rt

rt

rt

rt

rt

--;

13

rt

73 HH HH

M

"

~~ii~H

73 73 73

rt

t:

fi 73 73

rt

73*

73

rt

rt

.

xxxx 73 73 73 73 rt

^J

rt

rt

*J ^J

.

^ S

H ? ^^^g^


^3

."" T3.T373H-I lllld'^^2^^ -"IZ^^d U HH HH 4 HH T3 ^ HH HH HH /Ci


/Ci

-"

.

I-H

P^ P*

K*"

.

K-J

HH HH "G X"^ .

.

PLl

c$

rt

G G rt

rt H^H^G rt

"" G G G .

. cembe

G*

.

^| ^

r^

KjJ

K* HH HH HH

737373737373

7373 rt

l-H

.

CQ

cd

od

S d j p=.a a ^H-> rt G

cd

cfi

Kj

>>:

O

rt

-3

p

-^

fSj

*~^

^

rt

^

rt

rt"

tf rt

rs

'

^hHK^

H-

i-H

HH HH

XXXXXX

K*"

(

73 73 73 73 73 73 rt

rt

rt

rt

--J&*

.

rt

rt

Q g j rt rt C

A ~ 2 2 >^^>^^ ?2 2 73 -d

.

xxxxxx rt

M N

73 73 73

73 73 73 73

73 rt

CO.^-

rt

rt

rt

rt

rt

M

c3

c3

73* rt

73 73 rt

c3

lOvo f^OO ON

DAYS OF THE MONTH.

3 "3 ._ '3

J '3 .j '3 *

I

KX

**

.

I-H

.

'

k> K> M H M k> HH W k> ?< rt

h=H

CT?

^**

I-H

I"5""

117

"

fcd

t

|_J

^i (" "C ?^?NX hHP>|>f>K l-HI l^ i

I

i

.K>(-HHHI-H

i

K/'s/'K >t?NK7kr^rKj^'i >

i

1

.

.

.

i

.

"**

a.g

1 s

>^

^ ^ ^ h "C u t:

cj ^J-

P*

"

r^

^ -Q
O M

fri

^ ^i

-5

^&5

CO 4-

^^ n^^

tOO

J^-OO

ON

6

-

*j is

rt

IOVO l^-OO

N M N N

118

X p w (

I

PH PH

ROMAN MONEY.

INTEREST ON MONEY.

2.

After 451

B. c.

119

INTEREST ON MONEY. the legal rate of interest

was

Unciarium fenus, interest of one-twelfth (see p. 1 1 2 (3)) = 8-^ As the year contained 10 months, this was proper cent. bably equivalent to 10 per cent, per annum. After 8 1 B.C. the legal rate of interest was

Centensima pars was equivalent This

by

sortis, one-hundredth part of the whole

rate

to 12 per cent,

was taken as the

=

reckoned monthly, annum. per

Interest being at this time

per cent.

unit,

and lower

1

2

this

rates represented

fractions, e.g.:

Usurae unciae= T^ of centensimae usurae =i per

cent,

per annum.

Higher rates by distributives, e. g. Binae centensimae ^=huice one-hundredth=. 24 per annum. :

cent, per

Or by combinations of distributives and fractions, e. g. Usurae centensimae et unciae=i3 per cent, per annum. :

O6s. 13.

For the other

in the plural

fractions of

number, having usurae

centensima

see p.

in apposition.

no.

They

are