Osprey, Men-at-Arms #061 The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1977) OCR 8.12

'y. ~IE:'\-.\T-,\R~ISSERIES

The eportuguese~rmy ofthe

llpoleonic 'Wars Tnt by OTTO VON PI\'K.\ Colollr plates by ~IICH,\EL ROFFE

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES EDITOR: MARTIN WI

DROW

The 'Portuguese rufrmy ofthe llpoleonic 'Wars Text by

OTTO VON PIVKA

Colour plates by

MICHAEL ROFFE

OSPREY PUBLISHING LIMITED

r

Published in 1977 by Osprey Publishin~ Ltd, 12 14 Long Acre, London WC2E gLP Member Company of the George Philip Group Copyright 1977 Osprey Publishing LId ~

This book is copyrighted under the Berne Convention. All rights reser\'M. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, rest:arch, criticism or review, as permilled under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part orlhis publication may be reproduced, sIored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, dectrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, \\i'hout the prior ~nnission orthe copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers.

ISBN

0

8504-5 251

I

filmsel by BAS Printers Limited, Wallop. Hampshire Printed in Hong Kong

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1he 'P01111KlleJe uftlllY oftlte:l\f!!Joleollir

mrs

ChrOJlO/OKJ' PORTUGAL'S PART 1:-1 THE PENINSULAR WAR, 1800--1813

1806 ~O\'. ~apoleon issues his Berlin Decrees, closing evcry port on the coastline of Continental Europe 10 British trade, in an attempt [0 achieve by blockade what he failed loachicvc by naval action. Apart from Sweden the only nation likely to jib 31 Ihese demands is Portugal. During 1806 and 1807 >:apolcon's demands on the House of Braganc;a increase; it is clear that only complete domina lion will satisfy him ultimately. Simultaneously he works to increase his grip on the ailing Spanish monarchy. 1807 Oct. Nov. JUllolleads a French army of 30,000 men through Spain - with Spanish agreement - 10 invade Portugal. Although much weakened by winter forced marches they take Lisbon in November without a fight. Portu· gucse leaders, including the Prince Regent, take ship for their Brazilian possessions leaving the nation wit haul a focus for resistance, although the will is there. 1808 Early A token Spanish rorceassists.Junol in the occupation of Portugal. The weak army is halfdisbanded, halfabsorbed into Napoleon's forces. In May the Portuguese Legion is formed at Grenoble, under the Marquis of Aloroa, comprising five regiments of foot and twO of horse with a small artillery unit. In the same month Spain finally rises against the thinly disguised occupation by French troops. 1808 May .July One of the Spanish divisions inJunot's army dcfC(;ts, and the other has to be

Police p.rd of Li.bo.. (I"ft) and .rmed pe..... t frOD> w. Bradford'. Sk~ldl~. oj MililAry Co.'OIm. i" SpAi" ••d PortW.fAl, ,8'4' TbeJuard we." an .rmypaue", .b.a.ko witb black phlme; yeUow conb. frollt ptste .ad peak (tlte latter .urely ...... errorl) aDd yeUow cbi....tnp. The royal blue_t baa red f.cial. edled yellow, tbe blue trOUllen. yenow .tripe. In ..ddition to a .. inIantrr mu.kel he earn... two piatolt in .. buB' bolster and ....bre 1ft. black scabbard Oft .. buB' -utMh. Co idtrlnl that Itia mu.ket i. cocked, he .hows .dm.i... ..ble .ffroidUt leaJtUtI Oft iu tnu:nle! The.rmed pnaaat of the Alprve wean brown coat "Dd t~H" trimmed dark I"'ft'. «-iten of the ..me colou", lilbe blue lIocltia1l:a, wb.ite buttons, wb.ite Mit., and "Irey Ir..tc_t rolL Hi. black hat has dark «reeD trim ....d tuft and • red cockade held by .. wb.ile butttm

Officer of ED!u.een aDd officer of .6th lor.... try ReF-merit, (",ID Bradford'. SkdellcM. Bradford .how. almo.t aU hi. '(II,," wllb the slaplar blue-withUl_red cock.de j ... 1vi.ible .1 the bue of the Id't......d officer'. pluml'. A colour ~I_ mall orth", _rioeer offieer will be foouu:l 00 Plate C, oote the gille-head ab..., hilt, with. c:baia from bee..k I. c .... ..,..ro. TIle u.r....u·,. OffiCff has I{old cord...hako plale., t.ce aDd aDd bUII_•. Hi, dark blue COAI.bas red e..8'. and o;:oUar, &lid whhe t .....back. &ad (roDl pipiaJ. Hi. bell i. whiu', wilh • .ilnr plale wilb • noised lold devicej IU, ....h ~ red with siI_r friAl"- nus bn-d froatal oa the c:_ltI of Bradford's •• bj","- ill divi.ioaaJ eo our, i• • bH.1 fro.... odtu _rc:etI ••d, a. DiA;.u.... who .I>ow COB~tioaa1

piei.a,

a&ITOW

plpm,

disarmed.

Communications with French Spain are cut. In June there are risings in the Algarve and the Opono region. By lateJune the French army is concentrated in a defensive perimeter linking Almeida, Elvas, Peniche, Setubal and Lisbon. By mid-July the army is further confined in the area AbrantesLisbon-Peniche-Setubal, but continues to mount flying columns to subdue patriots in the surrounding countryside. In lateJuly one such force crushes resistance at Evora with great brutality. aUlhoriti~ in

1808 23 July The surrender of General Dupont's army of 17,600 to Andalusian forces at BA YLEN lends new heart to the Spanish insurrection. The French PUppel king of Spain, Joseph Bonaparte, panics prematurely and withdraws all French forces north of the Ebro. 1808 I August British troops commanded by Sir At/hur Wellesley land at Mondego Bay in Portugal. Arter negotiations some 1,600 Portuguese patriot troops join his force - others are offered, but he is unable to provision them from the limited logistic resources at his command. 1808 17 Aug. Anglo-Portuguese force drives in weak French blocking force under Dc1aborde at ROLICA and continues to advance south. 1808 21 Aug. Wellesley's army, in position at VIMIERO to cover landing of reinforcements in the mouth of the Maceiro river, wins a defensive victory over Junor's army, which it outnumbers by approximately 18,650 to 13,000 men. The 2,000 POrtuguese troops present are not engaged, however. 1808 Sept. The Convention of Sintra is concluded by Wellesley's superior, Sir Hew

Dalrymple; under its termsJunot is evacuated in British ships, taking his arms and booty. This pact enrages the British people and their politicians and Wellesle)', Dalrymple and Sir Harry Burrard are recalled. Wellesley is later exonerated but in the meantime SirJohn Moore takes over British forces in the Peninsula. ept.-IBogJan. Moore is ordered to ad1808 vance into Spain to cooperate with Spanish armies; but the lack ofeffecti\'e liaison and the prGgTcssive defeat of Spanish forces by the French leave him isolated. He is forced to continue a hopeless campaign by political pressure; but after a victory over French cavalry in a skirmish at Sahagun on 21 December Moore learns that greatly superior French forces - including a column led by Napoleon in person - are converging on him and is forced to break for the coast at Corunna. The army disintegrates under the gruelling conditions; it partly redeems itself by its defensive victory at CORUNNA on 16 January IBog, to cover its own embarkation. Moore is killed in action. IBog Mar. Portugal requests aid in reorganizing her forces, and William Ca" Beresford sails from Britain to take up this task, with the local rank of marshal. (He is recommended by Wellesley, who was first offered the post but declined it.) Wellesley is requested to report to the government on the chances of defending Portugal against the inevitable French reinvasion and states that he is confident of success if given 20,000 men, authority over the Portuguese army, and thecontinuingdistraction of Spanish patriot resistance. 1809 22 Apr. Wellesley returns to Portugal as commander-in-chief, charged with defending the country. Reinforcements bring British forces up (0 approximately 3°,000. By the time he arrives Sault has occupied the northern half of the country down to Oporto, but has advanced no farther south. IBog May Wellesley sends Beresford northeast to block Sault's possible retreat eastwards, with 4,200 Portuguese and 1,800 British lroops. He hjmself leaves Coimbra on the 8th, with 16,000 British and 2,400 POrtuguese, and strikes

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due north for Oporto. On the 12th he crosses the Duero and dri,·es Soult from OPORTO; the French retreat to the border, \\ hich they crosson the 18th. Portuguese units invoked arc: 2nd Bn. 16th Line Infamry (Sontag's Brigade); 1st Bn./ 10th Line Infantry (Alexander Campbell's Brigade); 1St Bn./16th Line Infantry (Stewart's Brigade); and 2nd Bn./loth Line Infantry Cameron's Brigade1. 1809 July Wellesley strikes eastwards into Spain against Victor, in concert with the Spanish general Cuesta's 35,000·strong army. He is hampered by the incompetence ofCucsta and the inexperience of the Spanish troops, but on 27 28 he defeats Victor and Sebastiani under command of King Joseph andJourdan atTALAVERA DE LA REIXA.The\<;ctory is costly 5,365 Allied casualties - and manoeuvres by cnemy forces threatening his line of retreat force Wellesley to pull back into Portugal, reaching the frontier on 3 Septcmber. (There were no Portuguese troops at Talavera, although the Loyal Lusitanian Legion scouted on the Aank of the advance and distinguished itself during the retreat. 180g Late The Allied field army remains in Portugal, and Wellesley now Viscount Wellington busies himself with the preparationofthe LINES OFTORRES VEI)RAS and the training and organization of the local forces. The Lines ar(' a ,oast system of linked redoubts guarding the Lisbon peninsula in depth, largely garrisoned by Portuguese militia regiments. The French cominuc vigorous opcrations in many parts of Spain, winning spectacular victories.

IBw Apr.-Aug. Massena leads the new French Army of Portugal in a renewed invasion via the northern corridor. Ciudad Rodrigo, the Spanish border fortress, is besieged on 26 April and falls on IOJuly. Craufurd's Light Division, including the 1st and 3rd Portuguese Calfadores, manoeuvres brilliantly before the enemy's advance; but the premature loss of Almeida on 28 August forces Wellington to fall back. This is a planned withdrawal along prepared lines.

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With 32,000 men he lures Massena's 65,000 south-west to a strong blocking position at Bussaco. prepared months in advance. There he links up with detached corps under Hill and Beresford, and with a combined army of 'lOme 26,000 British and 25,850 Portuguese he awaits Massena's altack. 1810 27 Sept. Wellington inflicts a severe defeat on l\lassena at BUSSACO. The Portuguese army distinguishes itself in its first major battle against the French, \;ndieating Beresford's forthright methods of reform and the British training cadres, as well as the essemial quality of the Portuguese foot soldier. Units involved arc: 2nd, 4th, 10th and 14th Line Infamry (Hamilton's Division ; 9th and 21st Line Infamry Champlemond's Brigade, Picton's Di,;sion ; 11th and 23rd Line rnfantry Collins's Brigade, Cole's Division ; 3rd and 15th Line Infamry, Tomar Militia (Spry's Brigade, Leith's Division); Loyal Lusitanian Legion, 8th Line Infantry (Eben's Brigade, Leith's Division); 1st and 3rd Ca'radores Light Division' ; 1St and 16th Line Infantry, 4th Cal)adores Pack's Independent Brigade;; 6th and 18th Line Infantry. 6th Cac;adores Campbell's rndependent Brigade); 7th and 19th Line, 2nd Cac;adores (Coleman's Independent Brigade). 1810 Sept. 1811 Mar. \Vellin~tOn pulls back into the Lines of Torres Vedras, which arc a complete surprise to the French. Guarded by the triple line of redoubts, and with an efficient network of internal communications, the Allies sit out the winter in comfort. All available food and useful materials, and a large part of the civilian population, have been brought into the Lines, and ),lasscna's army suffers terribly from hunger and exposur(' as well as from harrass· ment b) Portuguese irregulars. In Februaf) Sault's threat to Badajos in the south forces Wellington to detach Beresford with some British and Portuguese units. In March the stalemate is broken. On the 5th Massena begins his retreat towards Spain, and Wellington follows him; no general action takes place. On the same day, far to the south, Sir Thomas

.. •

Graham wins a small but hard·fought baltle at Chiclana Barossa while operating Qui of Cadiz against Sou It's rear; flank companiesorthe 20th Portuguese Line Infantr), take pari. This victory cancels out Soult's success at Badajos six days later, when the Spanish garrison treacherously surrender the fortress. Wellington detaches morc troops to guard this sector. 1811

Apr.-May

~Iassena,

partially rc-pro\'1-

Officu of the III Or Alc••uara Cavalry R~fD"al; He Plate B. The wlt.ile raciall:tI -.ad pipin, nfu to the ~e.u'l poIIitioa in the Fi...1 or Cmlre Divi.,oa of f-he army. nO! bit La tloU _ketch w.. obviolUly dra_ by lUI eqU"triaa ..avice!

sioned, returns to the offensive and threatens the nonhern sector in an attempt to relieve his garrison in Almeida. His 48,500 men arc faced by Wellington's 37.500 at Fl:E~TES DE

ONORO on 3

~Iay.

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There is heavy fighting on that day, and a lull between the armies on the 4th. On the 5th Massena makes a very able attack on the Allied right wing and drives it in, but by the end of the day isstill in no position to advance on Almeida. Allied casualties are some 1,804 and French some 2,844; of these totals, about 800 and 1,300 respectively are suffcred in savage street-fighting in Fuentas \·i.llage, where the 3rd Ca~adores distinguish themselves. Meanwhile in the south Soult advances with approximately 25,000 men to relieve the garrison of Badajos. Beresford faces him at ALBUERA on 16 May with some 20,000 Anglo-Portuguese and 12,000 Spanish troops. The position is held at the cost offrightful slaughter, two British brigades being virtually wiped out. Both Massena and Soult withdraw. Portuguese units involved in the twin battles of May 1811 are: Futn/ts dt Onoro: 9th and 21St Line Infantry (Power's Brigade, Picton's Division); 3rd and 15th Line Infantry, 8th Cac;:adores (Spry's Brigade, Erskine's Division); 8th and 12th Line J nfantry (Madden's Brigade, A. Campbell's Division); 7th and 19th Line Infantry, 2nd Ca~adores (Doyle's Brigade, Houston's Division); 1St and 3rd Ca~dores (Light Division); 6th and 18th Line 1nfantry, 6th Ca~adores (Ashworth's Independent Brigade); 4th and 10th Line Cavalry (Barba~ena's Brigade).

AlburrQ: 11th and 23rd Line Infamry, one bn. Loyal Lusitanian Legion (Harvey's Brigade, Cole's Division); 2nd, 4th, loth and 14th Line Infantry (Hamilton's Division); 5th Line Infantry, 5th Cac;:adores (Collins's Independent Brigade); 1st and 7th Line Cavalry, one sqdn. each 5th and 8th Line Cavalry (Otway's Brigade). 1811 Late Wellington's attempts to take Ciudad Rodrigoand Badajosare foiled by shortage of siege equipment and by threatening moves by two large French combined armies. There are no general engagemenu, although many skirmishes and outpost actions. 1812 Jan. Withdrawal of French troops for the Russian campaign, and a period of disarray

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Novioa Or L1.OOIl Police Cavalry, 1809- Differe... copin II Bradford'. book IOmeome. iIlc:lude COIlltradietory c:eloolnl W. plate i •• ho_ with • black comb ..,d ptume .. tile hetme' ... O"I! e. .e, but with yellow aad red ","peedYll!". ...otIoerl The dark hlul! ~I b. . red collar ...d cv.lr .... ... ODI! copy • ftd.witloia-yeUow.tripedows thefl'Oll' ..... the yeUow bllno"......ee is yeUow, the baadolier nd-wi. . . yellow, the backle-platl! yellow. TIte waiubeh b baff witIl.. ,...Uow pla'.j the ._rd III. . . wlUte ¢p aad • Wad; ... yellow _hbard; the wlUte ~ hlek uuo wllat appar 10 be e-S"ed boob willl.ilver baekle- .pan. Hok,er """"" are black be&rIIda, lIIa...e. . black with wlUtl! meul6.m.p

in the enemy command structure offer Wellington an opportunjty to take the vital frontier fortresses at last. On the 8th the Allies appear before CI DAD RODRIGO, and on the night of the 19th the fortress is stormed and captured; General Craufurd is among the Allied casualties. Portuguese units of Picton's and Craufurd's divisions, and of Pack's Brig. ade, distinguish themselves. 1812 Mar.-Apr. Reinforced by a strong artillery train and with some 26,000 Anglo-Portuguese troops, Wellington invests BADAJOS, covered to the south and north-east by detached forces under Graham and Hill numbering some Ig,ooo and 14,000 respectively. The fortress, much stronger than Ciudad Rodrigo and held by an excellent French garrison of some 4,700, finally falls on 6 April, but at a cost ofsome 2,200 casualties. The maddened assault troops sack the town with medieval ferocity. Portuguese units commjued lose some 4-00 men. 1812 June WeUingtonadvanceseastwardsinto central Spain with some 28,000 British, I7,CXXJ Portuguese and 3,000 Spanish troops. His adversary is Marmont's Army of Portugal, 52,000 strong. On the 17th Wellington occupies Salamanca. 1812 22 July After a month of complicated manoeuvring for advantage, the armies clash at SALAMANCA. Wellington wins a brilliant victory by siezing a momentary chance to cut Marmont's army in two and defeat it in detail. French losses are 14,000, Allied losses about 5,200. Portuguese uniu involved are: 9th and 21St Line Infantry, 12th Cal;adores Powers's Brigade, Pakenham's Division ; 11th and 23rd Line Infantry, 7th Ca,;adores Stubb's Brigade, Cole's Division ; 3rd and 15th

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Line Infantry, 8th Cac;adores (Spry's Brigade, Leith's Division); 8th and 12th Line Infantry, 9th Cac;adores (Rezende's Brigade, Clinton's Division); 7th and 19th Line Infantry, 2nd Cac;adorcs (Collins's Brigade, Hope's Division); 1st and 3rd Cac;adorcs Light Division; 1st and 16th Line Infantry, 4th Cac;adores Pack's Independent Brigade; 13th and 14th Line Infantry, 5th Cac;adorcs Bradford's Independent Brigade I ; 1st and 11th Portuguese Line Cavalry D'Urban's Brigade, 1812 Late The French abandon much of Spain, although remaining strong in the east and north. \Vellington advances north-eastwards and besieges BURGOS without success. The French threaten his rear, and he is forced to withdraw to Portugal once again. The enemy reoccupy much of the ground they had lost, but soulh of the Tajo the Peninsula remains free, and even in occupied areas the almost unchecked operations of the guerrilleros render the French grip weak and uncertain.

western Spain arc the garrisons ofSan Sebastian and Pamplona. Portuguese units involved at Vitloria are as follows: 6th and 18th Line Infantry, 6th Cac;adores (Ashworth's Brigade, Stewart's Division I; 9th and 21St Line Infantry, 11th Ca.;adores Powers's Brigade, Picton's Dh;sion ; 11th and 23rd Line Infantry, 7th Cac;adores ,Stubb's Brigade, Cole's Di\;sion ; 3rd and 15th Line Infantry, 8th Ca.;adores (Spry's Brigade. Oswald's Di\;sion ; 7th and 19th Line Infantry, 2nd Cac;adores (Le Cor's Brigade, Dalhousie's Division); 17th Line Infantry, 1St and 3rd Ca.;adorcs (Light Division); 1st and 16th Line Infantry, 4th Cac;adores (Pack's Independent Brigade); 13th and 24th Line Infantry, 5th Cac;adores (Bradford's Independent Brigade); 2nd, 4th, loth and [4th Line Infantry, loth Cac;adores (Silveira's Division); 1st, 11th, and 12th Line Cavalry (D'Urban's Brigade); 6th Line Cavalr) (Campbell's Brigade).

A FRENCH ASSESSMENT 1813 ~Iay Planting c\;dence tosuggcst that he is planning to march into central Spain once The Portuguese army of 1807 was not at the peak more, Wellington in fact strikes northwards of military efficiency. As ....as the case with the with nearly 60,000 men. A combination of neighbouring army of Spain, this was largely due sJX:ed, audacious advances through country to the decadent state of Portuguese society at that considered impassable, and brilliant logistic time. The disease had its roots close to the throne preparation enable him to outflank on the west of the country, and spread its paralysing tentacles scveral successive French lines of defence. The into all corners of state administration and private French armies arc unable to concentrate for enterprise. more than a few days on any planned defensive The usual source qUOted on this subject is line, before the threat to their right wing forces Charles Oman's passage in his History of the them topull back yetagain. At last the combi ned Peninslliar War. While Oman is a magnificent Armies of the South, Centre and Portugal arc mine of information, and to be highly recomconcentrated, with a strength of some 66,000 mended as much for his lucid and readable prose men. as for the depth of his research, the present writer 1813 2t June With 78,000 men, Wellington has preferred in this case to quote extensively from wins a decisive victory of envelopment at the writings ofa French authority of the day, who VITfORIA in the presence of King Joseph. offers the English reader a novel view of the French losses arc some 8,000 to 5,100 Allies, Portuguese army as seen by its enemies, rather but all their artillery and wheeled transport is than the more usual perspective of its exasperated captured together with a vast treasure. The but patient allies. General Counl '-Iaximilian Allies' looting of this hoard delays their pursuit Sebastian Foy was a notably able French bri~ade of thc enemy, but by the second week in July and di\;sional commander during the Peninsular the only French troops still under arms in War and the 1815 campaign, and his judgement 10

may be accepted as professional and objective. In his History of the War in tht Ptninsula, published in London in ,827, he gives a clear picture of the Portuguese arm)' and the society of which it was a part. The slightly archaic language adds perioo atmosphere to the passage: '... Under the direction of Luiz Pinto, Secretary of State, and particularly from '797 to IBoI, the war department manifested an activity 10 which it

Offi«-r, lAsi.... d'AI........ Thi.....perilnnltal rormlldo..... raised i .. PorturJ prior to th.. Fnacll itlva.ioa or lSoll; it CO"'~led or lisht troop., ...d the .lyle or th10 ..&ic:W. IUlirOrD! ~ ....tnl.I.......hly .. Ia ItJUl•• rJ. See Plate E roO' c..l.....r detail.

had been unaccustomed ever since the: campaign of 1762. Several useful regulations for the: recruiting and organization of the: army were framed or renewed and efforts made to complete it. The period of service of the soldiers of all arms was fixed at ten years. Every year the captain morcaused

II

nO! P0"'"rfte army wall . . hI.....uy abliK"ed to c~rate win. Lb.. Spaaialro (O~ doriAS thdr joiat atranle apjllst the F~h, ....-ocalarl)' alool PoruapJ'. 10'" and _men-ble border. Thne B...dford ....etelles ill..trate. CatalOll1a.a lJfl:11l1 lafa.atrym&ll_d aD artUlerymaa. The (ormer,. _Idin-of do.. divi.l.a wbieb ."ned all the Baltic witlo La Ro....... i.a 1808, w_n • blaelr.-e:rfllH leather h..lmel with red eoc:lr..d", and plume -.ad yellow fittiftsa; hi. Ireta jacket is raced red ...d laced yeUow. Note th" ch.....curiulc nunidon pouch all the (roDI ohhewaill.beh. The,sit" have red top uim_d I....e!. The artiUeryma.a We'll'" the dark bh,,, COllI willi red r.ci",Ss whid. _ • •ltD"1 a u..a.i"",,...J lUliform for thi. b.....cla. Lao:
a list of th~ males capable of bearing arms to Ix drawn up in his district by the captains of ordtnancts, from reviews held on the spot. In concert with the civil authority, he afterwards struck out the privileged persons, the married men, such as had atlained the age of thirty-five years, the eldest sons of widows, and those who were particularly serviceable 10 agriculture and the arts. From the lisl thus reduced, the contingent required from the captainship for the service of the anny of Ihe line was drawn by lot. Very frequently the recruits on whom the lot fell were detained in prison till they were numerous enough to form a marching detach. ment and to join the regiment. The militia was afterwards recruited in the same manner, but for life. I t took bachelors before married mcn, and did not even spare retired soldiers when they were still

12

able·bodied. The rest of the persons entered in the lists, after the levies for the line and the militia, composed the corps of ordmanus. 'The officers of the infantry, cavalry, and artillery, were chosen, two-thirds from among the cadets, and one-third from among the sergeants. The cadets are young men who accompany the regiments to learn the profession. The nobles alone could be cadets. Those from the provinces, and especially the poorest, flocked to the army. Above the rank of sub·(jeutenanl (ajJtru.), promotion was not governed by any rule. The college of nobles, one of Pombal's institutions, and the royal academy of fortification, founded by Queen Mary, furnished the army with some distinguished officers: there were also young men of high birth at the head of the regiments and the companies, especially in the cayalry: but the officers in general were ill paid, held in low estimation, and formed a subaltern class in regard to education, and mode of life. From their perpetual sojourn in the same garrisons resulted an indolent life,low habits, and many unequal matches, which extinguished the generous senliments peculiar to the military profession. For fear the time should ever return when officers waited at the tables of the Fidal·goes, a small addition was made to their pay. A Mont de Pitli was established for the purpose of relieving after their death the widows and orphans, who had previously no other resource but the public charity. The ordcrofAvis, the second of the three orders of knighthcxxl in the kingdom, was particularly devoted to the recompense of military services. 'The twenty·four regimentsofinfantry had been formed in 1762 into one battalion of ten com· panies. This batlalion was now divided into twO, of only five companies each, of which there was one of grenadiers in the first battalion, and one of chasseurs in the second. The complement of the company was one hundred and fifty men, so that the regiment amounted to fifteen hundred, and the total of the infantry to thirty-six thousand men. These troops were but little exercised. The regulations for man(%uvres given to them by Count Lippe comprised scarcely any but a few e1tmenttary school notions of platoon and battalion. Delachments of men were selected from all the corps, and assembled near thevillageofAzambuja, in an experimental camp, where they were to

rec~i\'e an enlarged and uniform instruction, for the purpose of carrying it afterwards into the regiments. This ex~riment was nOt productive of the benefit to the army in general that was expected from it. 'The Iight.infantry could not but appear an excrescence, in a country where the ~asants can· sider it as a sacred obligation to disperse: themsdves among the rocks, as soon
T_ mort BraMord akdcltn ofSpaaiah lroopaj dariaa doe wuu_ of .a.o I I .... Romaa. led a ee.tiatewl of Spaaiards wlto """,ed ia Porl1lpl, iaaide tIM r...u..,. ofTOITftI Vedra.. The two W ...try ~ e..... of tIM RePm-t11 d .. l:.:tranladara ....d ~o:u., w..... tIM wbil.. aaif-. favoured ia ma..y Catholic coaatrin; tIM former baa m.... fadara aIld tIM lauer. ~hl V-- l1te 'flamn' of tIM beanIWI boaaet:a are ia faciatI: coIIHlr aIld -..eel witlo. iatricat....mbroidery, ahews Ilere .. yellow aIld wlaite. Botla filJ'U'ft' bave b",--a battoaa -.ad litliasa aad red _ b ~ 1 doe Zanro.. lipn baa J"'"'I' pit_ trim aad taa...... 'IDe bonemaa la probably a aoldier oCth.. VUlavidMa Dna_a DC 'Wl he w .......""'"' dolmaB -.ad breedoea.. red facU,p ..... plume, ....d y..U_ boltOl'la. Th.. ahako wlUte top baad ....d ('Orela, y..U_ plat.., ....d red coclrad C...-tlda are white, bolater coven ~ edSed red, hanaeu brow. witla wkit.. Ii'liasa, ...d aheepalria black

a.-

sequence, selected from among those who reside on their estates, commanded the militia regiments. The State equipped and armed them, and ensured to them local privileges, which were highly valued by the peasants. They clothed them· selves at their own cost. They were paid only when on duty, and, with the exception of the annual reviews, they were not called together unless on extraordinary occasions. 'The squadrons of cavalry had each four companies offorty.eight men, a most injudicious plan; for the troops intended to form a unit in the mancruvrc:s ought not to be cut into four for habitual service. Though certain regiments bore the name

13

r

of dragoons, the cavalry was of a single kind, mounted on l10rses of unequal size, cuirassed before, armed with muskets, and trained to fight on foot. The Porwguese arc graceful and steady horsemen. The complemellt of the twelve regiments, of four squadrons each, would have amounted to nearly ten thousand horse. there never were more than four thousand five hundred effective, all natives of the country; and it would have been difficult to bring together a greater number, for but few large caulc are bred on the rocks of Portugal, and the Spanish government has at all times taken severe measures to prevent its fine breeds of horses from being drawn Out of its territory. 'The four regiments of artillery had their permanent quarters al Fort 51 Julian, near Lisbon, Viana, in the pro\'ince in '-linho, EI\'as, and Faro, in the Aigan'cs. The)" were composed of ten com· panies: namely, one of bombardiers, one of sappen, one of minl'l1l, and seven of gunners. The sergeants and cadets underwent an examination before they became officers. The service of the JNrsonn~l was not centralized, and each regiment followed its own method. The malm,l of the fortresses was in confusion, owing to the multiplicity ofthe calibres. The artillery for ballie could nOI be numerous in a coumry where nine-tenths of the high roads arc impassable for carriages. ~ot a beasl was appropriated to draw the guns, while the court employed two thousand mules for its transports. It was proposed, incase the army should take the field, to ha\'e the service of Ihe train of artillery performed by hired men and animals. 'The royal corps of engineers did dUly in the kingdom and in the colonies. It was composed of one hundred and fortyofficersofall ranks. In order to be admitted into this corps, il was necessary to give proof of allainments acquired in attending the com pie Ie COllTses of the higher sciences in the royal academics of fortification and the marine. To the officers of engineers were confided the duty of instruction in the chairs of the military art and mathematics, the construction of maps and reconnoissances, the civil works of bridges and roads, and even the superintendence of the ships belonging to the crown. There were among them a good number ofclever men, but nearly strangers 10 the profession of mililary engineers. Where

14

should they have learned it? It was a settled point in Portugal for more than a century, that attention should be paid to tWO fortresses only, Almeida, situated beyond lhe nalUral frontier of Portugal, and Elvas, which is not upon any of the roads by which an army can march 10 Lisbon wilhout crossing the Tagus. The other fortresses, not excepting even those, the erection of which had been imperatively commanded b) their position at the principal d~houchis of the frontier, such as Chaves, Castello·Branco, and Abrantes, were doomed to fall 10 ruin from age, without its being thought worth while 10 repair any part of their walls. Some old castles were garrisoned by companies of invalid gunners, called /NJ~ d~ caJt~llo. The names ofa II these half-demolished towers and batteries without cannon, were only to be found, in the commissions ofsome decrepid veterans, who were sent thither with the pompous title of governors. ';\\0 troops in Europe received less pay than the soldiersofPoTtugal, and yet they w~r~ impudently robbed of it, especially in the cavalry, where the companies were paid by the captains. There was not in the establishment either a commissariat of war, or any corps of administrators specially appointed to attend to the welfare of the soldiers. It was the duty of lhe agents of the treasury, Ihuourorias g~rou dtlJ tropaJ, to verify the legality of the payments which they made, and at distant inlervals general officers came as inspectors to examine the affairs of the regiments. These were the only two sorts of control to which the colonels and captains were liable. 'As for the general expenses of the army, ajunta, which had its agents in the provinces, junta da

dirucao g"al dos prouin.unlos dos muni,o~s d~ hoca para o tx~rcito, purchased and distributed among the troops bread and othcr provisions. Another junta, junta de r~alJa-t.~nda, dirccted lhe operations of the artillery, and allended to the clothing, equipment, and different appointments. Several essential articles, the muskets among others, came from England. The troops of all arms were clothed in blue. They kept themselves in better condition, and looked better than those of Spain. The army medical service formed part of the duties of the protomedicate, r~al junta do protom~djcato. The regimental surgeons were but iKtl0rant manipu·

lators, and were not allowed by law to perform medical functions, unless when no civil professor of the healing art happened to be within reach of their garrisons. 'Portugal is the country of assemblies 'Juntas), which never assemble, and of councillors, who never give counsel. I t is not on the permanent service only that a greedy idleness erects its scaffolding of places, offices, and salaries; it fastens upon mere plans which the Government approves. The building of a bridge, the draining of a marsh; the embanking ofa river, furnish occasion for lavishing the public money on a multitude of persons whoneverfail to present themselves for the purpose ofdirecting or superintending the works. Thus, in the department of war, it was once proposed to reform the penal code of the army, and to give a new organization to the studs of the kingdom. Im~ mediately there appeared ajunta, ad hoc, composed of twenty grandees, or persons of consequence, junta do Codigo ptna/ militare e me/horamtnto das laude/arias do reino: but the code was neither reformed, nor the studs improved. 'The Council of War instituted by John IV in ,643, and composed of military chiefs and magistrates, was originally entrusted with the government of the army and the administration of

0.,

'TIoe Bartle orB....ceo, 21 Sepr~mbe.r 1110' a .... whic\ .bo_ Reyaiu'. _no IIt~ckial aphill ~ I tIM! AarloPornarKe vd Oivi.i_ or Sir nomaa Pie:tOIl. 1M 11th Briti.b alld Ith Porturese Rqimnor. II..., .boWl! _ ~ the eae_y. B"..ceo was th~ battt~ ill wbicb the "-rwa-iud PO""I"Ke 6 ...1 .bowecl l.beir quality (N.tiOlUli A,m)' M ...,.....)

justice in it. To these councillors no other real functions ha\'e been left than the trial of general officers and the revision of military proceedings. An auditor, taken from the legal profession, was attached to each regiment stationed at Lisbon. In the garrisons, the prosecution ofcrimes committed bysoldiers was entrusted to thcciviljudgcs. Several chapters of the regulations of 1763 are devoted to the formation and the holdingofregimental courtsmartial. The military penal code, otherwise called Articles of vVar, Arrigos de Gllerra, was severe; but the national manners proved more powerful than the laws. Justice proceeded with slow step; and notwithstanding the eternal threat of blows with the flat of the sword, shooting, and hanging, the internal discipline sinned rather by indulgence than by severity. 'The Portuguese soldiers would have btcome excellent had pains been taken to make them so; tolerable officers could also be trained without much difficulty; but the leaders were gcxxl for nothing. The State kept about sixty marshals, IS

16

lDfa.atry aad ..,.v&1ry of the Portu$"ue 1.eI:ion In freach Hrvlce. Thi. fiDely detailed flllie II Dalt 0'" _erio comm_ly DOwn. to Coalmeat. . ."perta •• the 1I ...I.b.. ,&..... BilJ" ralber than by h. (ull tide of Clu.r-.k,m.,j.du: IHfn'ell.,,,,& d", Y_u1S/iell"_ ,..,op.i• ..,.... Milit.i,... n... Hriu coven all tbe _jor Europeaa armies oflbe period 110'1--9- From left to rislu tM 6pl'ft are •• foUowl _ all ~lS reddUb bra-. all eonar. . .d cuff. red: (I.) Black ....Irnd. yeU_ fittia&1I, brown. 1apela ...d .boWder ",",pi' piped red; browa b~b" piped wlUte; brown. port....... &ad red ..... b~'"' botJa ecI«ed wbite; wlUte aheepsIdB tdJeci red, bladE bar-.u.. y"Uo¥f. huu red tu ... bac..... (t.) (Rear) Red cord.. plume . .ct ep lettHI Ire, roUed ~t, lin_hide pack, while pipiaS "' coat ta.iI.s, browa tro......rI, b bre 100ll. Wllite cord~ bro_ bpda piped red, b Wll tlIrnbacb piped wkile. (t.) Bn.. bora OD 1hakol red lapels witb white pipialJ ...d butl_a, bn_ tro.......... (5.) (SOl. ted) GreeD "b.ko corda ....d plume, yellow p1atelsreea epavJeuei witb yellow ueaceal.llwo wlUle or .ilver urip'" on lower .IHvel broW!> pac'" ..nd trou.en, white bulton•. (6.) (Moo,,,'.d) BI.. c'" •• I...... h.n colpac., .l1ver bulton. and ep.ule1l"', red bandolier edled .ilver, red pipiallo (rani o( co.t, ~ tunlNc••,lrey overall. with ~ .id.. uript', ••ddlery •• No. I. (,.) (W.Jk.....r) Bro_ I.pt'l. edled red, .n"er ~uleuea ..nd bUlloas, ~ ...... and tu....Nc." broW!> breedo.... lold .word Iillt. (Ll (Mov..,..Jj Black ..",Imet, yeUow ch1D-scal.... C_I •• No. I, white wain.. COOIt . .d breec...... wlUte MIla, ~Uow and lII..ck .word ddlery as No. I.

t_.

c,.)

_"bani., ..

who had served with distinction during the seven years' war, under the command of Marshal Saxe and the Count de Broglie, and who was considered as the cleverest staff-officer of the royal army of France ;and Countde Viomenil, who had acquired some reputation by finding means to 5(:e a little of war, at a time when persons placed on the same line with himself saw nothing of iet The post of Quarter-master-general of the Army was created for La Rosiere. Viomenil received the tide of Marshal; but, being thwarted by army and court intrigues, he hastened to quit the kingdom, and never returncd to it. Othcr emigrants ofless consequence preceded or accompanied these two general officers. All of them came to Portugal, elated with the idea of becoming a second Schornbergor Lippe. The Portuguese nobility, however, treated them with disdain as mere adventurers. The native officers were jealous of these intruders, because double pay was granted to them.· The soldier, by nature censorious, laughed at chiefs who mutilated his language. Six months weresufficient to extinguish the enthusiasm and to disappoint lhe schemes of the new-comers. The Portuguese Government derived at this period but little benefit from foreign military men. I t neither knew whal to do with, or how to do without them. 'An army of forty thousand men, ill-regulated and badly commanded, was but a feeble resource in the difficult crisis in which Portugal had placed herself. ... 'I t is foreign to our purpose to inquire whether it is beneficial to a nation for its sovereign to wear several crowns, or how far the choice of the place where he will fix his court depends on the pleasure ofthe monarch. The Braziliansand the Portuguese formed one and the same nation, parted in lWO by the ocean. There was no crime in considering America as a refuge, but only at some distant period, not till after the last battle, and at the last extremity. It would have been a noble spectacle to see the chief of a nation defending the inheritance of his ancestor'! with the resources of

lieutenant-generals, marcchals.-de-camp, and brigadiers. The Duke de Laf6cs, as Marshalgeneral, attached to the person of the so\'ereign, martChal-grn~ral junto a ftal ptssoa, headed the list. Several names of Fidalgocs figured among them for form's sake. A lieutenant-general, already advanced in years, Joao Dordaz, had the general inspection of the cavalry; and what little value that arm had was owing to his enlightened measures. The two campaigns in Roussillon and Catalonia brought some talents to light. The chivalrous ardour of the marechal.-de-camp, Marquis d'Alorne, the activity and firmness of Gomez Freire de Andrada, the anaJytical and cool mind of Colonel Don Miguel Pereira Forjaz, were highly extolled. There were but few veterans left of the time of Count Lippe, and these were past active service; but with money and promises that cosmopolitan school might be renewed at pleasure. 'The union of the Ministry of War and of Foreign Affairs in lhe same person afforded facilities for seeking generals abroad. In '796 the Government procured the Prince of Waldeck,· who had lost an arm at the siege ofThion\'ille, to take the command of the army. He did not live long, and was succeeded by Count de Goltz, a Prussian, formerly secretary to Frederick II. t But, in consequence ofhis age and position, he had lert off England also gave several French emigrants to malting waf, since it began 10 be carried on upon a large scale. Double pay was given to the foreigncn, because Ihe pay Portugal. In this number were Carletde la Rosi~re, of •this country was absurdly Imall, and also thaI it might • Waldeck was an amiable man, and wenl to POfttlgaiiO recruit his finances.

sen'e as a substitute for Ihc rewards appropriated exclusively 10 nativcs.

17

talent and the energy of despair, and when the ruins of the coulHry had been driven back to the sea, sailing away amidst the conflagration of Lisbon, to prepare vengeance on another national soil, and to carr) back in better days his mutilated household gods to their former home. 'While, however, Don Rodrigo kept an ere on the distant American Portugal, he n~lected nothing for the improvement of European Portugal. Lisbon is indebted to him for the institution of a police guard and the lighting of the streets. His opinions and his plans were supported in the council by Don Joao de Almeida, who, after the dismissal of the Duke de Laf6es, had, according to custom, united the portfolio of war with that of foreign affairs. Don Joao was not deficient in ability, but he was ofa nervous constitution, full of prejudices, and subject to alternate fits orirritation and despondency" The campaign of 1801 had shown how little Portugal could reckon upon her army. A new organization was proposed and adopted by the minister: the plan embraced the recruiting which was to be founded on an exact cenSlIS of the population, and purged of the abuses which, in Portugal, as in other countries, poison the most salutary institutions; likewise the reform of the militia, the hannonizing of the system of the o,dmanus with the service of the troops of the line, the introduction of the manceU\'res practised by that nation which has brought the science of arms to the greatest perfection; in a word, all the branches of the military constitution. A certain number of capable officers were employed to digest the plan for these improvements, which was about to be made public, when the ministry was overthrown.... 'The ministers of Portugal conceived that they had saved the vessel of the state, because they had escaped a rock. Since the renewal of hostilities between England and Spain, Lisbon had become the martforthecommerceofthe Peninsula, and partof Europe. One hundred and forty thousand bales of cotton annually entered the Tagus, and seventy thousand of them served to supply the manufactories of France. The old warehouses being found insufficient to contain the goods, more extensive ones had been built in the squares and on the quays. The city was enlarging; public prosperity, the outward sign of the wisdom of the

18

national councils, seemed to justify the improvident resignation of the government. 'In this manner did Portugal gently glide into the abyss. The crash of falling Europe scarcely reached the solitary palace of Mafra. :\"apoleoo laid the British islands underinterdicl. This violent measure destroy'ed the neutrality" ofall the states of the Continent. It determined the government of the Prince Regent to equip a fleet in the port of Lisbon; but the army remained dispersal and incomplete. The people did not even know that France refused to admit the envoy of their sovereign to the negoc:iations at Tilsit. The cry of alarm was in vain raised abroad. Dumouriez, the same general who first showed the French Republicans the road to victory, Dumouriez addressed from London to the Portuguese nation a manifeslo,· fraught wilh truth and foresight, to apprize it of the catastrophe with which it was threatened, • During the year 1766 Dumouriez Iraven«! Portugal in every direction, Forty-two yean afterwards, at the farthol txtremity ofBcira.Baixa, we met with two old men who had been his guides. and who told us with what activity of mind the )"oung French officer inquirm rt:tpecling localities and innitutioos, The observations made by him during tht:tt tran:b all: gi,"en in a work entitled Et4t Pwnu 4. RI.,.._ u PlWhlg,l til 1766, which was prinltrl at Lausanne in 1715. This little volume, amidst a mulutude of o"enights, and C"en Klme important erron, contains ''aluabk pittd ofinformalion, whkh might be regarded as disco"eries at the period 01" their publicalion. In 1801 General Dumouriez. forgotten by Euro~. was "cgctating in London. He concnnd the idea of offering his scrvica to the POrtuguCK. to a,"en the lIorm wCnsion Yohich was paid Ihem, Among the other general officen, nau,'e or foreign. in Ihe ~rvice or PorlOgal, there was nOI one who, either from hiJI position or his reputation, had any pretensions to the chief command of an army. Dumouriez was lixty-eight. cCl"tainly very old for carrying on war in a mountain country; but his robust COrtnilOtion gave him confidence, and he ltill retained a youthful imaginalion and the greennl'S! ortalcnt. As a fint step, Dumouriez printed a brief narrative of the Campailtu of Marshal &lIombng in PlJTtllgal,jrolfl tlu .."a' 166~ to t668, with Ihis mOllO; e'sl aIHII'II'qUtflJHI,ttdtHm fHU tll't5/Jrit. Th( work ~an and ended with a philippic against france. The old general orthe Revolution knew the POrlOguCK better than they knew thernsdves. He knew what might be accom· plished with a fiery nation. in a country studded wilh difficulties and strong places, where all lhe males" all: soldien from lheir birth. He foresaw that a wuk prince. surrounded b}' weak advisen, Yo'ould hesitale 10 adopt a couragcou.s rClOlution; but he hoped that, al the approachofthc foreigner, the people would rise against counicn read) to sacrifia lhe Portugut'M" name,

and to make i1an offer ofhis sword. The voice ofthe warrior was nOt allowed to echo within the walls of Lisbon. The Court Gazette was the only political compass for the mass of lhe inhabitants. The ministers conceived that their duties were at an end after they had provided for the flight of the Prince and about a hundred courtiers. 'A nation delivered up, bound hand and foot, to the mercy of its foes, was a sight which could onl)' be exhibited under the pressure of a taciturn despotism, but could ne\'er happen in a land ofliberty. The publicity of the acts of government, and the easy circulation ofwritten ideas, are the safeguards of national independence. The defensive energy of citizens continually armed, who govern themselves according to constitutional forms, cannot be measured. To theenthusiastic and communicative Portuguese, had they been free, one word would have been sufficient: Thtre is the tnemy!' From a British source we have a briefaccoutlt of the Portuguese forces in W. Bradford's Sketches oj Military Costumr in Spain and PortugaL, 1814: 'Portugal established its independence by the victories of Extremos and Villa-viciosa, in the year 1663 and 1664, since which the military force of that kingdom had scarcely been called into action for a century. When Spain declared war against Portugal in 1762, the nominal army consisted of 17,000 men, including 2,400 cavalry, of ,.. hich, nOl rpore than half could be mustered, and these withoUi artillery or engineers. The talents of the German CoUIll de la Lippe who commanded

'PortUlJUeM Troopl on the Marcb, 1811'. The r ....Dle.I.1 p;oneen caD be leen atlhehead ofthecoluDialn lheir aprOal, with aUralchiDllOOl1 111101 ....d earbUin Iloped (N.ti_.1 Arm)' M ..ee..m)

them, and theassiSlance of the British, enabled this force to resist the Spanish army, who retired at the close of the campaign, after sustaining considerable loss as well from the regulars as the peasants. 'In 1]66 the army consisted of 33 battalions, containing 26,000 infantry, and 26 squadrons of cavalry, containing about 4,000 men: the peasantry form a militia of 100,000 men, who sc:n'e with· OUI pay; engage with fury, and cut off numbers by sudden attacks, and ambuscades. 'The discipline and appearance of these troops is respectable, and Ihey manttuvre well; its organisation is, however, defective in having its battalions divided inlO 7 companies (one of which are grenadiers) each of 140 men; this formation will nOI allow of Ihe rapid evolutions of modern tactics, and possesses nOI a sufficicnI number of officers. The cavalry is mounted on horses from Ihe provincC5 of Andalusia, Beira, and Tras os MOtltC5, which are small. 'The artillery composed of 3 battalions was badly disciplined in 1766, and al that perioo no field pieces were attached 10 the infanlry: the engineers and school attached to it wer_e also in an indifferent state. 'In 1806 the army consisted of24 regiments of infanlry, 12 of cavalry, and 4 of artillery; each regiment of infantry contained nominally\ 1,102 men, that of cavalry 320 men, and g8g formed a

19

Di,btOD'. paiDtiDl of. POI"t1l8UeH Mllltl 18111; lbese troops oecupied ......y of the stade: positio ia the Lia.n of T GOTH Vedn... f..-iaJ; the u.... resimtau ror rvic:e witlo lbe field army. TIle aoldier _ n ... Ullis" ;:~:r.ipe· shako willi wlUt~~ t1lf1 aad blaeaDd ~ "I thedarlo: bl..e ~I U r..ced red aad has white b.. tt.... aad .hoalderKales. Tloe tro.....n are li,li, broWD (Reprodtle.ell "J1I",treiOtt# P-""i.".... of Httr Maj• .,:! elu (br.enl)

regiment of artillery : the whole force would therefore consist of, infantry 26,448, cavalry 3,840, artillery 3.956, total 34.244. The army is formed into 3 grand divisions, called the divisions of the nonh. centre, and south; however, in IBoI. Portu· gal could only oppose 15,000 men to the Spaniards. 'Besides the regular troops there are 48 regiments ofmilitia, bearing the names of the principal places in each of the 3 divisions, 16 in each division.

'The police guards, established for the internal security of Lisbon, by de Souza, were taken from among the best troops of the army, and were under the command of the Count de Novion.

20

'The armed peasantry form an irregular force of upwards of 100,000 men; since the expulsion ofme French, part of the Portuguese force has been formed into legions. 'The staff consists of a marcehal general, 3 generals, (I for each description offorce) a quarter master general, about 25 lieutenant generals, [6 major generals, (Maruhau de Campo) and about 25 brigadiers. The pay of a captain is 10,000 Reas. £2 12S. 0, per month. That of a soldier is 1,200 Reas. (6s. 3d.) per month. 'The uniform of the general officers and suite is scarlet and gold; that of the infantry dark blue; the cavalry wear light blue, wilh pantaloons of various colours. 'Almeida covers the province of Beira, and the left bank ofme Douro, but it requires a largegarri. son, and does not cover 'the capital. 'The right bank of the Tagus is undefended, except by the difficult passes of Idanha, Pena Macor, and Alfayates. Elvas, on the southern side of the Tagus, is strong, but requires a numerous garrison, the forts of La Lippe, and Saint Lucia are on two mountains near it, the first is very strong and requires 2,000 men to defend it, Saint Lucia might be taken with ease. 'The navy which conveyed the Prince Regent to Brazil in 1807, consisted of8 sail of the line, 4 frigates, and 24 smaller vessels. Brazil furnishes wood, but naval Slares must be derived. from other countries. The little kingdom of Algan·c produces excellent sailors.' The following much fuller explanation is taken directly from Oman:

(9rgonisotioJl1809 'The numbers are from the first complete return available, that of Sept 15 IBog in the Record Office. INFANTRY OF THE LINE 'N.B. Each regiment consisted of two battalions ofse\'en companies each, which should have numbered 770 officers and men, the regiment totalling 1,550, with staff.

'Officen of varioua European armies, .:.1800'. A plale from Friedrid. LudwiS VOD KoUer', work U.. ij_",uicl''''UCK de.. I>fJrrNKIit:ut... E... ropiii• .,Io-. Tnopp"", publisbed ira Kiel in Illen by C. F. Mobr. Left to riSbl: (I) Office.. orWaJlocm Dral· OCIII. dark blu.. eo-I r.ced pink; ,ih,,,.. ~ulell". blllu.... aad lull loop, o....S" cockade aad ..ab. (al Royal Prv.uia.a Cai.....ier Officer, pta lUlifo....... wbit_vu-black plume, ""lUte ~1 f'aced liSbl blue; ail........ lace, b1111011. &.ad ......... leetes; baffw&iatcoat" ,liver and black au" ,ad aword bot, lold hilt, buft'llovK. (3) Royal PortupeH WaalryOffica,...U_ plu... ~ ,old 101" lri-., red wit.IU. bh,e c:ockade (aote

cnu:iforrn aupe). ail.,.,.. loop and buttOD; dark blue <:_1 raced lemao yenow, wilt, ailver buttons, epa..leuts &.lid 1."Iet; crimlJOft .,.b wil1l.i)ver Lassela,si)ver awanl-bol, 80ld hilt. Oae copy of this _ ..... bo~.... dark blue breech... with .il......r tbi,b-bo.s, aDother (la Ah_) 'bows wbite brefl'bn wilh .iJwr Iuoota. (,11 Royal ~i.b Lie.-le 1 e-..no.I wlt.i1e pl. me, black cockade, loki arr-ffe d laaaeial briJlt.1 ..ed C_l faced liliu bl.e,lotd lace.-d bun_a, laid q»aoleun and beI1a,lold-loiIted . .b.... wiI1l10ld ...d.-eel bot; ,...Uow bl"MCltn with lold emb.-oidft'y, loki trion to boou., .ilve...p....

21

StrnrgJIr

9th loth 11th 12th 131h 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 'loth

Regt (Viana) Rcgt (2nd of Lisbon) Regt (lSI of Almeida) Regl (Chaves) Regt (Pcniche) Regt (Tavira) Regt (2nd ofOlivenza*) Regt (Viera Telles) Regt (2nd of Elvas'l Regt (2nd ofOporto) Regt (Cascacs' Regt (Campoma)"Or 'lISt Regt (Valenza) '22nd Regt ,Serpa '23rd Regt ('2nd of Almeida '24th Regt 8ragan.;a

1.5 11 1.37° 1.498 1.49 1 1,361 1,239 577 6g6 1,218 1,37 1 1,5 1 9 1,218

'93 1,479 1,521 5°5

TDltJ/

CAZADORES ,or CAGADORES N .B. These were single-battalion corps with a proper crfective of 770 men in five companies. four ofCazadores and one of Atiradores - O\"P,. StrnrtJlI

1St (Caslello de Vide) 2nd (Moura) 3rd (Villa Real)

6'0 "5

607

Strmt/n

......._ _ ..-~.-.a1

~

Di&h.toa'. 'Private, <101-Io Portulu_ laCa.atry R~m"at, ,8111'. The Portupe. Wa.atry .hako, with it, raised Croat, hal (i""""' _y to tloe Britl,h ·.tov~;pe· probably 011 ""'onemic: ,rouad•. Britaitl_.....portiasla'"le qlla.atities 0(_" material of.n kinds to Ponupl., ...d i( _a only Briti,h sold whic:h .upported the economy of the country. luu.. rll!d by occupation aDd _r. Portur_ indu.try WI' La DO conditio. to maUalai.a aD en i.acrn.i.as supply of olrional paturna. The plate bere II b che u.rt red IDd white, the cockade blue and m Dote that here the cock.d" i. ,ho_ .1 • quartered di.c I Dote all. the eh.ln-tlpn tied above the CroWD. The "oat II dark blue with yellow Csewl', 1...lnand buttool; tbe pac:k i. brow. hide (RlprodflCfld by 6rtu:io... p _ i••i_ of He.. MlI.jlt6ty til. Que.....)

String/II 1St Regt (1St or Lisbon or

La Lippe) 2nd Regt (Lagos or Algarve) 3rd Regt (I5t ofOlivenza*) 4th Regt (Freire) 5th Regt (1St ofElvas) 6th Regt (1St oroporto) 7th Regt (SclUbal) 8th Regt (Evora)

22

1,33° 1,301 679 1.477 759 1,082 1,3 12

369

4th (Vizeu) 5th (Campomayor) 6th (Oporto)

6'9

3"

560

TD/al

'The 7th, 8th and 9th Cazadores were formed later, oul of Ihe three battalions of the Lusitanian Legion. The loth, I IIh and 121h were raised in the year 1811. 'The brigading orthe Portuguese regular infantry was practically permanent, very few changes having been made after 1810, when the greater part of the regiments were atlached in pairs to the British divisions. The arrangement was as follows, 1811- 14: lSI Brigade: lSI (Lisbon and 161h Viera Tdles' (attached to lSI Division. 2nd Brigade: 2nd (L1.gos) and 14th (Tavira). *Though nam~ from Olhenza Ih~ regimenu I'l"l"re aCllJally noised in Northern Ikira, with head quartl"" at Lamcgo. Olh'enza having been c«i«i to Spain in 1801 at thl" treatvof' Badajoz.

"lloe TaId..at: of Ciudad Rodrico, A .....yM.......... j

I' J.....ry. 1'1:1' (N.ti-..l

3rd Brigade: 3rd (lSt ofOlivenza) and 151h (2nd of Olivenza 'allached to 51h Division). CAVALRY 4th Brigade: 4th (Freire and loth (2nd of Lisbon ':\'.8. Each regiment should have had 594 men, attached to 2nd Division'. in four Slrong squadrons. 5th Brigade: 5th 1st of ElvaJ} and 17th (2nd of StrmltlJ Elvas). 1St :Alcantara Dragoons 559 6th Brigad~: 6th (Opono) and 18lh (2nd of 2nd (Moura) 00 4 Oporlo). 3rd (Olivenca) 394 71h Brigade: 7th (Setubal) and 191h (Cascaes) 4th (Duke of Mecklenburg, (attached to 71h Division). Lisbon) 559 81h Brigade: 81h (Evora) and 121h (Chaves) 5th (Evora) 58, (allached to 6th Division). 6th (Bragan
23

divided into forty·eight rcgions, each of which was to supply a regiment. These districts were combined into thrce divisions, called the North, South and Centre, each of which gave sixteen regiments. The unit was a lwo·battalion corps, Army. with nominally 1,500 men in twelve companies: THE LOYAL LUSITANIA~ LEGION this number was in practice seldom reached. It 'This abnormal force, under Sir Roben Wilson, was usual to keep lhe battalions under arms altercomprehended in 180g 10 three battalions of nately, for periods oft\\'o, three, or six months: it infantry, with an establishment often companies was seldom that the whole regiment was embodied and 1,000 mcn each, one rcgiment of cavalry of at once. In 180g the whole force was but in process three squadrons, which never seems to have been of organization, many corps had not even beeo complete, and one batter)' of field artillery. Its officered or armed, and the majority had not comtotal force was about 3,500 men. In 1811 the three menced to raise their second battalion. The local battalions wcre taken into the regular army as the distribution was as follows: 7th, 8th and 9th Ca~adores. 1st DIVISIO~, 'THE SOUTH': Comprising EXGIXEERS Algarve, Alemtejo, and Beira Alta. 'There were a few officers of the old army, who Regiments of Lagos, Tavira, Beja, Evora, Villawere engaged in raising new companies ofsappers, viciosa, Ponalegre, Castello Branco, Idanha, which were not )'ct read)' when Beresford's report Viseu, Guarda, Trancoso, Arouca, TondeJla. was drawn up. No figures are there given. Arganil, Covilhao, Lamego. • • 2nd DIVISIO~, 'THE CEi\TRE': Comprising 'II would appear then that the lotal Regular Estremadura and Beira Baixa. force of Portugal in 180g amounted to about Four Lisbon regiments, and one each from 33,000 foot, 6,300 horse, and 5,000 artillery. Torres Vedras, Santarem, Thomar, Leyria, Scure, Lousao, Alcazar do Sui, Setubal, Coim· MILITIA bra, Figueira, Aveiro, and Oliveira de Azemis. 'The Portuguesc Militia was raised by conscription, on a local basis, the kingdom being 3rd DIVISION, 'THE NORTH': Comprising Tras-os Montes and Entre- Douro--e-Minho. 'aadajos d.. riaJ tbe Siese or JUGe ISU' whicb Wellio.st on Regiments of Oporto, Villa de Conde, Braga, w. . roreed to rai... upon the .pproach or Se.. h rrolD ADdaluaia. Tbi. pooiadDII: .how. 'the worldllll: partie. or the 3rd Viana, Barcellos, Giumaraens, Penafiel, Arcos, Divi.ion, ariti.h, ...d (dlleral Hamiholl'. POrt\lp....... Divi• Feira, Barca, Baltar, Mayo, Chaves, Villa • ioll.•. .' Hamilllla'. Divi.illll cOII.i.led or the alld, .. 1b, lOth and '4th Port..pe.e ...r...try Rf!5lment. (N.timtld .........Y Miranda and Braganza.' Real, M ...ew...) 'There were also a few garrison companies, largely composed of invalids, which were mainly stationed in lhe fons round Lisbon. Their force is not given in Beresford's Gtntral Stale o/the Rtgu.lar

•

24

Pion_r, 1111 or Lippe'. Infanlry R~in..!nl• •Bog 18'1 II Enalr..... or v ... _~ Infan.ry R~""",nl. lBog 3 Gr"nadi"rprh..t"" IIln or V ....... ~ Infanlry R""i ..."nl. lao, I

•

, MICHAU ROFFE

A

Officer, IlU or Alcantara Cavalry R.,lfin.ent, IBog

I U~UI~nant Colon...' of Enllin ...en, .80g a Corporal, Alindore Coonpany, 41h Ball.Hon of Ca~dore., .Iog J Caplai n , Aliradore CoonJ-ny,lIod Batlalion of Car-darK. llog

•

, MICH....El ROffE

c

• I Filer, "1 RanalloD or C.~dores, ,810 Trooper,8tb Or Elvas Rqi..."nl or Cavalry. '&0, J Officer, Loyal L..§;laQia.Il Lesion, 1I0Il ~

n

MICH"'fl~OFFf

Officer, JAcion or D'A1nrna CUJH'-rionental JAcion'), 1801

WICHAEL "Off!

E

Officer, Cbasseun. cheval, Porlu&uese Lqion, Illog

F

MICHA€l.AOI'H

I PMvateor F".lUe..... 3m. Inrantry Resiment, Portu",e.e Lqlon, t8t2 2 Officer or Voltileu~, Infantry R"IlUnenl, Port"sune ~on, .8'0 3 Officer, Port"l"e.e ion Inr.ntry, .Bog

...CKAUilWHf

_J G

3

I Tru... p~ter, ChalllieUrIiI

a cheval oC the

Portugu...e Legion 2 Gunner, Porlugue,ljf, Artillery, .Bog 3 Drununer, Portuguese Legion Infantry

H

MICH ....El ROFfE

Uniforms The Coralry Black leather helmet with black combe and peak, black crest and yellow metal fitlings, blue within red cockade on the left hand side. Moustaches were worn. Light blue coat with a single row of nine yellow buttons, yellow metal 'wings' on each shoulder. Collar, cuffs, turnhacks and piping in the regimental colours. For parades white breeches and short hussar-style boots with screw-in brass spurs; on campaign, grey buttoned overalls worn over the boots. White bandolier, black pouch, while sabre slings, curved sabre in black and yellow sheath, black sabretasche. Horse furniture light blue with yellow edging, pistol holster covers of black bearskin. The Artillery Dark blue coat of infantry style with red collar and cuffs, yellow buttons and lurnhacks in the divisional colours as shown.

The Enginurs This all--officer corps wore large cocked halS edged in the bunon colour, bunon loop and cockade, white plume wilh black tip, dark blue coat, yellow bUllons and epauletlcs.

The Infantry Black felt and leather shako with raised front, superficially resembling the .812 pattern British

Laternu.aJsOIdy ofSpaaisk u--ptI, datlNll"'" w~""'. dec:i.ioa 10 prft. tile .... wl .... BaUj_'" April oftkac ynr __ partly b...ed 011 IUs llistnosl of Iloe Spaatsb p.rri-. be ud lefl Uo Cilldad Rod~o, aow tJorn,loeaed by ManDoaL On lhe leftla. clu.plain ridiaS. mille; at!ll1,. t:roopn oflhe 'AI Garbio' R~meal in dark bl"e Caeed yeUow, wilh red sad white ..ddle C"minarel aad _olloer . .kli"r of Llt.ia wi i. ....ted, wrapped i.a hi. dark bille cloak - aote Jaitera !acINI 011 in.ide, Clli 10 resemble heavy cavalry boola, B"ide him st...d • • c.....lrym.aJI i.a C.dre dr". • y"lIow cap aad aleeved wai.tcoat, lh" aleeorta oClloe lauer anached willo rftl lacea. The(r"..adier u. rftl C.cUosa,_d is oCIlo. G"ad~ra Rqimuc (bere caption...., 'Garda !aacara.'). On the risbt ia. rni Sro,,1' .Cline sad millda Waatry (R.I'..odwcH b)' " ..-1 ' -......- oj Her Mitj..,), llu Qo<...)

m,

infantry model; brass fronl band around the bottom of the shako pierced with the regimt:ntal number, above thjs an oval bTaS!l plate bearing the POrtuguese crest. To the lOp left-hand side was the blue-within-red cockade· from which for par· ades' a white plume issued. Shako cords were mixed blue and the divisional colour with the addition of gold for all ranks above corporal; officers' cords all gold, officers' plumes with a black tip.

Badges

of rank:

Lance Corporal one yellow stripe around the cuffs Corporal 1"'0 yellow stripes around the cuffs 'Furriel' yellow metal scale 'wings' on both shoulders, the left one with yellow fringes * Tht: shapt: is not known for ccrlilin !lOme tollrctJ show it lU a cruciform arrangement of two pittet of ribbon, othen as a 'bow-tie' shape,

2S

•

DiChIOll'. 'Portar~ C.~dor" Realm",1 No f'. paiated ill 11111. By date.1l the rqimaull .fth. PortupeH

,hJ.

,,"(IUI_.

army are Lbou,hl to Iaa". wora red.browa -UOrlllll raced black, thoulb ma.ay soldi.... - •• he - mUlit have wo", the Jft),Brlrieh troWleu. hako .1Ia.amlll'rntias ~ual"fll ~.i· to the (oidia, pnk. of .ome Brid... eapllj the pompon i. black., tile badl" aad numeral are while metlll, llftd the c:oc:kade i. blue ....d red. The HUlI'r rifteand ill "!.ado: Ie_tiler eq-upmaat were widely ...ed by tbell.. liShl

eam::c

Iroo~. (R.prodMced

n

by S,./U;o... pumi".it»< 01 He .. Majuty

II•• WIlleN)

Second sergeant and drum major yellow metal scale wings, the right one with a yellow fringe, sabre with yellow knot Sergeant yellow metaJ scale wings, both with yellow fringes, sabre with yellow knot Rank Dis/indians (OjJiars) : All officers wore scale epauletta (those of the regular army being gold and the militia silver), gold gorgets. red waist sashes, and gold sword knotS.

Ensign fringed epaulelte on the left shoulder Lieutenant fringed epaulelte on the right shoulder Captain fringed epaulettes on both shoulders Major bullion epauleue on left shoulder and fringed epaulette on lhe right Lieutenant Colonel bullion epauleue on the right shoulder and fringed epauleue on the left Colonel two bullion epaulettes Brigadier General two wrought bullion epauleues each with one star; plain blue coat with broad gold lace on collars and cuffs

Major General black leather bunons. as for brigadier general but collar and cuffs On II July IBog new uniform regulations were published for the tight infantry, decreeing that all embroidered battalions were to have black facings, distinction Lieutenant General as above but two rows ofembroidery on collar being shown only on their buttons. After the battle and cuffs of Albuera in May 1811 the Loyal Lusitanian Field Marshal Legion (a 'private army' formed by Sir Robert as above but all ofcollar, cuffs and epallieues Wilson on 4 August 1808 on instructions from are embroidered Lord Castlereagh, the British Prime MinisterGrenadiers wore a grenade badgeon their shakos became the 7th, 8th and 9th Cilfatlore Battations. between the lower band and the oval plate, and their dark blue shoulder straps were fringed at the REGIMENTAL COLOUR SEQUENCE outer ends with mixed blue and divisional colour FIRST OR SOUTHERN DIVISION fringes. Pioneers wore brass crossed-axes on their Turnshakos, grenadier shoulder-strap edging, full b,,;, beards, and white aprons. Drummers had mixed Ming ... while and divisional colour lace to collar and cuff InjQJIhy OJllar Cuffs liJciJc, edging and across the chest. lSI or Lippe's Regiment of Infantry Blue White White The Liglll Injanlry (Ca;atlow) 4th or Freire's RegiShako as for the line with following differences: Blue Red White menloflnfantry the regimental number surrounded by a bugle horn; cords and plume green for Cafotlorts, plume The ta.lo.iD. of Badaj_, 6 April 18111 - one of the btoodlnl black for AtiratlortS. aedon. of the whote Penia.uJar War, bI which 1,8~ Brid.h 400 Portupeae ~ fell The madd_eeI .ttadoen Brown coats, yellow bUllons, black leather- -.ad wrmeel their yftll.eaae:t oa the • .mYers 01 the Fraaco-work; Aliratlores had green fringes to the outer ends ~ pm- and on l1Ie Spaaia" dtbeBII witlooa.l ","c.n.iat; tile 0rtY ofdnulk_ viote.ce is oft_ q_ed to u..e of their shoulder straps. Across the chest of the Briti.h sotdier'. cliscred.lt by ContiDeIIW Itluoriaas, ipcw111.. ran that this kind oraapse was almOSI IUllteard of ia jacket ran nine yellow lace stripes 'gold for offi- in. WeUUr.l!OD'. anny b.t ....... eo_ _ plae:t am-.: IIIm_ cers). Breeches were white, gaiters black with forcn (Ndi-._l A .....)' Mou"""m)

T~· b~b

piping ond Two of the catq:oriq or Ger--. troop. wJUdI f_,ht wi'"" Napole
e-troo.

Infontry Collar 7th or Setubal Regiment of Infantry Blue 10th or Lisbon Regiment of Infantry Blue 13th or Penicbe Regi. White ment oflnfantry 16th or Veira Telles Regiment of Infantry Red 19th or Cascaes Regi. Ydlow ment of Infantry '2'2nd or Serpa Regiment of Infantry Sky blue COlXJlry lSI or AJcantara Regi. ment of Cavalry White 4tb or Meklenburg Regiment of Cavalry R
Culfs

lining

Yellow

White

Sky blue White White

White

R
White

Yellow

White

Sky blue White

White

White

R
White

Yellow

White

Blue

White

TumbMb

(A114r

Cuffs

piping an.J lining

Rod

White

Artill~

1St or Lisbon Regiment of An.illery Red

'The Battle ors-I_m••ca. nJRly 11111', by R. SlmItlas - .. _ oCt-., tlte Britiu are laaccarately sbowa -ea.riaI tlte laur IkIJic sllaloo. POrNpeN ronnadoas did _eD.t SdamaAcal Po... en·sbripderOllJ"tw:itlllbe~Divi.io .....IIoH~ attadlsonaalted TbomJeree'. c!iVl..-....t D'Urb&:.'. PortapeN c::a valry carried _I a damaPl cbarre (N.,.i-..J A"".1 M ..eot,")

TumbMb

Light Infantry 1St or Castillo de Vide BaualionofCat;adore:s Brown Sky blue White 4th or Reira Banalion of Cat;adore:s Sky blue Sky blue White

THE SECOND OR CENTRE DIVISION Infantry 2nd or Lagos Regiment of Infantry 5th or 1St ElVa! Regiment of Infantry 8th or Castello de Vide Regiment of Infantry 11th or Penamacor Regiment of Infantry 14th or Tavira Regiment of Infantry 17th or 2nd Elvas Regiment oflnfantry

Blue

While

Rod

Blue

Rod

Rod

Blue

Yellow

Rod

Blue

Sky blue Red

While

White

Rod

Rod

Rod

Rod

Collar

Cuffs

pipillg aM lining

20lh or Campo Maior Regiment of Infantry Yellow Yellow Red 23rd or Almeida Regimen I of Infantry Sky blue Sky blue Red

Cavalry 2nd or Moura Regiment of Cavalry 5th or Evora Regiment of Cavalry 8th or Elvas Regiment of Cavalry 11th or Almeida Regiment of Cavalry

White

White

Red

Red

Red

Red

Yellow

Yellow

Red

Blue

Blue

Red

Red

Red

Red

Red

Red

Red

A,till~

2nd or Algarve Regi. ment of Artillery grd or Estremos Regi· ment of Artillery

29

9th or Viana Regiment of Infantry 12th or Chaves Regiment of Infantry 15th or 2nd Olivent;a Regiment of Infantry 18th or 2nd OportO Regiment of Infantry 21St or Valen~a Regi. ment of Infantry '24th or Bragan~a Regiment of Infantry

Blue

Ydlow

Yellow

Blue

Sky blue Ydlow

White

White

Yellow

R
R
Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Sky blue Sky blue Yellow

COMity

srd or Oliven~ Regiment of Cavalry White 6th or Bragan~ Regi. ment of Cavalry R
Di.htoll'. 'Officer, loth ReJimelll Port\l(Uese Cavalry, dated Ilhlll. 1'1>" crated hebne1 of.808 bal bee.. replaced by. bell.lopped shako with. red plum", YlI'lIow Il",rnber and chirl-.1M, aDd blue and red cockade. The coat t. dark blue faced ...d piped red, witlo.sold buu. . . aad Irpl'wennl tile -.ub i. red, tile Mlu batr aad. tile Oft'ralh bloe .U'a~ witlo leather (Rqrod...:eJ by Vad_ pn-mi...i_ of H«r M_j..,y tlu

<1.-~'

Tumbatb

Collar Light Infantry 2nd or Moura Battalion of Ca.-;adores Brown 5th or Campo Maior Battalion of ea.;adores Red

Cuffi

piping and lining

Red

Red

Red

Red

THIRD OR NORTHERN DIVISION Infantry 3rd or lsi Olivent;a Regiment of Infantry Blue 6th or 1St Oporla Regiment of Infantry Blue

30

White

Yellow

Red

Yellow

R
Light Infontry srd or Tras 05 Montes Battalion of Cac;adores Brown 6th or Oporta Battalion of Ca~adores Yellow

White

Yellow

R
Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Blue

Yellow

R
Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

ORGANISATlO:-I Under Count Lippe, each infantry regiment had seven companies: the First, or Colonel's Company of 116 men; the Second, or Lieutenant Colonel's Company, the Third, or Major's, com· pany and four Captains' Companies all of 114 men. The regimental staffconsisted ofan adjutant, a quartermaster, a chaplain, auditor, surgeon and six assistant surgeons, drum.major, armourer and provost, giving 814 men in all. In addition, any number of 'oggrtgadod on half pay and junior to regular equivalent ranks could Ix: attached.

Cacalry N.B. (IBog) Due to horse shortage, the follow. iog regiments were in fact dismounted: 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th. Count Lippe formed his cavalry regiments on a low scalc; each troop comprised 3 officers, 5

N.C.Os, I trumpeter, I farrier and 30 men. There were eight troops to each regiment (320 men). Beresford changed this to conform to English establishment of 5'20 men. ArtilJ~ry

Four regiments each of 3· or 6-pdr. guns prior to 18og, but Beresford introduced the light g-pdr. j 12 guns to a battery. Artillery and Engineers were controlled by the equivalent of our M.G.O. (Master General of Ordnance).

MILITIA REGIMENTS - ,80g First Dicision Lagos Regiment of Militia Viseu Tavira Guarda Beja Trancoso Evora Arouca Villaviciosa Tondella Portalegre Arganil Castello Branco Covilhao Idanha Lamego Suond DirJision 4 Lisbon Regiments Alcacer do Sal Torres Vedras Santarem Setubal Coimbra Thomar Figueira Leiria Aveiro Soure Oliveira de Azemis Lousao Third Diuision Baltar Oporto Villa de Conde Fcira Barca Braga Viana Mayo Barcellos Chaves Guimaraes Villa Real Penafiel Miranda Arcos Bragan~a

Loyal Lusitanian Legion In 1808 the Loyal Lusitanian Legion was formed in Oporto. It consisted of two infantry battalions or divisions of 1,000 men each (the second division was crushed in infancy by Sault, but later reformed); one regiment of cavalry, and one battery of artillery (four 6-pounder guns; two howitzers). Uniforms were in the British style, as were drill and discipline. '

Infantry uniform - green with green facings Cavalry uniform - green with white facings Artillery uniform green with black facings Stragglers from Sir John Moore's army swelled its ranks, and it had an excellent fighting record. After Albuera the Legion was converted into the 7th, 8th and 9th Ca~adore battalions and lost its original uniform.

THE PORTUG

ESE

LEGIO~

When Napoleon conquered Portugal in 1807 he dismissed half the Portuguese army. Some 6,000 to 8,000 men were retained and formed an army corps whose generals and general staff were Ponuguese. They were sent to Salamanca, Bayonneand finally to Grenoble where a POTtUgu.~St Legion was formed by decree of 18 May 1808. It was to consist of six light infantry regiments although only five were ever formedi, two regiments of ClztliHUTS Ii cMeal, and a battery of artillery whose life was very short). The commander of the Legion was Don Pedro de Almeida, Marquis of Aloma; the Divisional General was Gomez Freyre, the Brigadier Generals de Pamplona and Carcome, and the Chief of Staff Souza. Colonels of regiments were as follows: 1st Regiment Joachim Albuquerque \'on Saldanha 2nd Regiment D. Thomas, Marquis von Ponte Lima 3rd Regiment Freyre Pego, then Castro 4th Regimenl Botelho Alvaro, Grafvon San Miguel 5th Regiment Vascon~ellos

1St Cavalry Regiment de Aguiar 2nd Cavalry Regiment Marquis von Tole This Legion was increased in 180g by a Demi. Brigade of grenadier and voltigeur companies taken from various Portuguese battalions. By 2 May 1811, however, it was reduced to three infantry regiments, and in November 1813 it was disbanded completely. On 5 May 1814 all those Ponuguese still in French service were disarmed and handed over to their own government. Uniform: Spencer (with half lapels' of Francis-

31

'I

"l~tial

vandyked edging. Olher equipment as for French

1112. The

Cluusturs Ii duval.

study .r Port.pne ...d Sp&aU1l troGJK dated ~ ~ OIl tile leli . - r bro_ raced red, • • 00'0"' . . tile ~rUft" period by tbe t&d aDd 5.... Ban.alioooslite vel .1toWd have yeU_ radap. OfIi,un _ r erial....Ian -....d .old epaaJeuea, aDd tJoe d .... mmu . . red ~.uJett_aad bro_ breed.... piped wlUte. 110.. bru;a dra..m. .... red boops. 110.. Spoo.aJ.a. Cllvalry (Villavidou lisht drq. 00• •) wear J"ft' whh red facia,.. ..,lUte lace aDd button.. red plamK, ...d red ahabnul'"'" trimmed WIUII' (Rqwot/tu:d by rwcioou JHrmi."_ of H_ M-i~.'y flu 0,...-)

vd

can brown colour; lapels, collar, cuffs and lumbacks red; while piping. Brown trousers with a double red stripe. The shako was the Portuguese bamlina pattern with raised from 6 em higher than the rest of the hal, and brass front plale and chinscales. Grenadiers had red cpaulcues, plumes and cords and had grenades on their wrnbacks in while. Voltigeurs had yellow-aver-red plumes, green cords and green lapels with while hunting horns on the turn backs. The centre companies had brown 'duck's·foot' shoulder straps piped red and a red pompon on the shako. White buttons. The pouches of grenadien and voltigeun bore white grenades or hunting horns. The Chassturs Ii cheval had the same coat as the infantry, with red lapels, and wore the same trousers over half·!,x)ots. Headgear was a black lacquered helmet with black peak, brass combe and chin·scales, black crest of wool and a brown turban edged in brass with a round plate in the front centre. Portmanteau round, red edged in white; grey mantle; white sheepskin with red

32

A battalion of Portuguese Pian.in's was raised in 1812 and existed until 1814- It was organized, equipped and dressed completely on French lines. In 1809 the entire Portuguese ~gion was mobilized as a brigade in the 3rd Division of OudinOI'S Second Corps in the war against Austria. The order of battle of the 3rd Division is reproduced below: Divisional ComlfUJndn- - General Grandjean 1St Brigade (General Marion) lO eme Regiment d' Infanterie Ugere- 3 bauaJions (Colonel Berthezene) 2nd Brigade (General Lorencez) 3 baualions 3eme Regiment de la Ligne (Colonel Schobert) 57'~me Regiment de la Ligne 3 battalions (Colonel Charriere) Jrd Brigade (General Brun) 72eme Regiment de la Ligne -3 battalions IOSeme Regiment de la Ligne 3 battalions (Colonel Blanmont) Total of Fm"h infantry 155 officers 5,9'28 N.C.Os and men 41h (Portuguese) Brigade (General Carcome·Lego) 13th demi·brigade Portugaise 3 battalions Chasseurs;\ cheval Portugais<: '2squadrorn Tptal pf PfJrtllgutst troops 650fficen 1,539 N.C.Os and men 140 horses

Dir:i.sil1nal Artillny and EngiMtr Park (Colonel Villt::· nt::uvt::) 34 0fficen 1,827 N.C.Os and mt::n 1,983 horst::S Two of the Portuguese infantry battalions dis· tinguished themselves under Oudinol at the batlle of Wagram (5 6 July lBog) bUI had arrived too late to take part in the preceding battle ofAspernEssling on '21 '2'2 May IBog (in which Napoleon experienced his first defeal in the field). The Portuguese Legion took part in the 181'2 campaign bUI nOt as a composite formation; il was split up between the II Corps (Marshal Oudinot) and the I II Corps (Marshal Ney) as shown below:

II CORPS (Marshal Oudinot, Duke of Reggio) 6th Infantry Division (General Legrand) 26th French Light I nf.'\nlry Regimenl 19th French Line Infanlry Regiment 56th French Line Infantry Regiment 128th· French Line Infantry Regiment 3rd Portuguese Infantry Regiment

Two £aad...m., DfcItt. . J>&1atiap orSpaai,1I vol_len- aad ~oflic:ft'Si. nerelati.... rl'ftdom'o _ _vre ...joym by Wdl.boJ1_ • AaSl.. fidel arm)' . . . ...ti.reI)' due to the ' ....mead.... ,t.raift p"ced . , . . tile F ~ araU" or GCalpe.tiOIl b)' the Spaailia popalar r~I"'t---.l comm...ucad. . . _d ...pply clUtribllti. . ,d",red a ~ lia.sly, _d tile morale or tile F......clo coalCrip" .... IIOf im.prov~ by doe medieYlll willa whiclo doe Spaiant, t ..... l~ prl_lIer1 ....J..ck,. or rooU.1I ... _p '0 be taIr.... alive. uft i. 'Jose d", Elpla, 011'" oro-Ja.aa MartiJl'. dud.'. ne blackloal bean. yellow _d red l'OCbde witll !he FVD cypbn" or lIae ~ed Spoo..aJ.1a kia.J F",noaado; the ~I or tJ.e _11Ime i. JreeD willa .ilver trim _d butt_.. NOf'" doe d-.th'.Ia...d badS" 011 the collar aad lIae Ioat.-bat!od. RiKlot it _ 'Officn- orth", Loyal dl.t:i.arl.lI~ Cadh Vol_len'll'. He wears a red coekad"" wlaiu plume _d whit'" mlHaJ p"t'" 011 h.illalack Ioat. ne red·broWIII jacket loa. _ I e raciap aDd while lace aad bUUOII'1 ,ilver epauleu" IlI'C! wor-., _d IIOfe til", odd .ilver laadl'" 011 th", (onarm. TIl", waillcoal i. whil"', lIae breeclaetl yellow, 'be ..,Ia crim_, tlae .wont h.iJ1 _d bM lold,aad Ibe bool trim _d tallel••iI...,r. TII_ ..,mi.~ vol.....teer o.ait. mad", up til", laulk ortll", Spaai.1I armiH b)' a late .tale or the war, aad ortea ,offered appalliasly wbell IarouSlat iIIto the field asainilibe far more pror",i--.I, better trai.n~, Mu",r equipped and lafiait",l,. ""',ur I~ F......ch (Reprodwud by Kr.cio... permi.rio", of Her M.july tile (bfe,",,)

11'i'.:

,onur

"-.ny

III CORPS (Marshal Ney, Duke of Elchingen) 4 hatlalions 4 battalions 4 battalions

2 banalions 2 battalions

(AclUally lhis unit· was recruited from Bremen, an old Hanseatic lown which had been incor· porated into France in 1810)

loth Infantry Division (General LOOru) 24th French Light Infanlry Regiment -4 baualions 26th French Line Infamry Regiment 130r 4 291h French Line Infanlry Regiment battalions 72nd French Line Infantry Regiment each 1st Portuguese Infantry Reglmenl 2 battalions 11th Infantry Dir:i.sion (General Razout) 2nd lIIyrian Regimenl'" "'Originally an Austrian Border Infantry was transferred to french service in .Bog.

R~ment which

33

.hi.

".., uttl.. of VittoriL, 21 JUlIe .8,:}- n..i. paifttias r:apt~ IIClmethiq of the .pirit of decUive Allied victory, whf,o lIoe F~ were ro~ to 8", ~r roUoSb ~ ....d 1000t LIon.. _tire artilH:ry ...d hagar" (raiD.. Siace Kias Josq.... treasory sAd the rich" of maar "",CuIH Spanish J1'&Dden were also wilh the army, the Brill... Hldier _joyed. day aDd • ailh. of 1ootUa8 nu:h a. he had seldom dreuned of ....d Dever ...perie.u:ed. The b.ttle marked the bat ruin of the French caule in the Peninaula, .nd was celebrated .hroush. Ollt free Europe. The T.ar of R ....i. ordered tbe .insi0l of. .pedal Te D........ thrDuKhout hi. ~Im (N.ti...., ,4 ........ Moueoom)

4th French Line Infantry Regiment !40r 5 1'.Hh French Line Infantry Regiment banal ions 93rd French Line Infantry Regiment each 2nd Portuguese Infantry Regiment -2 battalions

The Chassellrs d cheval of the Portuguese Legion was also involved in the Russian campaign and fought at Borodino, as did their infantry comrades. Although not finally disbanded until 1813, very few members of the Legion survived the bitter Russian winler and 'Regiments' consisted of handfuls of disease-ridden, ragged, frostbitten tramps.

ne'P/o/es AI

Pionur, 1St or Lippe's Infantry Regiment, 180g/ 81 4 Due 10 the fact that the pioneers of each battalion were frequently working ahead of their comrades, making roads and bridges in rough country and with the minimum of comforts, they were usually permitted to grow full beards. Even today, the pioneer sergeant of each British infantry battalion can be seen sporting his 'full set'. Instead of the normal infantry musket, the pioneers carried car· bines slung over their shoulders thus leaving their hands free to use their large axes. Ensign, 2 ISt or Valenfa Infantry Regiment, 1809 The similarity between this bamtina shako and the British 'Belgic' model of 1812-13 which it is supposed to have inspired) is clear to 5«. In his Slcttdus of Military CoStUfTU in Spain anti Portugal Bradford shows the fringes of officers' sashes as A2

By 11.3 the spu.i, FonD, ...d MIme For

y ti

1UIdeJ"loiai • _"'til..., of real 1",,1 aotably Morillo'.

silver. The late Rene North, in set no. 24 of his diNio.., wlUdI fou,ln eD ac Victoria ...d ... the Pyrellen were .p~IWt., a .taadard .... lUdI eaabled W ~ _ 10 interesting Paint. Your. Own Cards, shows two 11ft the...... hi. field ...... y. n.-e IWO DiJhc_ ....... tiaK. officers both with red tassels. Bradford also shows Wutnlte Spaai.h cavalry oFthe period. 14ft .. 'AD 08iur of Fe.....-do vn H ....an'l doe btuby i. black witll red '-I aad the divisional coloured edging of the coat to have plDJDe ......lIyer acalu_d cord.. n.e dolrnaaaod pe:liueare witll .iI_r lace ...d ....ct.... doe laner with black r.r been a wide stripe down the fronl, wider than the v-a trim; the Fadqa of tile dolnu.a, aad the breecltea, are INB". button diameter - another item of detail omitted Tbe aahrecaaehe ...d ......._s are black, the aaddlKOYer .. white aheepalda, the s"'braqoe is ~ t.-i....Ded with silver, by North. The colour of the 21st Infantry is copied ...d the slaUi_ is _believablel RIKIt' a..., Cwo lroopen oFthe from a watcrcolour in the Lisbon Mustu Mi/itar. 'Catalaa I...Iuocer Corpa of SaroD d'EruD",'. n.e helmet ..... a browa rur creal,...- phUDe, ...d black, yeDow aad red c:odI. The cyphers in each corner are crowned 'FPR' ~ ade. Jacket ...d £treec"", are V"'"" with while boctORS aad black ,id_lripe (R"p,.oJ..ceJ by Kracf.OfU IN""i..._ oj H_ for the Prince Regent ofPonugal- and the mOtto M.je.':! tit. (bo.....) in gold reads clockwise from the 'six o'clock' pos;l;on JULGAREIS QUALHE MAS EXCE. LENTE SE (this last word immediately above lhe B Officer, 1St or Alcantara Cavalry Regiment, 1809 ccown) SERDO MUNDO REI DE TAL Here, as in the case of Plate A3, the source is GENTE. The title on the lower label reads Bradford's Sktldus. Once again, lhe divisional REGI M ENT".WXXI. piping (151 Division, thus white) is very broad down the coat front. The shoulder scales are very A3 Grmad;tr pn"vate, 21St or Valfflfa Itifanlry IUgi· British. Finding sufficient cavalry mounts in the ment, 1809 Peninsula was a great problem for all the armies The grenadiers' fringed wings are an imitation of engaged in the long and biner struggle there, and the distinctions worn by their comrades in the the qualityofthe Ponuguesecavalry even ifvery gTenadier companies of the British infantry. The much higher than that of the Spanish was not details of the back of the coat would also seem to be really equal to that of the British or French armies modelled after the British pattern. or to that of the various German states.

35

n .. baule of l1Ie Prr--eea. 28 JuJ y 18')0 A .wdy of " ..... flllraordUulriJ)' u.nc:oaviacitlJ oaiforma, both Briti.h and FrftlclIl SoW.', .Uemptftl niD.-.i. . or.o~ Spaia rve W.,UiJlI'_ some bad mom_.s, but ._er had . .y I_I_term claaD",...r 'O(:l'ft'. (N.,ioaA/. A .......)' M ........)

C,

Limtmont ColoMI of EngitILus, 1809 From the monumental hat and the eagle-headed sabre hilt, it is clear that the Corps of Portuguese Engineers was something of an elite body, even if only in sartorial matters. In those days it was common for engineers to be a small corps composed mainly of officers who had studied mathematics, engineering and fortifications. The labour force, required to put their plans into action in the field, was often provided by the infantry not actively engaged in fighting, and the men who worked werc quite well paid in addition to their military pay. (It must be said here that soldiers on campaign in Napoleonic times frequently went for months without pay and thus this extra source of income was quite popular although the tasks were often dangerous, as in the case ofconstructing sicge parallels under the guns ofa hostile fortress.)

concentrated in the Atiradort or 'Sharpshooters' Company and probably equipped with rifles (almost certainly the famous British Baker mood. The rest of the baualion would gc:ncrally have used the smoothbore musket, as it was considered in those days that too high a proportion of rifles to muskcts wa disadvantageous. This prejudice was based on the mechanical defects of the rifle, then in its infancy. Although much more: accurate than the musket, the rifle was more difficult to load and the rifling quickly became fouled after a few shots, making it almost impossible to keep up fire for a long pcrioo. The black leatherwork and the brown clothing represented the first attempts of the Portuguese to delve into the mystcries of camouRage. The light infantry were taught the hunter's skills of fie1dcraft, and also look advantage of cover when fighting in extended order.

C3 Captain, Atiradore Company, 2nd Battalion oj Ca;adorts, 1809 Here again, thc British inRuence in the uniform of the Portuguese army can be seen; the chest lace, C2 Corporal, Atiradore Company, .ph Battalion of red waist sash and the light cavalry stylc sabre carried by officers of riflc battalions arc all vcry Ca;adoru, /809 Thc best shots in each baualion would have been similar to contcmporary British items. Wclling-

36

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.

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ton's light troops played a vital part in his method DiJhtoao paiatiap or 1_ SpaaiU field offi"" or llte . .1 pft'iod ortloe Pe:.iodaJ...r War. valuable ror 1M det:aib or ~ of defeating the supposedly invincible French temporary dotJUalatyln.LAft ia tloe FaI.caJ&a. 6p.re.rode ~ .... eolo_1 or floe SpaaJlh Iara-try t columns of assault. By out·gunning the \'oltigeur J--or Toledo. He _ n .. reeldisla-brow. aaiCona &.:ecI yellow screen (which really was the key to victory for the wilh .nver lace uod buu_So Then are three ailver atripes or 0" lhe .leeve 0"10 0" lhe c:llfI' uod two a~ it. ne columns) the British and Portuguese light troops ......k point .bovJ.d be made lhat u. view or lhe dlaotie los:Iadc made slire that their own main body, drawn up in .huadon witb which both .id... had 10 eOllteDd u. lhe Peala• • ular War, the broWII local doth ...... Uled u. normou. the old-fashioned, two-deep line behind them, qua.dd... by all Dadon.Ude.. Ri~Jd, i.n • red eoat ordi.tinctly Briti.b .ppea......ee. i • • field officer oC the R~n:u~.u oC doe were still in excellclll shape and full of fight when Cort... ; he hal wlUte r.c:i.nK. uod lold lace and buu_.. a ... white breech.... blade beh.lold awonl r.mithe ponderous French columns approached. The aim IDre uod not, uod black boo. la...da. For _ _ reoa- tloe light troops withdrew when the two main bodies lold loop _d bull_ _ IO.U hat IeCDre a reel and bhle ncbde neared onc another, and the inevitable outcome of u..tead or tloe . .oat Spaai.h reel or reel and yelI_. Ria plo_ ia reel (RqrodMCell b)' r-oO'fU/ ,--u,;_ of H_ M-.jut)' the line versus column COniest in the Peninsular ''''00_) War was that the column was shot to pieces by the line and was sent reeling back in defeat. form distinclions in the form ofspecial lace decora· tion lO collar, cuffs and chest of his jacket. This DJ Fifer, 1St Battalion ojCo{udom, 1810 As marks of his Slatus, the firer (or bugler, as was figure is shown in the later uniform, when all his main battlefield function) had his own uni- Cal;adore battalions wore black facings.

R.-...

37

D2 Trooper, 8th or Elvas Regiment of Cavalry, /809 The system of coloured facings used in the Ponu· guese army at this period was introduced by the Craf von der Lippe who probably copied the Prussian method of indicating the seniority of regiments within brigades by a standardized use of colour coding. This system was: 1St Regiment 2nd Regiment 3rd Regiment 4th Regiment

white

,cd yellow blue

The same system is used in the West Cerman Bundesu:ehr today to indicate seniority of brigades within a division, and the colours are shown on the edging to the divisional arm badge. The Elvas cavalry regiment, being in the second division, had red piping and lining to its coat, and as third senior cavalry regiment in that division, yellow collar and cuffs.

D3 Officn, Loyal Lusi/anian ugion, /808 The figure is shown here in the British 'rifle' uniform which was so popular with many of the legions and foreign corps raised for British service during this period. Officer status is indicated by the red silk waist sash and the light cavalry sabre. The Legion was practically destroyed at Albuera; the cavalry and artillery were disbanded, the men going to join their infamry comrades as the new 7th, 8th and 9th Cac;adore battalions in 181 I. E Officn, Legion of D'Alorna ('Expnimental Legion'), /808 The Experimental Legion was the only serious attempt made by the Portuguese to modernize their army prior to 1808, and even this formation was only half.heartedly pursued. The infantry of this Legion wore slightly tapered cylindrical shakos (probably of the English light infantry type). The character of the uniform worn here is that of light troops and the horse furniture and harness reinforce this impression. F Officn, Chasseursd cheval, Portuguese Legion, /809 There are several sources of pictorial information on the Portuguese Legion, but this multiplicity tends to increase the confusion which surrounds the details of the dress of this corps rather than to 38

The Portupue LeSioll ill Freach .emce, 1&0,-13' • plate (ao. 130) froID Marbot'. Conh"..... Milit.i,.e. F"a.. Pari., .860. Uafortullately, uniform detail ill theae platea ill noW:II to have takell lec:ond place to artistic composition i.a some caHa. AU thue 6 ....r" wea.. f'i'ddi.h·broW:II c:oats witb f'i'd faciaSa, white bunon., ...d whitl: pipu,S. (14ft '0 ".Jilt): (I) Cha..l:ur l che....1 blacll helmet with hlado CrHt, browa. fur turbull yeUow front badse, CroWil ..rut ...d c:.m.-Ies, f'i'd pluml:. While belt d buldoUI:n, .teel ac:abba.rd, bra.. hilt, white ..rap d ""ot. White .heqHlkia edSed red, broW:II port.....ll"U edSed red, buck ha...." . with bru. fittiasa. (e) PriVlltl: ofVoltiSl:un .hako c:orcb., yellow over red plume, IreI:_ epaulettu with yeUow CrtSc:ellll.. yeUow .hako plate. (,) Offiur of Voltiseun - ,..,Uow over red phulle, white c:od
,,_i.,

V--

decrease it. In order or apparenl reliability the major sources are: I. Faber du Four - a Wiirttemberg artillery officer who made sketches from life or death during the 1812 campaign.

2. The Augsburgn BiJdn a series ofengra\<;ngs which appeared in the early nineteenth century.

3· Lienhart und Humbert, Us U"ijormu Fran· cais . .. , Volume V. 4. The collection of paper cut.-out soldiers in the Strassburg museum. This laHer source was used by the late Rent North for his series of six cards on the infantry of the Legion, but I must confess that my observations of the same little figures differ from his in several respects, e.g. the design of the cap plate and the amount of silver embroidery on the officers' coats. The officer shown here is taken from the Augs· burger Bilder, and the same illustration appears in Ribeiro's work, La ligion Portugaise; it is in the Dubois de l'Etang collection in the Musee de l'Armee.

G/ Privole of Fusiliers, 3rd Infantry Regiment, Portuguese Legion, 1812 This figure is based on the folio ofengravings made in Russia by Faber du Four. Although the man wears a bugle badge on his shako, his sh6ulder straps indicate that he is a fusilier. It is quite likely that he has picked up the shako of a fallen comrade of the Voltigeur Company to replace his own which was lost or damaged.

39

G3 Offiu:r, PortuguiSt Ligian "ifantry, /809 This view is taken from the little paper figures in Strasburg museum. The decoration is so gaudy that the figure could easily be mistaken for a drum major! H J TrumfNltr, Ckasuurs Ii (hti:ol oj 1M Porlugunt uglon This figure - based on a plate in the Boeswili.

wald Collection - is dressed in the conventional reversed colour.> worn by most drummers and trumpeters of thjs period. The Carl Collection shows a trumpeter dressed entirel}' as for the soldicr.> except that his helmet crest is red and he has silver edging to his collar, cuffs and lapels.

:(:'.;::?) YEllOW IBLUE I""/J

I

u.lRED

I

IWHITE

B.ttaliOll coJ...... of tile 71b C~.d_u; ... hetber c:olo........"re carriftl ... the field i. "OC 0 0 _

G:J

Offiur

Portuguu~

of

Voltignlrs, lSI Infantry

R~gimt1lJ,

ugian, 1810 The yellow--ovcr-red plume is peculiar for a French·satellite unit; French voltigeurs usually had yellow over gTccn plumes. The red waist sash is also an oddity which the French obviously allowed the POrluguese Legion to retain; the Augsburger BUder also show an officer with a red waist sash.

1-/2 GunntT, Portugutst Artilitry, 1809 This man belongs to the foot artillery and thus wears infantry-type equipment as the gun crews marched behind the guns. I n the hor.>e artillery the crews rodc either on lhe learn horses, the cannon limber (in lhe Austrian army also on the gun trails) or on extra horses (thest were usuall} reserved for l\'.C.Os and officers). H3 Drumm", Portugutst Ltgion Infantry This figure is based on the Strassburg museum paper cut-out collection; he is portrayed without shako cords, sabre or drum apron but thest have not been added this is in order that the reader may form his own opinion of the reliability of these figures). The cap plate shows an oval, horizontally divlded into three parts, under a fivepointed crown and over a cross. The oval is surrounded by what appear to be arabesques but thcy could equally wcll have been Rags, cannons etc.

1

Men-at-Arms Series

THE SEVEN YEAJlS WAll \I0"'-TC."Ut·S "R~IY WOI.FE'S ,\RMY· THE ,\L·STRO·HL·"GARIA:-< AR\IY Qt· TIlE SEn:" YF.ARS WAR fRFnERICK THE GRF.ATS ARMY

•

NAPOLEONIC WARS FOOT GRI:NAJ)IERS OF THE IMPERIAl. CUARD CHASS~:L'RS Of THE GUARD BLeCHER'S ,\RMY RUSSIAN. ARMY Of THE XAI'OLEONIC WARS THE BlACK RRUNSWIC~ERS \L'STRO·HU'ICARIAN ARMY OF nn: NAI'OU:O:\IC WARS \\ELLlr..:CTO:\"S PE"I'\'SL'L-\R ARMY KISG'S GERM\" LF.GIO,\,· '\I'OU:O"'S POLISH TROOps· :\APOU:OVS GERMA:-< ALLIES '''POLEO;''·S GER:\IA" ALLIES 2 SP.""SH ARMIES OF THE '''POI.EO'IC \\\RS PORTL'GL ESE .-\R~IY Of THE 'APOU:O:\IC \\\RS ""POLED"S .~RTILLERY '-\POLEO;..·S I>RAGOO'\'S .\'1) IH\ 'CF.RS '\POLf.O.....S Cl'IR."SSIERS -""n (:,\R\BI'\IERS SC\:';Ol'A\·I.-\" "R~tJES I:'; THE '-\POLEQ"C WARS

OTHER 19TH CEJ01JRY CAMPAIGNS ReSSIA' .... R"tY Of THE CRIMF~\ BRITISH ,\R\tY OF TliE CRI~tl::A· AIl."n' 01' THE GERMA" E"PIRE 187088 THE SL'I)A' CA~IPAIG:';S 1881 98 THE BOI.R \\AIl. THE ZtJLU WAR WORLD WAR n 1'HI: WAffE:'\' SS LUf'TWAtTE AIRBOR'\E AND HELl) ll'\ITS nn: PA'I/ER DIVISIO:":S THF. JAPA:"'ESE AR"tY Of WORLD WAR II THE SOVU:T ARMY RO~IMEL'S ....ESERT ARMY

BRIl1SH RJ:.CIMENTS THE SUCK \\ \TCH THE COU)~TREA"t Gl:.\RDS THE ROY.-\L SCOTS GREYS THE ARGYLL A SLTHERU~D HICHI.A"'-DERS THE CO.....' AL'GHT RA'iGERS 1 HE Bl:n··S THf ROYAL ARTILLERY THE KI'G'S REGIME"T TilE GlRKHA RIHF"s· THE 30TH PU:'IlJABIS THf. SOUTH WALES BORDERERS nu: ROYAL GREE" JACKETS

AMERICAN SUBJECTS rill: STO"EWALI. BRIGAI)E TH E IRO;" BR IG,·\DE THE t· S C.-\\,\I.RY GEORGI: \\\SHI ....CTO.....S \R\fY Till:. L"n:o $T\Tf.5 "HRI:\F. CORPS THE A"If.RlCA.' PRO\'I'\CIAL CORPS THE BRITISH ARMY 1\ 'ORTH ·\\lERIC.\ TnE \\IERICA" \\\R 1812 H· THE ARMY Of THE POTO~I\C THE\RM\' OF 'ORTHER:\ \IRGI'I.\ THE MEXIC."...·A\lERICA' \\\R 1846.a THF.\MERIC.-\:.; 1;';01..\.' WARS 18liO 90 WOUTS .... R"IY· "to;..TCAI.M'S AR\tY

177~·

MtSCEU.ANEOUS SUBJECTS Tm: I'RE'CH FOREIG'\" UCIO' THI: COSS,\CKS ESCI.ISH CI\'IL WAR(\RMlfS THE RO~IA'I ARM\ fRO "I CAF.MR TO I RAJA"· M[DIEVAL F:VROPEAN AR~I1L.S 1'300 l~ TilE LAN])SK;"'ECHTS THE ARAB I.EGION

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