Osprey, Men-at-Arms #098 Dutch-Belgian Troops of the Napoleonic Wars (1980) 96Ed OCR 8.12

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MILITARY

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EDITOR: MARTIN WINDROW ~

MILITARY

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES -

Text by OTTO VON PIVKA Colour plates by CHRIS WARNER

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FirSL published in GreaL BriLain in 19Ro hy O:pn:y, an imprint of Reed Con:umcl' Books LLc!. \cfiehelin 1louse, 81 hLlhal.11 Road, London SW3 oRB and Auckland, \'1 'Ibourne, Singapore and Toronlo

© Copyright [980

l{

Reprinted T996

'cd InternaLional Books LLd. .

All righL~ re:eTvl'cl. Apart fi"om any fair d aling for the purpose or prival.t' study, rtseareh, criliei m or review, as permirtcc] under the Copyrighl De ign.> alld Pat nt 1\ct, 1988, no part or Lhis puhlica! ion l11ay be reproduced. stored in a rel.rieval svstem, or transilrilll'd in anv, foml or . by any means, electronic, elcctri al, chemical, mccha.nical, opl.ical, photocopying, rccording or otlrerwise, withollt the prior permission ofLhc C'Opyright owncr. Enqniries shoul I he addres ed to the Publishers.

ISBN 085045347 x rilm. ct in Great BriLain Pri.nt 'd lhrough World Prilll Ltd., Hong Kong

Author's acknowledgements tvly thanks a1' due to th loll wing: Herr Schnieidcreit and mcmb rs or the KLIO Arbeitsgruppe WaLerloo in DLisscldorr; an I, in particular, tbe Historical Section of the Netherlands Army SLaf1in s'Gravcnhage. The Legcrmuseum at Leiden is recommended for tho e who wish to studY, this army further. Source. used in the preparation of this hook are: Lienhart & Humbert, Les Uni/rJ7'll1es de I' Amlee Frrm~(lis depllis r619 ci nos .lours, Leipzig, 1895 Knotel, R., Handbllchder Unifomlkunde, Hamburg, 1937 Suhr, C., Die Uniformen aller in Hambur,f!. ;:;wisrlren 1806 /813 gewesnen , Tru!JjJen Teupken, T. F., Kleedingen WajJemusfinglJande KoniklUke NederlOlldsche Troe/Jen, s'Gravenhagr and Amsterdam, 1823 Do umcnts provided by thc Historical Section, ~ctherlancls Armv , Staff'.

lJ'vou woulcllike to receive ll1ure il1f(11'ITlillioll aholl( , Osprry j\:{jlitary book', The Osprey ·kssl'nger i, a rcgular newslel.ler which cOIll"ilb ani Irs, n\'\\ title i.nformation and 'pecial ulkrs. Tnjoin (i'('\, charg-e pkasc wrilc lo:

or

Osprey Military Messenger, PO Box 5, Rushden,

Northants NNIO 6YX

Dutch-Belgian uoo

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'SIS The Netherlands (or the Low Countries) have been for centuries the ar na in which contending European powers sought to a hieve martial decisions, however remot this theatre of war may have been from their homeland.. The area has had a very colourful history, and in th e period leading up to the ~ apoleonic era modern Holland wa the Spanish Netherlands, Belgium the Austrian I\etherlands. This connection with the North Sea gave Austria a navy 'by proxy' before she had one of her 0\\'11 on th Adriatic. Jn 1791 France overran the Austrian :"ethcrlands, and these provinces remained part of France until 1815. That same year, the French general Pichegru invaded the Spani h :"etherland, and founded the Batavian Republic under Fren h protection. This caused the Prince of Orange (then ruler) to Aee to England on 18 January 1795. In the ensuing Treaty ofth Hague, the Dutch States General ceded to Franc the provinces of Flanders, lVlaastrich t, V enlo and part of Walcheren with Flushing. Tn 1803JanRudiger Sehimmelpenninck was elected president of the Batavian Republic with the title 'Raadspensionaris' (Pensioner of the Council); the Republic now consisted of the Departments of the Ems, ld hel, Rhein ~calkd orth Brabant in 1814), Texc1, Delrt, Scheidt and ~'faas (called Seeland in 1814) and Dommcl (called ~orth Brabant .In I 8141' \ In 1806 this Republic was elevated to the tatus of the Kingdom of Holland, with Napoleon's brother Louis (called Ludwig by the Dutch) as its ruler. It was only to exist for four short years, however, before vanishing from the map or Europe. During this time I\apolcon had been trying to destroy Great Britain by commercial means, as his navy had been unable to achieve

the

ra oleonic

anything at all against his arch-enemy. He in. tituted the Continental System, which involved a total embargo throughout mainland Europe on Bri tish goods, or any other trading contact with Bri tish su bjects, This ruined the trade of all the European countries under his rule, France included, and all those lands having acees to the

Sapeur, 7th Infantry Regirnent. The bearskin has red cords and plume and brass chinscales; the yellow coat has white collar, cuffs (?), lapels and turnbacks, yellow buttons, red epaulettes, arrn badges, turnback grenades and fist-strap. The gaiter buttons are white. (Plate frorn Otto Helms Collection, Staatsarchiv, Harnburg)

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island of \Valcheren, South and 1'\orth B veland. Schouwen ani Tholen; , Rhine Estuary (the old \-Vaal, the Donge 'wd areas of the Nethen, the 100·\er .\laas and the Roer ri\Trs). Uppf'r Ys el I most or the old province or Gclckrn i, Yssel Estuary (the old ppf'r Yssel j, Friesland, \-Vest Ems (the old Groningen, Drenthe and Rieckrland: and East Ems :rormerly• Ea t Friesland:. • TlH'sC Departments formed t\VO ne\", military divisions the 17th, with its ca pi tal in Amsterdam, and the 31st \",ith its capital in Groningen. (The Dutch army in July r 8 IO con tainf'd r 9<:)29 Dutchmen, 1,687 1"rf'nch. 5,48 r Germans, ! 5 Russians and 335 Poles, a total of 27 ,047 men.) \Vhen n'constructed as an independen t . tate in 18 '4, the. l' provinces \·\:ere joi ned with parts orthe 01 d Austrian i\etherlands (Belgium): th Departments or \V 'st FJander, East Flanders, South Brabant, Limburg, Henncgau, Liege, amllr and the Grand Duchy or Luxembourg. The armies raised from these areas fought as allies of the French (or as part of France i tsC\l~1 hom 1795 to r8r3; indeed. Holland had f()ught Great Britain repeatedly in ('arlier times, although mainly on the higb seas during the great scramble of the European nations for colonies and for the world's trade. As with the armies of most other allies of France, tactics, organization. drilL weapons, cq ui pment, badges of rank and d iscipi i ne \-vere all closely modelled on Frcnc h pra ,tice. Heavy Dragoons. It will be noticed that there are no front and represented an improvement on what had badges on the plajn brass hehnets, contrasting with another Suhr plate reproduced on a later page. Dark blue coat faced existed previously. red, with white buttons. Red pluOle; dark blue trousers with By 1814 the 'Low Countries' had thu. been red piping, white buttons and black leather reinforceOlent. (This, and all the other contemporary plates used in this book under .'\apoleonic inOu nce for almost twenty but not individually credited, are from the C. Suhr collection in the Staatsarchiv, HaOlburg.) years, and it is carcely surprising that many old soldiers took the field in the Hundred Days noopen sea became hives of smuggling. By r8ra minally on the Allied side, but \·vith very mixed i\apoleon was so desperate to stop this traffic that kclings and confused loyalties. he absorbed Holland, part. of \-Vl'sLJ~dia. the Kurassiers of the 1st and 2Ild Regiments in the old and new Duchy of Oldenburg and the Hanseatic towns of UnifOIOl, I80S' Three figures wear light blue facings (2nd Regt.) and of these the central soldier wears the new unifol Ol Hamburg. Bremen and Liibeck into :Vfetro- of French-style cuirassier helOlet, steel with a hrass COOlbe, chinscales and peak edging, red pluOle and black crest. His politan France. so that he might cxercise dI'ectin' waistcoat and breeches are white, his epaulettes red and his leatherwork buff. His cOOlpanions all wear the British-style control over thf'ir coa. dines. 'Tarleton' helmet with red turban, steel chains and scales. When the Kingdom of Holland was thus in- Their coats still carry the lace decoration which, together with the Tarleton, should have been replaced in I80S' The tegrated on 9 July r81O, its civil administration left-hand Olan is froOl an elite cOOlpany (red epaulettes, was modified, and on r Jan lIary r 8 r r new Depart- brass grenade on pouch, red grenades on the turnbacks). He wears grey overalls with white 1;ruttons and vandyked black ment. \""ere announced. These \'vere Zuyeler ec leather reinforceOlent. The turnbacks ofthe right-hand Olan, • (th old Amstelland and Ctrccht), Nlaas Estuary and of the figure of the 1st Regt. trooper second from left, are red. The 1st Regt. figure has black facings and buff waistcoat, ;the old .\laasland:. Scheidt Estuarv• 'the old breeches and leatherwork. •

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In British accounts of the Waterloo campaign there have bccn various rather scathing accounts of the performance of the Dutch-Belgian troops present. Friction b tween allies is as old as history itself; chauvinism may have to be tolerated in time of national emergency, bu t more balanced vievvs can prevail once the t n. ions have subsided. Deeper study of good sources will soon r veal that these Allied units suffered casualties no low'er than those of many British r<,giments in thes battles, and that there is considerable doubt a. to the identity of one or two of the most notorious cavalrv, units (which could \·vell have been volun, teer or militia units and not regular army formations). , uch confusion of identity will be readily • • understood by anyone conversant with the 'fog of war'. Perhaps it should be a lesson to us all to check and double-check our facts before publishing sweeping condemnations.

Although Belgium had no separate identity from 1794 onwards, the pan ish etherlands became the Batavian Republic and it is her army that we shall studv. in closer detail.

The Ba/avian Re ublic, 1795-1806

Batavian Half-Brigade Organization, 1795 The organization of the Batavian Half-Brigades in 1795 was very much on the Fren h model: I Chef de Brigad , 3 Bataillon Chefs, 2 QuartierMaitres, 3 Adjutant majors, 3 Chirurgiens (surg<'ons), 3 Alljutanl sOlls-oHicers, I Tamhour Nlajor (drum-major), J Bataillon Tambour, 8 musiciane;, 3 tailors and 3 cobblers. Each of th . thre battalions had nine com panics Belgian units in the French Arnty Althoug'h Belgium vvas 'absorb d by' Fran e in (onc gr nadier and eight fusilier). A grenadier 1794 95, it is possible to trace many of the units of company consisled of I captain, 1 lieutenant, the French armv. which were raised in that area I sous-lieutenant, I sergeant-major, 2 sergeants, prior to the union or recruited in it from 1794 to I corporal quart rmaster (fourrier), 4 corporals, 4 lance-corporal, 48 grenadi rs and 2 drummers 181 4: total 65 men.. fllsilicr company was the same Raised fJel,f!,irl7l VolulIleer French Ullit '-Acepl that it had 6 corporals, 6 lance-corporals Predecessors and 67 1'usiJiers-total, 89 men. llatavian Legion 9 February Each half-brigade had six 4pdr. eannon served I ~r Leger 1795 by a company of67 men (these pie es were withNorth Frankish July Il:loi drawn from service on 24 January 1798), and a Legion haH:'brigade thus had an establishment of 2,347 :\amur Battalion 28 Leger I .July 1793 I I ;\ovcmbcr I nfantr), of the :~oe Ll'gcr men. •

1793 July 1801 22"

Chasseurs

17 June 1793

II"

Hu sards

17 June 1793

13° Chasseu rs

a Cheval

14" Chasseurs a Cheval 17l' Cha seurs a Cheval 18e Chasseu rs Cheval

a

27e Chasscurs a Cheval

6

I I

l'ovember

1793 ~

LeRion Franche Etranger North Frankish Legion Infantry of the Legion Allemande Cavalry of the Legion Allemande cavalry of Legion Franche Etranger Brussels Dragoons

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9 ~'lay 1793

29 May 1808

Chevau-Legers of \Vest Flanders From 14" Chasseurs i:I Cheval ~see above) Liege Volunteer Cavalrv,

Unifornts General NoLes - Infanll)! Thc uniforms had a strong French flavour, and consisted in 1795 of 3: plain bicorn with black cockade, while loop and button; a long, dark blue coat with facings as shown below; while bellS, waistcoat, buttons and breeches, and long black gaiters. Badges of rank and company distinctions were as in Franc ,i .e. grenadiers had red pI urnes, rcd fringed, epaulettes and rcd abre knots; voltigeur had these items in green; and fusiliers had no epaulcttes or sal res, and only a company pompon. Officers wor red, white and blue waist sashes anel had silver sword knots.

Division; gold epaulette with hcavy bullion fri nges bearing two fiv '-p i nted stars for a General de Brigade, three for a eneral de Divi ion, crossed baton: within a ring of ilvcr stars for a Nlar hal. White waist oat and breeches; high black boots buckle-on steel spurs. Badge of office was a wide silk waist sa h striped with gold alld having gold tass Is tied on the left side. Colouring was according torank: Marshal white, General de Divi ion -red, General d Brigade light blue.

Commissioned O.fficers .CoLonel Bicom; two gold/silver epaulelLes with

Dutch artillery officers, HaDlburg, 1805' Here the unifonn colouring is the ahnost universal pattern of the day-dark blue with red facings and piping, and gold buttons and epaulettes. Black cockades, red plumes with black tips. While the left-hand figure has epaulettes and long coat-tails, the righthand man bas red bat tassels, no epaulettes, short tails with red grenades, and no visible marks of rank. His overalls are grey with grey-eovered buttons.

The French-st yk system of ran k badge' wa' as follows in r806:

Genertll.1 : Larrc cocked hat with cu t whi t /Cather edging; gold lace edging, Ie op and bullon' blue within whit within red cockade ~replaced in mid-179by the bla k cockade): gold hat ta.sels in the corners. Dark blue double-breasted coat ""ith red collar and euns for parades, blue for daily wear; gold button.; gold embroid ry around collar. cullS ancl horizontal po ket naps single for Gcnl rals cle Brigade. double for GCllerals de

h avy bullion fringes'. ilver port pc . Red, white ancl blue \·vaist sash. lI1ajor hako with
NOll-commissioned Ranks .Sergeallt/ MariclwL-des-logi

chef Red and gold/

silver (button colour, mix d shako ords and paul tt Cring '. : two gold/silv I' diagonal bars on the low("r sleeves on red backing. In units wilh Polish (pointed) ufI these bar were replac d by chevrons, point up. MarechaL-des-Logis A above but only one gold! silver bar on lower sleeves. Founiel' One gold bar on the upper left. arm; {\Vo red bars on orange backing on the lo\-"er sl eves. Corpoml Two reel bars on orangt' backing on the lower sleeve.. 7

Years ofservice ,·\Jere indi 'ated by red chevrons, point up, on the left upper arm, one for each p riod of eight years. In 1803 5 the Half-Brigades were split up into twenty-one individual battalions; their facings are shown in Table A. orne of the details or uniform facings ''''ere changed in certain battalions in 1804; these changes are listed in Table B. Batavian Infantry Facings 1795-1803

,iVative VlIIls

Collar, lapels, cuffs and cliffflaps

1St Half-Brigade Red 2nd Half-Brigade Crimson 3rd Half-Brigade White 4th Half-Brigade \Vhite (red collar pi ped white) 5th Hall~Brigade Yellow 6th Hall~Brigade Light blue 7th Half-Brigade Yellow

Turnbacks Piping

Red White \Vhite Red

010'"

~ .,.,..." _.J....L.-""'-.

Yellow White Yellow

\Vhite \Vhite \-Vhite

Yellow Red

Yellow Red

Foreign Regimenls ill Balavul1I service Waldeck Sa hsen-Gotha

Yellow Red

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I

\Vhite White \Vhite Red

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Batavian Infantry Colour, Model 1795' Obverse: White ground, gold inscription, green oak wreath, grey cloud, steel armour and sabre blade with gold hilt and trim. Gilt pike tip; brown pike; cords and tassels of red, silver and blue. These colours were painted on silk, and 21 were presented to the 1st to 7th Half-Brigades. (After documents provided courtesy of Dutch Army Historical Section)

Table A: Batavian Infantry Facings 1803-06

BallatiOlI

r 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1

3 14 1-J 16 17 18 19 20 2I \Valdeck (lst&2nd) Sachsen-Gotha

Lapels alld cliffs

Collar and cuffflaps

Lming

Piping 10 coal, lapels and cuffs

Piping to collar and cuf/flaps

Colollr oj lurnback numbers

red red red • cnmson cnmson • cnmson white white white white white white light bl ue light blue light blue light bl u.e light blue light blue yellow vellow • yellow

red dark blue white • cnmson white dark blue white dark blue red red dark blue white light blue dark blue ,·",hi te light blue dark bl ue red yellow red dark blue

red red red white white while white white white red red red light blue light blue lighl blue white while white vellow , yellow veilow ,

white white while white white while while white whit... red red red white white white ,.",hite white white white whitt white

white white red whit • cnmson white white white white while while red white while light blue white whi te white white white white

white white ,·"hi te dark blue dark blue dark blue dark blue dark blue dark blue white white white white white white dal'k blue dark blue dark blue dark blue dark blue dark blue

yellow red

veil ow red

)'c1low red

y~.lIow

vellow , none

none none

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none

On the skirt lurnbacks were ,,,orn the battalion numbers; [or Battalions I they were worn on one skirt turnback with a elise in the same colour on the other; Battalions 10-2 r wore the digits one on each side of each skirt turnback.

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Table B:

Battalion T

3

-

6 8

Items Changed

4 September 9 August

Collar and currriaps became red. Collar. cuO' flaps, lapels, turn back numbers and cuffs became light blue; piping to lapels and culls be ame red. Collal' and cufT flaps became crimson with whitc piping. Lapels and cuffs became pink, collar and cuff Raps bull'. Collar, lapels and cuffs became red; euA'Raps remained dark hlue; all piping, lTd. Collar. lapels and cuA',; became ydlow, the first with white piping, the rest with red. Lining changtd to white; Lurnbaek numerals La dark blue. Collar, lapd~ and culls lxcame yellow without piping. Collar, lapels, eurr.~ and lining became orangt without piping: turnbacks and pocket flaps piped orange. Collar, cuO' flaps and all piping became light blue. Cufl' naps became light blue; light blue piping La collar. Collar and cuO' flaps became light blue. CufT flaps became light blue. All pi pi ng beca me yellow.

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29.J une

TO

23 August 27 April [3 July

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Cbanges of 1804

Date

9 August 13.July 17January

J

UnifOI'D1

5 October 12 Septem bel' 3' July 21 April 3 1 .July

Tn r805 a battalion ofGrenacliers ofth' Guard of the .ouncil was raised, and in r806 it was expanded into a regiment. It wore bearskins; white coat~ with crimson facings; red epaulcllcs, plumes and sabre knots; white waistcoats, brrrchr and h Its; black gaiters and shoes .

.lagers These troop dressed as for the Line except that they wore clark green coats, lapels, waistcoats and breeches, dark green feather plumes, black bells (some sources show whi tc), dark green fringed epauleltes and turn backs. Facings Vv'ere shown on collar, cu OS, cu fTflaps, and pi ping to \vaistcoat and turn backs. On • the turn backs \vere hunting horn in the facing colour: r st

Bn. 2nd Bn.

4th Bn.

Facings Red Black

Buttons Yellow \Vhite

Black

Yellow

Crimson

\Vhite

Remarks Lapels also black Lapels dark green

In r805 the rst and 2nd Battalions became the 1st Light Infantry R gim nt, with yellow facings, and the 3rd and 4th Battali ns became the 2nd LightlnJantry RC'giment, with light blue facings.

General Noles Balavian Cavalry J 795 All regiment worc a large plain bicorn vvith whit plume, black ockadc, white loop and button,

This undated Suhr plate would appear to show a corporal of the then-1st Dragoons in about 1805. On 7 September 1806 they became the 3rd Hussars, amalgamating with the 1st Hussars in I809. Brass helmet with brass chinscales, red plume, black fur turban apparently bearing a brass lionmask insignia. Coat, breeches, greatcoat and saddle furniture are dark blue, facings are red, and buttons are white. The shabraque is triInmed white and red and the rolled cloak on the portmanteau is red.

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Sharpshooters of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Regts., 1807 10. From left to right: Voltigeur,:md Regt. Old dark blue unifolm with red facings; yellow collar showing voItigeur status; green epaulettes; green pompon, white hat loop; white belts, gaiters and smaIlclothes. Voltigeur, pod Regt. New white unifolln with red facings, white buttons; green fringed epaulettes, not visible here; green pompon, white '3' and cords to shakoother furniture white, as 4th Regt. figure below. Voltigeur ,2nd Regt. (rear view) As first figure; note red turnbacks with dark blue hearts, the latter being shown in white in one copy of Suhr's work. Voltigeur, Ith Regt. New white uniform. with

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pink facings, white collar piped pink (a distinction introduced on I March 1807 for voItigeurs of all line infantry regiments). Green pompon and fringed epaulettes; all other shako furni- . ture white. Voltigeur, Ith Regt. (rear view) New UnifOI In with old bicorne, green pompon. White hearts on long white turnbacks are possibly an over'sight by the artist. Green fist-strap. Voltigeur, jrd Regt. New uniform, as for second figure, but with inexplicable red shako cords. Voltigeur, pod Regt. Old uniform-dark blue coat and collar, white lapels, cuffs, cuffflaps, turnbacks and buttons, green pompon and epaulettes.

and tricolour tassels (red, white and bluej; alongtailed white coat with facings shown on collar, lal cls, curTs and turn backs, and fringed cpaukttes; white belL, waistcoat, breeches and buttons; high-cuffed boots; a brass-hilted, straight-bladed svvord in a brown kath('f sheath. The Dragoons' coats were dark blue.

Unit

Cuffs collar, Saddle furnilure lapels and e!Jaulefle.\· TUl'llhacks ( e(~!!,ed It'hile)

1st Heavv, Cavalrv•

Black

2nd He-avy Cavalrv•

Light blue Light blue Yellow

Dragoons

Pink

Crimson

Pink

Fool ArlilleJ)' 1795-1806 Inlalltry-style unif(>rln, dark blue with red facings and vellov,' buttons, and white belts, \·vaistcoats • and brcc(' hes.

lJorse Arlillc/O)' 1795 1806 Dragoon-style uniform with largr bicol'll; dark blue coat and lapels; red collar, ('un;; and turnbacks; yellow buttons; hulT lea Lher trousers, high-cuflCd boots and white belt::;.

I:.'ngineers As (or l
Crimson

Orders 0 'Battle, 1795-1806

Dark blue

The Hussar Regiment wore shakos, blue dolman and breeches, red collar and cuffs, yellow bu lions • and lace, crimson and white sash. In 1803 the 1St and 2nd Heavy Cavalry Regim nts wcre converted to the 1st ancl 2nd Light Dragoons respectively, and received new uniforms including British-style Tarleton helmets having a black fur crest, rcd turban and vvhite plume. They wore short, whitc coats with racings shown on collar, lapds, cuff;; and turn backs. Belts, waistcoats and brecches remained white, but the heavy boots were replacc'd by short, hussar-type footwear orten worn wiLh grey: buttoned overalls. Saddk furniture was unchangrd. Facings were blac k {or thr 1 sLRq~i mCll t, light blue for the 2nd. The Tarleton helmets were replaced by brass french dragoon helmeLs in 1804, and in thaL year white laecloops were added Lo the 'ollar (two each sidr), cullS (LwO) and lapels (c>ighL). In 1803 the old Dragoons became Ihe 1st Light Dragoolls, the old 1st Light Dragoons became the 2nd Light Dragoons, and the old 2nd Light Dragoons was disbanded. A I\('W unit, the 'Dragoons or the Guard' \·vas raised in .June 1805 and wore bearskins, white' tunics wilh rimson l:lcings and vdlow lace and buttons, and brass shoulder, scales. III JUlle 1805 the 'Guard Hussars' were raised; they• wore shakos, red dol ma nan c.I hree(' hes, white pclissc, yello\v lace and bULLons, black I'ur trim, whil' belts. black leather sahret.ache, and blue and while barrel sasl!.

7 SepteIJ1.ber 1796-The caJDpaign in GerIJ1.any

Balaviall Divisio/l General Beurnonville Isl JJn~!!,{/{Le Lt.-Gen. H. W. Daendels 3rd Battalions of'th t' Ist, 4th and 6th Hall~Brigacks. the 2nd Half-Brigade (three battalions) and the 1St and 2nd lIeavy Cavalry Regiments (Iwo squadrons each). 2nd Bngade ,1",j.-(;m. D. van Currickr 3th Half-Brigade (Lhree batLalions); ISL, 2nd aud 3rcl Jager battalions; two squadrons of hussars and (our or dragoons. The arLilkrv, consisted or the 1st and 2nd Horse Artillery Companies.

21 March 1797-The abortive landing in Ireland: Balavirl1l Divisio/l Lt.-Gen. H. W. Daendc1s 1St, 2nd, ".th and 5th Hair-Brigades (three batLalions eachj; 3rc! Battalion, 3rd Half-Brigade; 6th and 7Lh HaJl~Brigadcs (three ba Italians each) : 1. t-4th Jager Battalions; 1st and ~nd Heavy Cavalry Regiments, hussar. and dragoons (each ol'two squadrons) ; I. t and 2nd Companies, Horse Artillery. Winter caIJ1.paign on the River Main with General Augereau, 180()-i)1: Balavian Division Lt.-Gen. Jean Baptiste Dumonecau Ht Brigade 1aj.-Gcn. Stuart John Bruce 1st and 2nd Bns.: lsi Half-Brigade: 1St. 2nd and II

grd Bns., 2nd Half-Brigade: grcl Bn., gre! Half.. Brigade. 1St Heavy avalry Regiment ~t\,VO squadrons;, dragoons (two squadrons). 2nd Brigade Col. C. L. Crass grd Bn., 4th Half:'Brigade; 2nd and grcl Bns., 5th Half-Brigade; grd Bn., 6th IIalf-Brigad ; 4th Jager Bn. Hussars (t\,VO squadrons;. I t Hor'e Artillery Company. Three foot artillery companies, Expedition to Hanover under General Bessoles, 6 June 1803: Batavian JlabiLe Corps !laj.-Cen. . J. Bruce 1st, 2nd and grd Bns., 5th Half-Brigade; 1St, 2nd and grd Hns., 6th Half:'Brigade; grd Jager Bn. (on 23 June 180g the grd J agers \overe replaced by the IstJagers). 2nd Heavy Cavalry Regiment: dragoons. Detachment of the grd Artillery Bn. On 25 Nov mbcr 180gthe Corp" wa. completely reorganized:

f

Batavian Infantry Colour, Model 1802. White ground, green laurel and oak sprigs, gold lion on red ground surrounded by gold riband bearing 'CONCORDIA RES PARVAE CRESCUNT'. Behind the shield a fascis and crossed sword and baton; on top ofthe fascis an antique helO1et in silver and gold, with red, white and blue phunes; from it depend red, white and blue ribbons, with unit designation in gold at the OOtto01 on the white stripe. (After docwnents provided courtesy of Dutch Army Historical Section)

12

Batavian Division r,t. Gen. J. B. Dumonccau IJt Brigade l'vlaj ,-Gen. C. L. Crass: 2nd Brigade tvlaj.-Gen. H. von Hcldring 1st BII., 1St Half-Brigade; 2nd and grd Bns., 2nd HaU:'Brigade; 2nd Bn., grd Half-Brigade; 1St Bn., 4th Half-Brigade; 1St Bn., 5th HaU:'Brigad ; 2nd and grd Bns., 6th Half-Brigade; 1st and 2nd Bns., 7th Half-Brigade; 2nd and 4th Jagcrs; lSt Bn., lSt Regiment of \,Yalel ck; 2nd Bn., 2nd R gi.ment of Waldeck; Grenadier Bn. (compo cd of the four grenadier ompanies or th c J st and 2nd Waldeck Regiments and of the two grenadier ('om panic of the Regiment Sachscn-Cotha. Dragoons (2nd and grd squadrons); 1st and 4th Squadrons of til(' Hus. ar, . 2nd Coy., 1st Artillery Bn.; 4th Coy., 2nd Artillery Bn.; 4th Coy., :lrd Artillery Bn,; 2nd Coy" 4th Artillery Bn.,; 1St Horse Artillery Company. 7 August 18os-Expedition to GerDlany under General MarDlont: Bataviall Division Lt.-Gen. J. B. Du moneea u 1St Brigade Maj.-Gen. H. von Hcldring; 2nd Brigade Maj, Gen. H. F. A. von Hadel. 1St and 2nd Bns., 1St, 2nd, 6th and 8th Infantry Regiments; IstBn., 1st Light Infantry Regiment; 2nd Bn., 2nd Light Inf~lI1try Regiment; 2nd Bns. of the 1St and 2nd Regiment onValdeck. 1st Dragoons (two squadrons); two squadrons of hussars, 2nd Coy., 1St Artillery Bn.; 4th and 5th Coys., 2nd Artillery Bn.; I t and 4th Cays., grd Artillery Bn.; lst Horse Artillery oy, Pontoncer detachment. 8 DeceIDber 180s-ArIDY of the North under Prince Louis Bonaparte: Ralavian Division Lt.-Gen. H. D. Bonhomme 1st Brigade rvlaj.-Gen. G. du Rij 1St and 2nd Bns., 4th Infantry Regiment; 1st and 2nd Bns., 7th Infantry Regiment; 2nd Bn., 1st LightlnJantry Regiment. 1st Division of' Foot Artillerv. , Reserve Division or Foot Artillerv. , 2nd Brigade Col. ~lascheck 1st and 2nd Bns. of the grd and 5th In1antry Regiments; 1St Bn., 2nd Light Infantry Regiment. 2nd Dragoons. 1st Division.• Horse Artillerv. •

.....-. •

o Holland,1806-10 CrenadifrJ of the Guard Thi.. regiment (tile old Grcnadier!> or the Guard , or th Coun 'il) wa. numbered \ [' in the system of' the Line Inf'antry; . its uniform wa. \TrV, similar in styl . to that or the Grcnadiers or the imperial Guard but th colours were as lollows: black bear:kin bonnet \\'itll red plum and top patch with white grenade badge, white cord; white. long-tailed oat \ovith crim 'on collar, cum lapels and turn backs, yellow buttons and yellow :.gold (or officers; lace loops with tas. cls at the outcr end. to collar (two pt>r side;, cufts (two) and lapel!> (seven). They wore red fringed epaulettes and had I' d sabre straps. \Vaist oats, breeche and belts were white; thc long gaiters weI' black. \

.la,getS (!/ the Guard This battalion was raised Irom the above-

Batavian Republic, 1795-1806: Horse Artillery and 2nd Train Bn. Left to right: Trumpeter-red plume and trim to shako, red dolman with dark blue lace and yellow buttons. Artillery officer-dark blue uniform, red plume, waistcoat and facings, gold buttons and epaulettes. Train officer-as for artillery but black plume tip. Driver of Train-dark blue uniform with red facings, red pompon, yellow buttons. Mounted NCO, Horse Artillery-red shako trim, dark blue dolman and breeches, red facings and lace, yellow buttons, dark blue saddle furniture edged red. (J.lL van Papendrecht, courtesy Dutch AI my Historical Section)

mention d CrcnadilTs in 1806 and bore the number \ I' in the series orJ agel' Battalions. Tt wore unilorm a lor the Grenadiers of' the Guard but wi th grcen and y 'llow pI ume. and green rri nged epaulettes with yellow Tescents. In 1810 the Guards infantrv, became the 2nd :later grd: Grenadiers of the 1rnperial Guard and retained their existing uniforms. onlv removingthe yellow laet> and adopting the Guards' button with the I rnperial eagle. \.

I

\-1

The [.ine flyan(1)' Grenadiers wore blac k b ar 'ki n bonnets with rcd plume., cords an I top pat h with white grenade badge: shon-skirted while tunics, white' waist-

13

•

'Dutch Jagers of various regiments of the VIII Army Corps in Hamburg' -Subr's mention of the Corps dates this plate to the 1806-07 campaign against Prussia, Saxony and Russia when the 2nd and 3I"d Jagers were in the 3rd Division. There seems to be total confusion here: we see three types of headgear, and although all have dark green coats and trousers, the 2nd Regt. is shown with both red and yellow facings, and the 3rd with both red and purple, or pink. All buttons are brass, all cords dark green, all shako numbers white and loops brass, all belts black. Left to right (standing): Carabinier, 3rd Regt.-red facings and epaulettes. Private, 2nd Regt., in • waIstcoat.

14

Carabinier, 2nd Regt.-red plume, cords and tassels on hat, facings, and epaulettes. Private, 3rd Regt.-yellow facings, dad< green pluIDe and epaulettes. Left to right (seated): Private, unit unknown, apparently wearing unifoln. of old 1St Jagers but has no shako number; plume yellow over dad< green, no epaulettes, dark green facings piped red. Private, 2nd Regt.-dark green plume and epaulettes, red facings. Private, 3rd Regt.-dark'green epaulettes, pink (?) piping to dark greenfaeings. Private, 3rd Regt. (rear view) -dark green plume and epaulettes, yellow facings and piping.

coat, breeches and bl'lts, shon black gai ters; red epauktles and abre traps. Fu. iliers were dressed as above exc pt that thC) had a shako wi th a largl' r('gi men La I n umber on Lhe from' La the len sick wa. a large bras loop, a button. and on top of the loop a pompon in th facing olour; whiLe cords were worn. They had no cpaulctles hut white. houlder-straps edged ill the racing colour: and they arried no abre.. Voltigeur. wore the shako with gre '11 ords and pompon, green epaulettes with yello\.\' ere. ('ellts, and green sa bre traps; otherwise as for grenadier.. fficers won: gold goro'Ct· bu t 110 wai t sashes. ~ t> ' Their coat-tail. \vere long, and they wor ,hort boots. The individual r<.:girnentall~lcillgswel"e: 2nd light blue, :l"ct red, ".th pink,5th dark grel'n, 6Lh rrrass-grcen, 7th yellow, 8th light violeL, and 9th black. All bUtlons vliere brass. In [810 thl' infantry became the 123<' [26<' Liglle and the \Valcherell Regiml'IlL I, [3 [c· Lignl' in[SIII.

]agel'J Th I.t and 2nd Light Infantry Regiment were retiLkd IsL and 2nd Jagers in [806. th n I' numbered 2nd and 3rd in the arne year. hakos as for the Line 1nfantry. dark green coat, lapel . should'r-straps, \.vaistcoats. bre ches, pompons and corel ..\11 buttons \-\-c[T brass. The 2nd Battalion had light blue f~tcing,. til(' rd yellow. In 1810 the Jagers bIZ am the 3g e L(~ger (nd wore Frl'llch uniforms.

GuaI'ds Cava Ir)l -

The old Dragoons or the Guard were retitkd 'Grenadiers te paard' in Septcml er 1806. and on I March 1807 were renamed and renumbered '[st Km<'lssiers of the Guard'. Their uniform was as for the Grenadi rs or Lhe Guar I but "vith brass . hould 1'-. calc. instead of rC'd qJauJclLcS. and high-cuA"d boots in place of thl' gaiters worn by their infant!)r, comrades. , regimem of Hussar of the Guard had been rai. cd in 1805: it wore a black rur col pack. red dolman and breeches, vello\\' buttons and lace' • white pclisse wiLh black fur trim: blue and \" hite sa. h, and ""'hite belts. In 1\00Tmber 1807 it wa. l' Litled ' I st Hussar:'.

Line Cava In' The 211d Light Drage ons v,asconvertec.! to the'2nd Kurassiers' and wore the French-style bra.s , cuirassier helmeL \\lith blaek cr st and red plume. and a white coat \'ViLh light blue la ing . white buttons and red epaulelte,. Belts were buff, waistc at and bre ches white. Apparentl) no CUl rass s were worn. The 2nd and grd Hussar' wore the shako with the brass regim ntal number on the Cront, and ab \T it a black cockade. brass 10 p and bulton, and I lack plume: white ord lor p< rad s. The 2nd R giment \·',01' dark blue dolman and breeches, the 3rd light blue; both wor yellow button, and lace and had white belts,• red and \\'hite' sashes, and white dolmans with black fur trim. Th·v, carried brass-hilted sabres in brassfilled black sheaths, an I the plain black sabretaches bore the regimental number in brass. It seems they wore whit gauntlets. 'I heir boots had yellow trim and tao scI. , ]n 1810 the Guards eavalrv, I ('came tl)(' 2nd :, or R ·d i Lancers of tll e Tm peri al Guard: the 2nd Kuras'i rs I cam the I +t' Cuir, S. ier, : and the 2nd and 3rcl Hu:sars became the 11(' Hu·sarcl:. TIH'V, all wore french uniforms, as liste' I in tll(' appropriate books in Lhis series: XajJOleol/',s Guard C{ll'aIJ:l', ,YajJoleoll'.l Cuira.\lier.1 alld C(/]'abil/ie]'~ and •

.Vapaleoll \

J JU.U{/I'.I.

hlO/ .I,/illelj' ,806 The Guards batterY, wore infantrY-sLvle unij()rm. , , The shako had
15

Ellg ineers •

As for th foot anill ry• but \vith \·"hite buttons.

Orders 0 Battle, /806-10 7 October 1806-Part of vrn Corps in GerDlany under Marshal MarnlOnt: Rqrat Dutch Army King Ludwig of Holland Garde YIaj.-Gen. J. A. Colle art Regiment of Grenadier (two bns.), 1St J agel'S (from 7 November). Garde Kurassirrs i three squadron ). Artillery battery. [,ine Troops (ill two division) Jst and 2nd Ens. of the 2nd, 3rd and 7th Infantry Regiments. Two squadrons each of the ~!I1d and 3rd Hussars and of the 2nd Kura ier. 1. t Coy., 2nd Artillery Bn.; 5th Coy., 3rd '\rtillery Bn. Pontoneer detachment. On 7 );ov'mber the 3rd Division (Gen. J. B. Dumonceau) joined the army in th field: 1St Bn., 4th Infantry Regiment; 1St En., 8th Infantry Regiment' 1. t Bns. of the 2nd and 3rd Jager R giments. 2nd Horse. rtillery Company. Carabinier (Jager-Grenadier), VoItigeur officer and Carabinier officer, 3rd Regt., Hamburg 1805 07. All unifOllns dark green, facings and buttons yellow. The Carabinier has red plume, epaulettes and sabre strap, and yellow bearskin cords and chinsca1es. The Voltigeur officer in the centre has a dark green plume; both officers have gold epaulettes; and the Carabinier officer has a red plume and gold cords and chinscales, and powdered and queued hair.

rhombic plate, a Fren h cockade. r cI corel. and plume.

lJorse Arlillery /806 Hus. ar-. tyle uniform consisting of a shako \vith red top banel. cords and plume, bra. s badge loop and button a: for the fool artillery; clark blue dolman, pelis. e an I breeches ~ red lacing, yellow buttons and black belts. In r8lO they were convened to lhe 7C' Rcgi m('nt ofTrench hoI'. c artillery, wcari ng thesamr uniform but vvith Frrnch shako and cockade.

16

7 April 1807-In Swedish PODlerania, Prussia and Poland as part of the VIII Corps of Marshal Mortier: Royal Dutch Army Corps Gen. J. B. Dumonceau Advanced Guard Maj. Gen. C. L. ras 1st, 2nd and 3rd Bns., grd Jager Regiment. lSt Division Lt.-Gen. S. J. Bruce 1st Brigade YIaj.- CII. H. von H Jdring J·tand2ndBn .. 3rdTnfantryRegim nt;2ndBns., 4th and 8th Tllfantry Regiments. 2nd Brigade Ivlaj .-Gen. J. C. '\bbems I st and 2nd Ens. of the 6th and of th c 9th Infantry Regiments.

Reserve 3rd Hussars. Two foot artillery• batteries. Pontoner detachment. 2nd Division Lt.-Gen. P. G. Gratien 1.1'1 BrI~~ade Nlaj .-Gen. J. .,. van Hassel t

June I80g Talavera; J J August I8og-Almonacid; I.) October I80g Daymic1; 9 _ ovember 180g-Dos Barrios; 19 'ovember I80g-0cai'la.

Colour of the Batavian Guards of the Raadpensionaris Schimmelpenninck, 1805' White qround, gold edge embroidery, black corner grenades WIth red, yellow and grey flames. The centre is very similar to the 1802 model. Gold pike tip and cords. (After docwnents provided courtesy of Dutch Army Historical Section) I st

and 2nd Bns., 2nd Infantry Regi men t; Tst Bn., 4-th Infantry Regiment; 1St and 2nd Bns., 7th Infantry Regiment; 1St Bn., 8th Infantry Regiment. 2nd Brigade :v1aj.-Gen. C. ~Vraseheck 2nd Hussar', 2nd Kurassiers. Tst and 2nd Horse Artillery Companies. Battle Participation 2nd Kurassiers and 2nd Horse Artillery fought at Friedland; 2nd and 3rd Hussars and two foot artillery batteries fought at Stralsund. 180S-IO-In Spain with the VI Corps of Marshal Lefebvre and later I Corps (Victor) : Dutch Brigade llaj.-Gen. D. H. Chasse 1st Bn., 2nd Infantry and 2nd Bn., 4.th Infantry Regiments. 3rd Hussars. 3rd Horse Artillery Company. One company of miners. Battle Participation 31 October T808-Duran o'0; 17 ~tfarch 180g '~vlesa de Ibor; 27 :v1arch 180g-Ciudad Real; 15 May to I3June I80g-d fence ofJ\Jerida; 28

26 Aprill80g-With the X Corps under King Jerome ofWestfalia: Dutch Auxiliw)I COIPS Lt.-Gen. P. G. Gratien I st Brigade :V1aj .-Gen. Anthing 6th and 7th Infantry Regiments. 2nd Brigade Maj.-Gen. van Hasselt 8th a.nd 9th Infantry Regiment. CavaLry 2nd Kurassiers. Artillel)l I st Coy., 2nd Foot Battalion. I st and 2nd Horse Com panics. Battle Participation 24 lay 8th Inf~ll1 try stormed Domi tz; 3 J May 6th and gth Infantry, 2nd Kurassiers and two horse artillerv• batteries stormed Stralsund and clcstrovcd von Schill'.' rebel Prussian force. .

Title, 1795-1814 Infantry of the Guard Grenadiers A battalion of grenadiers or the Consular Guard was raised on II June 1805; in 1805 it \vas xpanded into a regi men t and in 18 TO it Ie ame the 2C (then 3C ) Grenadiers de la Garde Imperiale. Jagers Tvvo companies of Light Infantry of the Consular Guard \·vere raised on I I J un 1805; on I8 July 1806 this was expanded to the Light Infantry Regim nt and on 17 eptemb r 1806 retitled Ja rer Regiment. On 7 October 1807 it b came the 3rd Bn., Grenadiers of the Guard and was disbanded on 29 ·ovember 1808. Pupilles de La Garde On I Septemb.r 18 I 0 the 'Royal Dutch Velites' (orphans or sons of serving soldiers, aged fifteen to sixteen years old) entered French service; Napol on reviewed them at the Tuilleries and was so impressed with thei r drill and bearing that on I June 1811 he took th ir nine battalions into the Imperial Guar I as the 'PupiIles'. Tn . pril 181L} they declared for the provisional government of the Netherlands and adoptcd th . orange cockade. 17

The Line Infantry lJ{/U~BlIgades

'i!)5

BIII- Rf.~imetlls French Reg/ll1mls taho1lS 180j 1806 1810 1814 1803

I~t

Bn .. I~t 2nd Bn., 1St 3rd Bn., 1St I
I

2) .,3]

1

2

12 3'-

2

3

J 2.1"

,)

-

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b

I

:I.

3 I

4 2 8

2nd Bn., 211d 3rd Bn.. 2nd (st Bn., 3rd 2nd Bn., 3rd 3rd Bn., 3rd 1St Bn .. {th

(0

2nd I)n., 4th

I I

~

/

8

.J

6

7

123" 12 5" ( 23c di. banded 126" J807. 'Zeeuw 'chl' Legion'; 1810, Regiment \'all \V"ldll'r("1l I 8 I I, (3 1('. di~ba nded

-

6

di ballded

~

I

disbanded

9

( 26c

8

disbanded

~

9

J 2 - t·

I

8

Y

-

.)

:~rd BIL.

ph

12

(st Bn., jLh 2nd Bn .. 5th 3rd Bn., 5th 1st Bn .. 6Lh 2nd Bn., 6th 3rd I)n., 6th I,t Bn., 7th 2nd 13n., 7th yd 1311 .. 7th

13 l.J 15 1(i

.)

:~ } 19 1 20 21

f

6 8 ~

/

/

I

Jager and Light Infantry

.lagers

Light

1795

fIlJI/IlIT)'

.lager Regiments 1806

1807

/8009

Regimmls

,8,0- 4 '

/80.') 1st Bn. 1st 21ld Bn. 3rd Bn. 2nd 41h 1311.

French Regimmls

(st Disthen banded 2nd I April 2nd then 21ld 3 rd

1st

33" Leger

The Foreign Regiments 1795

b!fmlll)'Re.gimenls 1806

1st Waldeek

Part of 3rd Bn., 1St. then 3rd!2rJd 211d Waldeck Part of 3rd Bn., 2nd. then 3rd!3rd Saehsell-Cotha Part of 3rd Bn., 6th. then 3rd!7th

18

Disbanded 1808

Dutch Colonial 'Guides of Surinant', 1815, after Teupken. Orange hat cockade, dark blue jacket with white piping and buttons, white and light blue checked neck. cloth. The pack appears to be of raffia or split cane on a square frame.

Evolution of Batavian and Dutch Cavalry RegiIIlents, 1795 1810 8 }//£1' 1795

1St Cavalry

I'

20 October J 803

Light Dragoons [SI

Drago ns or I1u' aI's or the Guard the Guard

II JUlie 1805

I Horse

18 ]11£), IBoG

1 Sl

I

IHussars I

'5 .:\-'-,well/ber , 80 7

Disbanded

I'

<>

2nd Light Dragoon'

2nd Dragoom Disbanded

I ~l

2nd Cavalry

:i nl H ussa rs

Dragoon

[st K u rassi ers and Hussars

I 2 nd Kurassier.

December 1809

p()j/-IO .lulle

II ussars

I H lls,ars

Grenadiers

7 ell/ember 1806

2nd Cavalry Dra
nd Hussar'

2

Disbanded 180g

,8'0

2nd Lancers orthe Imperial Guard ;10'1'.'1

[41h Cuirassiers

:', II r.

th II u 'sars 'f I , ' r . ',.j 1I

The Uni ~rms 0 1814-15 The Belgian Legion When in 18r4 the Belgian provinces fell under Austrian control, they raise I a Bclgian Legion \",hich included infantrv, ,avalr\' . and artillerv. . The inf~tntrv \','ore Austrian shakos vvit.h t.he hrass • initial' 'LB' on the front; white Austrian infant.rv• coats wit.h regimental fa ings shown on 'ollar, Polish cuIIi, turnbacks and piping to shoulderstraps and fr nt of jacket, and brass buttons; French badges of rank: white breeches and belts; shon, black gaiter.. The regimental lacings were: 1 t Regiment-green, 2nd yellow, 3rd light blue, and 4t.h rcd. The hevau-Lcg r of the Legion wore black Aust.rian cavalry helmets with a white metal front plcHc bearing' LB' in brass, white metal combe and fittings, and yellow , ausage' crest; dark green, .ingle-breast d tunics \vith I mon-yellow collar, Polish cuLTs, turn backs and front piping; white belts and buttons; dark gTeen breeche , and plai n hussar boo!.. . Later in r814 the Belgian Legion wa absorbed into the ne,vly (ormed Dutch-Belgian army: the infantry became separate battalion. in the Line (which are not known). and th cavalry, became the 5th Light Dragoons. •

\

The Regitnent of Nassau-Oranien A foreign unit, the Regiment ::\Tassau-Oranien

Dragoons in stable dress, 1805-07. All uniforms dark blue, the fatigue caps with white piping and badges and red tassels. Red facings and white buttons. The man on the left has white epaulette fringes and white turnback grenades, and the two right-hand figures seem to wear short waistcoats with full regiDlental facings.

19

flaps piped in the (~1Cing colour, which was \vorn also on collar, cufTS and tunic front piping. Turnback. were recl, buttons yellow, belts \vhitc: trousers grey and gaiters black. Flank companies {grenadiers an I lio-ht comjJanies\ were distinguished by dark blue shoulder-rolls piped white: grcnadirf'S had vvhite plumes tipped \vith r d, and light companies \.vhite tipped with green. Facings were as follows: IsL* and 9th Battalions -orange, 2nd* and lotht yrllow; 3rd and I I tht The Dutch-Belgian Ar:rny, 1814-15 In 1814 the Line infantry \vas rapidly organized \vhite; 4th* and 12th red; 5tht and 13th into sixteen battalions dressed as follO\vs:, ustrian (Timson; 6th and 14th light green; 7th and infantry shako \vith front and rear pea ks, cro\vned 15th light blu ; 8th and 16th pink. brass shield bearing the cypher '''V', orange III .J anuary 18 I 5 regi mental faci ngs \vere discockade, white loop, yel!O\·v button and \",'hite continued.• and all line units henceforth vvorc plume. Dark blue, single-breasted tunic of British white. The 16th Battalion . .·vas a Jager unit and pattern wi Lh dark hi ue shoul der-stra 1 sand cu IT wore a gTeell coat faced vellow ~ their karabinicr company had green plumes tipped wiLh red, Lhe light company green tipped wiLh yellow, Lhe Dutch Infantry Colours, 1806-10. Gold pike tip and nails; gold inscriptions; white ground; red and blue corners; the crntre eompanie. plain green. They had black lion in natural colours. Colours ofthis pattern were presented brlts. Belgian units wore the famou. 'Belgic cap' to all infantry regiments-Guards, Line and Jagers-in February/March 1807. That ofthe 2nd Bn., 5th Infantry illusadopted by the Bri tish infan try in 18 I 2 ; the pI ume trated here was captured by the British at Veere in Zealand in 180!}, and a copy of it hangs in the Royal Hospital, Chelsea (the or tuft was worn at the left. ide of this, and whiLe passed into the servic of the new Kingdom of the )l"(·thcrland· n 8 .l'\ovember 181'1. and allocated the number '28' in 18 I 5. It \-von' the)l" as. au army uniform of shako (hut \vith crowned '\V' in bras. on the front) \vith orange 'ockadc; dark green coat, with black collarand cum and ydlo\·v buttons and piping; dark grren trousers; whitr belt., and black gai tel's.

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<

original has, alas, fallen apart). In 1811 the 'new' French regiments received 1804 pattern colours with their eagles from the EInperor, and in May 1812 these were changed for 1811 tricolour Inodels. (After docUIUents provided courtesy of Dutch Army Historical Section)

20

C nll1ark~d unit,

* Ikll{iall

';'DUlCh colulI;al

,

ar~

Dutch l11l'tropulilall

\. Jager. 4th Jager Battalion. lilOI 2. Grenadier. Infllntry Re"iment Waldeck. 1801 ~ .•Jager of Li"ht Infantry. 1801

A

TrOOI)Cr. 2nd Cllvulry HeJ'iment. (HOI

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.

..

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B

•

\. Officer. 22nd Infl\ntry Battolion. 1803 2. Officer. I~t Cuvo1ry Rel(iment. 1804 :3. Trooper. 1st Lil(ht Drol(oons. I fl()4

1

c

J. Fusilier Privute. Line Infnntry. IROI

2. Kurubinier of LiKht Infuntry. 1801 3. Privute. Centre Compunies. J st ReKiment. Dutch BriKude. 1799-1802

.•

o

1. Gunner. Horse Artillery. Kingdom of Holland. 1806-10

2. Gunner. Artillery of the Royal GUllrd. 1806-10 3. Corporal. Orugoons of the Line. 1805

E

•

• I. Officer. Julters of the GUllrd. 1806-10 ion 2. Trooper. Chevllu-L(~lters. Belgilln Lelt . 1814 3. Corporlll of FIllnquers. Belg illn Infllntry. 1815

I

2

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3

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F

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I. Trooper. 6th Dutch Hussars. 1815

2. Officer. 5th (Rel~illn) Li~ht Dru~oons. I H 15 3. Trumpeter. 2nd (Bcl~illn) Kllrllbinicrs. 1815

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I. Lieutenant, Dutch Infantry, 1815

2. Hornist of Flanquers, 16th (Dutch) Jalters, 1815 3. l'ational Militiaman 1st Class

2

3 ,

,. ( I

-

H

2nd Kurassiers in Hamburg, November 1807. The left lDan wears the old 1St Light Dragon uniform with red turban and black facings, while the right man wears the new uniform with helmet of French cuirassier design; light blue facings; white buttons; red plume, epaulettes and service stripes. Leatherwork for both is buff, and scabbards brass.

cords decorated the- rront under the brass plat bearing a ·W'..\ilusicians WCIT distinguishe I by wings in the [i\cing colour, dged ydlO\v. Jager

units wore a brass stringed bU(T!c und I' the battalion number on til -ir shakos. Rank badges \VerT verv m: , similar to the French svst , (;eneml Two 1!;olcl bullion epaulettes with [our six-pointed silver stars, and gold or silver sabre strap in the button colour. Lieutenant-General As a bovc but wi th three stars. iii ajor-Gennal With two stars. Colonel-Two <,paulettes in the hut ton colour with bullion [i·inges. LieufenanLColonel-A above but with contrasting lace down the straps (j.e. gold on silvl'l' and vicc versa.;. :\Iajar -A. ror Lieutenant-Colonel but two contrasting stripe-so Captain-One bullion fringed cpaulettc in the button olour, Oil the right. l,ienLenall/- As ror captai n bu t with Iight Cringes. Adjutant.) One such epaulette, lert. .':>'alis-AdjuLant Two [i'ingelcss epauletLes in the butLon colour. SngeflllL-major-Tvvo chevroIl., point up, in the butLon ('olour (gold orsilvcrj above th uff, and a silvcr sabre strap with orano'c tao scI. ergeanl One such chevron. and the sabre strap. CorporalTwo woollen chevrons in the button colour, and \vhitl" strap with orangc tass!' Lance-Corpora!-One chevron in the faci ng colou r. Later in 1815 (probably after the batt! of Watt>rloo) a new model shako was issued. It had no neck shield; above the peak 'was a poi n t ·d brass plate extending to the chin-strap bos. es and bearing the battalionjrc(rirncntal number; above this was the orang a 'kade, alld the loop and button. Thefollowingsin Ic-battalionunitsw reraised in 1815: 17th and 18th DutchJagers; 19th26th Dutch olonial infantry; 27th DutehJ agel's; 28th (Regiment. as 'au-Oranien) ; 33rd Dutch colonial depot battalion; 34th (Garrison); 35 th* J agers; 36th* Jager . AllJagerunitsworetheuniformofthe 16th J agel's. \;[ore foreign troops wcre a Iso ta ken into Dutch service in the form of four wiss regiments each of two battalions: 29th (Berne;; 30th (Zurich) ; 3 I st ~ Grisson) ; 32nd (Roma n Can tons;. These Swiss regiments had the new. hako :po. t\Vaterloo): dark blue, single-breasted tunics with nine hal'S of reO'imental lacc across the chest and regimental facings on collar, cuff'S and turnbacks, as [allows: 29th (f (racings) red, b (buttons lace and flank company wings) white; 30th aorangl", b white; 31st {/ light blue, b white: 32nd a Yl"llo\'v. b yellow.

21

•

I

oJ

I.

The 2nd Kurassiers in Hamburg, x808-all wear yellow buttons, for some reason unexplained. Left to right: Trooper, foul weatber dress, in black oilskin helmet cover, grey cape and overalls. Trumpeter, undress, with white helmet crest and red plwne; light blue surtout with yellow facings and piping; buff waistcoat; grey overalls with black leather vandyking; brass tn1mpet, light blue and white mixed cords; brass scabbard. Trumpeter, parade dress, with black crest, red plume; light blue tunic, white collar and lapels edged gold; white lace and epaulettes; trurnpet as before. Trooper, parade dress and cloak; black crest, red plwne; white tunic, waistcoat and breeches, with light blue facings; grey caped cloak.

There wcr . also 45 battalions of militia inra 11 try (1 l-20th Dutch, 21st 45th Belgian); they wor English' ·tovepipe' shakos with white metal sunburst plate, orange cockade, white button and loop and white plu me: dark bl ue oat as lor the line infantry vvith orange facings on collar, plain round cufTs, piping on coat front and around lark blue houlder-strap.; ,vhite turnback' and button; grey trousers over short, black gaiters; wbi t belts. 1nlantrv, drummers had \"hite 's\vallow's nests' laced and trimmed in vellow braid and with ,·vhite and vellow mixed frinu·es. and a bras drum , t> with hoop. painted in triangles in quence ",hi te-red-bl ue.

22

Cavalry In 1814- two regiments of heavy dragoons were raised and were given a very old-l~lshioned unilorm consisting of a large bicorn \·vith orange cockade. and white plume, loop, button and tassels; dark blue, long-tailed tunic with facings shown on collar, lapels, cuffs and turnbacks (pink ror thc 1st Regim nt and yellow (or the 2 nd); whi te buttons, b Its and waistcoat; bufTbreeches; highcu (kd boot " heavv, cavalrv, sword wi th brass hilt in steel shcath ; \vhi tc gau n tlets. By 1815 there \·vcre eight line cavalry regiments dressed as follows: lsI (Dutch) Kambiniers The I st Heavy Dragoons or 1814. Steel belmel \'\'ith brass combe, chinseales, edging and lion's head on lbe front; black 'sausage' crest; white plum on left side. Dark blue, . horttailed, single-breasted coat with pink racings on collar and cufTs and pink piping; dark blue shoulder-straps piped pink; white belt.. buttons, gauntlets amI breeches; red turn backs with yello\'\' gr nades. Dark blue, sq uare shabraq ue and portmanteau bordered ,."hite, outer piping red; white h pskin (black for officers) edged with vandyking in the facing colour; black harness with white fittings. Trumpeters had a white crest: red pl u me and tunic; red collar; dark bl ue Iapcls, cuffs and turnbacks; brass trumpet, white cords mixed with red. :md (Belgian) A'arabil1iers As above except doublcbreasted tunic \vith dark blue ollar piped r d; red lapels, culT:, turnbacks and epaul-ttes (white for lrumpeter~). White grcna Ie badges to saddle furniture. Grenade badge to brass belt-plate; brass-hilted sword in sleel sheath. "I'd (Dufch) A'arabiniers The old 2nd Heavy Dragoons of 1814... s for 1St Regiment but with yel low facings. 4th (Dufch) Light Dragoons Black French-style shako with crown d white metal plate bearing a '\V'; brass ehinscalcs; vvbite top band and cord; white co 'kade loop and button, and bla k plume. Dark blue, short-tailed, single-breasted tunic; red ollar, pointed cuffs, lurnbacks (\'\'itb white hunting horn badges); white hutton' and lace trim to collar, culls, shoulder-straps, chest (in hussar fashion; alld rcar of jackel. Plai n black leather sabretachc and pouch; white belt; grey overalls with black booting and ,·"hite sid stripc. Dark blue pointed shabraqu and round port-

•

Sapeur and private, 3rd Regt.; Voltigeur, 2nd, and Musketier, 4th Regts., all in the post-l806 unifol'ln. Left to right: Fusilier private, 3rd Regt., with red plume; white cords, loop, button and '3'; red facings. Sapeur in undress, with red plume, facings, epaulettes, piping, arm badge, and sabre strap, and white grenades on turnbacks. Musician of Musketiers, 4th Regt., with white decorative band at top of shako, white cords and '4'; white buttons; pink collar, cuffs, lapels and turnbacks. Voltigeur of '2nd Regt.' -either the shako number

or the facings seeJD wrong, as written sources list light blue facings from 1806, and this figure wears red. Fusilier, 3rd Regt. in barrack dress; white and red cap, white waistcoat with red collar and white buttons.

23

mant au edged white; vI/hite sheep'kin rdged red. Trumpet rs wore red plumes and tunics. 5th (Belgian) Light Dmgoons (Ex-Chevau-Lcgers of thr Belgian Legion of 1814.; A for 4th except: green shako, black plume with yello,.\' tip; dark green, double-breasted tuni ; lemon yellow collar, lapds, pointed cuff,>, turnback. and piping; white bullon ; green trouser. tripe. Officers had green plum . Dark green addle furniture edged yellow. Thi. ,·I/as their original uniform f l814. Trumpeters wore red plumes and yellow coats faced green. 6th (Dutch) Hussars Black, French-style shako; bras row ned 'W' badge', vellow top band', , yellow and black cords; white loop and bullon; orange cockade; bra. s ehinscalc·. Light blue dolman and breeches; dark blue pelisse, black (ur; yellow and black lacr; yellow buLLons; wh ite and orange barrel sash; whi te bel ts; black sabretache \'I/ith bras' crm'I/ned '\V'. Red shabraque edged in yellow- blaek-y !low lace; ycllowcrowned '\:V' badge; light blue portman tea u rdged yellow; ydlow edging to sheepskin. Trumr et rs wore red plumes, dolman and breeche , and light blue pelisse, othenvise as above. 7th (Colonial) flussars (In th - East Indiesin ,8'5') Tall, red. tovepipe shako with white ords and plume; light blue dolman and breech s; rcd collar and uffs; white lace and buttons; orang sash; white b Its. Trumpeters wore red plumes, dolman and breeches. 8th (Belgian) Hussars (The old Hussard de eroy.) Tall, black stovepipe bako with white metal crowned cypher '\:\1'; white top band, loop and button; orange oekad ; bla k plume; light blue dolman, pelisse and breech s; red collar and cuff.,; white bullOD' andlaee; blaek fur; red and white a h. Black sabretaehe with ,-vhite crown d ''"V' for the men. Officer. had white shako plumes, vl/hite fur trim.to peli es, silver lace and buttons, and re I abretach .s ed ed white and ,vith a white crowned 'w' badge. Trumpeters wore red shako, dolman and p lisse, light blu collar and cum. Fool Artille/)' Au trian-pattern shako with brasscr wned front plate, yellow cockade loop and button, and black plume with red tip. Dark blue infantry-styloat ,vith red turn backs ;• red • • piping to black collar and um, dark blue cuff flaps and shoulder-straps and to {l'Onl and bollom

24

ed.ge of coat: brass buttons; ,vhite belts; grry trousers. JJorse ArtiLLel] As above bu t plai n black pi ume; shako badge has a c1'o\,,·/11 over crossed cannon barrel-; tUl'llback badges of black grenades; red shoulder v-vi ng. piped yellow; dark blue shabraq ue and round portmanteau edged rrd \vith red crown d '\\:" badge; rrd edging to whi t sheepskin. Trumpeters wore red with black facings. ""'ngineers .. s for Foot Artillery but light blu collar and round cuffs; red turn backs and piping to coat front; dark blue wings trimmed light blue. Train Horse artillerv, hako ,vi th whitr metal badge: O'rey, single-breasted 'oat and shoulderstraps; black collar, cuffs and culf flaps all piped reel; red piping to jacket front; red turnback ; white buttons; grey overalls \vith recl side stripe; black belts.

Royal Netherlands Arnty in June 1815 Mobile Army H.R.H. VVilliam Prin e of Orange C01PS under command rij'lI British COlliS (Lord Hill) H.R.H. Frederik,, Prince of the 'etherlands indian Brigade (strength 3,583: Lt.-Gen. . H. W. Anthing 5th R giment, East India Infantry {2 bn .); loth and 11th Bns., W st Indian Rines (.Jager); ,st Flank Bn. (European companies orthe 19th, 20th, 2 [. t, 22nd, 23rd and 24th Bns., East India Infantry); one battery of foot artillery (8 guns). 1st Division (divisional strength 6,389 men): Lt.-Gen . .J. 1\. St dman 1st Brigade ~Vlaj.-Gen. B. d'HaU\v 16th Jagers; 4th and 6th Line and 9th, 14th and 15th Jilitia Bns. 2nd Brigade "\'Iaj.-Gcn. D. J. de Berens 18thJagers; , ·t Line and 1st, 2nd and 18th ~/rilitia Bns. One foot artillery baltery (Capl. P. Wyllands)8 guns. 2nd Division Lt.-Gen. H. G. Baron de Prrpan her. (This division fought at Quatre Bras and Waterloo.)

lsI

Brigade lVlaj.-Gen. W. F. Count de Bylandt

27th Jagers (strength 80g); 7th Line (701; and 5th (482), 7th (675; and 8th (-66) ;filitia Ens. One hor e artillery battery (Cape. A. Bijl vdd)8 guns. 2nd Brigade Col. F. W. Goedecke 2nd Regiment of ~assau (thre-e bn.. ) (2,709); 28th Re
3rd Division Lt.-Gen. D. H. Baron Chass(-. (At Brain I' Alleucl at start of Waterloo.) lSI Brigade Col. H. Detmer 35th Jager. (605); 2nd Lille (471); 4th (519), 6th ~492), 17 th ~534) and 19 th ~467) :'Vlilitia 13lls. One horse artillery battery (Capt. C. F. Krahmer ell' Bichin'1-8 , ,guns. 2nd Brigade Nlaj.-Gen. Count d'Aubre-mc 36th Jagcrs (633); 3rcl Linc~629; ; 3 rd (592), loth (632). 12th (431 j and 13th (664; Nlilitia Bns. One foot artillery battery (Capt. J. H. Lux) 8 guns.

Cavalry Division Lt.-Gen .

.J.

A. Baron de

Collant

Heavy Brigade Maj.-Gen. Jonkheer A. D. Trip 1St (41\.6;' 2nd (399; and 3rd (392'1 Karabinicrs. 1St Lif!,ht Brigade ~hj.-Gen. C. E.Baron de hignij 4th Light Dragoons (647); 8th Hus. aI's (439). 2nd Light Brigade ~;Iaj.-G n.]. B.13aron van Merlen 5th Light Dragoon (441;' 6th HU'sars (6,p). Two half~hatl.crics of horse artillery (Captains i\. Petter and1\. R. W. Geij van Pittius) eacho1'4guns. In the Cortresses were: 8th, 9th 14th andlsth Line Bns., 17th Jagers, and the I Ith, 12th, 13th, 16th and 20th Militia. In training were the 2Ist4-7th ~·'1ilitia 13ns., the 29th-32nd Svviss Infantry Regim nts, the 33rd Depot Bn. and the 34th Garri.on Bn. In th. East Tndies werc the 7t.h Hu sal'S and the 19th-26th Bns. of East Indian rnfantrv.,

*

*

*

There is limit.ed space in tllis book to devote to the details of the battle. of Quatrc Bras and Waterloo in which the ~ therlands troops took pan' detai led accoun ts of Quatre Bras arc con tained in

my books The Black Bmnswickers and Na/Joleon's German Allies (2).' Nassau and Oldenburg, and further details of both battles are contained in thes hooks and in The King's German Legion, also in this series. The 1 'nherlands troops which lought at Quatre Bras on 16 .Junc werc: the 2nd Brigade (Colonel Goedeck ) of Perponcher's 2nd Division who w 're the first Allied troop: on the fidd : the 1st Brigade (Ylajor-General Count de Bylandt:, of the 2nd Division-who reinforced their comrades during the morning; and thc 2nd Light Cavalry Brigade of Gen ral van :'vlerlen. The fighti ngtha t day agai nst ~ ey's troops \-vas hard and bloody, and although th Allies threw back all French thrusts, \:Vellington or lcred a with lrawal northwards that night (16 June) b'cause the Pru. sian defeat at the hand' of the French at Ligny on the. amedayexposecl his Icftftank and made the Quatre Bras position liable to he outOanked. The Allied army, \vas ordered to con ('n trate ncar Waterloo to block Napoleon's inevitable thrust on Brussels. The map of the battlc gives the dispositions or the 'e-therlands troops. Los. e. were about 4,000 dead and wounded on each side at Quatr Bras, and vall J den's cavalry brigade had su fkre I a reverse a t the hands of Pi rr' s eavalrv, during the day. One i'\etherlands artillery captain made a 'cavalry' charge with the crcws of his half-battcry during the desperate fighting to drive 01-[ Pire's light cavalry, ,.. . hich had captured a battery of foot artillery and werc a.Llcmpting to take oIl' the guns.

The Battle qf Waterloo Dispositions of the Netherlands loree-s on this fateful ficld are shown on the accompanying map, and it will be seen that Bylandt's 1st Brigade of the- 2nd Division was placed in an exposed position, on a forward slope in the Allied entre, directly where any 171' nch as ault would be bound to f~d1. This brio'a Ie ha I already fought at Quatre 13ra. and had withdrawn to its present position; thus its morale can s 'aredy have been soaring, particularly when faced with the entire might of the French army. The foUowing data, kindly provided by thf' Chief oC th . Historical Section. Roval . ether, lands Army, throws some vital light onto the-

25

Beating the Retreat by musicians of various regiOlents in Hanlburg,1807-08. Left to right: Dn,mmer, 3rd Regt., old uniforIn-white plume and cords, dark blue coat faced red, white buttons and lace, brass druID with red and white hoops. Grenadier dnunrner, 7th Regt., old unifol'ln-red plurne and epaulettes, yellow facings, white buttons and lace, rcd and light blue drum. hoops. Fusilicr drum.rner, 3rd Regt., new uniform-as for first figure exccpt white coat, white '3', and rcd, white and blue drum. hoops. Grenadier drununer, 6th Regt., new uniform-red plume and epaulettes, light grecn facings, white buttons, white cords and brass plate on cap, light blue drum hoops. Voltigeur fifer, 2nd Regt., new uniform (obscured)-dark green plume, pink (should be light blue) facings. Voltigeur fifer, 9th Regt., new unifoIIn-dark green epaulettes; dark grcen POOlpon, black cockade and white loop, all centrally placed; black facings edged with black and white dicing. Fusilier drum.Olcr, 4th Regt., n~w uniform-white pOIIlpon apparently with pink '4', pink facings, light blue and white drUID hoops.

26

Illraversy which orten surround, the participatiOIl or the Dutch-Belgian army at QUCltrc Bras and \Vatcrloo. It may• be new to many• readers, and shoul I certainlY• stimulate inter t ill rurll1f'r r('~carch into this subject. Tlw hitherto unquestioned validity of
Map of Quatre Bras, 16 June 1815> showing the relative posi. tions of the 2nd Regt. of Nassau, the Regt. Nassau-Oranien, and four of the infantry battalions of Gen. Bylandt's DutchBelgian brigade and the sixteen divisional guns. I = Gemioncourt farOl; 2 = Lairal farm; 3 = Grand Pierrepoint fallD; 4 = Petit Pierrepoint farm; 5 = Marais; 6 = Frasnes les Rous.

TO TO

BRUSSELS

NIVELLES

LE QUATRE BRAS

~ TO NAMUR

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French units

I

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~Cannon

I

6

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2

nd

(

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6 I I

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Nassau Infantry Regiment

Regiment Nassau Oranien Dutch BelgIan troops

TO CHARLEROI

27

becau,r thnc arc many mi understanding n this subje t a, a r "ult of thr 1', th r misl 'a ling book of aptain W. 'iborIlc (Hist01)'oIlhe Il'arin France alld Belgium in 1815). 'f we have observed through the year that book is unfortunately repeated by milit,ry historians up to this very day. 'The following a COli ntis based on the oflicial report of cncral de Perponcher of I I J ul Y 18 I 5, and the hi.torical aunt of the Second Oi"i i n by the hi 'f of" taff r lhat division, olone! van Zuylcn van Kyev lt on 25 October 1815 (paper. which were never en r a. ked for hy aptain iborn']. '}\ yOLl know, Bylandt' brio-ade had suffered heavy losses at Quatre Bras and rec 'ived order to 1110venorth.On 17Junrataboutl8.00itrec ivecl order, from the General Headquarters of\.VelJington to take up posili n 011 the (e posed) forward lope, ,outh of the "hollow road" to Ohain near .\lont 'aintJean. 'Th brigade was 'harg d with outpo, t dUli " and, a. a covering fore . was Ulla ble to rst. , . a result of a fa Is , alarm it manned battle positions at about 02.00 on 18,Jun . In lh morning. of 18 June, on special request of the Prince of Orange, th rewas a (very limiled) resupplyorammunition, The brigad wa. practically vvith ul ammunition since QLlatre Bras. Simultaneou. Iy some meagr soup was given to the tro ps. The brigadr arne that day und r the order. r General Pi cton. , -.B. In vi w oftlH' following tatem nts it will afwav: be a my. terv who ordered the brio-ad in b that position, nd gavr it that 'Irange mi ·sion. 7eneral Gomm * Ilhen hief of Sta A' f Pi t n 'g division] : "1 did not pL c(' them in that dangerous posilion," Sir Jam s ,'haw Kennedyt ~onVelIing­ tOll'S stall): ,·It was a highly irre:ponsible deployment of troop:." 'Duri ng hi. in, p ction ill that, cctor on 18 J unc between 10.00 and I 1.00, Wellington lid not chang.lh·strang anclimpo,siblrp .ili nofthe . eth dand. brigade. 'At al OUl I 1.00 enemy aUa k preparations and concentration of artillerv, werr observed bv, the I

~.

,

brigade. \Vhereupon ennal de Pcrponch r ordefC'd the brio-acle to move north of the "holl w road" to form one linr with Picton's di\·ision. He made an end to a very dangerous, ituation and th brigade filled the gap between Kempf brigade (right; and Pack's brigade (left). At about 12.00 l3ylandt's brigade was in position with two firing Jines. 'At about 13.00 the impres. iv cannonade started, which continued until aboLlt 14.00, when the bombardment lilled for a fev, moment. while d'Erlon's army corp' march d through t1w int rval of thr guns and start d down the lopl', eneral Picton ordered Kempt and Pack to lorm battalion squart". The column nz lot. reinforced with Bourgrois's brigade :total 7,000 l11en) charged across the "hollow road" on Bylandt's brigade, which was then still in line formation, with the 5th Battalion in re 'n'!' (, econd linc~. forced I y the massive attack Ihe fir. t line moved hack over a cI i tan. of 100 yard , to the back of the second line, and together formed a quare. ·;";.B. This n rmal ombat proc lure w~ explain d by , iborJ1e as a flight. Furthermore h . l,t the so-call I "flight'" start at the forward slope, which by a tanical dcci, ion was already lefi: by the brigade at about I I·30! 'Und r the command of Colonel van Zuylen van Nyevclt, Ihe battalions of Bylandt's bri yade then joined in the c ullter-allack ofKempt's and Pack's brigades.:j: During this attack by whi h th French were forced to rctr 'atsouth ofthe"hoJlow road"., tw hoI' es werc killed under General de Pcrponchrr. ( ..rneral van Bylandt, ColoIle! van Zuvlen vall Nvevclt and threc battalion com, , mander, \,verc ,voune! ed. 'G nenl van Bylandt, bing wounded, gave the command or the brigade to the last battalj n commander, Lieutenant-C lonel de ]ongh who, already wounded at Quatrc Bras managed to control the I attle by lclling himself b roped t the saddle. '1 hope that thi a count has eleareel up th fate of Bylandt's brigade an I that the information Inav, tend to rhe value ofvoul' book.' ,

n

*111 a lelll'r lo Ca pIa in Si born~' tilttC-nmpl1lgll'!J II'nItlIM I

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28

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o"lhl' 281h Rl'gimenl 01

1'001.

BRAINE L'ALLEUD

.--. MERBE BRAINE

~Ghi9ny _71

LA HAVE

Chasse

'

SAINT E~.1!:..,.~.:,. '. "'0 " '. '. '. '. '. ' "

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• Cavalry Infantry

Dutch Belgian Brilish

French

~.

C2Jr8J.. , ••••••• •••• ••••••••••• ••••• • •••• •••••••• ••••

The three Dutch-Belgian cavalry brigades w("r(" initially deployed as pan of the Allied reserve behind the cen tre; at about I 4.00hrs they \vere sent against advancing French cavalry. The Heavy e Brigade clashed \vith 7l' and 12 Cuirassiers between Hougomunt and La Haye Sainte; the I st Light Brigade fought with th 3c and 4(' Lanciers between La Haye Sainte and Papdotte, then moved to the Allied right Oank and charged the Grenadier a Cheval of the Imperial Guard during the series of massed French cavalry a. saults at this point. .. ft r this lash they were so cut up that they were ordered back to regrou p in the rear. The 2nd Light Brigade advanced to hel p throw back the French infantry assault east of La Haye Saint, and was then transferred to the wt. t Hank, where it supported \!Jaitland's guards in their decisive action against the Imptrial Guard. They had a hard action here against the Chassturs a Cheval and the Lanciers of the Imperial uard. They then moved east and clashed with the I C' Cuirassiers during the mas d cavalry as. aults before being pulled back to regroup. All thr cavalry brigades took part in the general pursuit that night. From a starting strength of 3,405 men and slightly more horses, Collaert's division lost 937 men and 945 horses killed and wounded this day. Collaert and van \lIerien ,vere killed, and the four regimental commanders were \·vounded.

N

LA BELLE HOUGOMONT

Map showing positions of Dutch-Belgian forn>ations at Waterloo on 18 June 1815- Bylandt's exposed infantry brigade is shown in its original position, with its n>ove to the rear at about I J .30an> indicated. The three cavalry brigades are shown with the directions of their first charges against the advancing French. Those infantry units initially deployed at Braine I'ABeud did not con>e up to the battlefield in tin>e to take part in the n>ainfighting ofthe day, although Chasse's infantry did take part in the final repulse of the Middle Guard. Goedecke's brigade, the :lnd Nassau and Nassau-Oranien regiD1ents, were above Papelotte and Smohain, slightly off the eastern edge of this n>ap. See also the Men-at-Arms title Napoleon's German Allies (2): Nassau and Oldenburg.

Losses of the 2nd Division and the 2nd Light Cavalry Brigade at Quatre Bras 15 and 16 June 1815

l.JllIls

Strength

Total As a casualties percenlage

80 9 7°1 4 82 675 566 2,7 0 9

26 3 94 3°3 nil 25 I43t

1,5 81

ni I

177 226 25 1 8, I 77

7 68t ni I 9 13

2/1d Divisioll'27th Jagers 7th Line 5th ~vlilitia 7th l'vfilitia* 8th Militia 2nd Regl. Nassau 28th Rcgl. '. assauOranicn' Volunteer JagC'r Company . niUcr)'• Train

Total

I

3 2 .5 13·4 62·9 4·4

5·3

9. 6 30. I I

1.2

*Arrived latc 1'35 lost on 15 June between Frasnes and Quatre Bras ~.1Imt 011 15.June hetween Frasnes and Quatre Bras

29

Strength

Ullits

Total ilsa casualties percentage

1Il1SSl11g

Officers .'vten 2nd Light Cavalry Brigade: 5th Light Dragoons 6th Hussars

Total

RegL. Karabinicrs ::\0. 2 RegL. Karabiniers XO·3 Regt. Light Dragoons

NO·4

Losses on 15, 16 and 18 June 1815

Wounded

Killed or 7mSS!1lg Officers iWen •

Ojjiws Jlen

Cavah), DW1Sio71

3 8 .8 7. 6 20·3

(7 I 49 220

HI 64· I 1,082

IIFounded

Killed or

•

OfficerJ NJen

I

4 I

RcgL. Hussars Xo. 8 RegL. Light Dragoons XO·5 Regt. Hussars Xo. 6 3 Horse Arti lIerv, and Train 7 otalCavah)' Dilmion 12

87

4

64

32

2

29

101 13 2

8

I

135 145

81 14 1

2 6

7·1 64

17 616

I

19 596

41

Gra7/{/ Total

H.Q Stafr 27th Jager 7th Line 5th _ ational Militia 7th ;'\ational [vlilitia 8th NaLional Militia 1st Bn., 2nd Regt. of~assau

2nd Bn., 2nd Regt. of Nassau 3rd Bn.) 2nd Regt. of assau 15t Bn., Regt. 'l'\assau-Oranien' _ o. 28 2nd Bn., Rcgt. 'l'\assau-Oranien' . '0. 28 • rtillery and Train

Tolal2ndDivisioll

I I

2 3 I

17° 10O 17 2 221 87

2 3 5 6

25 = 4, 157 men and 1,630 horse

17 2 I '.\ I

~

I

'3 2

7 7

57 1°3

, 58

10

86

21

8

1°5

1

24

3

33

4 6

42

I 12

58 28 1,02 4

I

73

83 1,°39

3rdDivisioll : Staff 35th Jagcrs 2nd Line 4th _ ational Militia 6th l'\ational Militia 17th. ational Mili tia Igth :'olational Militia 36th Jagers 3rd Line 12th Line 13th Line 3rd l'\a tional rvlili tia 10th .a tiona I Mili tia Artillerv, and Train

gO

Colours and Standards

I

27 410

12

60 34 26 15 24 25 10 23 13 20 26 24 21 3 21

25

9

66

8

3

55

4

44 I

26 31 51

I

1

44 57 10

2

40 7 10

TotalJTdDwisio71

I

CavalT)' Division tarr

1

Regt. Karabiniers No. I

2

Balavian Republic 1795-1806: Colours of the 1795 pattern wcre prescnted to the six Half-Brigades then in exi tence on I I ptember 1795 at a scale of one per battalion, and on I 4- ~!Iarch (796 three more wcrc pre. ented to the 7th Half-Brigade. These colours were silk with the designs paintcd on them, and \,Vcrc relatively Ii-agile; replacements were issued as follows: 25January r800 grd Battalion/rst IIalf-Brigad 19 \.farch 1800 l:t/7th and grd/7th 25 April 1800- rst!grd 17 October 1800-lst/2nd and 2nd/2nd go Aovember rSol 2nd/4th ~ Colours of the 1802 patt rn wcre presented as follov.is: 28 'lay IS02 22nd and 23rd Infantry Battalion 9. ovemb T r802-grd/5th 20 December r802 1st and 2nd Regimcnts of Waldeck (with theer stofthc Prin eofWaldeck , on the r verse" 4th June 1804-all other units had 1802 pattern colours ordered for them. The new regiment formed in IS05 received no new colours; only the Grenadier Guards of'the Council were presented with two colours shortly after formation. No data is available con 'crning cavalry standards in this period. J

Band of the 7th RegiDlent in Hamburg. The drum-Dlajor has a yellow phune with white tip; yellow facings with silver lace at collar, cuffs and 'swallow's nests'; yellow and silver bandolier. The musicians all wear yellow coats with white (silver?) lace at collar and cuff, and yellow and white pIuDles. Note the negro with the 'Jingling Johnny'.

31

The Kingdom oj Holland 1806-10: New colours were presented to some units by King Ludwig at the Hague on 7 February 1807, and these were the red and blue quartered design with the white central octagon bearing the dedication and the lion. Cavalry• standards were smaller but of similar design. Colours and standards issued to Guards units were very similar to the French 1804 pattern; light blue with white central lozenge, in the centre of the obverse the royal cr st instead of the lion carried bv• the Line. On 22 \c1arch 1807, Marshal Count Dumonceau presented colours at Bremen to the following units, at a scale of one per battalion: 2nd and 3rd ] agel's; 2nd, yd and 7th Line Tnfantry Regiments; 1st Bn" 4th and 1st Bn" 8th Regiments (their 2nd Bns. had received colours from the king at the Hague on 7 February), BattLe Losses The colour of the 2nd/5th R giment was aptured by the British at Vcere in Zealand in 180g, and laid up in th '. Royal Hospital, Chelsea (a replica still hangs there now). All other colours were taken to Paris in 1810 and burned thereinJanuary 1814, The French Period 18/0-14: Eagles of the 1804 pattern were presented to the fo1l9wing Dutch units by the Emperor on 30 June 181 I: 2e Laneiers de la Garde Imperiale, 3c Grenadiers de la Garde Imperiale, 123c, 124C, 126e de Ligne, 33e Leger, I IC H ussards, 14c Cuirassiers, ge i\rtillerie. The 12Sc de Ligne reeei ved its 1804 pattern eaO'le from Count Dumonceau on 2]anuary 181 I at Amsterdam. These 1804 pattern eagles were exchang d {or the 1811 'tricolour' pattern in ~lay 1812. On 12 April 181 I the two battalions of the 123e de Ligne in Spain were transferr d to the 130e de Ligne and new (non-Dutch) battaliQns were raised for the 123e, The 13IedeLignewasraisedin 1812from the Walcheren Regjment but it is not known ifan eagle was presented. The eagles met the followi ng fates: e 2 Lancien, f Grenadiers, 3f Leger: No eagles were taken into Russia, and the 1804 and 181 I pattern colouI. were hand d into Paris, where they were burned in 1814. 12f de f.igne: The returned 1804 pattern eagle was forgotten, and in 1841 was returned to the

32

French War IV1inistry; it an nov\' be seen in the 1\'1us6 de ]'ArmCc. The 181 I colour was saved 1 y• Colonel Avizard, hidden by him during his captivity in Russia, but was burnt in 1814 by th reinstated Bourbon monarch. The Regiment had received a new eagle in 1813, butthis was captured by the Prussians in]anuary 1814 and placed in the Garrison Church in Potsdam; its present whereabouts is unknown. 12l de Ligne: 1804 eagle stolen from the :Vfusce

..

"

.•

•

•

•

,,

,

T

,

,,

,

,,,

.

,

"

,

, ,

, ,

, ,

,

,

,,

,

,,

I

, ,,

Band of the 2nd Bn., 6th RegiInent in Hamburg, 1808. The drum-major has a light green tip to his white plume, light blue peripheral feathers and cut-feather hat trim, and silver hat lace; light green facings, silver lace and buttons, crimson and silver bandolier. The three fifers are (left to right) a Voltigeur, with a green sabre strap; a Fusilier, with red and white shako pompon and green, red and white sabre strap; and a Grenadier, with red over white over light blue plume; brass cap plate and scales; white cords; red epaulettes and sabre strap.

The /815 Campaign: The olours carried in 1815 were orange and bore the royal cypher and the unit designation; the design is sho\vn in detail in the half-tone plate on the left. '-1111-

,...,,--=-"'''':''

d:':ll "

'

The Plates

"':/

i'l

..",.c,;:'-' ,, ."

otto

l) '::::=;;'-'7l' f,,1o.

ll ' 'I.i •~ 1

AI: Jager, 4th Jager Battalion, /80/ The costume shows all the hallmarks f the light troops of the day and also the strong French influence (green plume, epaulettes and sabre knot). Instead of a pack, .lagers had hunting satchels in brown calfskin. The green cords in thc bicorn were to hold up the brim and improve the appearan'c of this unwieldy headgear. After Knotel .

OJ....

Netherlands Infantry Colour, 1815' Obverse: Orange cloth and bow to wreath, green wreath and border leaves; white scroll with gold inscription; blue shield. gold lion with silver sword and arrows, gold bars; brown supporters, gold crown. Gold fringes, cords, tassels, finial; black staff. Reverse: Same borders, the central device being a crowned script 'W' over a unit designation, all in gold. Cavalry standards were the same design but much smaller. After Teupken.

dc I' Artillerie by the Prussians in 18 15; last known location was the Garrison Church, Potsdam, before World War Two. The 181 I cagle came back safelv, from Russia and was burnt bv, royal . order after Napoleon's abdication, 12;" de Ligne: 1804- and 1811 eagles as for 124-e d Ligne. 12fl de Ligne: 1804 eagl e as for 12 3e ; now in the ~ilusee de ]' Armee. 181 I eagle aptured by the Russians at Borrissow 1812, now in the Summer Palace, Leningrad. 130e de Ligne: I\othing known. lIe Hussards: i'\othing known. rI Cui1'flssiers: 1804 eagle hand d in and burnt in January 1814. 181 I eagle captured at Borrissow T8 r 2 by the Russian Petrograd Dragoons; now in the Summer Pala e, Leningrad. e g Arti//erie: i\ othing known,

A 2: Grenadier, Infantl)' Regiment Waldeck, 180 r Tunic skirts had become very long in the French fashion since the foundation of the Batavian Republic in T795, and the turnl acks bore the dite company embl ms. The red appointments (plume tip, hat cords, epaulettes and sabre strap) were all after the French fashion, and most of the equipment s ems to have been supplied from Fren h magazines. Although the soldiers had now stoppe-d powdering their hair, it was .still worn long and in the traditional queue. After Knote!. Aj: Jager qf Light Infantry, 180 1

Cniform changes came with fair rapidity in this period; one plate by Knotcl shows a plain shako with tricolour cockade and green cords and plume, but a watercolour in the Leger and Wapenmuseum, Leiden, ofabou t the same peri ad gives th e shako gr en top and bottom bands, with a black cockade at top left and a green loop extending down to the bottom band where a while button holds it. The plume in the Knotcl plate rises from the opposite side of the shako from the cockade. The cuffs on the Legermuseum plate ar plain round (Swedish) with white piping and three buttons along the top, and the man has a white top edging to his short, peaked gaiters; he has whit belts, and wears no epaulettes. His waistcoat is white, as opposed to the red shown here. 33

'~"

,,

• i I\ ! The 2nd ('Red') Lancers of the Garde Imperiale, 1810-14. This famous regintent needs no introduction; detailed lists of orders of dress will be found in the Men-at-Arnts title Napoleon's Guard Cavalry. (1. H. van Papendrecht, courtesy Dutch Arnty Historical Section)

B I : Trooper, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, 180 I The old-fashioned, larp;e bieom was still \-vorn at this ti me; it usually contained an iron rinp; wi th cross-pieces over the skull to protect the wearer against sabre uts, and in a tion would bc worn fore and aft with the plume to the front. 1\s will be seen later, there seem to have been variou patterns of addle furniture in usc at this time; the Dragoons have brown fur caps to their holsters, and different lace decoration. The tricolour hat tassels showed the national colour even thoup;h the cockade was plain black; the light blue turnbacks were without d coration. The cavalry regiments did not carry carbines. After Knote!. CI: OJlicer, 2211d 1n[antl)' Battalion, 18°3 This battalion was raised [or colonial service and went to the Cape of Good Hope, althouah it 34

would seem that the clothing remained that worn in Holland and must have been very, un comfortable in . uch a hot climate unl ss made of vcry light cloth. The officer's tricolour sash \vas ofinteresting design, b iug held lousely about the waist by a device rather like a modern Boy Scout's 'vvoggle' a sphere of about 6cm diameter in red, white and blu vvith the sash pa. sing through a hole in its centre;• the sash terminated in tricolour tassels about eight inches long. Soldiers of this battalion \,\fon' the newly introduced stovepipe shako. which apparently did not stand up well to the climate. It is of interest that the sword knot anel tassel "'. .·ere plain silver and did not show the national colours. After KnOtel.

C2: Officer, 1St Cavalry Regiment, 1804 The undress uniform shown here was worn 011'

duty and was d signed to be an 'conomical alternativ to the exp nsivc parade dress. The black and silver bandoli r and sword slings were \·vorn in parade dr as well but it is surpri ing to se th h avy, old-fashioned boots being worn with tlus form of dress. Th buff brce h s wer mad of] ather. Aft r Knot I.

C3: Trooper 1St Light Dragoons /804 In th p riod I80I-
D3: Private Centre Companies, lsi Regiment, Dutch Brigade, [799-1802 As the uniform indicatcs, this brigade was a foreign formation and was in fact rai ed by the Briti h from Dutchmen opposed to Napoleon. It had three line infantry regiments and a rifle regiment, and dressed in British-style uniform with its own identity expressed on ap plates, belt plat and buttons. The cap plate lwar th ~etherJand' lion and the initials PV (Prinz von Oranien). Offic r. had crimson silk waistsashes, and gold and rimson sword knots. Rank badges wer a in the British army, as wcre th 'int r- ompany distin tions-r ,1 wing, trimmed \vith regimental lace for grenadiers rind light companies, whit tuft for grenadiers, green for light ompany. After Knotel, and documents in the ederlands Legermuseum, Lcidcn.

Fusilier Private, !-ine h?!anlry, 1801 By comparin(T various sources it s em likely that the cockade at thi tim' \0 as black. although 1 not I consistently show' the blu -white-red French model. Deduction also I ad one to a ume that grenadiers had red hat tas' Is whilst other companie had red, white and blu (fu ilier ) or lark green. Note the red musket ling on this and the 11 'xt figur . The fusili rs carried no sabres; their bayonet sheaths were aHa h d to the pouch bandolier just in Iront of the pouch, as in th Fr 'n -11 army. ,

D[:

D2: }(arabinier oj Light Trifan!'r)!, 180 I This plate is based on Knotel but modifi·d by do uments in the Legermuseum, Lciden, in that the plume has been po itioned directly above th ' \..u' kad (on the left side of the shako) as oppo cd to Knotel's repre. entation whi h hows it on the ri hl. It i ofinterest that the lite companie seem tohavew rnshort ut-feath rplumesaswellasthe I ng, drooping hor -hair type shown here. The white belts ar unu ual for a light infantry • umt.

Artillery officers, Hamburg, 1808. Both have dark blue coats and breeches; red facings, waistcoats, and piping; gold epaulettes, buttons, lace and sword knot (right), and boot triIn (left). The left man has a dark blue plume, the other a red one.

35

1:'2: Gunner, Arfillery of the Ro..yal Guard, 1806-10 The gold lace to collar and lapds. with th ir attendant ta:sle:. indicat guard. tatu. and the whit(' gaiters show that the summer uniform is being worn. For 'veryday wear and for parades the hako with bras, badg < nd red tri m and plume was worn; the bi orn shown h re was usuall", reserved for wal kin!"! out. "

J!,3: Corporal Dragoon rif lIte Line, 1805 III 1803 thi. regiment' title was changed from y

'Dragoons to 'Line Dragoons' and on r 7 June [805 it was renamed' 1st Dragoons', th exi,ting [st Ligbt Dragoons became the ne\v 2nd and the olel 2nd was disbanded. Tile h lmet is distinctly of French pall'ro, but there i. a bras badge on th front of the brown fur turl an. Thi. i only, indistinct! y sho\vn on Su hr's pi a te of the ulli t in Hamburg, but it appears to be a lion's head.

Further studies of the 2nd Bn., 6th Regt. in Hamburg, 1808; all have red over white over Ught blue pluInes. Left to right: Grenadier with company fanion-white cords, brass plate and chinscales; red epaulette , sabre knot and service chevrons; light green facings and fanion lettering. Officer of Grenadiers-silver cords, epaulette, contre-epaulette, and crest On gold gorget; gold sword knot; light green facings. On the right are two Sapeurs of the 3rd Regt. in the old uniform. Their bearskins are as for the first figure but with crossed spades on the plate instead of a grenade. They have dark blue coats with red epaulettes, facings, sabre straps, and crossed axe ann badges; white buttons; brass decorations on the white bandoliers.

E I : Gunner, llorse Arlitle')) , kingdom of 1loll and, 1806 10 This figure is tak 'n [rom th . Augsburg T Hilder a fairly r 'liab\(' ontemporary source. '1 he hussar pattern costume ,vas almost univer'ally adopt d at this time for horse artill ry, although they very rarely w re the p lis c. II is ofinterc·t that the shako badge shown here was WOl'll in [8 I 5, and indeed is ~till worn today by the Dutch artillery According to Lienhart and Humbert, the horse artillery wore the Briti.hstyle Tarleton h lmet with a reel turban in r806, but this vvas rapidly replaced by the French pall rn . hako.

36

Fl: Ojjiar, ]aaers rif the Guard, 1806 10 Thi figure is b'lsed on an a tual uniform preserved at th Legermuseum, Leid n. The rcd top patch of the bearskin bore a white ~rcnadc and the epaulcttes wer ' v orn after the Fren h system o[rank badges. On the turnbacks were gold huntin~ horns; the gold buttons w re semi-ball shaped and quitc smooth. The in lining of tbe lace bu ttonholcs on the lap ,Is is not mentioned by readily available sour e., which all how the, e loop to be horizontal. Other poil!ts of interest arc th' la k of gold loops on the top two lapel buttons and thl: extremely small, izc of the Polish cuffs. When taken into the Imperial Guard in 1810 the Dutch Grenadiers retained their old uniforms but removed the ollar and lapcllac s.

1'2: Trooper, Cheval/-Ligen Belgian Legion 1814 This whole corps dresscd in uniforms apparently supplied by Austria or at least mad, up locally to Au, trian patterns although rank badges seem to have been Fren h, as Knotel (Volume X. Plate 8, Un iforme Ilk 11 nde Lose Blatter) sho'vs an infantry ill er with . ilver sword knot and gold gorget and q aulett' but no waist sash. The ,veapons and equipment would almost certainly have be n of French manufacture, taken over from the disbande I army, of the French province which Holland had become in 1810.

0/ Flan'luen,

G I: Trooper 6th Dutch Hussars, 18 J5

on page 252 of his book Ilandbuch de,. Uniformkunde he gives the 6th Hus aI'S red facings and the 8th (the real Belgian unit) light blue. Other sources .tate that during r815 both regiments 'wore the same uniform' and Teupken shows both regiments in all light blue dolmans, although this reference is dated later than J 8 J 5. This plate is based purely on actual items displayed in the Legermuseum and shows the details 01" the black-on-vellow' lace on alia I' and cuffs and , the unusual shape of the cum themselves. Officer: had red mol' cco bandoliers and slings decorated with silver and th ir sabre taches were also ill these olours. At \:\!aterloo the 6th and 8th Hussars wore the shako without plumes; the 8th regimenl had grey overalls with double red side stn pes.

Controversy surrounds the exu t uniforms worn at \Vaterloo by the Dutch-Belgian cavalry; Knotel shows the 6th Regimentas beinga 'Belgian' regiment on his Plate 37, Volume 1V of the Uniformenkunde rose Blatter and this must be a m istakc, for

C2: Ojjicer, 5th (Belgiall) Light Dragoons, 1815 On his Plate '37, Volume IV of Unffomumkunde Lose BliiUer Knotc1 wrongly gives this unit the number '4.' (the 4th was a Dutch unit and wore

Fj: Co/poral

Belgian In/anl1y, 18/5 This NCO wears the British shako introduced into that army in 1812 and worn by Belgian infantry units during 1815, \vith its high front plate probably copied from the headgear worn by the Portuguese army in 1808. His wooden water canteen is also Bri tish pattern and would carry his regimental designation and number in white paint. While Britain provided much ofth quipment used, much lse came from appropriated French army stocks such as th(' sabre and ~dodel 1777 musket shown here. The design 01" the tap(' d('coration to the dark blue wings worn by the Oank ompanic. is peculiar.

•

Dutch infantry skirmishing in the mountains of Spain, 1808-10. The 2nd Regt. are depicted here, with light blue unifol m facings. (After J. H. van Papendrecht, courtesy Dutch A.'my Historical Section)

37

, ,r· -,,

",

j

-

,•

-

~'11

-

al~I1l\U\

Iiw-

-

-

~

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,

.

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l;ir • •=-.::;·7,·''::_"", u "';IW,,=_=

Standard, 1St Hussars 1806-10. Obverse: White centre, skyblue corners, gold fringes and inscription, sky-blue hield, gold lions and eagles, gold crown and supporters; below the shield a garnet ribbon with black motto 'EENDRAGT MAART MAGT', and below this a red and a sky blue ribbon holding IDedals. Reverse: White centre, sky-blue corners; gold eIDbroidery, inscriptions and fringes. (Courtesy His Serene Highness Prince Rainier of Monaco)

dark blu tunics faced red \·vith white, hu sarstyle fragging on the jacket). The 5th Light Dragoons w're very similar in dress to the 6th Fren h Cha curs a Cheval at Waterloo and were indeed mistaken for this unit by their allies during the battle, wi th tragic consequences. vVhile officers wore the cylindrical shako shown here, other ranks had the bell-topped Austrian model with white top band and lemon-yellow tip to the plume. This u,nit was originally the Chevau-Legers of the Belgian Legion.

manteau with red end piping and \·vhite figure '2'. After KnOte!.

HI: Lieutenant, Dutch Injanlly, 1815 The individual facings originally worn by the infantry battalions in r8r4 had probably been discarded by• the tim' of the battle of Waterloo and all worc white as sho"vn here. \Vhile many• shakos bore the crowned script '\V', the Roman '''V' seems also to have been issued-probably a case ofold and new being worn at the same time as often happens, even today. The grey greatcoat was often worn rolled in this fashion when in the G3: TrumjJeter, 2nd (Belgian) Karabiniers, T8T5 The three Karabini r regim nts \·vore similar· ficldandparti ularlyduringabattl ,asitprovided uniform' although there is confu ion as to wh ther real protection against sword cut. the 1St (Dutch; Karabiniers wore the oldfashioned bicorn or the h I mct shown here. H2: HomistofFla,nquers, 16th (Dutch) Jagers, 18T5 Trumpeters wore reversed colours a \va usual, To broadca t the commander's orders to light and th saddle furniture consisted of white sheep- infantrymen on the battlefield it was found that , skin edged red; a square, dark bl ue shabraq ue hunting horns were more convenient and effective edged white with white figurc '2' diagonally in than the drums used by th Line Infantry. In the rear corner; and an oblong, dark blue port- Dutch unit the Austrian-pattern shako was 38

used, whi Ie Belgian battalion. wore the British Line Infantry shako 1812 pattern, \·\,ith its extended front plate, immortalized as the '\Valerloo shako' or Ih(' B Ig-ic cap. The ~houlder roll. or 'wi ngs' \\iere the badges or flank companie., while the rcd tufl and the yellow swallow's nests indicated musician status.

11:1-" National Militiaman Jst Class I\Jany or the DULch-Belgian troop at \Vaterloo werc not rcgulars bUL rapidly trained militia (not ahvays thr best equipped units). All bat-

talions worc orangc racings and had whitc turnbacks. The pack and the musket arc French; the British \vooden \vater-bottlc bore the batLalion designation in white: e.g. 'NNIjB.No. 7/";:\0. £07'. (National Militia, Battalion NO.7 and the soldier's individual number). The distinctive British light inranLry shako is of interest: this is, or coursc, thc relt 'stoycpipc' modf'l worn by all British inrantry before 1812 and widelv• distributed to her allies arter Ihat daLe. The usual crowned '\V' appears on the silver sunburst shako plate. There are three silver cuff buttons.

']th Infantry Regt., 1806-10, by van Papendrecht. The regiInental colour has a gilt pike tip, gold lettering on the white centre, and red and blue corners. This regiInent wore yellow facings, and the musicians yellow coats. (Courtesy Dutch ArIny Historical Section) •

('

'"

39

Notes sur les planches en couleur

Farbtafeln

AI L"l1ifbrme caraclrristiquc drs troupc.s d'infanlC"rit> It:i!.~r(''{r;\nd C'11lploi du \cn rt"marqurr la ~acoch(' en pC'au ete veau porlee en h~ltH.lolllirrt· ('1 I'('mpla~anllc sac ados. Lcs. cordons verts aiornt a mainlrnir Ie: bicornt' a large bom tn place. A2 On ('marque line- fone influence fran4Yai. C" dam. eel unilormc ou I~ soldac ponuit un foumimrnt t."t dl.'S armes franc;aisc::s. AS 11 t'xisu" d('~ (011-

Al Typische t; nirolllt drr leichtbcw:I fi'nelen I nfanccrie- dt.'r Pcrioclp: gn'nlC: farbr.: in haiifig-('r Vcnn'ndung. fklllcrkcnswt~rtiSl die- lllll den Korpe-r gc:-htlllKII' allS Kalbslcder hergestelltc Tasche. die 'lall dem Riiekrnlorni lcr gel]'.!:cn wurcle. Die ~riinen Leinen dic::nlen 7.um Aufre luha hen del' Kum pc dc'S doppelspitzigrn HUlCS, .A2 Bei dicsrr Unjform iSI cin Llarkt>r franzbsischcl' EinnuC\C\ bf>merkbar, rran1"Usischc "Vaffen und Ausl'ustung wurdcn g(,ll'i.\~Cn, A3 Z""j· shell du Abbildung diesel' nilonn von Knotcl und eint'r ~Hch heult im l.eidencr M lIseum bcflndendcn anderell cxislieren unerkHil'1 e L ntcrschiedt.'.

trarlictions inr:xpliqll~cs entrt' LIlte prinlure 0(' crt unjforl1l(' p;lI KnOIC'l et lIll(' autre: illustrtHion nl:lintcflant au M usee rlc Leidcn.

B Ptndant rardon k hicorncttait porte d'n, de la tete ct it C"ouvr'uit souve-nl Ull cO\.lvrcpchcf en fef pour la protection du cr[uH'. f\olcr Ie:... glands tricolon.·.s du bicorlH-, Lf's ha qur:s de 1;1 rcdillgOll' IH:

ponem

3UCUI1

orn.cme'nt.

C, Cetle ullilt' fill formte pOllr crvir en Afl'i,!ue du 'ud, Lrs
a

a

a

DI Voila l'nt'orc un ~tir hien rran<;ai~ mais rcmal'qucr la balldollli~rc en ruir l'OUllt· dt·" mouIf;qth'ts sur D I t'l D2. D2. Illu:Hranon h ...... h" sur \tHe peiHlUrf' efl' KtI(ltd rt d~ dHnlrlWnt~ du ).tu~;'I· de Lcidrn, Lt"
EI Crt tlnifol'me est tjn~ du Atlgshur~a Rilder, llormalcmrnr Ulle source sure. L'uniformc:\ la hU5Sard esl carat:lcnstiquc de I'arlilleric monlee de nombrcll~rl' arm~rs de ('ctte ~PO(lIU"' E:z On I'ccnnna.ic la tcnuc e:o.livalc de ville: au bicornt.' "c gU~lrcs bbllches, Le I.cc' 'c les glands dor(.. ,ollll'insig"e de I. garde. E3 ~otf'I'le masqu

de lion en lailon

pOTt(o

en

~cw.,on

sur 1c dcvant de ('(. casque it.

In fran<;ahw,

FI Illustration d\m unilormc COllser\'~ au ~tusce de Lf'idrn, L'cmpicccmc'nt rougf' sur Ie des us cit" Cc bonncl ell peau d'ours portait ullr grt:'lIadc blancht, eC I", revers de la redingolc claiem orn6 d(' cors de chasse dorcs. F2 Toule la l ginn pOrtajl d(':~ unirormcs qui Nai~m soil fOUrllis par rAutrichc soit ronr('ctionll~S: partir de palrOlls aurrichitns. F3 hako anglais de 1812 ('I cilTllinr cau: mousquct {"l fournimcm rr:lIu;ais,

a

a

GI Plusirl.lI'S ve~ions contradkioirc.s de eet uniforme ont ~lf publitcs; cell ~ qu IlOUS iIlustrons ici provierll d'~ltmellls conservt au ~1ustc de I.eidcn. l.an."1 jaunt avt:1' ('ntrelaces noi~, G2 t:n1l0I'rll(.' lrcs ~emblablc' tt ("elui des 6 C Chas.. c'urs ;\ cheval rran~ais ct cc l'r\{imcTlt rut en tail Int'pris pour Ie r;'giml~ltt rran~ais a \'Vatel'loo Cillrainani des bl('S~u,.cs provoqu(CS par un feu 'ami'. G:l Cc trompelt<' portc les habituellcs couleun; invers es, 11 eSI p"",ihlc que les JCrs Car;:,hiniers aicllt por'~ Ie bicorne:LU lieu de cc casque l\ \'VatcrloQ,

HI Lcs pal' 'rnents de coul("ul' iuclividucllr des rrgimcilu d'inranLcrie {irent

place a da pal'CmCnL~ uniform~men. blanc en 1814, I.e malHeau gris enroule autour de la poitrine oflTrait une ccrtainc protection COlltre les coups dco ,ahrc. H2 Toute~ les uniu''3 hollandais ~ porlaicnt Ie shako autrichicn rn 1815 landis que les belges port.ienl It modtlc angl.is. Le pili mel rOllge ec les ornaments jaunts d'tp.u!c idencifienl un musieien. H3 Tous Its balailluns de la Garde . ationalc portaienl une veste blcut' ~\ parcmcnts orange et rc.... rrs blancs, Le shako ('n ft"utrc cst d"uu modele anglais d'avant 1812; d'alltrc part ces unit~s form~t:s en toule vil("ss(' portaicill. un fournjmenl t'l tics armes rranr;ais et allKlais mclang~s.

B Reim Kampf halle dicsrr Reiler scinen doppclspilzil(en Iluc in liinglicher Richtlll1g an~ta[l quer am Kopf gelragrn; unter clem HUl wiirdC' ol'lCI'S ein eiscrnes schiiddschihzcndes l'Sldl !;rtragen, Zu hemerkcn sind die Tricolorqua.sten. Del' Rock~dlO~ war ung.... zit.·rt. C, Die,e Einheit wurde flirden siidafrikanischen Dienst au gehoben. Soldalcn d("~ Regiments trugen drn ncuc:ingcfiihncn ~AlIgstrohl'~Tschako wie uci ;\3· C2: Das Tragen von solchcu schv,leren Rcitstirfeln mit df'm kieincil Di('ne.tallzug

komnll crslaunlich

C3 :Vlit df'n RcgimcmsidentiliiL'ianderuJlgcn von

1801 04 wurdc diest"S Regiment, d.s f. Kavallrri(,l'egimcllt. mit dncm 'TariclOn'-Hl'lm britisc:hrr An 1I1ld abg'rkllrztl'ul ROfk.'ichoss al1.s~rSI<\l(et.

Da Xochmab t"in aussc:rsl franlosisch('~ Ansd1(~n 7lJ bemerken sind doch h("i DI und D2 die aus rotem Lcdf'r ht'rgcslclltcn Flinu·ntragriemcn. D2 Xach eincm Knolelgemalde im Lcidcnrr ~Iuscum abgebildcl. Bei cinn lekhl· Q"wa rrllt'h'n IllnUIt('rif'r,j n hei l ka mC'1l solcllc wei!\.'\r Gunri cnwn sf,lI til VOl', D3 Eine \011 den britisch(,:1l aus~dlolJenc und brilist.'h angeklcideh.· Einlwil, mit often iehcliehen britiseh('n EigelUehafiell dcr Periode. niform i~ au~ den Augsburgrr Bildrr-cinc gewohnlichcn,,'('isezU\'t.·rl;issi9:c Qudlr entnomrn('11 wor(ICII, Die husarnlanigr l,nilorm war t~'pisch nil' die t't.'ill'ndc Anilleric vif'ter Hecre del' Zeit. E2 ommcrau~gang(,­ uniform wie man am doppclspitzigcn. Hut und den wcissrn Gamils hcn siehl. F:ine Einheil der Garde crkenlll man dUTCh C Idtresse und Quastell' E3 Belller· kenswcrt iSI dit' aus ~. 1('ssjll~ hergt.'Stt~IIH· I.owcnmaskf> VOnlt' am IldnH" n"anzo!'ischer Art.

El Dicsc

FI Von einer cigC'l1tlichcn in dem Leidencr ~tll'leum autb<'\\,ahrrc niform ab~chilcicl. Das rote Tlu:habz.cicht"1l oben am B:ircnfdlmiit7.c \,,'ar mit cincf w("l!\Sen Cranate gcschmiickl und golde-ne J agdhorner wurd"11 auf den Rock· autkhlagen .ngebroe1ll' F2 Die g.nzc belgi ebe Legion Crul( Unilorme enl· wf'der aus Ocsterreich gclicfcrt odcr an Ort und leUe narh oesterrcichi.schetn II-Iu Cer hergeSlellt. F3 Britischc 1812-Tseb.ko lind Fcldwassernasche, fral1zo~i he Flinu~ lind ..'\usrii~tun~(,I1. GI Vcrschicdcnt' ~iC'h widc:rsprc'rhellde Ausmhrutl~t"n diesel' L:nirorm sind herausgcgeben worden: unsere Abbildung is! nach f.inzdheiten rlargeslelll worden, die im Leidencr ).1useum aufbrwahrt sind, Die Tre e ist Rclb mil cingl'\\'obC"1l m SChW31'i'.em Zickz;lC.ktllustC"r, G2 Die" l·niform iSl rler der fran1.lisisch n 6" Ch.sseun; Chev.1 sehr iihnlich und bei d,'r WateriooschladH wlIrdc dies.. Regimenl latsiichlieh irrtiimli h fUr das franzllsisehe Regiment g'Cllomnlt'1I und dabei wurdtn V('rlUSIt.· durch 'fr(,ulldlirhe Feuer' \ 1'1'11 r"aC'hl. G3 Dit'~rr Trumpeler tl'a~l die tiblichrn ull1~t'k('hflel1 r,ubrll. I:s i.,t IlloKlich. class die J. Kal'abillicrf bei dcr \Vmer!oosrhlachl d(,11 doppclspil7igt'J1 Huc illl"lall d("s hi "r r.;C:ichildl'rtt·n Helmes K(,lra.~en haben.

a

HI Einzclne Auflchlagfarbcn der lnfamerieregimente silld imJahre 18'4 aul wC"iss lImgdindert worden, Orr graue, zlisammengcrollte \Vinl<.'rmantcl dicntc ci nigcrrnassen zum eh utz gcg('n Sa bel hie ben. H2 1m ah re 1815 lrugf'11 alie 1.01 Iii ndi~(h(' Ei n hcitrn den ocstcrrridlischcn 'I's hako wa-hrend di(' Rel({icr da3 britisehe Modell trugell, Dcr role Federbuseh und gelbe Schullerver· zicrung br1.eichnen einen Musiker, H3 Aile l\(i1izbataillonen trugen blaue Rocke mil orangcgc1ben AuCschliigrn uud wrissell Rockutns hlagen. oer Tsehako isc ria" aus I'ilz hergeSlellte vor-.8I" Modell; diese rasch .usgehob('nr Einheitt:n trugen cincn Gcmisch von franz6sischtn und bl'illsc:hcn \'Vatren und ..-\t1~ri'lstung("n.

J

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40

VOl'.

Continued from bock cover 160 Nap'sGuarc In1anlry(l) 44 Nap's GerMan All es (I) 43 Nap's German A1',es (2) 90 Nap'~ German A le~ (3) 106 Nap's German A,lies (4) 122 Na;:>'s Ger'Ylar Allies (5) 199 Nap' Specialist Troops 2I 1 Nap's Overseas Army 227 Nap sSea Soldiers 88 Nap's Italian TrOODS 176 Austnan Army ( I): Infantry 181 Austnan Army (2): Cavalry 223 A .strian S:>eClalist Troo:>$ 152 Prussian Lire Infartry 149 PrJsslar LIg'ulr fant'Y 192 Prussia" Rese, ve & Irreguldrs 162 Pruss, an Cavalry 1792-1807 J 72 Pruss an Cavalry 1807-15 185 Russlar ArMy (I): Irfant'Y 189 RUSSia.. ArMy (2): Caval'Y 84 Wellington's Cenerals 114 Wellington's Infantry (I) 119 Welll'gto,'s Infantry (7) 253 Well ngton's Hlghlande'"S 126 Wellngton's L ght Cavalry 130 Wel"rglon's Ileavy Cavalry 204 We Iingtor,os Spec,dl,st Troops 167 Brcnswick Troops 1809-15 98 Dutch-Belglar Troops 206 Hanover an Army 1792 1816 226 The A'Ylerica, War 1812-14 96 Artillery ~qUlp'11ents 77 Flags of ;he Nap Wars ( I) 78 Flags of the "lap Wdrs (2) 115 Flags 0: the NaD Wars (3)

19TH CENTURY 232 281 173 56 272 63 170 177 179 190 207 37 38 252 258 165 163 186 168 275 141 193 196 198 201 211 2/5 119 224 149 67 268 91 92 233 137 177 57

Bolivar and San Martin US Dragoons 1833-35 AI~mo & Texan War 1835-6 Mexican-A'Ylerica, War 1846-8 The Mexican Adventure 1861 67 A'11erican-lno an Wars 1860-90 American Civ IWar ArMies: (I): Confederate (2): Union (3): Staff, Special's:s, Mantlme (4): State Troops (5): Volunteer Militia Army 0' Northern V"'glnia A, my 0' the Potomac Flags of the Amer can Civil War ( I): Confederate (2): Union (3): State & Volunteer American Plains Ii'd'ans The Apaches US Cavalry 1850-90 The Talpmg Rebellion 18S 1-66 RUSSian Army of tfle Crimean War British Army on Carr paign (I): 1816-1853 (7): The Crimea 1854-56 (3): 1857-81 (4): 1882-1902 Vctona'sEnemles ( I ): Southern A'nca (2): No'tnerr Africa (3): India (4): Asia Canadia, Campaigns 1860-70 The Indian Mutlry Br tlsh Troops n the InOlan MJ iny 1857-59 Bengal Cavalry Regiments Indian Infantry Regimen:s r rench A"MY 1870-71 (I) French ArMy 1870-71 (2) The Russo--urk'sh War 1877 The ZulJ War

59 SJda, Campalg,s 1881-98 130 US Army 1890-1920 95 The Boxer Rebe lion

THE WORLD WARS 80 81 245 169 208 181

The Gerrran Ar'Yly 1914-18 T,eBritish ArMy 191 4 -18 Bnllsh Territoral Ur ts 1914-18 TheOtto'YlanArrny 191418 Lawrence ard the Arab Revo ts Br t sh Battle InSI&"a: (I) 1914-18 187 (2) 1939-45 74 The S;:>an sh Civi War I 17 The Pol sh Ar'lly 1939 45 112 British Battled ress 1937-61 110 Allied CcmmandersofWW2 225 The Royal Aif roree 70 l;SArmy 1941-45 216 Th Reo Army 94 1-45 246 TI'e Romanian A-"my 220 The SA 921-45 24 The Parzer D,v Slons 166 The Aligeme ne SS ]4 The Waffe, 55 219 Luftwaffe Feld D VIS o's 114 Gerrran Commanders of VI/W2 213 German MP Units 139 Ge-man A -borne Troops 131 Germa'y"s~, ~rort A lies 10] Gerr'dny's S;:>an sh Volur teers 147 Wehrmach: Forelgr Vo u'lteers 254 Wehrmacnt Auxiliary ~orces 138 All ed r orelgn Volunteers 142 Partisan Warfare 1941-45 169 Resistance Warare 1940-45 181 AXIS Forces in Yugos'avia 1941-45 270 Flags of :re Tr rd Reier (I) Wchrmacht 174 (2) Waffer-SS 178 (3) Party & Police UnJlS

MODERN WARFARE 131 174 116 156 133 1]4 135 250 117 128 194 165 104 143 109 217 18] 202 242 I 59 178 211

Malayan Campaign 1948-60 The Korear War 1950-53 The Soee-al Air Service The Roya Marines 1956-84 Battle for the falklancs (I): Lard Forces (2): Naval Forces (3): Air forces Argentine Forces in the Falk1ancs Israeli Army 1948-73 ArabArm,es(I): 1948-73 Arab Armies (2): 973 88 Armies In Lebano.. 1982-84 Velnam War Armies 1962-75 Vetnam War A, 'Yl le~ (7) War In CaMbodia 1970-75 War in Laos 196o-7~ Modern African Wars ( I ) R'1odesia 1965-80 ~2), Angola & MozambiqJe (3): South-West Afr ca Grenada 1983 Russia's War n Afgha"stan Cen:ra A,ne, I(dn Wa rs

GENERAL 65 The Royal Navy 107 Britls, In:anlry, Equip:s (I) I 08 B-,t,s~ In'an try, FqUlpts (2) 138 BritiSh Cavalry Equipts 72 -he Nortrwest Frontier 214 US Infant'Y E<;uip:s 205 US Army Combat Equ.:>ts 234 Gerrna, Combat qUlp:s 157 Flak Jacke:s 123 Australia, Army 1899-1975 164 Canadian Army a War 16 1 Span sh Foreigr Legio,' 197 Royal Caradian Mounted Police

•

MILITARY

MILITARY

An unrivalled source of information on the uniforms, insignia and appearance of the world's fighting men of past and present. The Men-at-Arms titles cover subjects as diverse as the Imperial Roman army, the Napoleonic wars and German airborne troops in a popular 48-page format including some 40 photographs and diagrams, and eight full-colour plates. COMPA ION SERIES FROM OSPREY ELITE Detailed information on the uniforms and insignia of the world's most famous military forces. Each 64-page book contains some 50 photographs and diagrams, and 12 pages of full-colour artwork. WARRIOR Definitive analysis of the armour, weapons, tactics and motivation of the fighting men of history. Each 64-page book contains cutaways and exploded artwork of the warrior's weapons and armour. NEW VANGUARD Comprehensive histories of the design, development and operational use of the world's armour~d vehiclesand artillery. Each 48-page book contains eight pages of full-colour artwork including a detailed cutaway of the vehicle's interior. CAMPAIG Concise, authoritative accounts of decisive encounters in military history. Each 96-page book contains more than 90 illustrations including maps, orders of battle and colour plates, plus a series of three-dimensional battle maps that mark the critical stages of the campaign.

THE ANCIENT WORLD 218 109 137 69 148 121 46 93 129 158 175 180 243

Ancient Chinese Armies Ancient Middle East The Scythians 700-300 B,C Greek & Persian Wars 500-323 B.C. Army of Alexander the Great Carthaginian Wars Roman Army: (I): Caesar-Trajan (2): Hadrian-Constantine Rome's Enemies: (I): Germanics & Dacians (2): Gallic & British Celts (3): Parthians & Sassanids (4): Spain 218 B.C-19 B.C. (5): The Desert Frontier

THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 247 154 255 125 I 50 89 85 231 75 171 155 200 105

Romano-Byzantine Armies 4th-9th C. Arthur & Anglo-Saxon Wars Armies of the Muslim Conquest Armies of Islam, 7th-II th C. The Age of Charlemagne Byzantine Armies 886-1 118 Saxon, Viking & Norman French Medieval Armies 1000-1300 Armies of the Crusades Saladin & the Saracens Knights of Christ EI Cid & Reconquista 1050-1492 The Mongols 222 The Age of Tamerlane

Please note that for space reasons abbreviated titles are given above; when ordering, please quote the title number. e.g W3 Viking Hersir', etc.

25 I 50 151 94 136 166 195 259 140 210 III 144 113 145 99

Medieval Chinese Armies Medieval European Armies Scots & Welsh Wars The Swiss 1300-1500 Italian Armies 1300-1500 German Armies 1300-1500 Hungary & E, Europe 1000-1568 The Mamluks 1250-1517 Ottoman Turks 1300-1774 Venetian Empire 1200-1670 Armies of Crecy and Poitiers Medieval Burgundy 1364-1477 Armies of Agincourt Wars of the Roses Medieval Heraldry

16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 256 191 38 101 263 235 262 14 I 10 203 267 97 86 184 188

The Irish Wars 1485-1603 Henry VIII's Arrny The Landsknechts The Conquistadores Mughullndia 1504-1761 Gustavus Adolphus (I): Infantry Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry English Civil War Armies New Model Army 1645-60 Louis XIV's Army The British Army 1660-1704 Marlborough's Army Samurai Armies 1550-1615 Polish Armies 1569-1696 (I) Polish Armies 1569-1696 (2)

279 The Border Reivers

18TH CENTURY 261 260 264 118 236 240 248 271 276 280 48 228 39 244 273

18th Century Highlanders Peter the Great's Army (I): Infantry Peter the Great's Army (2): Cavalry Jacobite Rebellions Frederick the Great (I) Frederick the Great (2) Frederick the Great (3) Austrian Army 1740-80 (I) Austrian Army 1740-80 (2) Austrian Army 1740-80 (3) Wolfe's Army American Woodland Indians British Army in N. America French in Amer. War Ind. General Washington's Army (I): 1775-1778

NAPOLEONIC PERIOD 257 79 87 64 55 68 76 83 141 146 153

Napoleon's Campaigns in Italy Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign Napoleon's Marshals Nap's Cuirassiers & Carabiniers Nap's Dragoons & Lancers Nap's Line Chasseurs Nap's Hussars Nap's Guard Cavalry Nap's Line Infantry Nap's Light Infantry Nap's Guard Infantry (I)

Title list continued on inside bock cover

ISBN 0-85045-347-X

Avec annotations en francais sur les planches en couleur. Mit Aufzeichnungen auf Deutsch iiber dE' Farbtafeln

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