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In this issue… How big were dinosaurs? M^Wjj^[Óhij^kcWdiZ_Z Mightiest empires
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HISTORY OF THE WORLD A complete guide to everything that’s ever happened in the world!
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Can you name all the dinosaurs?
Creation of Earth
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The first animals
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Learn all about T-rex and more on page 28
Dinosaurs
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Early humans
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The Ice Age
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Ancient farms
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History of towns
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First houses
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Ancient empires Discover the Ancient Egypt wonders of Ancient Egypt Origins of the alphabet
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Who discovered the world? Page 86
Supports Key Stage 2 learning Key Stage 2 learning is for kids aged 7 to 11 in Years 3 to 6 of primary school. All of the articles in have been recommended by an educational consultant as suitable for Key Stage 2 students and beyond.
First coins
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Brain Games Take a big quiz about everything that ever happened in the world! Page 122
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Ancient Greeks Ancient Rome
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Ancient China
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Words and phrases explained
Amazing facts about the topics we cover
Where you can find the places in our features
The complete history of everything that’s ever happened Turn the page for an amazing journey
Vikings
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Richest people ever
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Medieval times
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The Renaissance
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Explorers Kings
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Native Americans
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How fast was a Roman chariot?
The answer is on page 62
The Wild West
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Pirates
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French artists
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Amazing vehicles
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Great inventions
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World War
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Space exploration
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How the world changed
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Place a tick where you see this symbol if you really enjoyed what you learned
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A quick history of everything that’s ever happened Follow us on a journey through time, as we trace the history of the world from the first scattering of atoms to skyscrapers and smartphones 10
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WorldMags.net Our universe began as a tiny ball of energy even smaller than this full stop. A gigantic explosion caused billions of particles to be thrown out into space.
The particles were sucked together by gravity to make planets and stars. Earth is what we call a Goldilocks planet. It was just the right temperature for life to begin.
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Earth’s oceans were a cauldron of chemicals. These were the perfect ingredients needed to create cells. These tiny molecules are the building blocks that make up living things.
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WorldMags.net Dinosaurs roamed the Earth for millions of years. We call this time the Mesozoic era, when the fearsome T-rex terrorised the planet.
One day, Earth was hit by a massive asteroid. A giant cloud of dust rose up into the sky and blocked out the sunlight. All of the dinosaurs died.
Some animals survived the asteroid crash. During the Mesozoic period, most mammals were smaller than rats. With the dinosaurs gone, they could evolve to become much bigger.
These mammals changed lots over time to become better at surviving and having babies. Groups of ape-like animals eventually evolved to become the first humans.
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WorldMags.net The first humans lived in Africa. They travelled on foot across Europe and Asia, and built boats to cross the oceans to other continents.
During the Ice Age, the Earth was covered with ice and snow. People survived by hunting animals like woolly mammoths and using their fur to keep warm.
Over time, people stopped hunting and started farming instead. They built villages close to rivers and streams. The first houses were made from wood and animal skins.
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WorldMags.net Towns grew into cities, and from these cities developed huge empires that spanned continents.
The Shang dynasty was a family that ruled China for hundreds of years. The emperors lived in beautiful palaces that were decorated with brightly coloured tiles and bronze statues.
Mesopotamia was a great civilisation in the Middle East. It was here that the first large cities were built.
Egyptian rulers were called pharaohs. They built huge stone structures called pyramids and were buried inside them when they died.
The Ancient Greeks were the first people to use democracy. They also built big cities with beautiful buildings. A temple called the Parthenon is still in Greece today!
The Persians were very good warriors. They conquered almost 3 million square miles of land, making it the biggest empire on Earth at the time.
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The Romans were fierce and bloodthirsty. They invaded most of Europe, including Britain. They liked to watch people fight for fun, and even made their slaves fight against lions!
The Celts lived in Britain during the Iron Age. They used iron to make swords, coins and tools.
The Celts were conquered by the Roman army.
Long after the Romans had left Britain, the Vikings came from Scandinavia.
The Vikings sailed over to Britain in fast boats called longships. Some came to trade food and materials. Others came to fight and steal treasure. 16
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In medieval times, people in Europe were organised by something called a feudal system. This meant that lords owned the land and peasants worked on it. The peasants were very poor and many died of hunger.
The Middle Ages ended with the Renaissance. This was a time when science and art became very important. Advancements in medicine and education made life a lot better. Galileo Developed the telescope
Shakespeare Poet and playwright
Da Vinci Inventor and artist
It was at this time that Europeans started exploring the world. They set out on huge ships in search of new land. An explorer called Christopher Columbus travelled to America. 17
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WorldMags.net Before the 1700s, farmers used to sow seeds by hand. A man called Jethro Tull designed a machine that did it for them. New inventions like this helped to make farming much easier.
In Victorian times, more and more people moved away from the countryside and into big cities. Men, women and children worked in factories and coal mines.
The first steam train was invented in 1804. This amazing new form of transport meant that people could travel from city to city much faster.
The first modern car was built at the end of the 1800s. A man called Henry Ford found a way to make them for a very low price. This meant that families could afford them.
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The Wright Brothers designed an enginepowered aeroplane. The first flight only lasted 12 seconds, but soon people were using planes to fly all over the world.
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WorldMags.net World War I raged from 1914 to 1918. World War II broke out in 1939 and lasted until 1945. Life has changed a lot since the war ended, as you can see here…
The USA and Russia raced each other to get the first rocket into space.
In the 1960s, the first man walked on the moon.
Plane tickets became much cheaper, so more families could afford to go on holiday abroad.
Home computers and mobile phones were developed. Britain’s first female Prime Minister was Margaret Thatcher. The invention of the internet changed the way we live. We could now share information all over the world.
Smartphones and social networks like Facebook were created in the 2000s.
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How do you make a planet?
After a star forms, leftover gas and dust particles collide and clump together, attracting more After a star is born, it pieces as they grow. Over leaves behind huge, swirling clouds of dust and gas. millions of years these get Some of these tiny particles bigger and become planets bump into each other and stick together to create larger groups.
Bigger clusters of gas and dust are heavier, so they have a stronger pulling force (gravity). This means they will attract more particles and grow even bigger.
Eventually these become huge rocks several kilometres wide that smash together and form new planets. The energy from these collisions creates enough heat to melt the rocks on the surface.
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WorldMags.net Accretion This is the name that astronomers have given this planet-forming process
There are two kinds of planets: rocky planets with solid surfaces and gas giants with thick atmospheres
Heavy bits like iron sink to form the planet’s core. Because gravity pulls equally in all directions, planets are generally shaped like spheres. Planets that form closer to the stars they orbit around are usually rocky and solid, like Venus, Earth and Mars.
The surface cools to make an outer crust. If the conditions are right, oceans and atmospheres are also able to form. The planet must be just the right distance from the star it orbits around for water to exist.
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What’s inside the Earth?
The second layer is the mantle. This is a rocky substance that’s so thick it makes up about 85% of the total weight of Earth.
The Earth is like an onion: it has many layers. The outer layer is the crust, followed by the mantle, and then the deepest, hottest part of all… the core The Earth’s surface is made up of water, basalt and granite, but the oceans cover most of it. The crust, including the oceans, is less than 100 kilometres deep.
Basalt This is a type of rock that is made when hot lava cools and turns into a solid
The thin, outer rocky layer is called the crust and the oldest rocks are about 4 billion years old. That means Earth is at least as old as that! 22
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WorldMags.net The inner core is shaped like a ball and it’s mostly made of iron. It’s even hotter in this part, but the pressure keeps the inner core from melting.
Melted rock, called magma, rises from deep inside the Earth.
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The solid rock around it forces the magma up to the surface.
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Welcome to the deepest and hottest part of Earth, at more than 4,000 degrees Celsius. It’s mostly made of two metals: iron and nickel.
The magma blasts out of an opening called a central vent.
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What were the first animals? The first animals on Earth were simple creatures like sponges and jellyfish. They evolved in prehistoric oceans over 500 million years ago
Cells are the tiny building blocks that make up every living thing. Fossils of bacteria cells show that life has existed on Earth for over 3.5 billion years.
The first animals appeared 550 million years ago in the form of simple jellyfish, shellfish and sponges. All animals we know today evolved from these basic creatures. An asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs, but smaller animals survived.
Some mammals were able to survive the extinction events that killed most other animals on Earth. Without dinosaurs as predators, they soon evolved to become the most dominant land animals.
Humans have only existed on Earth for 200,000 years.
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WorldMags.net Early fish looked more like worms, but they were the first animals to have backbones. They eventually developed into the fish we know today, from tiny seahorses to terrifying sharks. The time when most animals first appeared is called the Cambrian explosion
Many animals adapted really well to life on the land. Early reptiles and dinosaurs were very successful and dominated the world for over 150 million years.
Some fish’s fins developed into small legs, allowing them to crawl out of shallow swamps. They were called tetrapods (meaning four-legged) and were the first animals to leave the water.
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How big were the dinosaurs?
The first dinosaurs appeared around 230 million years ago. They evolved to be taller than trees, longer than aeroplanes and heavier than a herd of elephants Diplodocus was as long as a train carriage and as heavy as a double decker bus.
Argentinosaurus was as long as three buses and as heavy as a jumbo jet.
Tyrannosaurus rex was as tall as a giraffe and as heavy as an elephant.
rus rex’s Tyrannosau n times bite was te an an th stronger ’s or at allig
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WorldMags.net Sauroposeidon was as tall as a five-storey building and as heavy as a tank.
Brachiosaurus was as tall as eight men stood on top of each other and as heavy as a lorry.
35 mph Estimated speed of the fastest dinosaurs, called the ornithomimids
Spinosaurus was as tall as a cinema screen and as heavy as 20 cars.
Spinosaurus might have been the biggest meat-eating dinosaur eve r. All the bigger dinosaurs ate plants
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How many kinds of dinosaur were there? Dinosaurs ruled Earth for over 100 million years. Around 800 different species have been identified so far. Here are some of the coolest… With a thick, armoured skin covered in spikes, this dinosaur also had a heavy, club-like bone at the end of its tail. It used this as a weapon.
This might have been an even deadlier dinosaur than Tyrannosaurus rex. It was a massive carnivore that preyed on herbivores like Stegosaurus.
This giant ancestor of the modern-day crocodile stood over 1.8 metres tall and measured over 12 metres from nose to tail – that’s longer than a bus!
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WorldMags.net The bony plate on this species’ head was as wide as a car. It sat behind two giant horns that would have been used for self-defence.
Though it wasn’t really a dinosaur, this flying lizard had a huge wingspan. This made it nearly as big as a hang glider.
This carnivore was not much taller than a large turkey, but its sharp hind claws were ideal for attacking even smaller prey. Stegosaurus had big, colourful plates sticking out of its back to keep it cool and protected. These huge plant-eaters were no easy meal for hungry predators.
Herbivore Herbivores only ate plants while carnivores ate meat. Omnivores ate both.
The huge sail of skin running down this creature’s back was used to warm it up or keep it cool. Its sail size also helped Arizonasaurus to attract mates.
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What were early humans like? Our earliest ancestors evolved over millions of years, from ape-like creatures living in trees, to the big-brained modern humans of today ed to We us es! be ap
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When they lived: 4 to 3 million years ago These creatures were more like apes than humans. They could walk and climb trees, but their brains were much smaller than ours.
When they lived: 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago This was one of the earliest human-like species. Homo habilis was among the first to use stone tools such as axes for cutting wood and meat.
When they lived: 2 million to 143,000 years ago Homo erectus’s body was more adapted to walking and running along the ground. This species was alive on Earth for nearly ten times as long we have been around!
Australopithecus afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
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WorldMags.net Stone tools were very useful to early humans. The ability to use tools is a big difference between us and most other animals
" ??,-.?"/'(-?� ? in caves along the southern coast of Africa
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When they lived: 700,000 to 200,000 years ago These early humans had much bigger foreheads and flatter faces than people today. They were one of the first to live in houses and hunt large animals for food.
When they lived: 200,000 years to present Every human being belongs to the species Homo sapiens. Our larger evolved brains helped us hunt and survive in the dangerous environment of early Africa.
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo sapiens
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What did early humans do?
Our Stone Age ancestors used their bigger brains to survive in the wild. They created tools and language to help them become the most successful creatures on Earth
Groups would gather around the camp fire to talk with one another. They shared news, taught skills and made friends.
When fire was discovered, early humans could cook raw food for the first time. Heat made food easier to digest so people grew stronger.
People sharpened stones and bones and fixed them to the ends of long spears. These were used for hunting and fishing.
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WorldMags.net Small wooden shelters were built to protect people from the wind and rain, as well as the blistering heat of the summer.
Babies and very young children needed to be protected from wild animals and taught how to survive.
While our ancestors could hunt smaller creatures up-close, they also threw sharp spears at larger animals from a much safer distance.
Some rocks could be chipped away to make axes. These had sharp edges and a point at the end for cutting meat and other food. 33
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How much ice was there in the Ice Age? 20,000 years ago, the last ice age covered the Earth in ice. In some places it was over four kilometres thick! At their most extreme, the ice sheets covering North America were up to four kilometres thick. That’s the same as 12 Eiffel Towers stood on top of each other!
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Most of northern Europe, including Britain, was totally encased in ice
Just 10% of the Earth is covered in ice today, but it covered around 30% during the Ice Age. The whole planet was colder.
The Earth has had at least five long periods where ice spread across its surface, as well as hundreds of miniature freezes in between.
The Taku Glacier in the USA is a huge, moving chunk of ice left over from the last ice age. It is deeper than 15 Big Bens on top of one another!
30% The amount of land that was covered in ice – 3 times as much as today!
It’s been about 20,000 years since the coldest point of the last big freeze, but we are still in this chilly period.
That’s the difference between a British summer and winter! 35
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When did people start farming? Between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, humans discovered they could grow food instead of hunting for it
Early farmers learned how to take care of animals like cows, sheep and pigs.
Humans used to hunt animals and collect wild plants to eat. They never knew when or where they would find food next. When people learned how to look after crops and animals, they started building homes and villages instead.
Farming didn’t start in one place. Different people in different countries figured out that if seeds from the plants they ate were left on the ground, they started to grow. All they needed was water, soil and patience to make food.
People made flour by crushing grains with stones. This could be used to make bread.
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WorldMags.net Farms meant humans could stay in one place. Before, they always travelled to find food.
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Early farmers had to prepare the ground for seeds. Find an empty patch of soil in a sunny spot and remove any weeds. Use a stick to mix up the soil a little.
02 whea seed t s
The first crops were grains, so try wheat seeds. Poke rows of holes across your patch using your finger or a stick. Pop one seed in each hole and cover with soil.
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The first farmers collected water for their crops from nearby rivers. Look after your crops as they grow. Water them when the soil gets dry and get rid of any weeds.
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Early farmers collected their fullygrown crops by hand. To do this, carefully snap off the top of each plant stem. Or ask an adult to help you with scissors. 39
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Why are towns built where they are? The first towns were built around 10,000 years ago in the Middle East. There was always a good reason for the town’s location
The merchant says…
When people stopped hunting for food and started farming, the first villages began to be built. Soon these villages became towns and cities. The first of these new civilisations were in a place called Mesopotamia, which is now the country of Iraq.
Transport links are important when you work in trade. Being near the sea means I can sail to other places to buy and sell goods.
One of the reasons why some villages grew to become cities over time was because of where they were built. If it was close to water and easy to defend then more people would want to live there. This meant the city could become bigger and more successful.
If Mesopotamia still existed, it would be in a country now called Iraq
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WorldMags.net The soldier says…
Being high up on a hill means I can keep an eye on the land. If there’s any trouble, I can defend the town easily.
The farmer says… The nearby river gives my crops all the nutrition they need to grow big and healthy so that I can sell them in the town centre.
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What did early houses look like? The first houses that humans built were very different to our homes today. Take a look at this typical Iron Age house
Families would live, eat and sleep in one large room.
Walls were made by weaving together branches into panels.
A fire would be lit in the middle of the room for cooking and heating.
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WorldMags.net Smoke would drift out through the thatch so there was no need for a chimney.
Animal pelts 20000 BC Roofs were made from straw, then covered in mud to keep the warmth in.
Early, Ice Age humans lived in caves and shelters built from animal skins.
Mud bricks 5000 BC In the Middle East, mud was baked into bricks to build villages and cities.
Wattle and daub 4000 BC In Europe, walls were weaved from branches and covered in mud.
Clay bricks 1500 BC Bricks were now made from clay, lime and sand.
Concrete 300 BC An early form of concrete was used by the Romans.
Glass windows 16th century Glass windows started to be widely used, but only by the wealthy.
Steel girders 19th century During the Industrial Revolution, people started building with steel. 43
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What were the biggest ancient empires? As towns and cities grew, these new civilisations soon developed into massive empires. These are some of the most powerful…
First Persian Empire Around 559-330 BC Greatest leader Darius I Military might How big was it? Darius’s empire was huge. It was almost as big as today’s United States.
Empire
Macedonian Empire Around 808-167 BC Greatest leader Alexander the Great Military might How big was it? At its biggest, the Macedonian Empire was so big that you could fit Great Britain into it 22 times over!
This is a big group of countries that are ruled by one very powerful leader
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Han dynasty 206 BC-220 AD Greatest leader Emperor Wu Military might How big was it? This ancient Chinese empire was over six million square kilometres – that’s six times bigger than all the Scandinavian countries combined!
Roman Empire 27 BC-476 AD
Mauryan Empire
Greatest leader Augustus Military might How big was it? At its biggest, the Roman Empire covered an area more than half the size of Europe.
322-185 BC Greatest leader Ashoka the Great Military might How big was it? The Mauryan Empire was twice as big as India is today.
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Seven amazing things about Ancient Egypt The Ancient Egyptians built magnificent monuments, had tons of treasure, and even believed in magic
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WorldMags.net Egypt is a hot, sandy country found in the desert of north Africa
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What’s the difference between pyramids and ziggurats? Pyramids were built by the Egyptians while ziggurats were built in many different countries. Both types were in use from around 5,000 years ago
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How did the alphabet start? In around 1,700 BC, workers in Egypt started to use a script to communicate. Over thousands of years this developed into the first alphabet
1100 BC
1700 BC
The Phoenician alphabet followed in the same region
The Middle East gave birth to the ProtoCanaanite alphabet
Ox head House ing Throw stick
Fish
A man calling
Pin
70% The amount of the world’s population uses an alphabet based on the early Latin
Arm
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WorldMags.net The following word is written with Phoenician letters from more than 3,000 years ago. Can you figure out what it is?
Try this challenge and you could win a free issue Email us with your answer See page 9
Today
The alphabet we use today evolved from Latin
es Sometim an h t e r o m er one lett e m o c n ca e from th same symbol
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1700 BC
1100 BC
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Snake
Try writing your name out in the different alphabets. What does it look like?
r Wate
Eye
ead A man’s h
Plant
Hieroglyphs The name given to the Ancient Egyptian symbols that were used for writing
Bow
Weapon
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Today
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When did we start using money? Money was first used by humans more than 4,000 years ago, but it wasn’t money like we know it. Iron rods, barley and even shells were used to buy everyday goods Spade coin China 800-700 BC Some ancient Chinese coins were shaped like knives or spades.
Salt Italy 2200 BC The Romans paid soldiers’ wages in salt packs – that’s where the word ‘salary’ comes from.
Peng China 1500 BC Cowrie shells were believed to be valuable in Ancient China. Ten cowries were called one ‘peng’.
Wu Zhu money
Knossos drachma
China 100 AD The ancient Chinese people also used coins with square holes in them. This meant they could hang the coins on a necklace for safe keeping.
Greece 400 BC The Greeks told each other many fantastic stories. This coin shows their famous tale of a mythical maze.
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Knife money
Solidus
China 600 BC Bronze knife coins were invented in Ancient China. A prince was running out of money, so he used knives to pay his soldiers instead.
Byzantine Empire 900 AD The Byzantines ruled the Mediterranean for a thousand years after the Romans.
Key coin China 9 AD Chinese money took many different forms, including keys. Imagine trying to open your door with this!
Stater Asia Minor 700 BC Most of our coins are perfect circles. But before machines were invented, coins were hammered by hand.
3 metres The size of the discs of stone used by the people of Micronesia as money
Dolphin teeth Solomon Islands Date unknown To the tribes of Malaita island, dolphin teeth are more valuable than the dollar. 57
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Sports of the ancient Olympics The Ancient Greeks invented the Olympic Games over 2,500 years ago. Only Greek-speaking free men could enter the games and they often competed naked!
To win an Olympic wrestling match in Ancient Greece, a competitor had to throw his opponent successfully to the ground three times. Wrestlers weren’t allowed to bite each other, although breaking fingers was allowed.
Greek vases like this show us what the sports were like. This one portrays a race called the Hoplitodromos. In this race, the athletes would run wearing heavy armour and carrying shields and weapons.
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The Ancient Greeks had four running events in the Olympic Games, with distances that ranged from 192 metres to over 4,000 metres. For one of these races, the competitors wore full battle armour!
The ‘javelin’ was a length of wood nearly two metres long with a sharpened end. Those who took part in this event clasped the javelin at its base and threw it like a spear as far as they could until it stuck in the ground. The furthest javelin-thrower won.
Like today’s Olympic Games, long-jumpers in the ancient Olympics ran up to a line in the sand and tried to jump as far as they could. Unlike today, they also had weights called ‘halteres’ in their hands, which they used to increase the distance of their jump.
The discus was another throwing event that still exists in today’s Olympic Games. Competitors in the discus would throw a plate-like disc of stone or metal by spinning around on the spot and releasing it at just the right moment. 59
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Gods of the Ancient Greeks The Ancient Greeks worshipped lots of gods and goddesses. There was a god or a goddess for almost everything, including love, war and wisdom
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How fast was a Roman chariot?
These horse-drawn carriages were used by the Romans for war and racing over 2,000 years ago. Racing chariots were super fast! Experts have guessed that these racing carriages would speed around a Roman stadium at up to 50 kilometres per hour. That’s the speed that modern cars travel around town at! They were able to work this out because they know how fast horses are, how heavy the chariots were and how long the racetracks were.
Bigae The Roman name for chariot pulled by two horses. Quadrigae had four horses
The chariots soldiers used were strong and heavy. Racing chariots were built from wood and woven sticks, so they were much lighter and faster. Charioteers had to be skilled drivers, as the tracks were sandy and had tight corners. This meant that deadly crashes between contestants could happen easily.
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WorldMags.net The riders were protected by leather helmets and shin pads. They wore coloured team tunics and held a whip and a knife.
Horses were bred especially for the races. There were two-horse chariots, like this one, and four-horse chariots, which were even faster!
Chariots were made as lightweight and agile as possible to help cornering and speed. They were built out of wood. 63
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16 gross things about the Romans
The Romans are famous for their amazing army and astounding architecture, but they could be a pretty disgusting bunch too… 01 The Romans used sea sponges on long sticks called ‘spongia’ to wipe their bottoms after going to the toilet. If it was being used or there wasn’t one available, you could always use a piece of moss or a leaf instead.
03 A dormouse
was a snack
A popular snack was dormice, which were often served roasted in honey.
prevent illness and disease. Unfortunately, anaesthetics hadn’t been invented so these operations were done while the poor patient was still awake.
shells of animals. If that wasn’t enough, you could wash your mouth with wee, another Roman tradition.
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04 The rich would lie down and eat until they were stuffed. It was common practice to then throw
02 The Romans attempted to carry out medical operations to cure and
Some gruesome ingredients were used to keep their teeth clean. Toothpaste They accidentally could be made poisoned themselves out of anything from mouse A toxic metal called lead was brains to the used as make-up. hooves and
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07 WorldMags.net 13 They didn’t 10 A haircut was a painful experience
Roman hairdressers pulled beard hairs out one by one!
up the food and start eating again. However, a ‘vomitorium’ was a name for an exit and not, in fact, a place to be sick.
wash much
Gladiators were the celebrities of Ancient Rome and many stories have been told about them. One of the oddest must be the belief that gladiator blood could cure diseases such as epilepsy.
11 If blood wasn’t bad enough, women wore the sweat of gladiators as a fragrance. They believed that it improved their skin and made them prettier and healthier.
12 08 The Roman dinner would include snails fattened on milk, peacocks’ brains, flamingos’ tongues, hares and pigeons. The flour that made the bread sometimes picked up dust and dirt, which made it wear down people’s teeth.
Not only did they wash their mouths out with it, but the Romans also cleaned their clothes with urine. They thought the ammonia that’s in wee cleaned all the muck and grime really well. They then dried out the
09 Romans used metal to clean themselves Romans scraped their bodies clean with a small metal tool called a ‘strigil’.
Romans, especially the poor, would visit the baths once every nine days.
wet, stinking clothes in the heat of the Mediterranean sun.
14 The Romans knew a lot about medicine for the time. But they would treat headaches by cutting a hole in the middle of the patient’s skull to release evil spirits. If that wasn’t bad enough, remember it was done without painkillers.
15 Goat fat was a hair colouring Goat fat was used to dye your hair red and blonde.
16 Far from being private like today, toilets in Ancient Rome were an open public place where citizens came to socialise as they did their business. Even more gruesomely, boys used large pottery jars on the corners of city streets. 67
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How long is the Great Wall of China? The Great Wall of China was built to defend the country from invasion. It is 21,196 kilometres long – the longest structure ever built! The Great Wall of China started being built in 200 BC. It’s now so long that it could go around the Moon twice! The earliest part of the wall was constructed from earth and wood. As soon as stone bricks became available, they were added to the wall to make it even stronger.
Some people say that the wall is so big you can see it from Space. But astronaut crews that have orbited the Earth found this simply isn’t true.
The Great Wall of China is really made up of lots of smaller walls. The section in this picture is in a place called Badaling
In the 1300s, a Chinese royal family called the Ming dynasty made the battlements higher and built watchtowers to protect China from invaders called the Mongols. One million soldiers would defend the wall against the raiders from the north. Some parts of the wall were so wide that chariots could be driven across it!
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The wall was so long that the only way to communicate along it was to send smoke signals. These signals were used when the wall was under attack. More smoke meant more enemies!
It took over 300,000 soldiers and 500,000 workers to build the wall. That’s nearly 1 million people! It was very dangerous work, and many died doing it
The Great Wall is built along what used to be China’s northern border
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Ancient China
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The first fireworks 1,200 years ago, the Chinese discovered that a substance called sulphur could be used to create huge explosions. These fireworks were used in battle
Sulphur Sulphur is a natural element that burns a bright blue when - .?)(??,
The fireworks we watch today are still based on the same science
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WorldMags.net Putting fireworks on sticks made them shoot outward
The first fireworks were used to shoot arrows in battle
Fireworks were a weapon of war
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How did Vikings raid? Around 1,200 years ago, the Vikings launched surprise attacks from the sea. They stole animals, gold and even people in savage raids
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Who were the richest people in the world ever? All through history, there are some people who made massive piles of treasure or money. Here’s a list of the richest people who ever lived! Mansa Musa I Lived 700 years ago How much money would he have today? £240 billion / $400 billion Mansa Musa I was the ruler of the West African Malian Empire. He got his money from the empire’s huge salt and gold trade.
Cleopatra Lived: 2,000 years ago
Henry, Duke of Lancaster Lived 700 years ago How much money would he have today? £50 billion / $85 billion Henry inherited valuable farm land from his father. He then made loads more money by helping the king, and was rewarded with more land!
How much money would she have today? £62 billion / $106 billion Cleopatra was the Queen of Egypt. Ancient stories say that she once dissolved precious pearls into vinegar and drank them with her dinner. Now that’s rich!
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58 years old How much money does he have today? £81 billion / $136 billion Bill Gates started up Microsoft in 1975. He made billions of dollars by making computers, computer programs and lots of other cool technology.
World of Wealth
$10,000 The largest US bank note ever to be used. It was issued in 1939
John D Rockefeller Lived 80 years ago How much money would he have today? £200 billion / $340 billion USA’s first billionaire was John D Rockefeller. He made his money from a massive oil empire, but gave over $530 million to charity too!
William the Conqueror Lived 1,000 years ago How much money would he have today? £137 billion / $230 billion Will became King of England when he won the Battle of Hastings. He made everyone pay him lots of money in tax.
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That’s how long !)?* )*& ??,-.? started using coins
Half full If Mansa Musa’s gold was put in an Olympic-sized swimming pool, it would be half full
22 blue whales The same weight as all of the gold stored at Fort Knox Bullion Depository in the United States
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What’s inside a medieval castle?
Lead-coated roofs were waterproof and fireproof.
Medieval castles were built around 1,000 years ago. They were designed for defence, which made them perfect homes for the nobles and royals to rule from Moats were ditches that surrounded the castle. Most of them were full of water, but some were dry and could be filled with sharp spikes.
Round tower Stone walls
The drawbridge could be raised by ropes or chains to stop attackers getting in. Without the bridge, enemies were not able to cross the moat. The toilets in a castle were often just pipes that led down to the moat below. Now that’s somewhere you wouldn’t want to go for a swim!
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Bedrooms
High up on the wa lls, soldiers kept watch for at tacks
Guests were entertained in this room.
This open space within the castle walls was full of activity. Soldiers’ rooms, animal stables and workshops for making swords and armour were found here.
Kitchen
A well was used to provide everyone in the castle with water. This was essential to survival if they were ever surrounded in a siege. Prisoners were held in one of the tower rooms or in an underground jail. These places made it very difficult to escape without being seen.
Supplies and equipment were stored here.
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Medieval knights vs Although they never actually fought each other, knights and samurai were both heroic warriors of their time who followed strict rules
A helmet protected a knight’s head but limited their vision.
Wood or metal shields were used to defend against direct hits from spears.
Knights of medieval Europe were talented and fearless. They trained for years and were loyal to the lords they fought for. Knights were trained to ride and fight on horseback.
These colours, symbols and designs were unique to each knight.
Metal armour protected against many deadly weapons, but was incredibly heavy.
Medieval knights would compete in dangerous jousting tournaments for entertainment.
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Japanese samurai Samurai soldiers wore soft, loose clothes beneath their heavy metal armour.
The samurai of Japan had legendary sword skills and were masters of martial arts. They served important landowners called ‘daimyo’.
Large helmets were often decorated with symbols to show status. Samurai armour was made from lots of overlapping metal scales.
Sharp swords called ‘katana’ could slice a man in half!
Samurai would carry two swords, one long and one short.
Simple, light shoes allowed samurai to be quick on their feet.
Armour was flexible so samurai could move easily while fighting.
Iron plates tied around the lower legs protected their shins.
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The life of a Medieval princess Being a princess in the Middle Ages wasn’t as exciting as it looks in movies. They had complicated lives controlled by the king’s decisions
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The youngest age that some princesses were forced to marry at
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What was the Renaissance? The Renaissance was a time when there were big changes in European culture. People had lots of new ideas and were much more creative
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The world’s smartest person Leonardo da Vinci lived 500 years ago. He was a talented artist, inventor and scientist. His ideas are still impressive even in the modern day. Born in Italy in 1452, Leonardo da Vinci lived in what is known as the Renaissance period – a time that led to important changes in art and science. Leonardo had a lonely childhood. It is perhaps due to spending so much time alone, reading books and discovering nature, that he became so smart.
The Ornithopter He is best known for producing worldfamous paintings like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. But Leonardo da Vinci achieved so much more in many other areas, including science, technology, mathematics, music and writing. Many of his inventions were so advanced that they were impossible to actually make at the time they were designed.
Why was it so clever? A humanpowered flying device based on birds and bats Leonardo designed, and some believe built, a flying machine. It had wings that flapped like those of a bird.
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facts about Leonardo Da Vinci
WorldMags.net Leonardo never went to school
Leonardo’s parents were never married
The inventor really loved water!
Leonardo was a vegetarian
The genius wrote backward
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Explorers
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Who discovered the world?
Explorers crossed continents and oceans to learn more about the world around them. They would travel for The ships of Christopher Columbus weeks, months and even These three ships were used by years to discover new lands Columbus on his first voyage. The Pinta This is Spanish for ‘pint’. The ship was the fastest of the three.
The Niña This was Columbus’s favourite ship. It was also the smallest.
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The Santa Maria This was the largest of Columbus’s ships, but also the slowest. It was shipwrecked when it hit a coral reef.
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The king with six wives Henry VIII was king of England 500 years ago. He is one of the most famous kings because he married six different wives, and chopped the heads off two of them! In the 1500s, rulers married for lots of different reasons. One of the most important reasons was so that the king and queen could have a son to inherit the crown. Marriage was also a way for countries to make friends and alliances, so royal women from other countries were often chosen to be the king’s wife.
Henry also married women he fell in love with. But if he fell out with his wife or she didn’t give birth to a son, the marriage could end in divorce. This would have been a huge scandal at the time. In fact, he was so displeased with two of his wives that he had them beheaded!
Henry used to love jousting with knights until he hurt his leg in a tournament. After that he got quite fat!
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Divorced
Beheaded
Age when she married Henry: 23 From: Spain Henry’s first marriage lasted 24 years, but he divorced Catherine when all of their sons died. They did have one surviving child, though – the future Queen Mary I.
Age when she married Henry: 32 From: England Anne and Henry married in secret just months before the birth of their only child, the future Elizabeth I. Anne was executed in 1542, as Henry said she was unfaithful.
Divorced
Beheaded
Age when she married Henry: 24 From: Germany Henry and Anne didn’t meet before they were married. Henry thought she was ugly and divorced her seven months later. He gave her a castle to live in though.
Age when she married Henry: 19 From: England Henry was almost 30 years older than Kathryn. Like Anne Boleyn, she was accused of being unfaithful and was beheaded at the Tower of London.
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Age when she married Henry: 28 From: England Jane had been a lady in waiting for Anne Boleyn when Henry fell in love with her. She died while giving birth to a baby boy a year after their marriage.
Survived
Age when she married Henry: 31 From: England Henry’s sixth and final wife would outlive the king, who died just three years after their marriage. She got on very well with all of Henry’s children.
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Who was the youngest king of all time? Alfonso XIII of Spain was the youngest-ever king, but the most famous child ruler was actually France’s Louis XIV who was king at just four years old – and that wasn’t the only reason he was so renowned…
As the king of France, Louis had great power over his subjects. The symbol of the Sun showed his importance.
During Louis XIV’s reign, France fought many wars with the Netherlands and other neighbours in order to capture territory.
Though it was unusual for the time, Louis loved to act and dance in plays. He often played the part of the Ancient Greek god, Apollo.
At four years old most of us are just starting school. But when his father died, Louis was crowned King of France instead!
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WorldMags.net Most other kings ruled through groups of ministers, but Louis XIV decided to control everything himself. He made all the big decisions for the country almost on his own.
The world of Louis XIV
72 years and 110 days Louis XIV was King of France for nearly his entire life. He died at 76, which was very old for the time.
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Louis hired over 40 wigmakers to make him sets of false hair. It was fashionable for men to wear wigs in the 1600s, but it didn’t help that he started going bald at 17!
When Louis XIV was king, France became very powerful and produced many famous artists.
Philippe was Louis’s younger brother by two years. He became the Duke of Orléans at the age of 20.
£1,200,000,000
Louisiana, one of the states of the USA, was named after the French king by French explorers.
He spent a fortune building the Palace of Versailles. This is one of the grandest buildings in Europe. It would have cost billions of pounds in today’s money. 93
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How Native Americans lived Before the Europeans discovered North America, it was home to the American Indians. Each group, or ‘tribe’, had their own way of life, but none needed modern technology to get by
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Real-life outlaws of the Wild West
These infamous criminals lived in America in the 1800s. They robbed banks, hijacked trains and had bloody shoot-outs
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$5,000 The reward that was offered for capturing Jesse James dead or alive!
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Five most bloodthirsty pirates Throughout history these fearsome felons have terrorised the world’s oceans. Pirates captured ships and stole the treasure, killing anyone who stood in their way
Black Bart
François l’Olonnais
Lived from 1682-1722
Lived from 1635-1668
Born in Wales Black Bart was one of the most successful pirates to sail the seven seas. He was famous for being ‘pistol-proof’, and looted over 400 ships during his lifetime.
Born in France Stories say that this bloodthirsty pirate once ate a man’s heart. But he became dinner himself when he was captured by a tribe of people who wanted to eat him… CANNIBALS!
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WorldMags.net Long Ben Looting
Lived from 1659-1696
This is another word for stealing. Pirates stole gold and guns from other ships
Born in England Long Ben became the richest pirate in the world when he captured an Indian treasure ship that was laden with gold and jewels.
Ching Shih
Blackbeard
Lived from 1775-1844
Lived from 1680-1718
Born in China This lady took control of a pirate fleet when her husband died. With 300 ships and 20,000 men, she terrorised the China Sea and was never defeated.
Born in England This famous and fearsome pirate would storm onto ships with a sword in each hand, and even tied flaming fuses to his hat to scare his enemies.
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How did a pointillist artist paint? Georges Seurat was a French artist who painted with thick dots of oil paint 130 years ago. You can re-create his masterpieces using a packet of felt-tip pens Try to make sure all the dots are about the same size, so that the image looks tidier. Instead of using black for the darker areas, try using a mix of blues, greens and reds.
Using dots to paint was given the name pointilism. At first, other artists made fun of it.
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WorldMags.net The French artist Georges Seurat was fascinated by the science behind art. He was particularly curious about how the human eye saw two different colours when they were put close together. In the 1800s, most artists were working with oil paints and mixing the colours they wanted to use, but Seurat was different.
He worked with oil paints too, but unlike other artists and their sweeping brush strokes, Seurat simply used dots of paint. He relied on the human eye to blend them together to make different colours when seen from a distance. Learn how to create your own Seurat masterpieces using your felt-tip pens.
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With your pencil, carefully sketch the outline of the thing you want to draw. Don’t press too hard, because you’ll need to rub it out later.
The darker dots are where the shadows fall. Begin adding these, mixing colours as you go. Try to hide as much white paper as you can!
Get your felt-tips and start adding the brightly coloured dots. For really bright areas, you can let more white paper show through.
Now all the dots are in, you can rub out the pencil outline. Add a colourful background and any lastminute dots if it needs them. 101
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What was the first train?
The first steam train was built in 1804, 25 years later Robert Stephenson built Stephenson’s Rocket. Its design inspired engineers to build the trains you see today
Water barrel
Coal
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WorldMags.net In 1829, a race was held to find the best steam engine in England. The winning locomotive would run on a new railway line between Manchester and Liverpool. An engineer named Robert Stephenson and his father, George, decided to enter their design, the Rocket, into the competition. To their delight, it easily won first place. During the race, Stephenson’s Rocket reached 47 kilometres
per hour, at the time this was a great achievement. The other steam engines only had one or two tubes to carry hot gases from the firebox to the boiler. The Rocket had 25. This meant that steam could be made much faster, giving more power to the engine. Stephenson’s amazing design changed the way trains were made for ever.
Steam from the boiling water made the piston move up and down. This was connected to the wheels and made them turn.
Exhaust gases rose up and out of the chimney. As the Rocket moved, it left behind a trail of smoke.
Inside the firebox were burning coals. These gave off hot gases to heat the water in the boiler. Buffer
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What are the most amazing vehicles ever made? Discover the biggest, the fastest, the largest and the most deadly vehicles made in the last 100 years
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What was the first ever…
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What was the first computer? The first electronic computer that was able to perform lots of different functions was called ENIAC. It was built in America in 1943, during World War II
Crazy computers! It would take ENIAC
2 HOURS
to solve a complicated problem that would take a scientist 100 years to answer! Electronics have improved a lot since the 1940s.
Happy
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Now a singing birthday card has the same computing power that ENIAC did.
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WorldMags.net time were ters at the Other compu parts like g in d had mov an l ca ni made ha mec onic, which C was electr IA EN hines. s. ac m ar ge an older es faster th it 1,000 tim
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The number of times faster an iPad is compared .)?." ??,-.? computer
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What was trench warfare?
100 years ago in World War I, Europe was plunged into war. Modern weapons meant both sides had to dig trenches in the mud for protection
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What was rationing in World War II? World War II broke out in 1939 and the fighting made it hard to bring food into Britain. People had to eat a lot less and food was rationed
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How did we land on the Moon?
In 1969, America became the first country to send men to the Moon. They relied on the Saturn V rocket to get them there
Each backpack contained 4.5 hours worth of oxygen. The air would be fed into the space suit through connected tubes.
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4 The number of days it took the Saturn V to travel from Earth to the Moon
The Saturn V rocket was 110 metres high, which is the same as 25 double-decker buses stacked on top of each other
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How far have we explored? We’ve walked on the Moon and sent robots to Mars, but the furthest thing we’ve sent to space is the Voyager 1 spacecraft at the edge of our Solar System
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The distance that Voyager 1 can travel every SECOND – now that’s fast!
Humans have travelled to the Moon, rover robots have driven on the surface of Mars, but no one has ever travelled as far as the Voyager 1 probe. This pilotless spacecraft launched in 1977 and is still going. It is remotely controlled from Earth and it sends information back for scientists to study. 117
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How have things changed? Family life has been transformed in the last 50 years. We eat different food, have different jobs and play different games. Can you spot any more differences? 1955
There were no electronic games or computers in the 50s. Kids played with toys like Lego, dolls and board games, which are still popular today!
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Televisions were invented in the 1920s, but they were very expensive. Most families couldn’t afford one. They listened to the ‘wireless’ instead.
By 1975 different foods were being imported from all over the world. Most families could afford a TV. Toys like this Etch A Sketch were very popular.
WorldMags.net 1975
20 years later, it was normal for mums to go out to work. Electronic games like Game Boys had been invented, and the internet was on the rise.
1995
Most mums didn’t have jobs. They stayed at home to do housework and look after the children. These days nearly everyone owns a smartphone or an iPad. This means we can connect to the internet anywhere we want! We eat a lot more healthily, too.
Today
Rationing in the Second World War meant that families had to eat a lot less. Now that war was over, food was plentiful again.
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Who can change the world? Lots of people have the power to make a difference to the world we live in. Some of them are rich and powerful, but many are the ordinary folk all around you
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g verythin e t u o b ld quiz a the wor The big in d e n r happe 127 that eve Answers on page
Pick the right one 01 A Tyrannosaurus rex was as heavy as a… Page 26
05 Which of these famous pirates was ‘pistol-proof’ Page 98
a. Elephant b. Giraffe c. Blue whale
a. Blackbeard b. Black Bart c. Long Ben
02 The Greek god of the underworld was called… Page 61
06 How many men did Billy the Kid murder? Page 96
a. Hermes b. Hades c. Brian
a. 21 b. 42 c. 12
03 The ditch around a medieval castle is a…
07 What was the first train called?
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a. Well b. Moat c. Dungeon
a. The 5.15 b. The Express c. The Rocket
04 Which country did Christopher Columbus NOT travel to? Page 87
08 The rocket used to land on the Moon was… Page 114
a. Jamaica b. Cuba c. Finland
a. Saturn V b. Jupiter X c. Pluto II
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WorldMags.net Spot the mistakes
This Roman chariot has borrowed 3 items from another time in history. Can you spot the things he shouldn’t have?
Fill in the blanks Follow the clues to complete the words 01 A flying lizard Page 29
04 Name for a Roman soldier’s spear Page 64
P _ er _ _ o _ o _
P_l_m
02 The roof of an early house Page 43
05 The richest man in history
T _ at _ _ ed
_a_s_M__a
03 A wonder from Ancient Egypt Page 46
06 The king with six wives
S____x
H_ _r_
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Do you know? Test what you’ve learned! All the answers to the questions below can be found in this issue.
01 What are the two types of planet? Page 21
06 What’s the proper name for a samurai sword? Page 79
02 Who was buried inside an Egyptian pyramid? Page 50
03 What did woolly mammoths mostly eat?
07 Who built his own telescope? Page 83
Page 37
08 How did Henry VIII’s second wife die? Page 91
04 Who was the Persian Empire’s greatest leader?
09 What was the first videogame console called?
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05 What type of mice did Romans eat for a snack?
10 What year was the first Moon landing?
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WorldMags.net Word hunt Can you find the ten words from the history of the world hidden in the grid below?
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WorldMags.net Out of order
Buildings
Can you number these objects 1, 2, 3 and 4 in historical order?
Pyramid
Modern house
Medieval castle
Astronaut
Roman soldier
Wild West outlaw
Pirate
Saturn V
Roman chariot
Mansa Musa I
Henry VIII
Vehicles
Jobs
Iron Age house
Famous People
Stephenson’s Rocket Wright Flyer
Butch Cassidy
Bill Gates
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Get the answer in the next issue of How It Works Illustrated
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REWARD Un-muddle the name on this wanted poster to reveal the outlaw an d claim your reward! Pick the right one 1.A, 2.B, 3.B, 4.C, 5.B, 6.A, 7.C, 8.A Out of time He’s wearing sunglasses There’s a wing mirror on the chariot The wheels have tyres
3. Grass 4. Darius I 5. Dormice 6. Katana 7. Leonardo Davinci 8. She was beheaded 9. Magnavox Odyssey 10. 45 Word search
Fill in the blanks 1. Pteranodon 2. Thatched 3. Sphinx 4. Pilum 5. Mansa Musa 6. Henry Do you know... 1. Rocky and gas 2. A pharaoh or king
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Un-muddle the name Out of order Buildings 1. Pyramid 2. Iron Age house 3. Medieval castle 4. Modern house Jobs 1. Roman soldier 2. Pirate 3. Wild West outlaw 4. Astronaut D R A T I O N S V V K Y F
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