Osprey, Men-at-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12

165

OSPREY· MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

rmies in L:ebanon 1982-84

Text by SAMUEL M. KATZ and LEE E. RUSSELL Colour plates by RON VOLSTAD

I)uhlish«l in 1985 b~ O'pr("\ Pllhli~hin~ Lui :\ktnlwr ("0111pal1\ 01 th,.. (;"Ufl.-:,' Philip Crull!, 12 II l."llt.: ,\en', 1.\1I1d"n "'(:21-: 1)1.1' t' Cop~righl 1985 Q'prey PlIhli,hill.l;- Lid This hook is copyri~hted under the Berne Com ,·l1lioll. .\11 ri~hti r("'('n'('d ..\p.tr1 from all~ fair deaJin~ for the purpose ofpri\'atc qud~. r~arch. crilici~m or rC\·ie\\. as pemlilloo under Iht" Copyrie:ht .\C1. 195ti. no pan of Ihi. puhlicalioll m"~ 1)(' reprOOuccd. slOrro in a rctril"\'al sy'lcm. Clr tr.IINnittOO in all~ fonn or b~ all~ Illt"an . dOClfonic. d<'Ctrical. chemical. I1lIXhanica1. optiral. phOlocop~in,:, rl"Cording or othcn\i'i(·. \\ithout tb" prior pcrmi"ioll of the copyri~ht U\\Iwr, EnquiriC"' ~hould he addreSMXI to the I'uhli:.hcr',

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Kat..:. S:lIl1ud :\1. :lI1d RllSsdl. Lee E. .\rm;{"<;n Lebanon. 1(jl!2-B... :\Il'u·at·arm, ~riC'>: 16,j I. l..c-h.'lIlon ,\rmed Forces !·Iiston !, I..('hanon Hi,to'1. :\Iilila~ I. Title II. Seri<'\ 3.').i',ooq,j6q~ l". \R5:~. L

Fihm.'l in Greal Britaill PriUlt-d in IlonK KOIlt.:

Acknowledgements Samuel :\1. Ka'z \\i,lws ll) t';>.,,,rt'>;!; hi, t.:"ra,illldt· to ,he follu\\ iug people for their help in till' pH·par.ltion of this book: his fdlo\\ IDF \'C'l\T;1l1 :\11' Dall Rosenlx'I'g:: :-'Is Fa,ina Husscil1i, for her Iran~btiOll.'> ;lIld nOI1p:lrlisan a~iSI:IIlCC: ;\11' ,\III..1r('as C:onslantinoll, lor hi~ tcchllifal help: _\I;~. D\ora '!"clson of lIlt' I Dr SpokC"man unit: and Kari E. Hannibal of Ill(' Lch:lllC'>(' Informalion alld Rr«eareh vnter, for Ill'r in\'aluahk :lS.!'istanec, He \\ould also likl' 10 oni..r hi", \'e~ ',>ecial and 100'jng thanks to :\I~ Sie:alil Ehakim. wilhout \\ hose hard \\ork. 10\(". de\'otioll and dedication, this boo" \\tluld nOI ha\'C 1)('('1\ possible, 1..("(" E. Ru"",c1J also \\ishl"S 10 Ihank :\11' Ril'hard Si.k and :-'11' Peler Ahbotl fill' thcir hdp ill Ihe prl'par;ltioll (If this book,

Armies ill Leballoll /982-84

I3fldgrollllf!to OlflOS '/" tltt /H'lt . •0' lJhmll'Jf tholl.!!,ht our Jf,mgth /t'Ol ollr h 'ft,k"nf. II', /alllird /0 hI' tnt mrrC"IIII/I. IIII' bUllk,rJ. and JII, (Oll'-;J/ gllidrJ oj ,1/, .\1idd/I' /:alf. It'lwilll! th,Ji.s:hrillg /0 olluH. J I', thol/gll' till/I bU(//lsr It" had 110 mili/(If)' /JOu'", lIobOl!1 It'ould allarA

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President-Ekct Bashir (;emayd. in hi~ Jast inlcrvj('\\ hdorc hi~ aSSas."Ination. 1 I St:plcmbcr 1~}82. I.Cb'lIlCM'

On thl' 1.'\ cllill~ of Thursda} 3 JUlll' 1gSL four Pall"!>lillian gunmell crilicall~ \\ouuc!ed :\11' Shlomo Argm. J.;:rad's ambassador in London. as he lert a diplomatic re("(,plion al thc Dorclw'Ill'r HOiCI. ,\hhOlu;h Ihi') incid(,1lI ""... 10 Ix- Ilw immedi'lle Gilhe of I,rae!'s "ar in Lebanon, til(' rOOls of thc connici "('Ill back man) )t"ars, I..t°banon achit'\ed il:. indept'ndt'nce in '9-1-3. .Inn) 1'01 1"'1 ofFrench rule under a Leal:;lIl' of:'\'alions ~I;lndat(' Ihal dalt'(l back 101h(' Fir"'l "'orld "·ar. TIl(.' CUUIIO'). IOfllwrly pan of S) ria. ('mbral,.·l,.'(1 a wide \'ariel) of rdigiolls 'Inc! clhnk ~Toupil1~s. all ll11llually anta.!{onbtic. Tbt: 1Il0'1 important \\cn' ~1;lr()tIite and Greek Onhodox Christi:ll\). alld Sunlli al1d Shia ~ Ill~[i illS, IfIK<,thcr wi Ib IIH:111 bel'S of the '('cr('li\"e Drul.l' SI'CI. Th(' ~o\C'1"nmellt was siructul"(:d b) all a~n't'lll('1H kllO\\'n a:. Iht' "alional ('.o\CI1;IIII. \\hieh \\a~ supp0'll'd to di\'idc 1>0\\('"1' prol>Ortiollall) amon~ Ilw \ariOll'i faclioll~. 1'hi... r('sult<'C! ill a "eak ccntral gon'rnml'nl ill-equipped 10 mcr,~e Ihe ri\'al ~oups illlo a 11'(11) nalional "laiC, Ho\\e\cr. Ihl' :'\'ational Con'llalll ",-,ned th<, coulllr) fairl) \\clI for nearl) 30 \ ('ars, d~pile thl" problems of urbanisation and ri,inl.( ~lu~lim demands for {{Teater repr~ntalion, In the end. il "as nOI a LehaneM' iSiuc lhal dl'Slro~ ('(I it. bUI Ihe problrm of the Pale-linian~,

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Sou •.h Bei....., AU~lI"t 19B:>:: this Golaa; machinr ~una...r ('MAGi".') "'nN '.hr I,.radi K",."la.r flak •·...1 and h",lm",l. and tarn",.. his ..·... pon·" ammuainon Mit in ils lihel! colle"'tor ba~, :II common lOt· practic"" The MAC'" bipod i" .I.so "'rapped in h",,,si.n.. a!Tordinll;. hand~np ...hen finnll; the "'''''''pon rrom th", hip. (ICPO)

The PLO in Lebanon In 19,'8. follO\\ i n~ I he (Tea (inn of Iht' Stall' nf IsraC'l. ,nnw .'00.000 Palntiniall refllW'C's crnssl'd lhc bordt'l' north illto I.ebanon, Tlwn·. lill' morl' lhan '.!o )(·ar~. lhl.')· liwd in squalid reftl~(,(, camps in ,olllhcrn I.dlalllJll, and in :I chain of ramshackle suburhs nl'ar Beirut. In 1968 til(' I.d)al1('~l· capilal 1}("('":ul1l' Ihc h(:adqtlart('r~ of th(' Pah"linian LilX'ralioTl Or~anis;lIioll. Ihe umbrella or~ani· ,aliOIl for more Ihan I I diffl..'l"cll( IXllilieal facliom dedicatl'(! I() Ill<" 0\ crthrn\\ of Ihe Siall' of I ~ral'l. 1'1.0 Chairman Ya'''<'r. \rafal found Lehanon an ex('ellcll! b."1$(,' for orx'ralions. both a~ain~t Israel itself and I~r
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IOF comb"t cngin""r'" .,r"",..nl I.h.. ir w"".,on", for .. n omc"r'" inSJ!"'Clion, prior.o ... palrol n ..... r AI"y,Jan"ar)", 1963. Th.. ",an on Ih" l"fl w"arS Ih" IOF'", winl"r park" and a ca.,lur"d 'wooll}' p"lIy' ",w""I.. r (Ih .. PLO us.. d oolh Brili",h and PlOki"'l .. ni Arm)' pau"rn.. ). The Iwo soldi.."", in (h" cenlre wear .he [OF '",nowsui!' "nn 'Hermoniol' winl .. r bools, (JOF Spok..",n,an)

Forces r('t~li~ted with land. sea and ail' attacks on thesc 1'1.0 bases, Th... PLO pre;, nce. and lhl' Israeli military response il allract d. put a strain on lbe weak Leballl'se gonTllnwllt and the fragile politicOlI alliOll1cl's it rcprt~s"'l1\l'd. I II :\'o\'embcr 1969 Egypt's I'n'5idellt :\'asscr IC)l"("('d till' Lehanese to sign the Cairo and ~1{'lkart Accords. granting- the PLO \'inual autonomy in the rcfug('(' camps and alollg t h('" 'com ha 1 {i'OIll' wi th I sr;wl. FoIIowi ng till' e\"('llts of 'Black Sept em her' 19io. \\'hell King H ussl'in 's Bedouin army violently ejcned the entire PLO in{i'aStrllCIUT'c li'om Jordan, Lebanon betaillc Ihe ani)' Arab COt1Jll1'y bordeT'ing Israel where the armed 5trugglc could b(' eominucd. A further 15°,000 Palestinian refug('cs :urivcd. along \\,ilh Ihousand;, of PLO guerrillas, further llp5clIing the ddicale balanCt' of power in the country. Tht' \\'('akl1e~ of Ihe l.ehal1('$(: t:entl'al gon'rnment alarmed both Chrisliall and .\Iuslim political

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panics, who b('g,1I1 to fOrm pri\'att' militias to look after their intl'reSts. For their p01I'1. the PL.O seizt'([ COlllfOl of \'il'lually all of 50111hcTn Lebanon. The PI.O fight\'rs-bored. ;Ingry. heavily anned, ;lnd anS\\'('I'i1bk (0 no one hUl I heir local comm;J.ndC'rsinstituted a virtual n:ign of terror against the cj\·ilian population under their control. Thollsamls ofLcballt'se \\cre robbed, raped, tortured or killed. \\"hilc man) of the victims were Christians, till' PI.O did not spare their eo-rdigionisl5, and .\Iuslims (especially Shia .\luslims) pro\'ided til(' majority of th ... victims. At the ilame time. in ddianc(' of t1wir obligations under the Cairo Accords, thl' PI.O began 10 stl'l'n,l;thl'n it5!ies with leftist Lebanese ~Iuslim political filction5. hoping to dcstabilisc the Lebanese govcl'l1ml'llt still further. On 13 April 1975. in the mid" of this explosive a tlllosphcn:, a bllslond of PLO gunmcn opened fire on a church in the Christian Ain Rammannh section of Beirul. Pierre Gemaycl, leader of the Christian Phalangc Party and onc of the most powerful men in .\laronil(· Lebanon, was prC5cnt for a family haptism, His bodyguard returned fire. and the fighting escalated. Tilt: ncxt day all hdl broke loose in LdxlIlon,

The Lebanese Civil War, 1975,6 The Lebalwse Civil War of 1975 7(i cau~d 80,000 dead. and lotally splil lilt' countr~ along: r:,ctional line:.. The peace which had t'xi~tt'd fi1r ct'lIluri('1> betwcen ~Itlslitll and Christian was dcstroy<.-d. Christian fought ~111slim. Christian foughl Christian. and ~lmlilll fought :\Iuslim. An cstimated 50 dillcrent 'militias' came into exi:-.tcllce. and acts of violence \\cn' l)(llh individu:al and collccti\"('. In Beirul, \\ hl"rc the worst of the fi~hting look place. roofwp snipc:n. shot l>l·de:.tri.llh at nilldom. Gunnll'n -.<.'t up chel'kpoillts to examine the papers of passing motorists. and :anyonc of the ''''rong' religion or political all'ili:uioll \\as killed Ollt of hand. Battles \,ere fought \\ith unheard-of sava~ef). Wilh prisoners sowcd onl~ for tOrlure. mutilation and death. In Januaf)' t976 PLO units allackcd the Christian cit} of Damour on th(' main high\\a) south ofBeirut. :\ quarterofits population of40.000 were kilkd in the b.,ulc or mas,s.1.cred afterwards. and the remainder forccd to nl'e. In rc\"t~n~e. in

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OClOhc:r 1976 the ChriHian militia:. laid siege 10 tho.:: Td Zaatar l'('fugel' camp nonh ofBeil'UI for ,jodays. When thr camp fell. no quartrl' ,,'as gi\'cn to thl' survi\·ors. and thc slaughtcr rivalled thai of Damour. By Ih("n the Christian~. initially confident. were in Il'OublC': tilt: PalC'Sliniam had formed an alliance with otl1('r ~lllslim factions, and obtaincd the suPPOrt of tl1(' Druzt', the siubborn 1ll0Ulllain peoplc who had givcn the Frellch repcalcd problems ill the day~ of 111(' ~ landatl'. The I)LO-Icfti'l ~lu,lilll·Drll7.c alliance "a~ 100 Illuch for Ihe Chrislian forces 10 handle and. in February 1976. Ih('y ~\'(' tacit suPPOrt to a Syrian and LcbanCS(' plan to end Ihe fi~hlin~ by granting concessions to Ihe ~llI~lillls. Tht' PLO refuscd 10 go along with the plan. hO\\('\cr. hopin'r to achic\·c their own national stat('. or al the \'1"1') leasl 10 gain tOlal control ofSOlith Lebanon .. \.'1 Ihe war entered An '"no~li na ....J 0'..""'.....;", .. <';:11 .. " ,h.. ruin .. orT}-O'~,Jun ... ,&2. An MAG m .. "hi.. ~ sun and an M •• 6/M2OJ r1fl~/l!..e..... d~ l:Iuncl.u tie do_ a' hand as he !i"peaks o.·eO' an Jsnoeli M1t.2'; field radio. No,e sh..11 coU..CfoO' baS alonssid.. Ihe machi..e p .... (IGPO)

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its second year, thc desperatc Chri~tian Icadership beg.m to consider appru.'lching the ani} po\\er in the region cap..'1blc of ensuring their llunival: the State of I~racl.

Lad"....;Ih lr;pp"nd !DF kilba! aad rolled 5t«plll! bal, a Onlo" ."';_1."" ! ......"r of Brill.en., Yaron'. paralroops pr"pan 10 boo h,.li,tiflW 10 IbC' Ein "Ill.il...,.h baul".j....,. .g082, His h,.lm"c is conred by ""l1ill~ .. ad Ih,. tDF·iss..,. rubber r .... i ..in! ba..d. (IDF Spok,....m....)

The Phalangisls The Christian community in Lebanon, diwr<'e in denominalion as wr-l1 as in polili<"al beliefs, has always had ilS power base in a series off(:udal-type lamily flerdoms, much lik(' thoS{' of the ~Iafia in Sicily. The lhree main families ,\en' the Frangichs. the Chamolills, and the GClll;ly<'I,,: all of [he ~larolli1f' cit-nomination. Each had it~ 0\\11 tl'l'ritorics, banking and commercial iTH(:n:slll, and polilic'l] orientation. By 19;6 each r.'1mil} also had its 0\\'11 militia. The Frangieh.s. I('d b} Sidman Frangich. had their po\\er ba.sc in nonhcrn Lebanon around the cit} of Tripoli, and \\rrc knO\\ n to be pro-Syrian in polic}. The most corrupt of all the Christian faction" their militia, the ,\Iorado named after legendary ~antsofLcbanoll's pr("-histor} \\as commanded b} Slciman's son Tony. Tlw Chamoun.s \\ere a pro-\\'cslcrn faction \\ h~e leader Camille was a formtr Prim(' ~Iiniqcr.

Camille's SOil Danll} headed their militia. the TigcN, Th(, thi,'d famil} wcr(' the Gcma}c::Is, :\ot only \\tre they tltc best organis(·d. but their family patriarch Pierre had founded the II-ttrl'{/b litcl'ally 'Oflhl' book') or Phalange Party in 1936. following f<.scist pattnlls apparent in Europe at the lime. The Phalangist.5 were mort' than JUSt a pri\'ate army: tlt('}' \\crt' a political force. of great potcntial. Gt'tll:l}c:I'~ 1\\0 ~ons. Bashir and .\min, \\('rl' both militia comJll:lll(lers al till' lime of tlw 1975 ;6 Civil War. The firsl I)halang(:-I~radi contaCb occurred in the sprin~ of 1976 aooMd Israeli mi~..ile boats cruising off the Lebanese coast. Further conferences wcrc held ashore, and includl-d \illits by Israeli militar} rcprescntatin:s to Chrilltian-hcld positions, Thc rel'llionship flourished. and during 19;6 Israeli planners pro\·ided large ~ants of military aid to the Christian forces, 7

).!l'am\ hilt,. followin~ the PLO', rejection of tht'ir truce propo,a!. the Syrians began to rcron"ider tht" eOIlq-qucllc("<; of a PLO-)'luslim ..tate in Lebanon. and withdre\,' their con<;idcrablc ,>upport from th{" alliance. InJuly 19i6they went further. and ill\'adcd the coullIry in ~upport of the ChriSli:lIls. From th<.' Ix·ginning-. the Isratlis had ('olhlantly urg-ed Ihe riyal )'Iaronite fanions to unite against the PLO·leHist )'Iuslim-Druzc alliance. As lhe Civil War came to a close under Syrian prCSSllr(', the Phalangists movcd to consolidate their position nOt by compromise. as the Isr:H'li" had hOlx·d. but by violcnce. On '3Junc 19i8 Phaiangisl soldiers surrounded the home olTon} Frarupeh and killed him. together "itll his wife and d:lll~hlcr. their bodyguards and seryanl$. and e\"Cn the r.'lrnily pets. On iJ lily 1980 it was Ihe tum of Danny Chamoun...\ Phaiangisl assault force SlOrmcd his hcadquartcrs. killin~ 80 or his mcn: although Danny himsdftseaped and Aed to EurolX'. tht' Ch.1I11Ouns were cftectivdy remO\'cd as rivals to thc Gcmayds l , The Phalangists wcrc on Iflp. and I!,rad was faccd with afilil accompli. The dn'lioll of' :\!t'nachern Begin as Israel's Prime :\Iinister in 19i7 \\'as greetcd with rdiefhy til(' Phalange: his h:mlline against the PI.O meant 11101'(' ll1ilitar~ aid for lhcm, In f."lCI, mall} in Israel began 10 dn'am of a united Chrislian-Jcwish front ;tKainst the :\Iuslim .\rab world around them. The Phal:mgisl leldership look cn:ry 0pporlunit}' to "I rt.·Il~th(·1I this irl('a. Phalal1g-isl officers wcre senl to train in Israel. and conlaClS \\cre established with th<.· Imtdi IXlliticalleadership. Th(· dt'Spt'ratt' plighl of the :\Iaronite Christians. I)(":"ie~ed in their own {nUllt r~ a lid fi~hli Ill{ fill" tl1l'ir \ t'r~ ('Xi,tt'IKt'. :-tru,k a 1'\'~I>Ol1si\'c chOl'd in many Isradi kadt.'I'S. The Isradi hard-liners admired the dyllamic Bashir. who. lor his pan. cOlltinuaJly urged Israel to inu'l'\'('l'l(' din'1:ll) in U·hallOIl and rid his cnulllry of the Pakslinialls and also. by this time. or lhe s~ rian Arm~.

The Syrians in Lebanon Thc bizarre Ix'haviollrofSyria in Lebanon call anI) be understrUM' ".7" 1I",h;. (;'·I1\.1,d·, ;ur."" ,1.'1I1l111<'r "." kilk,l ill ,," ,.,nl,.,.11 m",llll tur ha

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An Is... ~li par:uroopu pau,,;ng 00 th", road to Ikin". Jun.. 'glb. An M·T<' LAW .'Ui-I.nk rock." is slrappnllo his pad<- H.. hal' .1_ ;mpro'';~ h.i.. 0""" ....a)· or CIlrT'}';ng Ih", 40 rnrn ro"nds ror hi" M ••6(M'lOJ c:ornbiaatiolL (IMoD)

lhe :\I:llldatc, and always regarded Lebanon al> pMt orGrcmer Syria. For \'arious reason". hO\\('\er. the) wanted an indcpcndelll Lebanon. thou~h one ohcdicllI to Syrian IXllicies. Toward this cnd. in '9iS. al the hei~ht of the Civil \\'ar. they Sl'llt in lllClllbe(;i of til(' Soiqa (the Syriall·sponsorl'd PLO faction) and units of the Syrian PLA (I)alestinian Liberation Army auxiliary troops or the regular Syrian Army 10 fig-ht 011 the sick' of tht' ~lllslilll forc('5. Howc\"Cr. as the 1)1..0 and its allies ~Illcrl aboUI 10 triumph. Syria's Pn:sidt'l1t Haft·z ,\ssad sent a lo,ooo-man inva;;ioll fore(' to hdp the Christians. 'I Ilt'ir I1li~iun \\ a, to pr('\ t'llt till' ("'lahli,hlll<"llt tlf;1 strung PLOstatc c'lpable orresistin~ S} rian plans in the I·e~..i on. Ahhou~h late!'" sanctioned by the .\rab Ll'ague as pari of an f\rnb Deterrent Force in Lebanon (as wer<.' lInits fj'Q111 Saudi Arabia. Yelllen. Lihya and tht' Sud,l11 . tht, Syrians rdllSt'd to lea\!'

till' COUnll'~ I. In:.tead Ih(")' r("maiued. consolidating llwi l' p(m ('I' ba:'l"S in Ikinll and in Ihe Ikka'n \ 'alley in castl'nl Lebanon, Following the ..igning of a peace lJ"(.'aty b('lw('cn Egypt and 151';1(.'1 in Ig80 Syria's relalions with Ihe PLO improved: lhe Syrians withdrew from thc coastal regioll, lurning O\'cr colllrol to the PLO, By Ig81 the Syrians wcre in conlrol of I\\O·lhirds of Lebanon: ousling lhem had bccome a major goal for till' Clll'i'Hians, In 1~)8I, rC'Spondin~ to in("r('a't'd haras:.mcnt of Ihcir troops by Christian forces, Ih(' S~ rian . \ml~ laid Sil'KC 10 thc Greek-Catholic Cil) ofZahle, In a !>ho\\ of support for the Chrislians, II1\' hradi Air Force ~hot dowlIl\\o Syrian hdicopters t.'1I~g('CI in cOlllller-ltu('rrilla operations 1ll',Ir lhe cil~. The '"11........,KI•. ' •., '" .. ,ll! ..,...1.."'...· .. '''''''~, ,{_ drl'-'''''''' .. ft..... ,...... nl_ I Ii.. 1..1 11I Ullil " .._ I~n:..h "".m.. I".... Ihr< ,,,10101

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Syrialls responded by placing 1.J ha tll'ri('S of Sovietsupplied SA-6 l the PI-D. Evcr sillce lilt' first I>LO raid.. into I"rael from Lebanon til(' I"racli ~O\'('rnl1l ... llt has follo\\'cd a firm polin ofrctalialiru!

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against PLO targets throughout that country. In 1978. following: a paniC"lllarl) \'ieious tel'mrist attack which It·n 33 dead. the IDF mouJllCd a small~scale ill\'asion of SOli t!lnil Lebanon Operation 'Ulani' \. For Ibret' mOllths thl' IOF d{'~lroy{'d bunkers a nd a rlll~ cnclll's; bu I o\'crall, I he opera lion \\'a5 nOt a success. Tlw bulk of the PtO fightcrs simply withdrew nonhward Ollt of reach of thc IDF, A linitcd :'\atiollS IIItt:rim Force in Lebanon (U~IFIL \\'
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or homemadc OJ" c:lplul'ed hardwill'C. they ha\'c always bCl'n able to anord tilt" \'cry best on th..· market. Bc!ore their departure, Ill(' leraeli.; had also establi.;hed a small Chril>lian ;lnd Shi'ite militia lllldl'r the command offormer Ll'bam.'se Army ).Iaj. Semd Haddad, Complctely ilrmed lind financed by Ihe I:.raelis. it reached a peak strength of'2.ooo men. Haddad, n Greek Catholic, wns despised and reviled by the )'Iaronite leadlT~. both for his coopcration with Israel and for his usc of ).Iuslims in his militia, This was sulTicimt to prall'ct J-faddad's small cnclave alld part of th..· border. but could not seriousl}' challenge tbe PLa. In IgBI thc PI..O stepped up the pressur(' with massivc rockel and anilkry attacks 011 the bordl'r towns of northern C,t1ike, Thc situation ~11 became intolerable: there were man) cl\'ilian Cllsunlties, and Israeli citizl'ns were becoming hostages of th(·ir bomb shelLers, [\'en after CS Spl'cial Em'or Philip Habib mallnged to mcdintC' a ccasefirl' be!\\'ecll Isr
Three basic plans were proposed by the IOF, First. a repeal of Operation 'Litani': second, a larger-scale operation coc:lcnamed 'Little Pines", which ealkd for Israeli forces 10 occup~ a zone 40 km deep north of the Israeli border to keep the PLQ alit of artillery ran~t' ofnonhLTll I"rael: and third, 'Big Pines", which called lor Isradi forccs to go as far as Beirut. lorting the PLO to either stand and fight or withdraw Ii'om Lcb'lllon entirdy, The first proposal was immediately discarded, and debate centred 011 thc remainillg t\\'O, 'Little Pines' was the [cast risky politically: but IIw larger plan had milch to recommend it. especially since the Phailln.l.,risls had promised their full mililar} co-op<:ratiol1 in rooting the PLO OUl of Beirut itsdf. "hould the Israelis advance that far, I~a.')hir Gema~ d's personal assurallC('S convinced man} top I"raeli kadel'S, including I)rimc .\linis(('r Bc¢n, Oefcl15e :\Iinister Ariel "Arik' SharOIl. and IOf ChiefofStafrLt.Gen. Rafael 'Raful' Eimll. Ho\\c\"Cr, many officials in both the I<:.radi ~o\'Crnment and IOF mililary intelli~encc oppos<'d 'uch collu"ion \,'ith the

braooJi p.. , .... l nrar 1)......o .. r,J.. n., '982, Thr officrr'l' CAR-.S is 611ed ....i,h c.. r~nl,p"lI.. rn n.. "h " .. ppr.,.".or, l"..,..,li.n,..d .. plas"" ma!:,nineli, .. nd •...." ..b ..d· .Ila"hn,rnl for firing anli_ lank !:renlldell, (IMoD)

Phalan'{e. Thc} found the111 unreliable and ulltrusl\\'orth), and belic\'cd lhq ',cre dragging Israd into a quagmire in I.ebanon. They wal'lled that it would be dangl.'rOlll> ror hrnd to ignore the OrtizI.' and Shin minorities \\'ithin Leb~tllon, who were S\\ orn t'l\elllies of the :\ Iaronit<: Cllristia lIS .. Big Pincs' also cOIHaincd a risk of conflict with Syria. which could easily spn'ad to the Colan Hl.'i~hts and l'$cnlatt' into a llu,jor \\;11'. Sharon and the hardliners thotl~ht it worth the rbk: but the debatc had not been scttled when the atlcmptl'd assassination of the I ~rat:li all1ba~S;ldor to Cn:at Britain occurred, .\hhough thc aSl>al>Sill~ \\ere not members of tile PI.O proper I , Bf'g:in immcdi:u('lv ordrrcd a rct'lliator) air ~Iri"l' 'll{ailht t.lf\;{eh in '>Olllhrrn "hn "n,', III 1.(( ,. mrmhrr- ,. '10" 'icl..l", .. n1;-,'r.. t.., R I r<.>l1I ... h;(h 'Iln;.. h-...d III Ihr m"rdrr .of 1'/.O .~h".lI. "I ".I' .It.. ,.1

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Lt'banon and on PLO Headquarter", in Beirut. PLO artillery units rcsponded with a two-day rockel barra~t· into nonhern brael. Late on Ihc c\'cning of sJune the Israeli cabinel agreed tOlhe irw:lt\ion of Lt'banon, up to til(' 40 km line. Thl' operation was codellal1led 'Peace lor Galilee', The Military Situation Planning lor the invasion of Lebanon had been llndcr way since ;'\o\·cml.>cr Ig81. IOF units bcgan to emphasise urban infantry combal in their training. and practised rapid mobilisation and dt'ploymetll along the frOlltitr. PLO Chairman Arafat had also known since 1\O\'cmbcr 1981 that the Israelis were planning somclhing against him in Lebanon, and had made dispositions accordingly. He was able to organise three con\'{'ntiorl;ll formations. each of2.000-2.5OO men. made up of cOlllil1gt:llts Ii'om the various PLO r.\ctiom. The Yarmouk Brigade was stationed along tht' coastal strip: the Kastel Brigade was in Ihe south: and the Karamch Brigade was stationed on thc eastern slopes of \It Hermon. in the area the Israelis called ·Falahland'. Arafat had about 1.5,000 fight('fs altogether. with 6.000 in thc Ikirllt. Ba'abda and DamOllr area: 1..500 in Sidon: 1.000 between Sidon :'tnd Tyre: t.jOO in Tyre itself: 1.000 from Nabatiyeh to BeaLlfon Castle: '2,000 in Fatabland. and l.OW in the U:'\IFIL Zone in SOUthern Lebanon. Their heavy weapons included T-34. T-54 and T-55 tanks (mostly dug in as pillboses. 130 mm and IS.5 mill artillery. mulliple 13.\1-'21 Ilfll)'tlslw rocket laullchers and hea\'y monnrs. The Syrian Arm)' had ahout 30,000 soldiers in Lebanon. deployed in two main zones. In the Beka'a Valley was the 1st Armoured Division. comprising the 9tSt and 76th Tank Brigades and the S8th \Iechanised Brigade, Attached to it were the 6.md IndcpendcllI Brigade. and tcn Commando Battalions, There were also now 19 SA,\I missile batteri(·s. In Beirut and the Shouf i\ IOlllHain area the Syrians had nOI" deployed Ihe 8,jth Inf.'1rnry Brigadc and 20 Commando Batlalions to protect the Beirut-Damascus Highway. their main route of supply and communicalions. Against these forecs, the [OF planned to uS<.'wme six and a half divisions, with a total of bctwcen 75.000 and 78.000 111('11. t.~!.10 tanks and 1,500 I'!

armoured pcrsonnel carriers. Further rescn'es wcre kepi back on the Golan Heights. to delcr a SYlian lllrikc at till' ba:.c of the hracli advance,

Day One At t 100 hI'S 011 6 Jun(' 1982 the Israeli Defense Forces laullched Operation 'Peace lor Galilee' by invading Lebanon nlong a 63-milc strClch of lhe frontier. There \,'{'re three main routes ofach-anee: firs!. the coastal seClor from the Israeli border at Rosh Hanikra north toward Tyrc. Sidon. Damour and. e\·enlually. Beirut: second, Ihe cell1ral st.·ctor from Beaufort Castle to :\Iabaliyeh, withJezzinc as the ini lial objective. followed by a left turn 10 lin k up with the co:'tstal force I1cnr Sidon: and lhird. Ihe cnstern ~cctor. which ran frOIll RachaiYlI and Hasbaiya IowaI'd the Syrian lines in the Bcka';) \ 'alley around Lake Qaraoun. Tht'" overall strategy was for a rapid a(h"ancc along the coasl. bypassing lh<.· major PLO centres, while simultaneously CUlling orr the PLO's escape route through the Bekn'a. Thereafler, the I DF would procel'd to destroy the PLO bases, equipmenl and personnel in the bypassed an:as. The campaign in the coastal sector opened with an a{l\'allcc by three brigades of the IOF's Division 91. under Brig.Gen. Yitzhak .\Iordechai, preceded by ail' t\trikes and artillery. Speed was cssential; yet, alier passing through the lilies of the startled Ui' troops, progress slowed. The advance had 10 be made along a single road, which wnt\soon a massive traffic jam from beginning to end. 'rhe road was also bordered by citrus grovcs. which pro\'idcd good cover for PLO anti-tank teams, Their resislance IVas determined, if ullco-or'tlinatcd, Closer to Tyrc a series of ambushes imposed a further delay. and there was some heavy fighting. I-Iow('\,('r, the leading I OF unit. Brigade 211 under Col. Eli G('\·a. was able to isolate Tyre in only nine

Maj. Saad Haddad on his way 10 aCC~pl Beaufort Castl., from lh., IDF, 7 Jun., '9S~. Haddad slill W",".r1I his Leban~s.. Army fal.igue.., Wilb US Army 'baseball' faliguc cap, IOF .... nk insignia, and the unil p,uch of his ",ilida hanging from his I"fl epaulelle in IDF lil),le. The M •• 13displa)'" bOlh Israeli and Fr.,., Lcbanes., naSs. (IGPO)

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Golani BI'iKnde. Agnin, trnnic cOIlKl'~lioll delayed lhe attack unlil aftcr dark. allo\\;n~ Mlme PLO to t"SC:ljX': hut the platoon-~izcd assault force reached it~jllll1p·Oll'poilltundetccted. and launched a ni~ht allack. Thc rC'maining: PLO rcsi...tcd stubbornly, and \'iciou~ fi~htinl;" ra~ed amid the ca...t!c·s elaborate 5) ... t('m of hunkers. trencht"'- and pilllXlXes, In lht, ('nd the position was cleared. panly wilh \\eapons laken from the PLO de:ld. ,md Ihe Israeli nag \\el1t up 0\'Cr Ikaufort. The COSI had been hi~h: • lhl' ~ll1all a~"alllt unit had la)..('n Iway) e'buahics. includillg six dead and man) \\ounded. Its commandt'r. LI. ;\Iordcchai Goldman. later receiH'd I\rad's highest award for valour. the Ot Ham.. for his actions during theopt'ration. The next d:l). wilh greal pomp and c(,l'('moll). the Israeli PrinH" .\Iinislt'r. Ddrnse .\Iinisler and IDF Chief of ; .. --, SI,lff formally handed 0\'('1' th(' ChIle to :"Iaj. ! --:' SYRIA Haddad, who.. e people had sum.'fl'd under its : , GOL~~ b()mhardnH'll1~ for )"('<11'$. ~EIGI look tilt" cil) an l..r'll'li ..-\- I Sk) ha\\ k was ShOl down by a a "Tone; turn and stumbled inlo a PLO al1lbll~h on hand·held S.\·7 mis.."il('. and it'> pilot captured. the outskirts of the cit) ..\mid the \\ rcrkal;L' of tanks In the ea~lcrn zone. \\ here I DF forces wcre and .\PCs. tht' battalion commander and hi.. dri\('r controlled b) a corps·k\'e1 command under ,,'ere Iakcn prisoner b} the PLOt: and it took .\1'ti.GclI. thi1;dor Ben Gal. 1\\0 IDF units. sen'ral hours to extricate the lInil. .\5 Golani! and Di\'i~iom 251 .lI1d go, push('d into Falahland. led Par:llroop uniu ~calcd aif the cit} and the camps. :t1onl.; ...rcondar) roads by comhat enginC('rs, Bchind G('\a's hl'iKadc halted half\\3} 10 ~idon and went t11('1l1 \\('1'(' dt'plo)('d 1\\0 spt.'Ciall) configured lask into 1:1;\10::('1.. Wild \\"l'~t '>I}k. 1i)I' Ih... lliA"hL forc('~: tlll' \'ardi Force. under Brig.Gell. Danni .\long tl1(" Ct'lltraJ frol1l. hl'adi fOlT('" cro:.s(,d the \'arcli; and the Spt.-cial :"lallOl.'lI\TC Forct:. under border at ~ktulb. An impOI'l'lrll initial ObjcCli\l' BriK.Gen. Y,,ssi P('led. O\'Crall.lkn Gal'sobjcclives was the old crusader fortl'Cs~ of Ikaufon Ca:.t!f'. W('Te to push through the PLO 1()IW'S along dH' Situated more than iii metres abo\'(, sea lcycl. it border and Ihreaten the Syri;llls' kn flank. and, if ovcrlook{'d all of soulbLTII Lebanon and mudl of Ilc('c~a r). 10 ClIt off Ihei r ret reat 10 l)'lTnascus. The lIonlwnl I,racl: the PLO had u.'>ed it ror )cars as an \'ardi Force \\as to take Jezzinc and then push ,miller) obsen'ation post. Its capture also had nonh along Lake Qaraoun . .\Ieanwhile Pdecl's s) mbolic' importance; the castle had Ix'ell a majOl' Special :"Ianocu\ re Force 1\\0 brilfouthcnl Lebanon. troops and infantr) opcciall) confi~urcd for antiTIl{" task of takill~ Beaufon \\,IS gin'n 10, a) ('n't tt tht- S~ rian for('t:", I Dr forc('~ in theca.'it 'II , ....,,- .."" ,urd "" .......1 tI..,. l.., ......,..I ,I,..it mUlIt..nl I....t"... lh" n II""" .... rll. \\('rc orderc"d not 10 initialc combat aClions against =1 It.- 1 ,..lio-"" ,01 .tor (,,01,111; Ilrill.."I••Ut' 11... ,onh tin ;nl.. "I .. uni.. .. to.. II 1M Ill>. , \1l1~ ............ ..-1..." ,~ .. ,m""",,1 ~otm,l1;"". them un!t""iS Ihc) \\tTt.' din'ClI) auacked .

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Day Two During thl' l1i~ht or U i JUJU' I.. raeli naval commandos bc~an landinl; alone; thc coa,t to sct ambushes fill' I'LO rOreM: amlllw I~racli .\Ir Ftll"c(' allacked tar~eh in Beirut ami Ihrou~hout the south. In a dOl;li~ht on'r lkirut till" S~ rialh 1000t Ol1e ~liC-13'

On thl" coast, I~ral'li llnib pr~'d nOrlh Im\ard

Sidon. "hill' tanks and inrant!") 1110\ed into the Rachid~ch PLO calliI' Il(';lr T\1"('. ~lan~ hracli cOlllmande~ had expres:.<>d r(''I(''l"\;lIion~ aboul fil.;llIing in lh(' camps. "hit-h weI"<.' aClUall~ urhan neighbourhood.. ,,'illl blocks ofholhe, ~('par;ltcd by stret:tl. ami alleys. ~Iixed in amon~ tlwlll were PI.O bunker,. {jrill~ positions and weapolh stores. sometimes ill Iheir hundreds. Ikcaw.e of lhe larg'(' ci"ilian populatioll it \\',IS impo~~ihle to usc air strikes and artillery. ,md takitl,!{ the call1ps in a house-ill-hilUM' operation could pro\'(' co~tly. III 1976 the PtO had held olrthe Syrian .\rmy lor ,ix days at Sidoti. innicting ht'a\ y ('asualtics ill 1l1l'n and equipmellt. .\lthOlll(h rf"i..tance al Rachid~eh. and I:\ler at EI Baa!'. \\'<15 moderate. it "as to continU{' for four days a harbim:::er of "OfS(" to

COIIW. III "pitt' (II' lhis the IDF kl'pt to a I)(llit~ of mod(·r:lliOiI. choosill~ to mow slo\\ I~. :\\'oiding- the uS<' of he'l\ ~ \\ capons and rcgardilll; Ihl' civilian populatloll a~ hnsta({(~ of their al"mcr! hrethrt'n. ~kall\dlil(". the co,btal force linked lip "illl Kahalani's ~pcarheadssouth ol'Sidon. and look the cit~ undt'l' lire \\Ilh arlilkr~ .. \nOll1l'r Israeli force cr(k,S("(\ the horder Ileal' Iht· Haddad enclan:' and commC'llccd opC'ralions against lhC' cUl ..olf I'LO forc~ '-Quth ofT~rc, LaicT th.1I da~. the Israeli :'\a,·~ mOlllllt'd its lan;('<;t eHr :1111phihiml~ landinl;, puuinl; a,hore a mixed bril::::ade from Di,ision 96 at the mouth of the .\wali Ri\l'r ncar Sidon, The landinl\" beach had bCf'll ~t'>cun'd h~ n,l\ al ('oml1lando~ the night lx-fore. Huilt around lhe IDF's 50th Par,l1mop Battalion. 35th Parachule Brigade, ,mel undn colllmand of Brit;.(:clI, :-\ruo~ Varon. ill(' Paratrnopand Infanlry Branch Chid: lhe landing- forcC' arri\t'd \\itl1 0\'('1' An t~rad' pa,rot n.,ar S'don, june '98'l: as 100n'(" comn,en"'e a bund,ofl "'hcd., olh.,r" pr"par.. a ...oundm ",omMld., for .,'."",ual'on, No'., ho... ,b., IDf ....,b fI.,ar mall.,,, prO'·''''on for carl')ins (hO' MII.:rS n.dio and ;(s iSsu.. pack(ra.m.,. n .. 'Iem immedial,,-t)' be.tow ,h., ....d;o an add;lio....1 .n,n,un'l;on pou",h. (IOf Spoll....man)

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\'chidc-.. Quickl} breal..ing QUI (If Iheir beachhcad. Ihe~ linked up \\illl ,ht' rest of their di\'ision and Kahnlnni's troops nonh and south or Sidon, i~lating the dl~ .. \:; I..racli na\'al \C"""f'I~ ~hutlled in rt,inforCt"mCll!". Col. Gna·.. .! t Ith Brigade pu~llt"d north 10\\ ard Damour. Sidoll and the \\hok cO in 11ll' Ikka'a \'allcy (0 !'i'pOrt Ill<' de'itrm'lioll of his unit by the l'S Sislh Fle(·t! .\hhough .\rafat order('d him ('"Oun· martialled. hi:; l)(.'h;l\ iour \\,1:; t~ pical of lllan~ PLO omn'I"';. Oflhl' senior officcrs oflhe PI.O·s militnr~ command. lor (·xample. the South Lebanon Illilitan COllllllaml('r. all thn'l' hrigtlde eOIllnl.lndl·r" and l:l out of I ~ PLO ballalion comman(k"" .lbanduned Iht'ir t1l1it~ and ned .llmOSI ilnnll'diald~ . .\Ian> 100\er-rankin~ offirt,n, fol100\('d "uit. kil\'in~ Ihcir lllen almo..t It-aderk~:;. mt· of Ihe »1.0 cadres sta~~."d 10 fi2;llI \\(·11 and hnlwh: hUI their unco-ordinaH.-d t'flons a\ aill-d lIwil '.III"!· lilliI'. . \l~" "II :iJ Ulle. II) F forCl'~ nl'l l·lltered lilt' Ein d Chri.. ,i.. n Ph:olangi... ·Sj>H'ial.·o...,n' confer wilh:on ID.' palrol in Be;"", Augu~l '98". The)' wnr S)...;an ....pi"',. of P.. ki,. ... ni CAnloufl.."", ..niforn.,;, .. nd bl ..."k ber"ts wi.h l'h.. l.. ng'" ",omm:ondo badgh ( "'O' Pb.r D.). nry :o...."arn.N wi.b Swi". SIG,."a..saull rifl",.......d a ..........,·ofpe...........l "idnrms. No.", hull"" loop.. on pnM-II "fman a. rig'''. benea.h .. Syri.",PLO AK'4i che... pouch. (IGPO)

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I-lih\eh rl'fll~c(, camp ncar Sidon. initiall~ JUSt 10 dear a route for theinallk:.. II \\as -.o<>n e\·idem Ihal this could not be dOlll' except by c1('arin~ the \\holt: camp. :-\ Golalli b:ntalion \\as ordered illln til(' camp. hut W3!> forcro to \\ilhdrd\\ al du~k. On TuC"ida> mornin~ the allack was rCl1e\\('d b~ tanks and illr;lntr~, supported h~ air strik('S and anilk·r}. Thl' Golanis fOll~llI t1wir \\ ay intn the ct'ntre of the camp. hllt a~ain \\crc forced to wilhdra\\ at ni~llIfall. The fi~hting was absorbing a major p.m of Kaha lani's force. e\ en illdlldin~ his elite Sa> ('rel Shakt'd . m d Sayerel Shalda~ rcconnai""allce unit!.. .\s Ihccamp blocked tht' main road. eithcr it had 10 Ix'laken or anOlhcr \\a> had to be found around Ill(" Cil~. On TucS(la~. \\ hile Ihe IOF \\t'(e ,till fi~htim;: in Ihe camp. a secondary rO.td \\ as fimnd 10 l)t, uS engine(',.,. slo\\ Iy dearcd IhI' camp. strN't b~ Slrcel. house h} hou~t'. room b} room. Thl' PI.O defcnders liteJ'all} fflught to Ihl' ];1.~1 man. and fl'" prisoners were takt·l1. In Ihl' cI"11Irai zone, IDF units al-loO clllered :\:tb.tlj~l·h on ~tonda~. The arca contained a major PtO Iraining camp. and a strolll:~ derc'nce \\ a.-. alllicipat(-d. Tht, PLO \\('re indet'd dug in. with a regular baltalion and ..ix T·3.J tank..: hut tht, commander had ned. and the camp fcll in threc hours with llO Israeli c'hualti('... AlolH~sidt, the camp's defend('N Ihe IDF also collet·ted a large number of forf"i1:;:nel""i. intl'rnational terrorists who had 0Ct·1t in traininl; in lhe camp. In lot.t1 the IOF rOLlll(kd up some 1.800 of these in southern Lebanon. frOIll :.16 cOUlllri(~ and fin' eOlllinenb. In the casu'm S«tor. Ben Cars 1rooilS continued ,heir cautiou~ advance. bringin1-;: S~Tian positions and l11i~sile hatteries \\'ithin artilkr~ range. ,\llhouKh some i'iOlal('d clashes occurred. for the mOSI part Ihe >rians avoid(-d a fis:;-hl. even \\'ilhdrawing 10 pennil lilt' IDF an unhindered pUr"uit of n('I'im~ PI.O force<;.

Day Three On Tuesday 8June Varon's force. having secured its communications by the secondary road around Sidon, resumc'd ils advance toward Damollr, I nair batllcs O\'CI' lkirut and ~ollthcrn Lcbanon six Syrian :\liG, \\CI'C downcc!; and fi,l{llling continued in tltt.o I'efugl'l' camps around Sidun and Tyre. Although the battle for Ein d HilWl'h \\as 10 rage for anOlher \\et:k. the hraelis \\erc able 10 <;C1:m'c Sidon ibdf; and EI.\1. the: hraeli national airline. th()l1!.;'hlhlll~ op{'m'd an unin' in til(' cit~, In the Cl'IH ..,.1 ~ctor. lhe "ardi Force all"eked lh~ to\\ n ofJt-ainc. tht, !>itl' of a vital road junction. It was dt'fcnded h} a mi:\ed PI.O- ~ rian forcc, rcc(~ntl} reinforced b} as} riall tank ballalion and a commando unit, Both S}rian and Israeli units had orders flot to fil;"ht ('arh uthcr; but the road junction \\as too important. and till' '·ardi Force was finaJJ~ direcu:d to allack. Ei~ht IDF t:mb \\ere lost, but the Syrians I~t all their T -6Js and the town was fimll) in bradi hands b} ni~htfall. .\lthOll1{h the I.\F new ~lIpport mi<;<;ions during the bailie. Ihe nearb} S} riiln l1li~ik b;ltleriC"i did 110t engage lhem. Ckad~, I)re..idcllt ,\~)ild \\as still hoping to a\'oid a dirt."Ct cOllfrOl1lation, The otlwr I<;raeli op(:ratioll on th(' celllral front \\ as a diflerent ~IOI'}. It \\ as a direct Ihreat to the whole S~rian I>o,ition in the: Bt'ka'a, ,\s the \'arcli Forn' fOll~ht for Jczzinc. a second unit, Brig.Cen, .\1{'llarh('Ol Einan's Di\'i,ion 16.?, pushed around it and achanced llorth\\ard, Its first o~icctin' was Ikil ell Din in the' Shounlountains. but ils uhim;lle assignmt'nt \\as to cut t1w Bcirut-DamaSC:lIs High\\a}. s(:alil1.~ on-the PLO and Syrian forces in Beirut. This actioll \I'ould also cut off the SYlian units in the Rcb'" Valk'y. As Einan's spearheads advanced northward, hampered only by traffic jams and g-a<;o!im' shorta1j'l's al onc point Ihe cxaspt'rau:d I~illan orckrcd his tanks to pull inlo a local fillin~ Statiml and Kas up. telling- the o\\ner to bill the IDF later! , tht Syriam brou~ht a new \\capon into thl' fidd . .JU~I aftcr 1530 hI'S, Syrian Gazclk hdicoptcl"i attacked 011(' of Ein:ln's units with French-made HOT anti-tank mi~ilcs. Toadd tu Einan's trouhles, twO of hi.. h:HtaliOlh tran:llin!{ on adjacent roads ~ot into a battle wilh each other, and il took ~\eral hour<; 10 ~tr"il;"IHen them Otlt and ('\'acuate c ahi{...,. In the' l' tan ,{'(·tor. {hill~~ \\ lTl' rdati\('h quil·1.

Chrislian P","lan~.. IroGP'!' U. lrainin~ in I.... Sh.urMo....>I.in... 198.}- n .. y .r" c:ompl"I..I)· dOl ....... and ""'Iuippal by th .. IOF, from .... Im .. ts to combat boota.. aod .r.. armf'd ,,';110 Ali ...., and M_.6 rift...... The sb.ulder paid! is lhal of 110.. Phalan~..·",

'lAban..",.. For,,"'. (IMoO)

Pdt.'d's Sp('cial ,\I,lI1ocunc Forc(' had. b} (,\l'nin~. t;:lken up ib blockin~ IXl!'itions al the 'Oluhcrn end of the Bek,,'a \·alley. The Syrian position in Lebanon ,,'as rapidly deterioratin~. and their units were ddibcratdy bcin~ placcd in an imlXW;iblc tactical <;ituation.

Day Four Wedncsday 9JlIne "as a 1ll0l1lCIlIOlh day. In the' cO'lstal st.'C1or. Yaron's forccs re-ached Damour. Since th<.' expulsion of llle- Chri~tian~ thc city had become til(' hcadquilr!<.Ts of the \Iarxist Popular Front for the Liberation ofP"k<;tinc, founded by Dr George Habash, The PFLP f.'lctIOll had tUrJ1t·d iL~ abandoned houses and nalural cavcs into a fortress. :'\c\'Crlhdcss, it fdl after hea\'y fighting. In the central ~cctor, Einan had cOlllinued hi~ drive for til{' Ik'inll-Dama~cll!; Hig:l1Wa} laiC into the night of8 9JUll('. Al about 2300 hI'S his leading clemelllS w{'re approaching the OnlZ(' ,'illagc ofEin Zehalta, deep in the Sbouf:\ IOllntalns, A;; thc Wilks began to descend a 5lt'CP rO;ld, borderrd by a c!t-ep ",adi. tbc leadin1{ cr<'\\~ caugllt <;il;"ht of thc silhouc"ut's ofS} ..ian tanks on the oppo..itc ~i{k', The leading platoon opened fire. <;corin\!; thl'('c hilS. just as thc} thcm~eh~ \\cr(' ('nl{ulf,'d in a \\ithering barra~e ofallli-tank 5hdl~ and R PC round;;;. :'\early a full S~ rian hri~ade had Ix-en lurkillS:;- in amhush in the ,,'adL The J
,;

shooting galler:. :\5 Ihe sun.·i\"ing \"('hielcs pulled back to regroup. Syrian commandos crept among thclIl with RIlGs. The wilhdrawal quickl) became a rout. \\'ilh dawn. fighting rcsumed. bUI b) then il was too latc. The brigade had boughl time I(w 01 her Syrian units 10 deploy llnd. scant kilomctrcsshon or his obj('("live, Einan had losl his chance to CUI the Bcirllt·Dall1a<;("u~ H i~h'\'a y. The )"rial1<;. howewr. \\ould pa) a high pric(' for th{"il' ~uccf'~. B) I1m\. I ~raeli forct'<; were" ell beyond I Ill' 4-0 kill advance anlloullccd and agrecd upon hy the Cabinet on Salurday 5 Junc. Defense i\liniSlcr Sharon now insisted lilat the whole campaign ,,'ould be for nothill~ if Ihe PLO \\'Cl'(" 1101 completel) dC"troyed. If thai also invoh·cd fighting S)ria. \\dl. better now than later. E\'ClIl.s al Ein ZchallOl pl"Ovided him with an additional argumcm: Einall would lleed air stl'ikes to ('"tricalc his ullit. and air <;up
,..--

• ~­ • ~

,

~O·

,8

-

III Ihe Beka·a. The _\merican gO\ernmelll was extremely an~r: about the .. 0 km pronouncement. especially as it had been n-defined S('\·eral times ",hile Ihe Americans "'crt working for a ceasefire. \Ian)' Israeli Cabinet \linislel1; wondered openly whal Ihe US govcrnment would think of a major escalation oflhe war. Sharon. ho\\·('\·cr. insisted that il was a maner of Israeli lin'S: and. after a brief prcsclllatioll by Ihe IAF·... Depul~ C.ommander. the Cabinet authorised thc allack. At '400 hrs on the 9th. the IDr c"ccutcd a wcllplanned. carefully co-ordinatcd atlack on the t9 S)Tian missile silt'S in Ih... Beka'a \·alley. The planning had been don(' mOlHhs before. and Ihe olX'ration carefully rchearst-d. Firsl. Israeli-made SeOUl and \laSlilfRP"s Rcmole Piloted \'chicles simulated actual aircraft closing on the Syrian positions. rorcing Ihe Syrians to tUI'll on Iheir fire control radars. The signals rrom these \,'ere analyzed and pinpointC'd. then j.lmm('(! \\'ith a variely of techniqucs. Xc),,!. a... Israeli artillery shelled the positions \\'ithin Iheir range. 96 IAF aircraft F-+Es. F-IY;. F-I6s and Afir C-2Sattacked Ihe remaining Syri:ln positions. concentrating: 011 their racl:lrs and suPPOrt \'chicles. $c,'cral of the SO\'iel-supplil"
waH of 92 J.\F aircraft Slruck. u~illg :\merican,upplicd 'sman bombs' and comenuonal explosi\"Cs. At least one SA~8 ballc') \\ as taken out by an RP\- with an ammunition payload. \,'ithin an hOllr. '7 of the 19 S:\:\I missile baw:ries were dcstroyed. and the Dlher tWO damagl'd, without the loss of a single Israeli aircrafl-a n:markable :H'complishIllCllt illdced, In a desperatc altcmpt to sa\'c their missilc dcfcilces. the Syrian Air Force was commincd in strength agninst the second IAF air strike. With their operations co-ordinated by E-2C Ha\\ kt'ye and Boeing 707 sur\'eillance aircrnft_ thl' I.\F pilots wcre able 10 engagt' the S~ rian aircr.lft to ad\'antage. ;\0 less than ., I Syrian aircrafl wcre shot down in 1111'(:(' major air baltles. for a loss of no bral'li plan('~ a tributc to IIlt'I.\1"\ tl'chllical skill and superior pilot ability. 1\ltogether. the Syrian Ail' Force would lose a total of 91 aircraft O\'cr Lebnnoll. including the latest :\liG-23 and :\liG·25 t} pe~. plus six helicopters. without ocing .able to claim a single aerial victory in rcturn, Their aircraft losses reprcscnled about a quaner of their .\ir Force and many of their best pilots. From then on. the Syrians made only sporadic atlempts to challengc the Israelis in the air. and their ground forces were left without nil' suppOrt for thc rest of the war. On ,hc ground. Einan resumed at daybreak the batik for I~in Zehaha hy nying in a battalion of paratroops h~ CH453. The Syrians resisted stubbornl~. and it took all da~ to dri\'C them out. ~Iore paratroops. of the special anti-tank unit Sayeret Ore\'. \\'ere sent Ollt to ambush Syrian amlOur illlheJebd Barouk mountains, using-jeeps filled with TO\\' anti-tank missiles. :\Ieallwhile. on tlw opposite side orthe moulltains, Ben Gal opened a three-pronged oflcllsivc against the Syrian 1st Armoured Di\'i~ion in tht, Ikka'a Valley,

Day Five Thursday 10 J line brought the Israeli forces on lhe eo.'lSI nearly to the outskirtS of Beirut and. for the first lime. illlodireCl cant al'l Wilh Syrian unitsoflhe 85th Brigade at Kfar Sil. In the cemra[ sector. Einan finally broke through to Ain Oara o\'('rlooking the Beirut-Damascus Highway, which the Syrians stubbornly defended with their G2m! Brigade, \\'itll air superiority assurl-d. hO\\{'\'cr, Einan called in I~raeli hrlicopter

•

'98". Th" 1\1-'11 a" Ih" standard I.oF "n;""r'" w"apon during Ih.. ~banon Thi" pan.icular wnpon has b«n modifiM by Ih .. addilion ofa bipod,appar"mly On.. from 2. sni...,..'. ,·.,....ion of lh.. Gam. (IGPO) 1~ .... ,,1i Golan; sn;""r nnr fk;rul, A"gu.,;. ('a«"ri,,~·

,.&:0 mm M- •.,J

gunships, Bell 209 Cobras and HlIglws 500 Defenders. which lallnched a de\'astating :H1ack on the Syrian armour. The helicopters took a hc."1\'Y toll ofSyrian tanks. and the sur\,i\·ors fell back from the tOWI1. In the eaSl, Ikn Gars troops. grcatly hampered by the difficult terrain and limited road network. finally broke through the lines of the Syrian 1St Armoured Di\'isioll at a crucial road jUIl(·tion III about 1500 hrs, The Syrians. in turn, called on their own helicopter gunships, and the Cazdles found the st:llk'CI Israeli columns good targets for their missill'S. To their horror. the Isracli tankers found that the Syrian HOT missiles outrangcd their own hea\'y machine guns. and then~ was liltle they could do about the s.itu3tion. ~('\'enhcless, Ben Gal pushed ahead. determined to exploit his breakllwough with a nighl ad\'ance, At dusk ont: of his kadill'j banalions dro\'e Ihrou~h the \'ilIage ufSII[tan Yakollb. ani) to ha\'e its leading elements cut oW in a Syrian ambush. L"nknown to the Israelis. the battalion had dri\'en straight into the asscmbl~ area of the Syrian 581h :\It.'chaniscd Brigade. which \\as coming lip to the suppon oflhe 1st Divi.5ion·s battered tank brigades. As darkness fdl. the trapped Israeli tank CH'WS could sensc thOI t the hills were swarming ,,'i, h enemy commando teams. I-Iea\'y machine gun fire kept them 3wayduring the night. but Isrncli anempts to break through to the traplX"'1:1 unit failed, .\t dawn .

.,

A" Is..:uli M.II, tt"""'ofPrled's Sprci.1 i\1a",",u''''r For« "",... V...t.. s..k.'. V.Ury, July 198:z.. nry ... rar OR-60. I.n.krr's hrhnrt", thr oldr I of Ihr tI'rrr p;>lIrna" of eve hrlmrts usrd by the IOF. (IDF Spokestn••)

the:: Syrian artillery fire intell~ifiL'(1. The battalion commanckr radioed ror air ~upport: Ihis never arrived, and lIu.' ullit also sullered the indignilY or a Syrian air strike by n,'o .\liGs. With ammunition running low, the Israeli battalion made a dash ror it, suppoJ'\('d b~ <:millery, and escaped. The llnit bad sullL'red bea\'y casualties, and a Humber or ils vehicle;; had Iwen len behind, Then' had been no time 10 destroy them, and Ihe Syrians were able to lOW away the :\1605 with lllueh or the seerel equipml'l\l aboard still inw('1. ,\Iso 011 Thursday 10 jUlle, Pelcd's Special :\lall()('U\Te Force had pushed north againsl scanl Opposilion. just short or the Beirut-Damascus High\\'ay IJdcd was ordered 10 pull back, as it wa.-. rt'h 10 1)(' tOO risky ror him to tr~ 10 mailllain his advanced posilion. On the eXlreme righl flank or the Israeli ad,-ance, an IDF brigade al"O reached the Beirut-Damascus Hi~h,\ay al Yallla, although it had !>crn considt'rahl~ hara...·,ed bolh b,

commando lIllit . . and b~ Syrian helicopler gun"hip~. Isradi aircrart \\ ere called in ;u;ainsl the gun~hips. and Ihey also rou~ht anOlher air D.'l.t1le against Ihe Syrian :\liG~: 25 :\liG" and rour helicopters \\ere "hot dO\\I1. \\iI1Ullll Israeli losses.

Day Six On Frida~ 'I june thc hradi and Syrian governments agreed to a ceasdirc, to ~tart at nooll. It would IIOt apply to the PLO, During tlll'lIlorning the trapped Israt'li bOllia lion al Stlh,lll Yakoub made good ils escape. As lht· unit I'egl'(lupcd. a second armuurcd rOl't'C was ~('{,11 appl'oachillg. It wa~ the S~'l'ia1l82nd .\rmoul'ed Ikigade, pal't oftlw 3rd Armoul'cd Di,·ision. which had ju.. t come up from Damascus with ils brand-Ile\\ T-r.! tal1k::.. In a mirror-image orthe prcvious nighl'~ I.. racli ('ITex, it casuall~ dron' iTllo Ihe midSI or Ihc Isradi cOllcclllraiion. 10 lose nine oriu tanks in a matlcr or minul(:S, .\s Ihc ceascfir(' cam(' into elli.,<,t OIl noon. IDF commander'S had 10 pl{'ad ror pcrmission 10 eOUlllerallack the S~rian . . in Sultan Y.. kOllb, al Ieasl 10 J'{'C'on'r Ihe abandoned ellem~ lallk~. The dcci::.ioll \\l'lIt ,,111111' wa~ up to the Prinw :\lini"tcr:

but permission was rdLIM:d, and the ccastfire slCXxl. Although mall)' of their IItlit~ had oc('n badly battered. tht, bulk Drill(' S)ri:l.l1 I()r{'(>', ill the Beka'a \'all('~ had made an OI'dedy wilhdrawal (0 the vicillit~ or the l-lighwa~, In the eaSI on til(' morning of til(' 11th, Israeli aircrnli. artillery. and n:I\'al units bombarded Ekinll. while Israeli forces closed a ring around the Ldlal1t:se capiwl. TIl(' to\\11 orKhalde fell. the last PI,O stronghold south or the cit~: and IDr troops reached the out"kirls or Beinll InlnnatiOllaJ Airport. t\ final air battle cost the S~ rian Air Force a furtlwr 18:\ I iGs ju.'>t befort' til(' ceas«:firt" \\ t'llI into effecl. The False Truce The ceasdin' \\ ilh the S~ ri:lI1.'> \\:1.'> eXl('ndcd to include the PLO on Salllrda~ I I June, but then' were fn.'ClucllI violatiom b~ all sides, On unday. IDF units linh'Cl lip \\ith Phalan~st forces al Ba'alxla. tht' sitt' of tht, Lchall("'C PrC"'idcntial !)alac{', This came afla a major hallie \\;th Syrian

units of the 851h Brigade, who wen.' trying 10 prevcnt thc I OF from elltting their communications wilil Damascus, B) then the PLO had largely fled back to Beirut, where their position \\'as grim. Although they had abOlIt 14,000 fighters in the city, togethcr \\·ith the Syrian lorce'i, the Christian militias held theensterll halfofthecit~ nnd the IDF the sollthern approaches, The only \\'ay out was the Highwa~.

:\Ieanwhile, hradi officials met \\"ilh Pha.':lllgist Je:lders and l1wmbers of till' Gemayd famil~" Tht" Israelis ('Xptttl'C! them 10 be jubilant, but round Ihl'l11 sulxlued and e,';ui\e, Sharon inquired when the Phalangist troops \\'ould he joinin~ in the battle: Bashir Gel1la~e1 mutler('(1 that he'd do his 1x"S1. and Ihen tried tochall~e thesllbjeci. Sharon \\ould han: none of il: ('choin~ Ilashir'" 0\\ 11 \\ord~, hl" "homed I,.·ra..li m~ha.. ,Sft'llroop~ ..... rSidon ..... il lh..ir lu .... 10 board th", landin! ship I.""S 11./ __ ,durin!. ndrploym"'''' .0 .."'..' p<>!i;lion$ .Ion! .h", A....li Ri.-.. r lio.., .. No\·.. mbr!r '9112. So:.·.. ral .....riant,. or M"'3s ar'" ,.ibl.., i"d..d'n!! • TOW miss,)", b ch"'r (e"''' .....). Th., ,;;10 " rack.. ora, IraSI ...·0 .·.,hid..... a lIud)' fillHi with inranlr)' paekboard.., (ICPO)

the I)halange and. for tht., illOllll'l1l. rC'Stricled their operations to imprO\'ing th('ir positions
...---

him: '\\"c°r(' he-,e with wnks! Do som,'hingf' The da~ lht' 1DF Clllcn:1:1 Ha'alxla. PLO olliccrs \\atchcd through binoculars from the roofsofBcirul aparunclII buildings. thell reponed the news 10 Yasscr Amlin. L;llIilthcn Iill' PLO Chairman had refuscd to IX'liew rCJXll"tS lhal the IOF was dosing ;n ;-trOllnd him. The link-up with the Pharall~(, c;Iused panic among lilt' PLO leadership. While sollle of his omccr~ (hanged ill to cj\'iliall rlnthf'S and tried 10 ]C:l\'C tOWIl •. \raf.1t called on the S)'rian command('r in Ikirul 10 <15k what instruetrt5ns h(" Imd from Damascus. The S) dan gem'ral rcfus<-'Clto tell him. E"pt:cling a full-scale IDF allack on his disordered forces at an; moment. Arafat ordered Ihe PtD archives 10 be burned. Only after the job \\':lS ncar!) completcd did SOIlH"OIU' relTlcmber thaI no ont' had bothcn'c!lo mi
The Siege of Beirut Tht., Israeli .\rl11)' was never mcal11 10 entcr. let alone capture. Bcirut or all) olher :\rabcapital. Yel therc wcrc some 1+000 PLO fightcrs in Ihe cilY~; and unless the) \\cre forced 10 leave. the campaign could not be cOllsiderl'Cl a success. In addilion. certain f... ctions of the Israeli Cabinel. led by Dcfen<;(' ).Iinister Sharon. saw the removCvcrcly in a sicge or. far worse. an all-out assault on the cit)'. The American gO\'crnmcnt had alrC"ad; \\anll'd that it would not tolerate tht, mas.,ivc slau~htcr ofinnocelll ci\;lialls: and. aftcr a wcek ofdcspair alld confusion. the PLO had madc a rcmarkahle recovcry and now began lalking aboul a Lebanese Slalingrad, 1'1,0 posi· lions \\·cr<.' placed \I hlTl' ci\'ilian dellsit)" was

'I h., hr..di, h,,,I, .'I)lll'....1a ""Illi... I"

•\

Urban ...",rra~ in W ..;;I Bdrul, Augus' '98~. PLO and Mourabiloun lIIuc:rrillas hid and fou5h1 ...·.. rp.·hu... and apP"eben"ion ;s "pparenl on 'he: fa.,~ of IhO'" .. '''-0 Golan; "oldi"..". ThO' Iud ,""n ....·..;or.. an IDF K ..vlar flak jacJc"l. and hi .. companion "n A", .. r;c,," M '95" ')'1"': b",h "r.. :...",.. <1 .... i,h

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greatest. such as in the ba mt"tll.li of apanmcnt buildings; and the PLO announced mat. '" hate\er the consequences for the L:-hant"S(' population. tItq would fight to the last man .. \rter Ein d Hi)\\t"h. there \\ as no doubt the~ would carT) out the threat. The Israelis opted for a full-scale ~iet;e of Beirut. \\'hith hegan officially on l.July. There were more than 500.000 civilians lrapped in \\'est Beirut, and the I DF's first lask was to get as many of tht'lll as possible to leave. AJu'r a day of le.anet drops and mock homhing runs using f1a the IDF opened its lines to any ci"ilians who wished 10 leaw the cil}. Thereafter. twO checkpoillls \\ere left open for this purpose. and c\'cllIuallr 100,000 I,ebanesc escaped in this fashion. The IDF .1150 tried to ('ase out the Syrians. oflering thl' 8511\ Brigade a safe-conducl OUI of lhe Cil)'; bUI President Assad l'd"used and tilt" unil sutyed unlilthe end oflhe siege. 1II had. however. lost I\\o-lhirds of its men and all but onc of its tanks in theJ line fighting south of the cit}. and lOok 110 p.an in the ~ict;'e it~Jr. To dcal "ilh Ihe more Ih,m LJ.OOll PI.Oanri .!.oou ~Imlim ~Iourabitoun militiamen. \\ell dug in on familiar territor}. the I DF began a full·:.cale homb.trdlllellt of lheir posilions hy land. sea and air. Although occasionally inlcrruptcd by ccascfircs, this was to continue throughoul the siege. Thc Israelis initially shut off lOod, W;llLT, gas and electricity to \\"C'St Beirut: but as the PLO had abundalll food stocks. lhis onl) hurt the- ci,·ilian population, and the municipal 'if'niccs "en: rcslOred after a fe-w days. •\150, staninl;' 011 the 3H1, lhe IDF mo\'cd into East Beirut and began a series ofJimited attacks on I)LO positions across the 'Grccn Line', \\'hieh had di\·ided Christian frOIll ~Ioslem parts of Ihe city sinCl'lhc 1976 Civil \\"011'. Following the pattern SCi at Ein d Hilwdl, lhe alwck orders stressed a slow. careful advance, with abundalll armour and i1nillt'r} support. For their pan, the PLO replied to Israeli bombardmenL~ "ith their o\\"n anillel'). demOIl:>tratin~ tht'ir r~hc and their ammunition rcscn·cs. The anillel') dud continued throughollt the early part ofJ uly. rising to a peak on the 9th, \,'hel1 the IDF lurned ':17 bal\{'riC'~ofcaplLll'ed PLO lI'{/~"lIslw rocket launchers on PLO positions, and bombardc'd them with their 0\\ n ammunition. \\"cstern r{',lCtion~ 10 th~ operations wert' hecolllin~ incTl'a5in{{l} m'{{ati, e. and ('xten~i\'e I('k,;~ion

CO"C'r;:tge cauSt.-d mall} a oncc·frit'ndl} KO' ('1"III11l'l1t to conel('mn tht, Israeli actions n-hem('ml). E\C1l in Israel itself. public opposition to thl' 2;oH'rnllll'Ilt'~ handling- of ,h(' ,illl,Hion in{'r{'a!>t"<'!. IIII' lonln"I""} \\,., rin-thn ,t1,:gr,l\;w'd h} tI\I" GC',I Al1itir. \\'hl'n nl'ither till" IXlInhardmCllts liar the lll'gotialiolls l>cemcd 10 be having the desired dli.·cl. the [DF pn'pared a major operation to irwade Wesl Ikirut itsdr. ('.01. Eli Geva. who had led the coaSlal advance at til(' head of his .!II Brigade. "as pickt-d 10 lead on(' of the main attacks. Gc\'a resigru:d his command ill protcst. howc\'cr. insisting that Israd had no rit;'ht to inten('l"c \\ ith u'banon's inlcmal aff.,ir:s or take Ihe lin'S of its cilizens. His offer 10 sta} "ilh his unil as a private soldier was rtfmed. and thi, bra\(' and capable oOle('r was inslcad dismissed from til{' servicc. ~Ican\\'hile. operations l'oillinu('d as military targets in othl'r parts oCthe cit} \\{Te hil, oftl'n with ~Ia,erick or naval Gabriel miSsilt'S. or with '~l1lan hombs' used a~ain~t spcrific structure-...\rtillery 'snipers' fired a~ainst cl'rtain PLO·occupicri build· in~, or l"'en p.arts of building", ,\rafal. su~pcClil1H' that lkg111 had (!t-tnlllint'(l 10 kill him 1X"JV)l1ally. succumbed 10 a kind of paranoia and chang('d his loe'llion ('\'cr~ few hours, The !sr:ll:-li~ ,ltU10\ltlClX! their plans to Slay in Lebanon for Ihe lI'inlt'1", and en~in('er<; CQl11plclCd a l1e\\ airl>ll"ip at :\'abali}('h. landi",!: of hi!i' "rtiU"r) unit n..,.r Sidon. ,. fi .... 1 {",••• j commandinJil .n !\I"og SP JIlu" fiQ ..S " roul .. or .d...... n:. II ............. ,h.. Nom... lanlocr'.. "nd "rri..!' a Glilon 0" a badly ...orn ,.Iin~. To min;mi~ Ihei ...... nutio"" ,he '0 la! arowod his ..eelo has bC'n> lilruaJll i..sid.. a "h.... I" ..... and th .. la! ir.,;..tf ..o.·....t:d ....ith bl"..k laJH" (IGPO)

Afl"r Ih.. tin....n"nl propost:d co.·c...lI.s,

O"a,iollal fi~llIin~ ,II'll rolllillllro in th(' Ikka'a \':tll('~ betw('("n I:.racli and S~ rian forces. all :.!3 Jlll~ Israeli intelligence discO\'crcd that threc haltcrics ofS.\-8 mi:>sik's hnd bc('n broll~hl in: thc ncxt da~. tAF airrr.:lft dt'Stro~tt1thcm. Thc <;i,..~c CUlllinuro illln .\ugus!. whill' negotiations stalled O\"('r\\ hen' th~~ pI-a mi~ht ~o ifthe~ wt'rf' withdrawn, A<; L'S Spedal Em'or Philip Habibshllttled throtl~hout the .\Iiddlr Easl-trying to Kct \"ariolll> ~o\ ('mIllCIl!.'> to arecpt the PLO. Ihe Isradis strpJX-·d up tilt" military pr~ure. On I AllKu:;1 the Golani Bri~nde look Beirut 111tern:llional Airport aner somc of the heavie:;t fiKhtim; of the \\ ilr. On I ,'\lIgmt Ill(' IDF lalillch("(1 it<; IOIl~ a\\ait~"(1 dri\'C into th(' cily. feillling first at th,' Port Crossin~. and tben strikin~ south from the cilY's :-'11!:;cum Crossing and Tlort!1\\'ard through thc Ouzai di.c:lrin. 'fhe object of Ill(' dl'i\'c \\';\S to fut off dlC PLO camps ofBourj d Barajnch, Sabra nnd Shatila from PLO Ht'adeluart('f'<; ill thc city, B~ nigh,,:.I!. ancr hea\'~ fighting:. the camps \\t'rt.' cut off on three side:;. On I 1 ~\U~llSI IDF forr('S mowd north OUI of Ea:;t Beirut townrd the port ofJllnieh. po:;ilifJllilll{ themsch"(">. for a possible mO\e lo\\ard the cit~ of Tripoli a PI.O stronghold in northern Lebanon. On 19 I\Ug'llSI. after a (innl ~lTi{'~ofaltncks on thl'ir po~ilions in Beirut. PI.O officials agreed to a wilhdra\\al unell-r international ~uper\'i~ioll, .\ :-'Illlti<\ational Forc(·. made up or troop:; from Fra nct', lIa ly and the L" ni t('(1 Slate~. \\ ould prO\'ide Cap,u.r~

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S}'rian "omnlandol' al a d",''''n,ion faeili,)· in"id", b ....d. "u';r u .. ar.. Syri... 'Iiurd' pa..... m t:amouflalt"'. . .;,h US-i)-poe M-650 field o,."a&", her"",; iadit:a,.. Sp';a.. pol;' i<::lll 'Spl:<';aJ T roop~ ' bu', .ecordi.. ~ 10 n",u'rlIljoumalis, ... many S}'rian $Oldj",r,;; i.. ~irul adoplnl Ih!'m 'appar!',,")' 10 impr!'ss .ho: l(>t:al !tirls'. ThO" lOt' inlt'llig.."'·.· .. rr..... r atltlr.·,';"Jo: lh .. m wr:or,. .h., ...;"It·r park.. a"tI .. Ii,·.... brown G ..n!'r..1 S.. r,·i".. MrN. (1:0.1,,0)

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;f.........

.Po"'' ' ' . n...

1111' PLO \\ ith prOIt.-c!ion as the~ dt'p.u'tl-d b~ -.ea and air to other parts of the :-'liddlt' Ea:;l. On the 2[St the \I:'\r \,a" in place, and Iile fll':;t PLO cOlllingellt dcpal'led, TIll' sie.l:r(· was over. During Ihe next 12 da~<: a tOlal of 1.1.398 Pale..tinian fil{hters alld yrian $Oldiers left Beinu: thl' PI.O h~ sea, and till' 85th Brigade and ih 1)1..\ nuxiliariC'; under saft'-conduct along Iht' Beirut-Datllal>cLl~ Hil{h\\'ay. The \I~F d,'paned aflt'r 16 da),. ib mission accoll1pli~hcd.

17/('

1//lI.IiOIl 0/1 . I(/O/")' -

Bolh Ihe 1'1.0 and I~rad clailllcd \it·'CIr~ tilt' PLO IX'call<;(, it had Slln i\'ed. thl' "l'adis h('('albc they had l"("lIl(l\'('d Ihr threal 10 theil' llonlwrn bordeN, Sharon ('\"('11 (le\\ in :-'Iaj, Hadd,ld te) witn~ lilt' PLO ('\,tcuil1ioll, (Jpc'ratillll '!',,,It·c·fill· Galike' had ('"fbi the hradis ]6B (It-ad ,md .!,383 wounekd in six \\I'('ks of fighting. a hei!\ ~ price rdativt' to tht, 1~I"H:li population. f\lthoLlg'h til(' I)LO firt-d off tells of Ihou:;ands of rOllnds 10 cdebnlle their '\ illor~ '. the~ had lost [..=,00 dead and an unl.no\\ n numher \\ollllded and their entire polilical ami militar~ infr:t~Ll·tl("lur(' in Lcbanon. "hieh il had taken them 15 ~t'al'" 10 build. Some 8.HOII 1)1.0 and PLO SlhlX"Ch \\t'l"e captured and detained h~ Israeli authoritit-:;. 011 tht· ,\I1:',ar Dt·tt'lllion Facilit) at Ihe "rnOUll H('i~ht:;, Syrian losst's \\('f"(' almost a<; hi~h: 1.!200 dead, approximately 3.000 \\oundec!. and .!96pri:;OlleNi. .\Iaterid I~ \\tTt· also hig:h, I..ebant~· ci\ ilian ca."uahics. althou~h hard to ('Slimah' exactl~, \\cn' thou~hl to 1>1' :),()(If) tlt-,1I1 ,Inri ahoUI Iflul" linw, lh,ll mall\ \\(llImlt-d. lUI-" dirccli\'l.':; to minimi..c harm to t'i\'iliall:; ,llld tlwir propcrt~ tllldollbt('dl~ kepI tht.~ totah 10\\"cr ,,,It!an mil{ht be ('xpt"'CIt'c1, l{iH'n lilt' mllUI'l' of the fighting. Tht' diJ'ecti\'e~ \\l'l'e ~(ricll) enforced. and il i:; illlerl,l>ting 10 11011' Ihat not 011(' incid('nl of crimill
,,000

2

1

1: Israeli paratrooper, 202nd Abn.Bde.; Beirut, 1982 2: Israeli paratroop 'MAGist'; ShoufMts., Feb.1983 3: Israeli infantryman, Golani Bde.; S.Lebanon, June 1982

A

1: Israeli Naval Commando; Sidon, June 1982 2: Israeli Navy missile boat officer, Beirut, Aug.1982 3: Israeli Air Force Kfir C-2 pilot, June 1982

B

1: Israeli tank officer; Damour, July 1982 2: Israeli MPj Ansarcamp, Oct. 1982 3: Israeli Border Guard; Tyre, July 1982

--

c

1: Officer. Phalangist 'Lebanese Forces'; Beirut, Sept.1982 2: Militiaman, 'Lebanese Forces'; Beirut, Dec.1983 3: Militiaman, Maj. Haddad's 'South Lebanese Army'; June 1982

•

o

1: Syrian commando, lstCdo.Gp.: Beka'a Valley, July 1982 2: S)Tian T-72 tank crewman; Beka'a Valley, June 1982 3: Syrian commando. 85th Bde.; Beirut, 1982

E

1: PFLP guerrilla; Damour, June 1982 2: PLO sniper; Beaufort Castle, June 1982 3: PLO officer; Beirut, Aug.1982

2

1

/ F

1: PFLP-GC guerrilla, Kastel Bde.; Sidon, June 1982 2: Mourabitoun militiaman; Beirut, Sept.1982 3: Druze militiaman; Aley, Feb.1984

G

1: French paratrooper, 3 e RPLl\ta; Beirut.. OcLI983 2: Italian Marine, 'San Marco' Bo.; Beirut, Aug.1983 3: US Marine, 24th l\UU; Beirut, OcLl983 4: Tpr.,lst The Queen', Dragoon Guards; Beirut, Oct.1983

H

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op("ralioll. \\'orS(' ma,,,acrc~ had happened before in Lebanon: hut lhi~ one had laken place under the \{...~ n~ of IDF forces sent into Beirut to pren'llI e"actly what had laken place, (,rad n.'((,i\Cd most of the international blame for tht' massacre. The I DF \\'ithdr("\\ from the cil~ .md allowed the Lebanese ,\rm~ 10 r("'lIme control. .\ ~Ol1d :\Iulti:"ational Force also retunwd to Beirut to protect its inhabitallls from one anOlher. Italian and Frelldl lroops patrolled "'cst Beirut, including thl' refugee camp~ when' thc Ill:lssacrcs OCl'Ul"rl'(1, and 1.:S :\ Iari tlrs look o\'er Ueirlll I mcrna lion
The Second Civil War and the War Against the MNF From Septcmher 1982 until February 1983 Lebanon \\:lS rC'lati\'c1y qUiet. IDF forces hnd \\ithdr,l\\'n from lhc Ikinn area to pmitiolls in the Slll)llf :\Iountains: but isolated allacks 011 IDF fflre-es litill OCCUlTed. After ol1e of1heSl'. I DF units in pursuit confrollled CS :\Iarinesoflile :\1~Fin what almrnt becamc an armcrl dash, AI the bel,rillnin~of 1983 hallks look pl:lcc between Christian ;mel DrllZ(' forct.'S in Ill(" , hour. and thc Israelis had 10 pl;l~ the dan~eroll~ role of illlertnroia~ between tl1(" t\\o factions. In the Beka'a. occa'iional dashes still occurl'l--d \\itlt S~rian forcc", During thi" pericxl American diplomatic effons continued in all enon 10 find a solulion acceptable to all panics. Cl'ft"in rk'mcllls 5a\\' tlwse talk~ a~ ('f)tIIrary 10 their illll'rests and, on IH April 1983, a bomb c:-"plo(!l.'d 1lLllSide the Amc!"ican Embassy in Beirut. killill~ 63 people, Jiha(J.;tl·lslami The 1"lamie Hol~ \\"ar' , a fanatical Shi'ite lerrorist ,'Croup with ties to lX>th Syria and Iran, claimed rt.'Sponsibilit~. :\en'nhelcss, on '7 :\la~ accords were "igncd bet\\('('n Israel. Leb.1llon and thc C nited States, S~ria rcfu"{-d to compl~ with till' withdrawal pitaS(' of thi.. ngU'('lllcnt and inC'rC'asro ils pressure on ,\rnin G('m:l~d'" weak governmellt through ib Druzc and Shi'ite proxies, Prc,idelll Assad also malla~ed to force the PLO out of it" 1:I"t enelan' in

:1I

nonhern Lebanon b~ hacking a re\'oll against Ya.s.ser Arafat ltd b~ PI.O Col. Abu :\lu\Sa, "'ith S~rian "uppon, :\Ill~a's radical PLO troops surrounded Aral:,t and his suPPOrtcr<; in Iheir ,tron!{hold eit~ on'ripoli inJune 1q81. For a S<'Cond time in a ~("ar he found hinndf linda "il"l!;e: :lnd a second cvacuation, thi~ time under FrCllch auspices, \\i1S arrangcrl in December. Arar.,t and his men \\'CI'l' oncc again lit.'nt ofr into ('"ik. l'rofitil1,l! from the Lebanese cxpcriclICl', most of his host countries disarmed the PLD COllt ingellts 011 tl\tir arrival. and shipped them ofr to variolts d('~late part~ of their ('oLllltrie~. :\ ILissa. his USCflllllCSS at :In ('nd, was thell imprisoll-:d in Dalllilscll~, :\ Icilll\dlik. ill :\ UI{USI 1983, Isracli forc('~ llllilatcr'llly \\ ilhdre\\ from thc Shouf:\ 101llllains to pC)'iitiomon the .\wali Rin.'r. Their place was to be.taken b~ Ihe 11('\\ l~ rn"1taliscd Leban("S(' Ann}, f\mt.'rican·cquipped and Amf"ncan-traincd, The transition did nOi ~o as planned. and the Druze force~ engaged in hiller fighting against the !{O\'('mlllcllI"s tmnp~. Tht., L'nitcd $tat('" had now l~rar1i paratl'QOl'S ",njo)' " capfur",d I'LO m"8""in"" n",:or O"mour, JunO' 19.8~. One man ·ears th., old.slyl.. lot' faligu", ... p. Also no'., lh., tof'" efhod of boot lacing, (loF Spok.,sman)

IWnllIl(' decply ill\'ohed in u-banon. and \Va$; dcltTtllill(·d that Ih\..· Leb:HlCS(' .\ml' should nOI IX' dcfc-atN!. Slarlillg in Septetll ber. " hen Druze forces mnn'(l a~ain!'l Ihe to\\ II of Souq c-I CIMrb. CS war-.hip<:. including the batllcship. \ru ]frJ'..J'. firt.'d in ,>uppOrl of Ihe governmelll troops. The C niled Stale:. "a~ nO\\ per("(:i\C'(1 ill man} circles as jusl allmher f(lrt'i~n arm} allemplil1~ 10 ilSSl:r1 it.'> inllm'nn' in Lell.lIlt......• alf:lir..... On Jj Octolxr a Iruck ladl'lI \\ ilh explosi\ lOS c!rO\e ilHO Ihe h('adqllarter'$ of the L'S ~Iarine ballalion at Ikirut airport. 11'1 \..·xplosion killed Jot I L:S ~T\ icenl('11 alld Ihc dri\ n. ~IOlnenls laler a ..imilal· louicidc truck bomb lro~('(1b~ a ~uicidc Iruck homhin~ a~ain. thc \\ork of the ~anw ~roup. T\\cll(y·thrtt I~raelis c!i('d in the explosion all(1. although the I.\F fj'I,lliat<'(! with an atlOId on Ha'allX'k. public opinion in Isnlel also dClllanckd a \\ ilhdrawal. In l'ar!} DeCl"mher S} rian forcl'S fired on CS rcconnai!Qancc planes O\'cr the Beka'a \';Ilk·y. and til(' US rt'~p' fll(k'd with an air Mrike from tl1(' carrier bu/rprlldrllft. ,\s a demonslralion of American r{'sol",'. it \\"a~ a failure: the Syrians ~hol dowl1 twO of the j('IS, including Ihat of Ihe (\ir Group Commander, and captured one of'tht· pi lOb. Ther!' \\('r(' no further L:S air strikes. n~ .Janllar~ 198.1 the Ld)'Ill("<.(' t\rlll~ had IX'en dt'featl'(l b~ the Drllze and Shi'jlc militia.... and had 'plit .dolll{ l;Kliollallill(..... \, Dnl/x .tIld ~hi'ih'liJl"c(,",> pUlohcd do\\ II from the houf ::lIld tool.. control of !xlllth and ,resl Beirut. Ihe Leballt-o;(' .\rllly fell apart. Tht' :-'lu,lim troops descrted 10 th(' militias. \\hilt, Iht' Christians. trapped south of th(' city. "tre::tml'(! !!lOmh across the .\wali Rivcr, S('('kin{! s::mctllar} Ix'hind the h"teli lillt·,. .\min GcmaH·r.. . "I,tlll' had Ix"ell rt'dut"{'(1 ('{fnliH'I} III

M.mbe" orlh", ail'" lOF Drun rlr'CGon:o;s""nc", un.' 0""''''''. S)-n:on po.. ;lio........h", Ikka'a \"all",,.. N".·"'mbc-r .gB::. W",b &",a.r i" "·Orn o'·",r w;nl.r p:orbs, wilh h.lm",... or n.,..,.... liofll c:ops. n . onr~1 man is arm ........i.h .hl: Clilon SAR ..-ilh .Il:och..... rorward pis.,,1 snp, :ond :01_ arri",.. an Am.ri.,.,n Kabar comb:o. k.. if", on his ..·",bb"'~. (IGI'O)

Ihal Ofln:t~nr oj Ea.<.1 &irul: and \\ith thf' \Iulli· :'\:l.lional Force dcpanill~ in :\lan'h, 11(' h::td no choic(,IJUI to ~o 10 Damascus and "OlhUII Pr('sicknt !\... ~ad on the futlln' of his coul1lr). Naturally. he wa~ fll"'<;1 n'quirf'd to l"t'llOlIlKl' the All1ericall' sponsanon ruined the C:tI'('('I1> or I'rimc .\Iini"ler I~('~in and DefcllSr \Iini~ljT Sharon. hoth of \\hom r('si~ll('d our \:Iriull~ a"p('('t~ rtf thrir hallcllin~ oflhe "ar and it.'> aftermalh. The! DF still ..emain" in 'iOllthern Leballlln, cOncIU(,lill~:t phased \\ilhdr:t\\al Ii'om the COlltll~. ,\11 !"racli-Irainro South Leb:tllOIl .\rm} still 1)"'1trol, Ihe Haddad l'nd:l\(,l. a\\:titim; (he da} "hen til(' IDF \\ill be l{Olle and Ihe~ mlllol fend for thelmc!H"S. Pcace hib IX'rn hrou~hl 10 Galilee. OIl lea.. t for the monWllt. \I~i

' .. ~,III."I ..~.1 rl,,"<1.~

.~ ... ~r

'"

",xl

Infanlr)' and Paralroop Bran<:h Chil'.f, BriJ!;,GI'.n, An10S Yaron, suns Sidon on 8 .Iun~ '98", Addilions '0 his ....o:-b g~ar indud~ (lOp '0 bonoln, a' rear) a grenOlde f><'uch, an e"'ra Ollnn'uni!ion pouch and a ",ap <:as~. The IDF .... ~b g<:ar is an ingenious and '·I'.rsalile S)'SI(~In, adap.able '0 lhe .... rious nl'.~d" of Inodern <:olnbal .roops. E"I'.n .hl'. aSyln.InNrica.1 arr.. ngenanl of ...nlnuni.ion pou<:hes provide" .he soldi~r Wilh an elbow res. .... hen firing. The dcvic~ worn on ,he gen"ral's shoulder is a pilo"';; sur,'i.',,1 mini-nare proj<:c.or, (11\·100)

but 1h(' co:'t h;J.~ hCI'il high. AI 1he time or this writing, onT 600 Israeli soldiers h;we died ill !..l'hannn,

Tllf'Plflk, .-1 I: l,fI'(u!i Pam/roopeI'.

~'O~lId

.Jil'hol'lll' IJngndl''' B"im/.

19B:! Thi~

paralrOOlx'r Tzanhan', fighJing in the approaches to thc Lebanese capital. is wcaring the standard if\Slle oli\"(' fatigue $hin and trouscrs. The Irousers ba\'(' a lar~(" podct 011 each side, c!osl,'(1 with a buttoncd flap. The lefi leg only hns a smalk-r pockel. u$ed 10 carry mom'y and cigarettes. He also \,'cars the Israeli-manufacturcd K('"lar 'Shahpats' flak "'5t. first i..,sucd in Ig81 10 replace Ihe American ~t t95'2 type. \\'hich also remains in usc. 'rhe 'Ephod' \\eh gear. in ..,en·iee with fi'ontline units since 19ii. hold~ tw('lw ~1-t6. 1\"--,17 or Calil mag;tzint's. ;llong with 1\,'0 eantecns, grenades and

an elllr('nchin~ tool. Additional pouches for medical equipmcnt. ;.62 mm F.\ ~t:\C machine gun belts and .10 mm ~renade rounds can also be added. The helmet is the Israeli-malluHIClllrcd inlantry balli:'lic helmet. ~Iade by Odi\{' of onepiece. rcinrorced plastic composit{· structure. it is sturdy, Jighl and comfortable. The helm('t netting. cruddy camouflag-ed lI'ith spo\.'> of brOll'n shoe polish. is held in place by a tan rubber retaining bane!. an issue item. The Isracli-madc brown leather paratroop 1>OOis arc both lighter ami st!'Ongn than the black leather type issued to other [DF units, TIl(' radio is also Israeli-made, a copy or the .'\meri,an A.\ PRC-2:). It is carried in a tan rucksack. Thl' weapon is the shortened \Trsioll or th.~ Calil rifk. called the C[iloll by Ihe t DF, .\Otc its shortened band: many soldiers add a second pistol grip. The litandard Calil is aim uscd. wilh built-in bipod or atlachment ror tht"" ~ [-16 hayon('l. There iii al~();1 ~nipl'r \'c'l'~ion or the ha:.ir rill\'. \\ilh hipod and scope, :12: "mp!i Pnf(J/rM/Il'r' .IIA(;ist': A/~l" ShOll! .\/011/1-

Iui'b, r,bl"lluO' J!fJ.3 The winters in Lebanon are known ror their harshllcss alld bitter cold, In thc mountains cast or Beirut ralls or lip to '24 inches or SIlOW can be cl1countncd. '1"0 prOtecl the soldiers \\·ho had to li\"c and conduct operations in this climate. Ihc t DF issucd protect ive elm hing. slleh as the' Begcd Hore!' winter suit worn by this paratrooper. Designed ('specially for the Lehanest> winter. it was i"slll'd to almost nil personnel. ~Ia(k or insulated material with a waterpl'oorcxterior, it resembled thc tankn's cO\'('l""lis in many \,·ays. The rur-Iincd hood has slits ror radio hendphones and otlwr communications equipmenl. Some. but not all suits had the I DF namctape abo\'(' the ten brea.~1 pockct. The boots arc Israeli-made 'I-Icrmonio,' snow IXlOtS. rur-lincd ror cxtrn warmth. For further protcction this soldier wcars a captured PLO krfi.rah as a scarr: when worn imide Israel. til(' k1i.l'lIh unofficially idcntified a Lebanon "ctcran. The glo\'es and goggles arc also issue itcms. As a '~IACisl' lmaehinc gunn(.'r . this man carries a spal'e belt lor his ;,62 mm Fi\ l\tAC light machine gun, Altachcd to Ihc weapon is a cam'as bag 10 collect expended shells. which can also he used to hold the ;,62 mm helt berore action. Cloth has bern wrapped around thl' bipod. a

Sl
,ask.'!. Ik.. ick-s their pc:rsonal wcapons, l';u:h mall is trained and l"L'
37

r('mo\:.1 hiddcn from this angle in a black len shoulder hol,tcr. and a di\"('r'~ knife slraPlx'd to his ri~hl Ic~.

IV: IImeli .\liBile Boat lI'£apons Offim. ·.I'at.:mall(: off BetTuf.. Iu,e"·t I!/L!

Srrian unils of Ih.. Pal....';ni..... Lib"r:uion Army (PLA) ""Ihd",,,'i"g from ikirul, 2J Augus••,sOl. (n",s'" a", auxiliary lroof"' ..flh", S)""an Arm)'. and nOI PLO fighlt'ni.) Th"", .....ar So,·i.., sleel b ..lrn.. IS and ,;ree.. faliguts. n .. """1.", _ldin- is ""Iuipf>"'d ...ilb on", 'HM' ..f .ndi!t' s S)-ria" Armr ..·..b !;..ar. i,,<:Iudi,,! 1"'0 Ali magaLin.. po...,h a ..mallu po..ch f.. r Ih", ...upon·'" ..i1",rand <:Inn'ng kil, and canl~" ""Ih earner. (lOF Spokuman)

affl'clation is till' Golani Brigade the wri:>twatch cover band,

in~ignia

worn on

I.\'3

Thc I~racli :\'3\·) 'Hc~1 Hayam' pia) ('(I 3 major role in Israel'.. '-chanon ('ampai~n. nmducting :unphibioU'i operations and ~upportill~ Ihe ~olllld ad\'ance \\ith n:wal gunfir('. During thc ';lege of Beirut they bombarcled Pakiitinian positiom ill the cily with both COil Will ion a I gunfire and Gabriel mi~,ik'S. This Semi 'Captain' in the Army senscIhe I OF does not have a separate rank ~y~tem for till' :\'a\~. and all personnel hold Ann) ranks ser\'ing alX>ard a Saar .jl1li...sile boal \\caN an IDF fati~ue shirt \\ith L"S·made DG 106 :\'omex fire-I'csistanl IrouSt'f<:. L'~uall) mi~sile 1x:>.'1 crew,; arc i~,ucd ont:piece :\'olllex cO\'l'ralls. but it is not unC'ommoll for crew,> to han: iudi\ idual vari:lIiolh. The de\'ice paillll.'C1 on thc :\":1\') blue fatiguc cap i~ the ·Satil' missile IXl:t1 t'mblt:rn. The blue waiSI belt :tnd blLll'/~dlow mnk in~igl1ia arc pt:culiar to the 1':3\'Y. He weal'S a Fn:neh·st) Ie life prcscrnr around his waisl. His boots arc Ih(' siandard issue black combat type. with zippers plaC('d alon~ide tilt' laces: this is a common pr:lell("c ,11l10n~ l1a\':l1 .md nrmourc-d personnel. who ha\c onl) "Ccond:. to I{o linin akn 10 ballic condiLiom.

H,: Ismeli Xtlt'lIl Comm(JIIdQ: 1/ra, Sidoll. ]1I"e ff/:J2 'rhe 'Koillmando Y:lmi' ,:\'l\\'al COIllIl1;1I1dos arc (lilt' (lrthe IOF', Olo,t l·li\(' force:.. goin,l.: thJ't)lJ~h a dcmallding 18·month training: programme, They pl.·rfonn it \'ariel) ofla~ks. ranging rroTllulldcr\\'alt:r demoliLions to il'lldlig('nce gathcring. and are also used as ~hock troops, Durin~ Operation 'Peace for Galilec·. thl.' fo\.olllmando Yami carri('(J out a large Ilumber of assignmelllS. mostly c1a~ified in nature. B.1: !Jm,1i AJi' C·:! Pilot. ]une l.rIh During the first days of the \\ar they landed at The '''raeli Air Forn' has long been r('garckd as strate~c points along Ihe coastal high\\'ay to among the besl in Ihe \\orld. and in Ill(" stimmel' of ambush bOlh PLO reinlorcements he;tding south. 1982 Iheir high reputalion was fUrl her cnhanced. and PLO units ni'ein~ north. These missions were In addition to de~tro) ing the Syrian air defrnce ('xtremely suecl.'s~flll, Thiii commando is wearing system in the Bcka ':I \'alley at one blo" , they shot lhe black sumlll('" di\'illg suit of 11('opr('I1(' rubber. down 91 Syrian ~liCs and 1(ix helicoptns, and His di\'ing boob are made of the same material. provided close air sUPIXJI·t for Ihe IDF throughout wit h sirengthened <;01('5. I-I (' is still wearing his black th(' campaign. All this \\as achiewd fill' the lo~ of buoyancy \'l'5t and compens.'uor. which means he Oil(' Skyha\\k fightcr-bomber and a Bell lOS \\'cr is ha\'e to swim to n'lriC\ e Ihem. His \\('1) ~e:tr is sh()("- wearing Israeli copit'S of thc .\merican fo\.-.!B flight polished black: \\:II('I'proof sealer; inside Ihe sui I and HGL"·~6P single-\isor pilot's helmet. Thc pouches kt.'CP ammunilion and ('quipm('111 dry. rest of his equipment is of Israeli de~ign and Swim fins art.· c:'.I'ric:.'d 011 his back. allached to the manllr.,clUrc. His Type 817 IS cllta\\a) .\l1ti-G wei suit by a GIIl\'as 'ilrap. He is armed with the Suit is made of:\'omcx fire·resistant fabric. \\'ilh 011(' AK-.j j. the main \\ealXlll ofl OF elite lI11ilS, He also dear map pockcl al)(.)\'e each knee. The suit carnes a silrnn'd .'.n Bc;rella pistol 'or selltry l'olllaim a rq)laceabk ll("oprCllc inflntahlc inner

J

bladder. He also wea,... an I<;radi-madc life prcscn'cr and survival equipment. The sun'lval pOllches, \\orn on a harrws.~ COllllCCI<.'Ci to the life preservcr. cOl1lain sun'ival ~('ar. radio. oll'dit'al suppli~. :lIld a holsler for the 9 mm Berella pistol \\OI'n at til\' hark. I<;radi-maclt- f1~inJ.: hoot" completc his eCluipmcllt,

.\!tYor. ISI'adi Arl/lOIll',d COIPS: Damour, Sal/III l..that/on. JU!I' IgB2 This Hal' I'm major. ,he Sol'Cond-in-coOlmand of an armoured battalion, wears Ihe IsraclimanufaclurL'Ci 'Sarbal' tanker's cO\'eralls of flame· rClardalll :\'omex. Although hot 10 wear in ",rum dimalcs nOI to memion inside a tank, the} offer maximum prot('clion against fire---the tank crew's most dangerous cnemy, OlIiccr's slip-Oil rank insignia are worn on the epauJellcs. The major also has tht, n('w('St Israeli ballistic lanker's helmet: the T}pe 602 helmet shdl is light. made primarily of f\.evlar. and incorporalcs tl1{" :\IK I~)i communicalions Sy!>tCUl. The 10 lag 'Oiskecl' worn around the neck is CO\wed in black cloth to minimise reflt.'<:tioll, cspe<:iall~ at night. Two more 10 tags are worn in Ihc boOi laps, 10 provide morc dlccti\'c and quicker idetll ifica tion in case ofdeath ,) The black combat boots art' siandard IOF issue. 'fhe ollicer earrit,s a 9 mm Browning pistol a" a pn'lll1al "i,kanl1: Ih(' Briti"h-'I~lt' cama:. hol,tl'r (':lII :tlso accommodau' a \'ariel~ ofollwr heapons. including tilt' 9 mm and .22 Bcrelta pistols r.....\'otlred b~ man~ Isradi oniccrs, Thc Lebanon campaign once again pro\'('(lthe Israelis maslcrs of amloured \\arf.. . re. A5 a w('apon system the ne\\' \It.,,'ka\·a :\16'1' pm\'cd superior. not only 10 the T55 and 1'-62, bUI t'\'en lO 111(' I:I\('SI '1'.72. The \'1 Cl'ka\'ll \\ as a l~o able 10 wi I h:>tand indi\'id lIal antitank \wapons !>t1ch as the R PC-7 and the 'Sagger' mi'iSil('. (;1:

C2: Isratli .\!ilita~l· Poliuman: ,Insor tftlmlion ctlmp.

0(106" l,gB:.! This 'Shoter Tz\'ai' milit:lf) policeman \\'cars Slandard IOF r.. . tigucs with the ncw issue f\.cvlar Oak \'cst. Although this is now the main issut. many real' echelon lInits wore the older Amcrican :\ 11952 type in Lebanon. The white-paillled helnWI is the Israeli \"Crsion of the CS ) II: IXlIh it and the brassard Ix'ar tht, Hebrt'\\ k,ltcrs 'Ttli'm' and 'I:;,ndth'

Fighlf:r& of a Main For~ PLO (Fa,ah faClion) unit near Nabati)'eh, a monlh befo..e Ihe I~ ....eli in''ll~ion. The,. ......... bolh gr_o aDd pal., khaJ.i falig .. cl!' wilh high-lOpped commando bool~ and are armed ...ith A.K-of'" and (."n.r.,me riJllhl) lin RPD U,1G. NOI., Chinese &Iick JIln:....de- I..d.ed inlo", ,id., pock",. of Ihe- ntar....1 m",n'.. PLOfS)'ria.n eh....' po.. ch. (CO.. n ....,. ratiAa Uu.....inij

for':\ I P'. His \\ cb gt'ar is an older 1~ pc USNI b~ Ihc IOF from the latl' 19505 10 Ihe t'ar!} . 70s: oril(inall~ i11lcnded to hold Fi' magazim."S, lilt: poueht'S no\\ carry lhoSt' for till' ~1-16. Tll(' USt' orlhis patH.'1'l1 of w('bbing is now limilC'd to n'scrvists :ll1d rear echelon II"00PS, The :\ I p's .\ 1- I 6 rifle is no\\ Ihe mo~t COllllllon ,,'capon among suPPOrt units \\ithin the IOF. ahhough he might also be issued thC' 9 mm L;ZI :\IC. In Lebanon. Israeli :\lililar~ Police Wl'rt' assignt-d numerous lasks. ranging from Irallie cOtllrol1O prevelHing anns smuggling b~ relllrning 10F personnel. I r\ r.'l\·otlrilc souvenir 01' combal troops was a captul'l'd Af\.-47 or Tokar('\' pistol. However, Iheir most important lask was running th(' <\nsar detention lucilily on tht' AmOlUl hl'ights, Therc they were responsible for seeuril)' :l1ld adminislration for Ihe Ihotlsands of PLO terrorists, sympathisers and a.llil-d :\Iuslim militiamen caplured by Ihe Israelis in Lebanon. C nul Ihe~ could be SOrted, and Ihen either transfcln-d 10 mort' sectlrl'" facilitit.'S or rdeas(.'d, the :\lililary Police were rl'Sponsiblc for all il\'erage 5,000 prisoners a day. with a peak of neal'ly 8.000 at olle time,

C3: Irmrli (Druz., J Corporal, Borde, Guards: Tjort. IAmlo", ]u()' 1982 Th(" ':\lishmar

Ha~'ur

or Border Guards are

responsible for guarding the frolltier" of the state of IsraeL pons or elllry, and area~ occupied by the military against infiltration by KuerrilJa<; and terrorists, Personnel serye for tbrt'c years amI. e\'cn Ihough the Border Guards arc part of Ihe Israeli Kational Police rather than lhe IDF proper. the sen'ice is considered as completion of thc national military obligation. Those laken imo the ranks of the '.\Iishmar HagHl!' arc usually Israelis whme roots lie wilhin Ihe Arab diaspor:l, ::lI1d who speak Arabic. Anothcr source ofpersotlnd are the Dru:ze i\los!<'ms: cilizens of Israel. lhey also sen'e in tht IOF and other securilY units. As part of the Police, the Border Gllard's uniform has quile a different appearance 10 that or the lDF soldier. For one lhing:. lht,y :11'(' lhe only ullil in Isrnc! 10 wt;ar their b('rcts in Ill<' fidd. On thcdark gret'n herel is \\'orn a Young Ashbal ('Lion Cub') gu"rrilla fron, a pro-Syrian PLO fa,,!.ion (nl1l" Syrian "ommando badge ....Om On uniforn,) al Ih" UNRWA ""hool al ,he Ein el lIa....eh refugee un,p, Sidon, in '982, prior '0 ,he I" .....eli in"a"ion,lIe;s ....earing ,h" indig"nou" PLO 'lizard' p"n"m C'.. mouHage uuiform, wi.h ChiCom "hu, pouch and Syrian pi"lol bd" Hi" ...."apon is " So,·i". AKMS assauh rin". (Cour•.,sy Falina lIuss..ini)

sikcr-plated 'Star ufDa\·id' badge with the I-Iebl'('\\' le{lcr 'II1r"" for ·.\Iishlt'ra' Police, Their field uniforms arc surplus Amcrican OG t07 faligues. O\'er Ihe kft breast pockcl the '.\Iishmar Hag\'ul" nilmctape is worn with light blue Hl'!Jre\\, lettering, Bools and \\'tb gcar are standard IDF issue. The Border Guards han' thcir own syslcm of rank insignia. llsing BritislHtyJc (hewons. This is 10 differentiate Pulice Ii'om til{" /\rmy, and aLso rct'alls the Jewish Police in Pal(,~tinc during the British .\Iandate.

DI: Offiur, C!lr;JliO/l Plm!tmgi" 'Lrha!/rSf Forcrs'; Briml. Srpll'lIIbrr 1y82

The 'L('iJanese Forc{'~' 1I0tlO be confused wi III the official Lcbatll':.e Army is Ihe nanl{' gin'n to the military arm of lhe Knta 'cb or Christian Phalange Pan)', Organised inlo a fighting force by their leader Bashir Gemayd. the Lebanese Forces today ha\T an estimated .).000 well-trained men, and can count on a funher j.{)()Q figillers Ii'om ocher Christian mililias in case of emergency, E\'er since til{' Lebanese Ci\'il War of 1975 76 lhe Lebanese Forces ha\'e recei\'cd hugc llmOUIHS of Israeli military aid. everything- from wcapons to uniforms and equipment. Consequently, these Christian soldiers took 011 a rather distinuivc Israeli appearanC(', This ;J'osJ.:ari (onlcer) is wcaring all Israeli fatigue shin and Israeli-supplied exAmerican OC t07 Irousers. A Lebanese Forces nall1etapc is worn on the shin, and the Kat:l'eb pany insignia on the right pockt'!. The cloth patch on the slec\'{' identifies this onlcer as belong-ing to a Lebane$(' Forces command unit. His pistol belt and black comba.t boots arc Israeli: the holstcr for his 9 mm Browning is locally made: and his rinc is a 5.56 mm Swiss SC 5_1.0, formerly Ihl' property of the Lebanese Army, An M-16 or all Israeli-supplied AK·47 (from captured Arab stocksl might also be carried, The black beret is nOI issue, and is probably a personal preferencc. It i!; decorated Wilh a Commando L'nit insignia. 02; Cltri~fiafl .IlitifiOIl/(/!/. Plw!ollgi.rl' Lrho1/r:J(' Form';

Ellsl Briml, Durmbrr 19B] This militiaman, in the Christian hall' of Beiru!. is wcaring the kind or
lau.'St .\meriC:1ll BDC camnuflage uniform is worn wilh Israeli f:uigUl' cap, boob and \\l,b ~t"ar. It is ver~ difficuh to track dO\nl Ihl' oriiPns of all the<;(' odds and cnd~. In addition to aid from the I~raelis, the Christians purchase a lan;e part of their supplics on the open markel. and also make uS{' ofeaplUred l'lIl:my ~I(.)l"b, Thc bro\\'n Isradi paratroop l>oob are also inllTl'sting: cvell Ihough many Lcbancse Forces personnel were trained in Israel. f('w. ifany, Ix'camc parachutc qualified, Howe\·cr. as the boots e\·okc 'clite [(,rce' SlalUS, the~ haw become a favourite amOlll{ the Phalanl;c forc("l, The ~1'16 rifle is thc main is..su(' \\ithin this Chri~liall army, This particular example is fim-d \\'ith a small 3· IXlwer optical si~ht. He also has a Smilh & \\"csson rcvolver ill a black leather holster. In Lebanon, where ,,'{'apom are considered a sign of machismo. Ihc more \\ C:l pons ('alTkd. the ~rcillcr thc individual"s pn:stigc. /)3: ,\Ij/itialt/rUl, .\lajo' Haddad'j 'Sotltht'm IAJarl('St' .1,"!I"; • \nha/~uh, ]unt' 1[112 This militia \\'i\S l'Slabli~hcrl in 19i6. under fornwr Lc.'bancse .\rmy ~Iaj. aad Haddad. Its purpose was to curtail PLO acti\'iIY directed against the inhabitanlS of southern Lebanon. BOlh Christians and ~Ioskms joined, although Ihc l'ommand slruc\llr<; n:lll:linl-d pn.'(lominalllly Chrisli:lll, ~laj, Haddad immediately allied himself with the Isradis, and militar~ co-operation bet\\'een them flourished: his forces were ~upplied b~ Israd and man~ of his troops rttei\'ed traillill~ at Israeli military baSC'>, In 1978. \\11("11 the IDF" \\'as obliged by polilical prl'SSure to wilhdra\\' frolll southern Lebanon. the area was left 10 C:\ IFI L the C niled Nations IllIerim Force In Lebanon. "'Iwn the 1;:\ soldiers proved unwillill.L:" or unable to curtail PLO infiltration, :\Iaj. Haddad'~ army provided a buffer protectill~ I~raers nonhcrIl frOlllieN, During the 1982 campailpl Haddad's forces took an active role in combat opl"r.tlioIlS :lI1d. in many cases, acted as <;COlli ... for ad\allcin~ I~ratli units. This militiaman \H~ars a basically Israeli uniform of hush hal. r.·lliguN and combat boots, His C3m'as \\eb ~ear is locally made. and modelled 011 the ChiCom typl", The fOllr main pockets accommodate a wide variety ofriflc mal;azincs: smaller pouches:'lt each side hold grenades. a nclthcre are also SP:'lCf'S for caIlH:ens. He is annro \\ilh an ~1'16 :\1203 rifle ~renad("

Ph"l"n!!i"l l~der Ba"hir Gema,·el ;n Chr;",!ian Ea.~1 Ikirul. i\lloy 1982. Already, al Ihe age of 34. an ""-pf'riencll'dl"Otilitian .. nd milil.i .. commander, he had by Ihili lim" rUlhll',,~I)" liU"prelilied all oPl"Oliing Maronit., faClions 10 ",,,k,, him""tr "01,, I"ad"r of L"banon'" Chris!ian com".un;I)". IIi" tal<:.r a"".ss; ....a tion .....hil., Pr<:sid<:.n!.EI<:.tt ....as 10 ha,·" bloocl~ c:onsrqu<:.nN"ll for .11 of Leb.non, In Ihis "hol('_ I.k.,n a. a mit;lar)' cere".oa)", ht' "·e.rlO IDF f'"igu"-li ....i.b 'L.ban",.., ForO"·· D2mellilpr. his sboulder palch is thai of. command unit of his milit;" (.."., Plat" DI)' (I It OIl

launcher eombination. and also carries an .\K·li recemly taken from a dead PI ,0 guerrilla, Thl' unit tag i1llachcd to the l"ft ep:tulcllC' is almost idC'llIical in sl)"le 10 IDF tags, and i~ i~~ued 10 all militia mcmocrs: thc motif combil1N the imat;C's of the Cedar of Lebanon and a fi~t brandishinl; a s\\ord.

E,;

~J·rioa

,n,,!':.),

Comlt/al/do. lsi Commal/do Group:

JU[I"

1Jt'~a'a

1982

The Syrian Commando Baltalions art" among the most cffceli\'(' and expericnced units \\ilhin lhc Syriilll milililr}, In the S~ riall Army camouflage uniforms arc issued to cOlllmando unit.s. airborne Iroops and cerlnin categoriN of political police \\ilhin th(' Arnll'd Fore(.., e'tablislull("IlI, This ..,uldi('r·~ unifornl i, a Syrian COp\ of a Paki,t;lI1i

call1oufla~e

suit, Pasl refcrences to it as a 8riti~h OP~d variant arc incorrect. His SOl'iet hdOlct has a doth co\'cr in til(' ~allle material. His lX'rsonal i"(luiplllelll al-.o show..: a <;tron~ vict innucncc. The RPG ba~. three-pocket .\I\.-.n l11alf
H2:

'~l'rioll

T-7:! 7 (llIk CrnC71lOn: lJ,ko'o ra/l,..I'. }ullr

IgII2

S) nan armoured forces bore the brunt of the IOF's thrll~t into the Ikka'a \'alley. and sufl(-ri'd ~vcrd)' as a ri'Sult. Comp.'lrl'd with thcir previous lX'rformanccs the S)rian tank crews did \\'e11. tcnacioll.. l~ standin~ their ~rollnd and often fi~htillg with ~real ..kill. Collecti\"d}. hm\ e\'er. thq \\ere unable 10 deal efl('Cliw'ly with Israeli armour. and finally had 10 rclinqui~h lhe anli-tank mission LO commando unil~ and allli-lank hrlicoptt'r<;. This I'

Thr~ m~mbns oflh~ ori~;nal Mulli.Nal;onal Force poR for Ihe obliplory handshake-: PorI ofBe;n:u, 26 Au~sl Ig.lI::t, From lert 10 riSht, they are a French J' RPIMa pllral .......prr, II US Marin., and an halian Carabini.,ri mililary policemaa. NOI., Iha, the American has neilh.,r a ma!!:a",; ..., in his ...._pon aor I'~,.,n amm...ul;on pouch....-..., of Ihe ....). Ihl' ~larin.." empha... ised Ihe 'aon_nfron,:u.ional' nalure of Ih.,;r oriSinal m;s"ion. N...ilh.,r of Ihe oth.,r .,..a senls see.ms 10 ha~·e follo ..·ed. suil; 1hl' halian MP iii armed. ilh a Berelta p;slol" a B~I.~ Mk ITAL rifl., and a ba)'onl'l! NOI., Ih... 'Army' p"",",nlal;on orlhe Ilal;an .,001;11.11;.....1 pau,h, as compared. ..i,h Ih.. ~brine' nrsion "ho...... in Plale "3. (IGPO)

ue\\man \\cars the I~pical unifOl'Ill of Syrian armoured and mcehalli<;t..d Iroop~ in tht' Lebanon campaign. Wilh Lhc black padded SO\,i{'1 tanker's hdllll·t. he Wl'ars thc tall khaki fatiglles issuro 10 armouJ"("(1 and Ilon-t-lilc, non-plJlilical units wilhin the Syrian mililary, :\ slight!) diflCri'nt green uniform is also issued. It i<; interestin~ 10 nOll· that the Syrian .\rmoured Corps dcx'S lIot issue fire4 r("<;istant clothing to an} of its unit... The tanker's person.al \\'C'apon is a SOl'iet i.62 mOl Tokare\' pistol.

£.1-'

.~I'ri(1II

Commando. 8j/1t Brigad,: 8,i",/. IgB2

This commando soldier. a.tlaclwd 10 Illl~ Syria.n fOI"(,~ in Beirut. Wl'al'S tht· Syrian 'lizard-pattern'

camoLlflag"(' uniform with ~Iandard fillig-tlc cap and an Atlwrka n-I YP(' ~ I-G5 fidd jackt·1. Ht> also carries a CS-md b~ Ihe S}rian .\nny ~ince Ihe endy 197ft!>.

originall} pan ofAll1crican
Sa lIdi .\

F":1: PI.O ltll/H'r: IJrm~lOlI (;mllr, SOli/lirtn J.rbmuill. J/IIII'

FI: PLO (PFI.PjiuliQf/) .!(lIrrrilla: Dall/ollr. ]/Il/r J.f)82 The Popular' Fronl fl,r the Librralion ol'PalNline is a pan·.\rabisi. pro-~Iarx:isl lerrOI' ~rOllp \\hich. under tht· it-adl'I''''hip 01'01' (;('Or~t· Haba~h. Ix-camc famo\!, in till" 19ioli fi,r a lit·ril.... ofair1;llel· hijackin~. ILS slI'OJH~hold W;I'" tht· f(mller Clu;sliall cil~ of Damour. "hidl il d(·rl~ndl'(l f."lll;lti('"all~ a~ainsl Ihe 10F ; II 19B:2. This .\ IUJftlmdin 'l'r('('(lom fi~IHcr' gucrrilla \\(·011.. . a mi"lure ofilldigenou~ PLO and S~rianuniform,includin~ the PLO 'liLaI'd patl('rn' lrou.-.crs and a S~rian ,\nn~ undcr;;hirt ..\!though this Oil(' i.. loos(·. hi .. J.rfi.1f11t i~ l~ picall} \\orn in Ihis rashion to conCl'al idemit}. H(' is arnwd \\ilh an R re. i" round......turrl'd caSlI:a1h into a SPOrtS ba~. and, oddl} enough, an .\Illl'ricalt ,\1-16 rifle. B} an cxamin:llion of serial numbers on captur(-d \\l'apolh. Ill(' b,r.u·li, di~o\'en'd thai ll1am oflhf""("

,gl/2 The PLO mark 1I"C or a trrmcndou... \'arict} of camouna,:,c unirorm... mal1\ tlluque to their organisation. Thi.. nlan \\1',11"" olle (lr th(:~e ;ndi~(·1101l.'l pat Inn... tU;~inall\ q'cn dUl"ill't" tht' 'Black St'ptellllx'r' eri~i... in Jordan during 19in. Thi.. t}l>C is lI'iuall} \HIl"Il h} onicef":. in'itrUCION or 'commtllldo' ulli" \\ilhin tilt· PI.O. and indicat("<; some kiml nf;'lilc ~l
'10.

13

copy of the ChiCom :-\,,"-_, i chest pouch. locally made in PLO f.-l(torics and the main type in usc. His I)lXII" arc copies ofth(' French I,Off/ugo can\'as hoot. with rubher soles. His wlid red krJi.1'(I1J is :llsn supposed to indicatl' elite SlatUs. although other patterns might he worn, He is armed with a Sovict i,62 nUll Dragll1l0\' S\'D sniper's rin(": very few of the PLO received thi" much-con'ted weapon, and many PLO had to resort 10 cruddy attaching <;nipcr·.,cope'i to A""·"is. Others made lise of \\'eslern "niper rines ohwined from fi'iendly Arab states or purch
This Qflid commander I ofa PLO unit op('ratin~ in Ihe approa("he~ to the Lehanese capital is wcaring Iraqi combat fatigues, possibly indicating that he lx-Iong<: to the Arah Liberation Front ALF, a Baghdad-hased separatist PLO faction. Like many PLO OffiClTS. he wears a red hcret with PLO badge. an cagle wi th the Pa Icstinia n colours on its chest and th(' ,\rabic word for' Pak'sti nc' below. His k1i..rah is worll a~ a scarf. a cOlllmon prncticc among PLO flghtc'r", He is armcd with a Czech CZ 5!:! i.62 rmll pi~101 and till' Hungarian vcr..ion oftbl; AK-.Ji. the .\ ~ I D-65. ('asily idcllli fled by its folding ~tock, flash hider, forward pistol grip and shorlcl1('d b:ll'rel. The Karl Zeiss field glasses show that the PtO can afford to purchas(' till' nor)' best l'quipmClll offcf('d for sale on the intcrnational .mns market. (; I:

Thisjrr!,!mf/ is wcaring' a locally·produccd Cl>py of an Egyptian paratroop uniform with a PLO AK-+i chtst pouch, He is arnlt'd ag-ainst all C"'Clltllalities with a Polish P~I K-DG).I-60 assault rinc filled \\'ilh a 1.0.\'-, gn'lladc launcher lor PG:\-Go antitank grl'nadC'$, and all S.\-i allli·aircr
ll'r~/

B/'iml, SrlJ/rmher

1,r;8:!

The .\Io/lmhifO/l1/ 'Guardian~' or 'Sa,'iours' in Ambic
PI,a ( PFI.I' (;C) ,!!/idTil/a'.' h(1\11'1 /lriwull': ,\'it/rlll,

J/II//'

Jsl12

(,':;: Dru::.r

.\lililiallloll: _1I~)', Ff/Jrllf/~l' IgIJ.1

One of the 'regular' PtO formations established by The DrllZl' sect. li\'ing' in tlw Shour mountains or YassCJ' Arafat in laiC 1981, Ihe K
Drll7.(' militia \\'orc n \'Olriel) of bailie drc~s, \\ hom they wert allied 10 and what Olher arllled Corn's Ilcre' (lcCLIpyill~ tlH'ir t(·rritor~. For ('xampk. it \l'a~ commnll III \tT tlwm II caring Israeli \\iIHl'r parkas.. \nH.Ticall BOC .. and S~Tian boots and helmets. Th(' \\'oollen c:tp. hCJ\\('w·r. is cornmOI] 10 Dru'l.(' throughoul the' .\Iiddlf' East. The lllall i.. :trilled with a So\i('t R PI) L:\ 1(; ,1Ild ;til \ In('ricall .18 ~nll h-no:.(' I"('\'oh cr lucked in hi~ belt. d("p('ndin~ 011

1//: F,tf/(h '\/,m1/r P(lrt/II/lfl!"I. 'j NI"cw/iI//I'amdlll/il(( r/'!II!alllmt rtf .llaTlllf: .11. \ ·F. IJI/rllt. Ot/ob" HA1

Francr's cOlllrihUlion 10 the- .\Iuhi-Xational Forcewas dra\\11 from 'ilHe-n'rlHion' llnih of her 31~1 Bri~adc and Qlh .\Iarille' and Illh Parachull' Di\·i~itlll:-.. \1ll1)Jll{ Ilu'''1.' \\ .I~ tlu' l R PI .\1,1. 0111' of

A L",~ion .......... roo .. ~rrlio\'e Ihe l"fl I>o"kel, Th .. I"s;onnll; ..'" is a ..",cod wilh II FAMAS FI and ",arr;u a TR_PP_. ,·8 radio. (11\loD)

s.-..

Ihcorigillalllllil\s<'llt 10 Beirut in .\ll~USI 1982.lh(') wcre ~cf\'illg thcrt' a~ain in Onohel' 1983. In g(·nnal. Iht' French hrought 11'.."\ nai,"el(" 10 their :\ IX F dUlies Iha 11 some' or Ihe OIhel' contin,g-ellls. the 3 RPI:\la in particular:.15 year., 1>I.:fol'(' thc~ had been ('.01. Bigeal'd\ Ie~l'ndill') :3' RPe Colonial ParachutC" RC,~im(,llI of Ihe .\ll{erian \\'ar. and lhr~ had had ~{,\'Crid lattr 1>O'Ilil1l..... IO. HriCil and lhl' .\Iiddlc Ea~1. Alllon~ th(~ \\a~ a dililcull tOll I' \\ith eXIFl1. in It)jR dllrin~ \\l1ich the\ 10\1. among othcr;;. Ihcir ("olond hndh \\oullc!t-ci in a PI.O l'l

colour<;cad":H Ihl' ,houldl'r: lill' n-':t'llll~ i,'merl '\111' I .\ IJ.llioll:l1 ,hit·ld \\<1" al,o \Iorn 011 llw I('h lIppc'r ,ltTH'" Rallkill!.:. nn lab:. 'lWei til Ih.. \'(,llI"O 1),IlIh on Iht' jark('l f1~, \la.. '(llllctilllr.. l'1'1ll11\l'd for Pdtl(II~, Thl' \\l',lpntl is 111l' ;·).;')h mm !'.\,\ I.\S F J. [I' h.l) olll'l h.lll,!.:" Oil lilt' Idi Ihic:h. ancl a Iriplnrn'nadl' pouch mpieclli'om tlw old l'~ p.1l1l'llI i.. 1,11>1:'(\ clo\ll1 10 11ll" rit,:hl !hi~h,

II:!: Italian ,\IannI. Bauae/tll1lr

US M ....inn of thO' 3~nd MAU ~ .. r, r) .. Ph..langiM ro"d bl...,k d«oralNl with po~I"''''' .. rB,,~hir G"''''''f",l; )ki .... l. s.:pl"'mbe.. '96", (IMoD)

''lOll

.\101/0': .\1.\"1-".

B,imt, ,IU~II.t It/lJ I hll~ cOlllribulcd til(' lan,:e't nllmb('l" of troops 10 ,he .\1:'\1-" '1I!1le- nint' hall.lliorb rOl.t1l·d lhrou,C;h Ikinll at \.Idou" timl·... Indudeel \If'r(' lhn'(' l).ltt.llil~lh fll"FI11l:"(ln"' p.II',llrofllil'. lhn'(' 01 B{,l":lt,:lieri. Oll(' of rC~lllar inlll11tr~ and all ,lI"l'l10ureel car lIllil. till"' '('a\alleg~('ri di Locii'. Carahinit'Ji aCI('(1 .1' milital"\ police ,lIld Ih(' \".1\ ~ COlltriblll("(! ils "San .\!arco' .\brinc batlalinn. ,ho\\l1 hel'(', Th('~ \\('1'(' .I"i~ned ICI t hl~. a bra and Shal il.1 di"ricI<;: alt houA"h 111l'~ !.Cellt'l"alh rC.I(:h('
alllhu~h, The lour ill prou:n'" ill Oelt,h,'!' IqH'~" ('oclc'nallll'd "I)i..doll 1\", illHlhl'(I :{ RPI.\!.., delachnwnls from Sl'\'('I";l1 tll/ll'r units. and .1 'Igill/nit fir mar'h' lI'>Sl'mbled 51X'dlicall~ fi,....... 1"\ in' in I..dlanoll in S<.'pte-Illh('r 1~)I{3. lornwd li"mll COll"CriPh \\ hl) \olmHt·{'l'(·d for l·;l.tf'lI(kd ~'l"\ in' ill IkirUI, il dre-\\ ("omp.lllit.~ from ......·\1..·ral Olher hae!~('<;. p(·1.... I/f" Cit',. I 111(' Ilali,tll nation:tl ""ar of S;:\\o~' Oil till' collar Rep R"l!illl('1l1 cit· (:h;I ....'·m' 1'.11.1( lun i,ll.... , .\ It-n point:.: a ~t"l10\\ and l"(.'<1 'LulllofSt .\1,lrk· IIllil c!l(-<;I of3 RJ>I.\I.I hdperl dilt tlllt their C1"ll,hcd hodi,-..;. palch: :1Ile! a 1I:tlional arm ..hidd Ix'culiar 10 Ihi... Thi'i 1l.:'l.1'a \\ral'" Ihe I'm OCret. (mn' Ih(' lllark of unil. andllHI" 1>I:'I'haps tlf :'\a\~ oril{in lhe Olhcr Iht, Colonial p,aralroop, ..illr(' n'nalllt"(! '.\Iarine· unib \\OJ'(' .1 .. Il.lllo\\ tricolour n.lsh Ollt lin('(1 ~ dlo\\. I Ie carri,,,> Ihe I) mm Ikretl:l ~Il.! S.\IG, ;1I1r1 his l't'~m"lIl'> hUIIlO\\ \IOrnIH ,111 paraChllt" illf:lnln 1'X(Tpt 1111' ],''g"inll rq,,:irn"lll. 'lIlt' Clllt,ni,1I ,\I.lriut' \\('bbill~ is limitcd 10 an .\rnl'l'itan .\1 l!ljG piqol lJ.lrll!l· i, lIl1,h,lJlgyrl: ,I Koler "11,h(>I" \\illl ,I ..il\l'r Iwlt 131 ili~h fir local palll'l'Il~ \lcrc .L1~u seell" The \\ing'ed fj'l holdin~ a ~\\"ord ~upl'l'ill1pO~t'd" SI:IIl. Italialh 'l'I'm 10 haw b('(,ll shon of \\ iIlIt'r ('11 II hi Il~. clarcl Freudl ,\rm~ ~ll(' Iq6.J 'SrHin '~oo' r;Hi~ll("s and phOllh .,110\\ <;lIme paratrOOpCl'" \\l'arill,~ IDF arc \\orn \\ith hlad, 'l.lll!.:l'r' IXlO"'; •• nllnpall\- parka!',

fl3: CS ,\1(1rinf', 2/lh .IJ.Jt': .\1 \"I'" BfUIit, Odob"" 1y83 The :\lal'illl"

,\Il1l'l'i.,;t ,.'nl 10 1.I'h;1I11111 \INf'

pnwirkd 11\ [1\1. :\l.lrilu' .\mphihinu.. . L·llit . . a~~i!-{llt'd il\ rntatilJll 10 the ,\Iedih'r!";Itl('an ,\mphibiotl~ Rt'ad~ Croup :\IARG, Sixth L'S Fleet: the uni15 Ilel"e 3:.md lat('r, '.l",md :\I.\L" and '141h :\I.\L', E;H~h in turn \\a, built around a Banalion Landing Team of the thh :\Iarine Regimt'lIt, OUI of the .!nd :\larine Dil'i~i(ln at Caml> Lejeune BLTs '18 and I 8, n"p<'('tin'I~,.! ph :\I.\L" \\a~ on dll1~ on 23 Oetnb(''r I98J and it~ BI,T 1 8:.ufl(,(t-d mosl of Ihe 241 L"S Ihta1itic:., ,\t Ihe lime of Ihe Beirut dcplo~ ment, :\ (arillt, unifbrlll~ and t'quipllwllI \1 C(C in a pt'riod of tral\~ilicm. This M'r~cant \\ca", til{' older '\\"oodkllld' call1ourla~t' unifonll nO\I I)("itl~ phaS('d 0111: mack of loOo" ("olton, il \las in rhCI ('"001('1' and nllJl"(' ('"omforlahlt· Ihall its su('"('(....-.or. the 'Baltkdn"'\-, L"niform' or BDL", Tht' ne\\ PASGT Personal ,\1'0101' S~,lcm, Ground Troop:. prot("Clivt' \(....1 I\a, a(~jll~t rt'J>ladn~ Ilw nlckr :\1195.'> typc. :\laclc of "t'\ lar, il om'l.., pmtl'("lion ag-ain't bOlh ~hraplll'1 and hi~h ,r1OCil~ projt.'Clile-., TIlt" ser!o:"eant's r:lllk in~i~nia, a lllt'wl pin-on dc, in', i, worn 011 Iht· n~, The P,\5GT ~~ . . tt'lll al~ illdudt'.... tht' G('nnank·(ookin~ bnlli,lic hrlml'l dllhlx'd'th,' Fritz": but. tot for "Omt' Emb:",,~ Guards at Iht" \cry end. Ihe :\Iarin(" {'"(lIltilli;:CIlt \\ore Ihe r.'lmiliar ~11 ~t('d hc,II11('1. I\ith '\\'o,)(llancl" cnmouna~c ('O\'cr, ~hO\\11 ht'l't" \\"eb ~l'ar I:. Ihe ne\\ n~loll ALICE 1)1)(' ',\ll-pul'lx"'t, Lil{hl\\cight. Individual Comb:1l Equipn1l'IlI', Either black Icather combat IXJOI~ 01' the \'it'lnanH~ pl' junr.;:1e

bOOl!'could lJt' \\ Ol'll , Tht, Remill~1(l11870 riot g"lll1 I:. i:.stwd for SOIlH" ,pl'cial purp0!>e, h~ lilt' :\Inrint' Corps. II,,:

TI'oo/)/'/',

IJI

Tit,

Q!lff1l'}

J)rtll~/JI)lI (,'I/mt!l:

HRITFORI,EIJ, I:Jril'ul, Orlllb", 1983 A COmpan)4:-izt'd Bl'ili~h eontill~cnt s('!"\,cd with the :\I:\F from Ft"bl'u(lf~ 1C)8:{ to Fehnlnr) tQ84' The oril{illal ullit II,'" C Stln .. Q,tJC, l'l'pt\t"l'd li'OIn

,

ltali>uo 'r.lsor..' p"rlI,r_~rdi",,"rm;"5 ami ...... Ur Lb.. S.. brll a ..dSh.. ,il.. p .. I..",;.. ia .. camp1'. H ......... ro; .. dar" rN lM-"" i,h ,10.. p".... 'r_~I"fi' ....in5N p" .... chu'.. a ..d ..'on! bad!:.., .... ,,:;ili.... pall.. rn CIImouOaJl:'" r.. ,iJ;UH (cr, PI.., .. H:z). Th~ h:o\ .. p..ddrd ",;.. rOrffm .."'" a' ~h.uld..r and kn~ and_of "pp"n'nl h",r_ish, .."i"g ,;, ....1''' ""'10 '10.. " .. ~~, Aga;.., nO'" ~rnatl r"Cla".~ular n....u....1 ft.. "h b)' all unin ,,"'c..p' .10 .. 'Sa.. Marco' Mari"..,;. ,\Ul:\:U~1 10 Den'mbt... h~ ,\, Ill .. and fmlll 111('n mllil final \\ithdra\\al b~ a ,quadron or 16111 5th TIll" QUl'el1\ Ro~;tl I.anl'("r.. . , ,\11 IIC'!"t' ('{Iuippt"d \\ith aillique Ft-rrt'l armnut'\'d C.lf"', QlI:ll"lcl"t'd in n buildim:- in "'cltlth-ea'l lit'inll. thl" Briti ...h \\('IT the onl~ :\I:\F t'utllitlqt'/It 110t to 'uffe" ca:-ualtil's in Lcbal1on. Although in Sept em her 19H:~, tht' nUlllht'r of '\\'ild l'oUI1(h' ,trikil1l{ tlll'ir (,xpOSt'd billel"" led the BR ITFOR I,EB ctltll1l1:l11dt't". a paratt'llo!>et', tn \'i~ol'oll,l) I'l'(IUhl ,I more alti\l' ~tal1C(' l()l' hi . . Ull"t"t', Thi.. . QDG troop,'r \I .. ar~ a midnight blm' bert't \\ith ,i!u'l' dnublc'-lU'adt'd ('a~k had!!;t', ,1;llJ(),lrd Bl'ililh ll'Opi(,;II.\\\'ight DP:\I catllOltna,ql' clOlhin~, IlatiollaJ ('(llllinl:\:('lli pntch, and :\16!) n.1k \C.... t \\ilh Bl'iti.. h 'filth pattern' <:O\'cr.

I;

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sur les pLa.nchtii en couleur

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