Handout 5 2015

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INTERMEDIATE PHRASAL CATEGORIES I. Intermediate/small nominal categories ¾The king of England opened Parliament. 1. word-level categories 2. phrase-level categories: ¾ the king of England Ö NP ¾ He became the king of England. Are you likely ever to become a king of England? He became king of England. ¾ king of England Ö NP??? NP→D N NP→D NP??? •

Distribution The king of England opened Parliament. *King of England opened Parliament. They buried the king of England. *They buried king of England. Parliament grants little power to the king of England. *Parliament grants little power to king of England.

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Multiple determiners *that our king of England *a this king of England

1. (a) Every painting of Mary and photograph of Debbie pleased Ben. (b) *Painting of Mary pleased Ben. (c) *Photograph of Debbie pleased Ben. 2. Most paintings of Mary and photographs of Debbie pleased Ben. 3. (a) They met the king of England and the prince of Wales. (b) They met the king of England and prince of Wales Notation: - bar / prime notation: N’’→ D N’; N’→ N PP II. Intermediate verbal categories A. Complements and Adjuncts 1. John will put the book on the table. 2. John will buy the book on Tuesday. 3. Many people lived in that city. 4. Many people died in that city. 5. He laughed at the clown.

Syntax Handout 5

Syntax Handout 5

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6. He laughed at ten o’clock. V’’ → V’ (V’ → V’ Adjunct) V’ → V (Complement)

X’’ → X’ (X’ → X’ Adjunct) X’ → X (Complement)

B. The Complement/ Adjunct distinction 1. co-occurrence restrictions (subcategorization frames) John saw Mary in the garden. John smiled at Mary in the garden. *John saw at Mary in the garden. *John smiled Mary in the garden. 2. obligatoriness / optionality - complements tend to be obligatory John saw Mary in the garden. *John saw in the garden. He was eating a hamburger. He was eating. - adjuncts are always optional John saw Mary in the garden. John saw Mary. 3. pronominalisation (pro-V-bar do so replacement) - in the case of complements John will put the book on the table, and Paul will do so as well. *John will put the book on the table, and Paul will do so on the chair. - in the case of adjuncts John will buy the book on Tuesday, and Paul will do so as well. John will buy the book on Tuesday, and Paul will do so on Thursday. 4. ordering - complements should be closer to their heads than adjuncts John will buy the book on Tuesday. *John will buy on Tuesday the book. He laughed at the clown at ten o’clock. *He laughed at ten o’clock at the clown.