mmnMILITARY 355.14 Kat MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES AMERICAN CIVIL WAR ARMIES 4 STATE TROOPS PHILIP ~\TCHER RO,," \ULST\D 190 Em:J1] M1UTAFlY EDITOR: MARTIN WIN...
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR ARMIES 4 STATE TROOPS Text by PHILIP KATCHER Colour plates by RONVOLSTAD
190
Published in 1987 by Osprey Publishing LId Michelin Hou~, 81 Fulham rood, London SW3 6RB o Copyright 1987 Osprey Publishing Ltd R~prinled 1988 (twice), 1989, 1991. 1992, 1993 .\11 rights rt"S('nOO..\p;an from any f;air dealing for the
purpo5(' of pri\ate SHld}. r('S('arch. critici"m or re\ic\\, ;as permitted under the Copyright Desi~ns and Pa(enls ,\ct. 1988, no pari of this publication may Ix reproducf:'(l, stored in a relrie,,,1 system. or lransmille
British Libra~, Catalogumg m Publi(ati"" Data Kalcher. Philip .\merican Ci\'il War armiC!i.- ~lcn-al·arms series:
'go ,: State Iroops I. Conft:deratc States of America. Ar"!-v--Equipment 2. Confederate States of America. Ar"!r-Uniforrns 3. United Slates. Am9~ I~uiplllent Histor} I. United States J-1islOr} Ci\'il \\':u', 1861 1865 EquiplllCl1l and supplies l. Tide II. Serics 355.8'0973 UC86
Filmset in Great Ilritain Printed through BookbuildeTS Ltd. Hong Kong
Author's Note The uniforms dt:scribed in this book arc \ariatimb from re,,:ulation L'~ Army and C'.Qnfooerate palleTllS Such references ma\ Ix- checked ag.tinst the regulation uniform.'> descril:x-tl and illuslraled in dept in ~I. \.. \ I ;0. • Im",('on Giril II'or Amlll'$ (f): Conjtdflott .lrtill".T. Cam/r)" olld InJQ1lf~r: ~1. \A In. .lmm(oll Giril It'ar .lrmm (:.U; ellion .Irlilln:.)<. Com/ry and Illjallt'): and .\ 1, \A I ;9. . lmLri('oll (;iril II'ar .Irmit (3): Stalf· .')ptc;alisl and .1I0"tuM UJ. .\ "ord on spellin~: in 11\(' law. as some of the quotations in this book maL.e clear. .\merican~ ~pdle the colour both 'grt"\' and "gm\·. Since the .\lA.\ scri~ sty Ie is to \lSC Urilish spelliJl~ e",c('pt in direct qUOlt-d ~pcech. \\C ha\e follo\\oo our usual practice hcrt". although this ine\itahh produces some inconSISlt·ncics. Artises Note Readers ma) care 10 notc thai the original pailllings from which the colour platcs in this book were prepan.-d are a\ailablc for pri\ate "-lIe. All rcprodu('tlon copyri,,:ht \\ ltatsocn'r is retained b) the publj~hcr. All enquiries ~hould be addressed 10:
.\Iode! Emporium 700 NonhJohnsoll Suite N., El Cajon, CA 92020 USA The publishers regret thaI thl.:) can clller illiO no upon this liMIter.
corrc~pondcnce
American Civil fMrArmies (4) 11/1FOr/WIio1/ 'The War Ik'l\\{'cn th(' StalCS' is ,he t<.Tm used for the .\mcrican Civil War Ihroll,({hout much of the South ('\en tOOa}. \,"hik it \\as actually a waf fought between 1\\0 ('('!lira] R()H:rnnlt"iHS, man) men on both sic!t'" nOI JUSt th/,: Soulh feh thai the" \\ere <;("f\"in!o';" their stal('S as much. ifnot more, than their central RO\CTIHncnt... :\Iany of the slates a~rttd. Ill(> "tall: ~o\crnm{'nlS raisin~ their own units. cOinmis.. ionin~ their officeI"'>, and supplyin~ th("ir men. Indttd. man) of the unils thai fou~llt the Ci,;!
War \\CN." supplied in IMR(' pan by their 0\\ 11 Mates rather than by tht., c{'utral KO\"{'nIl11cllI's quanermasters. XC\\ York. for c"\ampk'. on Ill(' :'."onhem side, had its 0\\ n slalC' uniforms \\ hich it provided to mall) nrits regiments in the L'niOll .\rm~. On the Soulhern sick. Xonh Carolina al<,Q bad its 0\\11 dres:; reg-lliation~ ilnd ils 0\\ II fM,tories producing uniforms and equipment, and imported additional uniforms for its troops ~er,illg \\ilh the Conf('(!crat). Odler stales, too, had their own dress reg"ul:llions and supplied Iheir troops with unique ulliforms. To a lessn ('Xl('ll1, ;tll Ihe slales Kpeciall) in 1861, \\hell the IWO l'Cll(ral gO\'{Tll· menlS \\lTe unable to meet lilt' llt'rds of all the volunleers prfl\idl'd ullif()rm~, weapons, and a,COlllrtmCllts for Illcir o\\n lllcn. Th,sc ran'l) eonform('(1 to Ihl' rl'g"ulations oftbl' L'niOIl or Confedt'r,lIe Armies, Colours were oflen diffl'f('III: man) I\'onhcl'1l Slates prO\ ided grc) uniforms Ihroughou t 111(' \\ a 1', \\ hi Ie a ROO(! number of Southern units wort' blul', .\ 1l11IllI)('r of L'S unils \u'n' raised in SOllthern ,tal(", from amOIl,l{ IXlIh \\ hilt, and hla<:k Cnion 'upporters. mostl) to\\ arc!s Ihe lalter halfoft hc \\al". :\ numocr of re,l{imellts \\ cn' al'l() raiscd in \ \'es{eTll 'tates and lerritories sueh as Calilurnia, L'tah, (',(llorado, and \\'a,hill~lon, The SOlltlwTll Lnion
Membc:rs orl'n>-war voh.lnlet:r un;l.., both North and South, wo", .. taboral" ..... nion .. of th.. US Army un;f...rn.l in .. wid.. vari.. ly of colour.., Thi .. un"nown "olunteer welln a uniform that Iypically could hOI.·.. be.. n ...orn .. ilh .. r by a Norlh .. rn..r or SOulhern................ I.,ek lihako ...ilh a lillindard, nOI uni.. " .., cap badge; appa",nl1y a dar" blu.. 00111 wilh sky blue I"';n, and ..paul.." ........ilb wbilf' frin",.., .. nd Ihr.... rows of bUlIons; sk)" blu .. or ","'y Irou .... rtI wilh II siripe down ..ach I..",; lind a 1...... pi..e.. lilale bell pial", (AUlhor'1I ..oll..<:lion)
reRimell!' '\l'rt' ,upplin! I" Ihe L'S ~()H'rnment. \\ hilc some 01' the \ \'("Iern Ollt'!. n'("(,i\ed ~Iate-is,ucd 'lippli('S as \\('[1 a, CS •\rlll\ issue .• \part from !o;()me \'Olllllicef unih, hO\\('\er, hOlh e
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A 1)l.iaoJ ,·oh•.nle II"", u.ufonn Or sh",11 jaclo.",........ th l'hould..r "'trllJK> aDd~"", truu!>t! Su.,h. """"'.... could ha.·.. takta place _ar .Im............" 10 " iOl Am",ri.,. Ut ",.rly .86•. (Da,-id SchcUtmann collect ioOl)
~Iall) uniqU(' "liHe uniforms. \.ere among Ihl' rarest ofCi\il War unil(mll!l, ~il1ce they WCTC made in relalively "mall quanlities. for rdali\Cly small uni15. Yl"t lhe~ lUrt \\orn, and lheir \\carel"S playerl an importanl part in thl~ (hil War. The uniforms lhemsel\es can Ix' ')("en in lhe pholOgraph" in this book y(·t Ih(' pholoRTaphs "hO\\ more Ihan just uniforms, aCCOlllrt'm("lIh, and \\eapons: look al the faces. 100. Tlw\<: are Ihl' men oflhe Civil \\'ar; Ihisis the real face of Ihal war,
A/flb/ll7lfl Alabama's troops forllled \\hat the Slale calke! the "Alabama Volullteer Corp'l'. Its uniforms. accordinR" to GCll{'ral Orders 7'0. I, issued 28 ~Iarch 1861. included dark blue frock ('(MIS, cadet grq \\001 pants both Irirnml'd 'a.. presnilwd for the COllfeckratt' '>tatl'S <;(",\'i("{,' and CS ~lililary .\cademy-sl)1e "hilkO'>, The,>e \\tT(' to han'" 'tllC letters .\.\'.C, , , ,10 Ix- plaux\ on the cap belo\\ Ihe eag-Il", Such k'w..." \\CI"I' lIott""(1 as being- worn b~ .\Iabamian\ in Virginia in 1861. Woollen o\'Crco.:·m of jcan~ mattrial lil1(''(\ with 'h('a\ \ chcrked or siriped osnaburl{" "('J'(' aho to bc is~ued. Shirts were lI~uall\ hrow 11. l'lll' ~lill(' a 1-..:) ordt'red 10,000 black
relt hab \.ilh Iht' brim.. 'llXlPC:'CI & bUlloned on Ihe left sid('"·.
Sgt. Crawford J
ny the cnd of 1861 Alabama had acquired 7-116 aves', appan'ntly \\('anng some \:lriation of that complcte uniforms, 2.974 gn'atroats, 2._112 blan· distincti\'C dress. The!;(" induded the Alabama krb. and ')Omc 3.000 pairs of shoe". An additional ZOllan's La\\ \ C()mpan~ . the Eufaula Zouaves Co. K. 15th. \Iabama Infantry Regiment. and the 1..l3:.! uniforms. 900 Krealcoats. 1.611 pairs ofcotton drawel"i. l.oRl pairs of "hoes. &n blankets. and 83 Tallapoosa 1.0uIamped "ith the Roman Iettcrs Follo\\ inK the Louay(' craz(' of 1861, a number of '. \ \ 'C'. Th{",(' 1l'ltl'rs al'ID appeared on bra~s blltlOns 1861 \oluntccr units also calkd Ill('m~c1\'{"s ·Zou· O\er a CS .\rmy·styk eag-le. Pn."·\\ar buttons wilh tI\l' statc St'al \\t're also issued, though much more Slalt in-ue bunonll: top ro.... from kft, MassaclluselUI and M;llllill ippij HroNI ro..·• both North c.rolina ..... rialions; third rarely. Small numbcrsofpre-war belt platc<; bUI no ro.... New York and Pe......yh·a.n..; IHmonr fQ"', Soulh Carolina box plat('s" re'>Cmbling: the US O\;t! plate but \\ith and Vir&inia. (Aulhor' .. collection) Ihe Stall' seal slampcd all them, \\t'n' also issued. There was some issue of uneommoll rectangular easl platt'S and two-piece sword belt plates bearing tht' Slale sl·,d as a design. Arter 186'1, \\ hen the ~Jt 84 I ri fle~ alld ~ II 8.1'2 muskets that had originally been supplied by the US War Department had all been issued. Alabama contracted fOI' \\capon.s. Contral·ted lon,-\"arms were to be copit'S of the ~118.1-1 '\li""i.., ippi' rifle. and \\ere made b\ Dickson. :\ebon & Co.. \\ho pm\'idl'd at lea<;t 6-15 rines: J. P. ~Iurra~, who produced at least 26:2: Da\'is & Bozeman: and L. G. Sturdh·ant.Jaml'<; Conning-Jnr. mad(' copies of the L'S ~11810 li'-\"Iu anillery .sabre for the State, \\ hill' other ed~("(1 \\eapons purchaS("(! by .\Iabama included pike.. and kni\'es.
Arkfl/lSflS Arkansas i%ued no stale·widc d]'c~~ regulatiolls, although il did require stafrmilitia ollicers 10 wear US Army uniforms after January 1861. Evicknce indicates that gorcy jackcts ancl battle-shins \\cre the mOSI com mOil slatc-i<;.sued or initial \'olu tHcer dress. This lack of uniformity caust'd each Arkansas sold in to \\ear a yellow flannel stripe on his left shoulder. according 10 Ihe Rock bland Rtgi~t" of II September 186 I. $e\'eral examples nist of a stamped, lead-backed L'S O\'al-IY pe lx-It plaIt' wilh a stalc seal. bUI thl'S(' wert' apparently quite rare. Butlons with the Arkansas seal were made in :\e\\ Orl('ans during till' war. There is also a knO\\n reRimelllal blltton
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with a live·pointed star in Ihe centre, over which is '20 ARK', with 'REG"!" onlhe bottom right, and on the bottom It.'ft 'C:S.\'.
CO/lllfrtiCll! In 1851 COIlll(:ctinil iSSlH'd dres~ re/{ulations whieh closely follO\wd those oftht, L"S .\rmy of that lime. sa\"e for the use of state huttons and cap badges. While this uniform \\ as ob"Oku' in 1861. -.ome ofib fcalUf(,~ suni\Cd \\ell into th(" Civil War. Compallic-s ,-\ and B of 1110S1 COIlIIC'Cticut inr:"l.lllr} rcgimt:nts. lor c:\amplt', \\cre riflc companies and worc ~t'('en trim 011 Ihl'ir unilOrms. \\hile the resl \\crc ·re~ment<.tl ("ompanil'!\·. The state pro\idcd Ihe first c1othin~, accoutremenlS. and arm" i"-~ll(,"'IO it'> \'olunl
eh...d • m-ftlical discba~e Crom- that ..-it u. May ,862.. "'~rnICI",r, h",joi .. ed d'e local .. nit.ll", ....lI caJH.. ......t in th~ c"n oCMobiJe on 12 Aprit 1!l6s-11;.... niCorm app"'." 10 beSrll:Y ..-iLh black trUn ed!,:~" c:ulT... IrouRr "Iri~ a.Jld chi" ro..-iD ..ky bl..", Or while. (1'01 ..... Erne'" Brow.. collect;o_)
b
to and including 186,. unlike most other statt's. The
lSi, :.md, and 3rd Connccticut Infantry Regiments received trouscrs and coalS made ofhlue satinet, a cheap blcnd of interwo\cn \\001 and cotton, and grq salinet o\"ercoa!S. These uniforms \\ere gencrall} \\orn out a coupk of months after their issue. \\"ht'l1 tht, 1st RCKimellt returned homc afler its thrt,"C months' ('Idistm('nt was up, it.'> men, who had fought at Bull Run. paraded through the strcels of :"e\\ Ilan'n \\carill~ trou\{"fS made of blankets. and e\"en captured Confl'(lt'r.ue Zouan> uniforms. HO\\e\"er, after T\pril 18u] the slate's complete initial issue \\~ that of the CS .\nll). without any of the unusual units. such as Chasscurs or Zoua\"Cs. \\ hich othe!'" states organised. This is nol to say, though. that e\cr}thin~ \\ent perfcctl}. The 9th Infantry Rcgimellt. for example, an Irish unit. rccciwd uniforms made of shodd}. also called 'flocked mat('rial'. which fdl apart \\ith Ihe firsl hcav) rain, ~lon'O\"Cr. e\"en the beuer-supplied Stale Ihrel'-year t"l'giments reported that their first uniforms \\ en' poorly cut and bad I} stitched. fallin~ apart \\ithin a month. Connccticut's buttons bore the Slale coat ofarms. Ihn-c \·ines with thn'(' clusters of ~rapes each, o\"er tlw mOlto 'QL'I TRA:'o:STlJLlT SVSTI;\ET. The same insignia had Ixen u~1 on thedre:;.sshakos of the 1851 regulations, although these shakos did not see Civil \\"ar usc. COTllWCtiClIt's staff officc~ wore the siln:r Old English !etHTs ·c,r'll.' as their cap badge. i\ heavil} industrialised state, Connecticut was able to bu} man} ofthc \\capons they nceded from local small arms companies including tilt' Coil Fire Arms Compan}. During the war the stalc acquired 2,085 Springfi<'1d ri(lcd muskcts, 5,792 rifled muskets Ii'olll Whiuwy, 5,809 PI858 Enfield rifled muskets. aIlC14.500 t\11851 Austrian o'5-1--cal. ri(led muskets lor its infillltry. [n addition, il accluin'd Sharps br('echloadcrs for its lSI, 2nd and 4th Infantr} Rcgimellls; t\118S5 rifled muskels for tilt" 1St, 2nd and 5th Infantr} Regiments: t\118.p muskets for the 3rd and Ith Infantr} Regimcnll. and ~11855 rines \\ith sword bayonets for the 5th Infant!'"} Regimellt. Gellerall) speakin~ Conllcctirut"s \oIUll!C'('r infantry regimcnts wert better suppli('d than most, \\ ith Sharps brecchloaders provided for Illost regimcnts' C.ompa'lics.~ and B. and rined muskC'ts for th(" rc-st.
Delrl'&'all: & Distria olCollllllbia Both Oela\\arc\ and the District of Columbia's contributions to the Union Ann) were pro,"ided for except for an issue of 1\11855 rincd muskets by Delaware to its lSI Infantr) Regimcnt b) the US government. ~('ither the state nor the District had a unique belt platc insignia. Dela\, are made staff bUllons \\ilh the stale rom of arms during this JX'riod: Ih(' Dislricl did not.
Florida Standard ConfcderatC'-t) pc uniforms. with a larger than usual number of plain shirts and 8Ira\\ hats bein~ worn in tfopical areas. appear 10 haw been the norm for Floridians. The Slate was relatively thinl) populated. and the militia had fallen illlO This youdl ...·ors the i"lOi~..ia adoptN! ror tlo.. coonrn'''_ry "'''K..... l orthe:lOCh aicul Re~imeDr-nin5i~ia used, appo",,"lIly, by olher Con-aiCUI ~ime.. t.lI a" ...."'n. The plain frod. coal withoul ~ulalion I"';m also !Ier-"," to h.v", be-rn rommon amoor; COo....e1ieln'. infaolrym"'lL (Author'" col· J.cIio.. )
eo.......
disorder before the war. Florida did supply its Confederate troops from November 1861 through to 1864, but only in small part. Throughout 1863, for example, it supplied only 169 'undYL'CI \\oolcn blollsc coats'. \\ith another 362 being supplied in 1864. A total of Bog 'und)cd woolen pants' were supplied in 1863; 1,0_10 were supplied the next ycar. Otherwise, the state supplied small quantities of undyed woollen shirts, cOllon shins, COllon drawl'l'S, COlton socks, and 700 pairs of shoes in 186+, along with blankets, scarfs, and glovcs. Buttons bearing the design of a six-pointed star with a rose \Heath ovcr the word 'FLORI D:\' wcrc made in i\lontgolllery. Alabama, during the war. Prc-" ar buttons \\ ith an early state 5(.'al featuring an American cagle over a cactus plant within a semi-circle of 13 stars also appear to have been used. b) Florida troops.
Georgia ~Iost
officers from Georgia which docs not seem to ha \"e printed state dress regulations \\ ore copies of the 1861 US Army uniform. James Cooper Nisbet, Co. 1-1, 21St Georgia Infantry Rt:gimem, recalled that in 1861 each man in his company was 'uniformed in gra)', "hile 'the lieutenants were uniformed in home-made blue jeans. 7\1 y uniform was of a regular United States Army blue, tailormade. a present (willl my sword and belt) from my sister. . .' i\'lost enlisted men wore jackets, although frocks were worn in some companies organised before the war. On 21 August 1861 Ple. Henry Graves, 3H1 Georgia Inf<.\I1try Regiment, wrote home: 'I wish r...lacould send me a coat; let her make it of that gray woolen clOlh she once madc my hurning coal from. It mllst be a jackct, buttoning all the way up in front, witb a short collar designcd to stand up, buttons either brass or silver, oval shape, ncarly half inch in diameter; put a short piece or white tape ! inch wide upon the shoulder, running from frOnl to back. LeI it Ix, "arm; pockets inside and 011 both sides'. Actually, the 3rd was typical ofGeorgia's 1861 regiments in that the uniforms varied by company, from the 'buff--colorecl' Georgia kersey of Company r, to the red jackets and blue-black pants" ith a
7
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be worn for fatigues. US Army rank insignia were to be worn. Besides a State Army, Georgia authorised a Statt Navy inJanuary 1861. Its oflicers werc 10 wear US Na\") officers' uniforms \\ith state buttons. 'For tht men the uniform \\ ill be ... Red Shirt flannel with sky blue falling collar edged \\ ith \\ hite and anchor at corners; and sky blue cuns \\ ith such other insignia on anns or elsc\\ hcre as may be usual. Tht f trousers will be the usual N"a\'y dark blue, and tht 'e Cap a Seaman's Cap. dark blue or such other color I as your men prefer \\ ithout visor and dra\\ n by ~ ribbon at the side in Sailor fashion.' The State Xa", ~ was merged into the Confederate .:\"a\"y in i\larch 1861, probably before too mally of its men recci\'Cd ..... regulation uniforms. Georgia also assiSl(,'d the Confederate .\rmy in .... L' clothing its natin's, some '25,000 to 30,000 of \\ hom were in the main army by the end of 186..... These uniforms werC' probably the typical Confederatc plain greyjackets and trousers. On27 January 186:; Confederate Quartermaster-General A. R. Lawton reponed that 'Georgia ... has issut.--d within the past Pri'..'e D. R. Ceil"", Company Eo Itli Local Troops, ~rFa year as follows: '26,795jackcts, 28.808 pairs of pants. infantry, ....,....... pla;n II"''' frock coat with appa...,..tJy bladl trim on,he odd breast pockets, around 'he flap "'-erth,, pock.., 37,657 pairs of shoes, 7.5°-\ blankets, 24,952 shirts. ~ 10 c.rry p"1'nIJ<"ion capll, and around "'ad> cufT_ 24.168 pairs ofdrawers and 23.02+ pairs ofsocks.... ,..""'lion of .. Ceo""!.. tI.a'e unifom•. w".... r'" company wa.. fonnlN! .round draft~"mpl work,," of th", FO""1i1 City The standard Georgia belt plait:. appan'llll~ foundry in AUllulila, and saw .~ion durinll Sherman'.. campa;lIn in that lilll.'e. (Lee Joyner collettion) mostly produc<.'C1 before the war, was an o\'al, leadback<.-d brass plate like the US O\'al plate but bearing the state coat of arms. A number of these \,hill' stripe. and 'Cerman fatigue caps' of were also madc into canridge box plates. A much Company E. All the olher companies wore grey rarer plate was a cast brass rectangle bearing the uniforms, however, with black trim on them in coat of arms. A mounted man's two-piece plate was Companies C. H, and K; green trim in Company A; the most common sword belt pl
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•
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N.. w,;p"pcr wood_ h1od<. ... n~",,,in~lo, ...bil.. inevitably Hm ..whal di.!IIort.,d, re copi..... Ii for li_ from It')'.. wit...." "lu:lch"> a .. d 18_ ..·hido are I.... work of .. kill ..... artilillS are u~f"" ...,fn"ftlc:.li. I .. mUi study, Coloa..1 lA:w Wallac.. (we.. ri.. ~ a .. hil .. ha .....loc:k) and memM", of hi. . . th lru:I........ Volunleer lDfanlry R"'5irnenl ar.. ~n io Ih.. field in W""I ..rn Virsinia, Ausu.!ol ,86,. All ocqn for Ihe
field-Snd .. officer "I Ihe right .. re w""ring Ih .. ""ginl(~nl'. grey lou"".... Iyl ..
unif"rm. (Aulhor's c:oll""lion)
btd....... ~oIUnlee" bury lbeir dnld aner ,h.. Balde of Ricb Mounlai.., July 186.; "Ole the o;tal...i"lNed iOloudo lullS and ...... ist-le..~tlI jackel.S. (Aulbor'. c:ollt:elio..)
f//illois Tht., onl} ~Iat{' rq.~lllilti()l\ on drc;,s in use in Illinois at thcoulbrcuk of the Civil War \\as a requirement that officers (ould \\('ar Unif(lnns 'similar' to those worn b) L"S Ann} orliccr<;. The stale did not. ho\\('\"er. han' a unique slale unif(mn for its Civil \rar troops. It was hopro that ,he US ~ov('rnmcnt could ullilorm alld equip all the state \ volunteers
from the beginning. This was nOI to be the case; and the first Illinois i nrantr), volunteers received a 51 atcprovidt'd issue of grey shins, blue caps, and red blank('IS worl1 hOl"S<'Shoc'-SI)lc. 1\101"(' complcte uniforms were ordered from ~C\\ York, arri,;ng in \Ia) 18GI. TheS(.' included a 'jacket and pantS of course gray cloth. blue zoua\"(' cap, and substantial shoes', The clothes \\t'fe made of poor quality wool kllO'\ n as \hoddy' and wort' out quickly. Tcn more infantry regimcllts \\cre authorised on '2 :\Ia} 1861, and these wore clothing prO\ided b} their h0l11ctO\\l1S. :\Iost of these uniforms included gre} or blut· jackets and trou.')C't"S. The ~latc itself contracted for additional uniforms on I '2June 1861, so thal each ofiu. \olu llIceTS \\ ould rccei\"(~ 'a blue or gray roundjackct ami pantaloom of the L'S .\rmy pat tern. t \\0 nanncl shirts. twO pairs ofdrawers. IWO pairs of "OCks. one pair of brogan shoes'. :\I05t of these uniforms were grey. due to a lack ofblue cloth. Plain /{ff} frock coats or jackets, with some blue jackets. gn:y trouseTS. and grey bro."1d·brimmed hats turned up on one side, \\ith a plain brass bulton owr a n:d, \\ hitt\ and blue cockade were issued to lhe 13th to ~:.!lld Illinois \'olunteer Infantry Regiments from this COlltract. The 7th to l:2th Rt'gimcnts, in the 1st BTig:ade of Illinois \'OIUlllt'(·rs, r('cci\Cd gre} coats edged in bluc for infantry, red for artilkr} \\ith short skins; !{l"l'} trouscrs. and grc} , broad-brimmed hats. 'The fatigue suit i~ a shin. pantaloons and ZOUa\T cap in a firm hickory cloth', noted the Chimgo Tribune in April 1861. At the same time, the 1St to 5th Cavalry Regiments receivcd n.'d shirts and 'dark blue reinforced pants' as theil' initial issue, after which they received 'jackets and black hau'. By mid-1862 lhcy. too, WCl"(' clothed by the US g-overnment in regulation dress. In S('ptember 186,.1 Illinois turned o\'cr all its purchased clothing and equipmcnt to Ihe US Quartcrmaster. This inclu
ora colo_I or ~n!in_~ in th~ louisiana Siale A..... y in ,86,. Th~ IroUM:r cord is !l0ld;
!iho"ld~r !i,nlp" • ..., !l0ld on a dar" bl,,~ !lround; th~ cap bad!l~ has a castl~ "..;thi... sold """".110. (A"lhor'1I coll~io..)
on
Simo" Boli.... r Buclu..,r, who comnll ded K",uucky" "01..t""r IUl;U br.fo.... joi.. i,,! th" CO"f "~t,, for.,.,1i" w""' .... thai Slal,,'.\I om.,.,....' u"ifo ...... Many of Lh"s,., unifo w"r" ..·0.... by Conf"'&ual" K"nlucki:.... and, ;nd~ appa Lly by oth"r CoDred"~t,, 1':,,"".... 1... (David S<:h,,;nmaftll coU""I;oa)
of ~hoc~, 7:.!.866 owr('oat~. 95.g07 wool blankets, 10.367 rubber or 'cnameled' blanket-.. 35.223 knap"aeks, 15,9:.!5 haWNacks. and 5l,]40 can tcens. Ihe Slate Ilt'\'ert hek''>S eOlll illucd to issue clothing to iLS Iroop", cquipping all ils infantry regimcnts up 10 the 131St \\ith unili.)nn ja('kets rathn than frock coals. No bUltOII~, belt plates, or cap hadgcs with \Iwdal Illinois insignia arc kno\\n to haw been
It't'rs flocked 10 lht' colours. Tlw slate quickly aun'nisecl kll' Llnili)l"Jl1S li'om pri\atc COlli rae tors. to include 'coat and pams of StrOll/.\'. cheap wook'n goods ... nalllit'l "hins ... j..;"ray blankets'. The coat!> wt'rt' to lx' 'jackels 1\\ hil'h \\ en'llo IX' waddt.-d in the breast. to he lint'd. 1'1(", ... \\ith ill~ide pockel, \\ilh nint· regulation hllitom in fhlllt and 1\\0 on each sltl'w·. Satine·t \\as to 1)(' u';('C1 to uniform thrce regiments. and je'lIls nMlcriaJ another 1\\0. HaL~ \\ ere '10 be li~ht colored. t..p...... uO\\ n, felt \\001 hats to be looped up al cach ...ic!t". ,\part from the mlour the~ must ha\e look('Cllikt· Ill(' L'S .\rmy dre""", hal. E!>..<;('ntiall~. a" product.-d. Ill(' 6th alld 7th InfaIHry Rt'1;imcllls the Il11IHIX'l"; I to 5 \\ere n:--,crwd k)l' lilt' ~lc'\kall-, \nlt'riclIl \\'011' Indiana rt'wmellts \\ ore ~hon ~n'~ jaekC't" and '(fC) trousers with hlue flannel shirl'.. The 8th \\01'1' lig-ht blue shon jackC'l.,) and trOll\l.'l";. possibl) trimmed \\ilh dark hlue. The {jlh \\orc gr{"\ "'-'ltinet jackets and Irou.'>CI1!i. TIll' loth pmbabl~ \\ort' plain lighl blue jeans jackcls and trouser<;. This uniform was replaced b~ g-re\ uniforms lrimmed in black in September 1861. .\11 ofthcl11 \\on·the grey felt hals. The I [Ih \\orc ZOll,l\e-sl\k jackets and trou..crs as their fiNt uniforms. Tllt'ir first commander. Le\\ Wallace. reCallt'C! Jaa...: 'Our outfit \\as of the lamest gra} !\,illrd g-o(x!s not unlike home-made jcan!> a \·jsor ("ilp. Fn'nfh in patlt'rn, its top of red c10lh not largrr than Iht' palm orollc's hand; a blue flannel shirt \\ith opell neck: a jacket Grcekish in IOrm. "dged \\ith nalro\\ hinding-, the red ~earcd~ A whit" COllon duck ha""rlillck wilh bon.. bulton... Both th" in.. id", of th" hll\·.. rtlack lind the d"'tachabl", rood bag that bultons i"sid., it II.... n.arked 'STATE OF MASS., INSPECTED/ACCEPTED'. (Author'1I coll.,ction)
i~tled.
lllinois armed ils infantrymen wilh Slalepurcha<;t'd wcapOlls including Sprillgficld rined muskeh and 0.69 calibre US and Prll'>'iian muskcts. The ~tal<' also pUl'cha~cd Sharps carbines, and Coil re\oh't'l"; for ih mountt.'d men.
11/{/if/l/fl When the Civil \\'al' broke out Ihert' \\ere only six \olulIleer companics aCli\-c \\ithin Indiana. 11llITwdialcly. ho\\ c\(·r. "i, r('¢ mt'!HS-\\ ort h of ,olun·
"
noticeable; bn'c('!J('" hag"~n, bllt 1101 peuicoated; button gaiter" ('olltlc(,tillg bcl(m the knecs with the brcceh('~, and "lrappt'd OWl' 1he shoe'. In December 1861 this uniform \\ a, replaced b) a blw' one, which Wallace \\fOle included a 'dark blul'jackel. and sk) blue Zoua\e pallts "ith "hins'. Cpt. Syln:"tcr Bishop \\I"ote home Ihal the new jaekeb 'are black with a hlue fmnt Ihat button., up c1o<,(', " hich makt.":!!i il lOOK lik(' ;1 n"t·. ReKimcnt" rai<;<.x! subscqUt_'ntl) worc slandard CS Arm) uniform" issued b) the FC'deral go\"Crnmem. Ilow('\cr, broacl-blimmC'd black hats were widcl) issued 10 and worn b) 'ndiana soldiers, as \\cre bluc fali~ue jackct., of thc same general description as til(' first f('gulation Kre) jackets. Indiana lroops \\ore no special slate cap bad~cs, buttons, or bclt plales, " he '>Iau"s firsl rcgimenb wer<' i.. ~ucd :\118~:l musk(,ts; later, Indiana acquired 40,000 PI853 I~nficld rifled muskcls. and about h;:tlf thc ,talc'S \'ohlllleers rceei\·ed Ihese \\eapons. while the l'('St receiH:n \arious L"S·made 101l~arms. C'I\ all') men recci\-cd \\'<-'sson brttChloadin~ carbin('" and. probably. Lefauchcux re\·ohers.
fOUNt Iowa had been apath(,tic about supporting an militia I)(ofore th(' Civil War, and was therefore unpn:p:lred to ('quip its \oluntecrs in 1861. The go\'('rnor quickl) sent an agent to Chicag-o to bu) cloth for 1,500 uniforms, 10 be made up by patriotic women inlhe,tale. All he could find in suITicicnt suppl) was a grey salinet; lhis was deemcd acceptable, and the material wa~ purchased, sent back 10 Iowa, and turned into uniforms. This material was lls(:d for uniforms issucd to the 1st 100\a Infantry Regiml'nl. Volunteers from Daycnpon had uniforms made which included loose-fitting- bloll,>('S, like shirts, worn over the IrouS(:rs. \\ilh ~Te('n collars; and dark gre) trousers wilh a ~Iripc': do\\n c,'ath I('g. Offieers had black felt hat~. turned up 011 til(' ~i
Colo.. ~1 o.arles De... ~ .."" Jr.. 'Sth Matlftchusells lnfanlr), w.,....... Iyp;cal Ma-l>ll"chuHUS '~niion of th~ US Arn>y .....fo"'" w;lh ...·hic,,, Ir;,n on hill ,"ollar a.nd kep;, and wbil" ,"ord" down ~ach crouser I"S' His collar is .I NSN willa sold, and Ih" kepi has 1Odd;c;',lRal sold dec:orac;o Th" c5ch wa" part of the def~Ddi..S force lh10t litop~ Pidt"u'. o.al"J'" and bel~ wiD th", Raul" of Getty.bul"J. (Da.. td Scl>"dunann c:oll~ct;_l
to tilt' extent that many of the soldil~I"S \\Ofl'aprons of flour ..ark-, to hide their ra14Kl'(l trouscrs. I'\ew unilorm;. \\('n' ordered from il Boston contractor. illcludin~ g:n'~ wool frock coat...lIld trousers. grey \\C101 flaunt'! ..him. and g-rey felt hat;.. This dress. called til(' '"tall' ~ra) uniform' \\<1" i....ued to the 1St to 31"(1 I Jlf~ullry Rt'g-inll~nt": but latcr !"t'g-inll'nts Wl'l"(' ,uppli(-d h~ the Federal ~o\('rnm('nt \\ilh reg"ulatiOIl ,\rm, dl'("\",. accoutl"('ment... and w('apons. Tlwn: \\ a~ no unique state in,ig-nia worn on bUllom. ht'!t plate-.. or cap bad1\"es. (o\\a \\a~ able to obtain il hod~('-pod~e of w('apom. includillt{ \mtrian, PI'u;.,ian, French. lklg-ian. and Briti,h mUlket., and ri (Ie... alon~ \\ itll ~ II 811 Illusket.. fn jill the L'S ~O\('l"Illll('lIt, all of \\ hich it i<,sul-d to ii' \olunt(·('I"S.
'Blues' rai.,{'d. mostly III that cit). among Louisiana's \olu nteers. There \\ ere 011<;0, <;w Ie-wide. nille companies of ·Crays·. Th(, fo;Tl') uniforms appear to haH included mostly jackcts trimmed in \'ariou<, colours. although black was the most COllllllon colour. .\s one mig:ht expect from all area \\ ith tr.lditionaltit'... to Fr.ull:e. a numlx'r ofZouaw and Cha"-,"*'ur uniforms were .st~1I al1lon~ the 1861 Louisiana \Ohmtl'Cr units. The"(' included the Confct"al. made IXlth in the :\"onh. Ihe head of their regiments.... Louisiana also raised a state navy to defend the p('r\er in Richmond in 186 I. H 0\\ t~\{·r. t here was edged \\ith a \\ide gold lace trim along the top and no ~tah'-\\ ide uniform: and \o]uI1tc('l" companies front and a narrowcr lace trim along the bottom. tlut \\"t'.,t \\ore a red flannel ..tripe 011 th('ir le-ft He wcaN a pair of shoulder straps of dark blue or ,houldel''', ;u:cordin~ 10 Ih(' Rodi Ma"d Rtgis,rrof II black edgt.-'d gold \\ith an insignia inside, pos.s:ibly that ofa US ~avy captain. \\'hilt, not "hown in the St-ptt'mlx'r ISb!. Gt'm·rall~ . .,tale stafr olliccrs wore dark blue phot~raph. the use of grey for the Co.."11 sug-~CStS topiC'> of L'~ .-\rm~ uniform... \\ hik \'arious gTC) trouSl...S and a grry cap, possibl) with a gold compani(' '>(·Irt·tl-d their ow n Ullill:lrm... Blue band like thaI of the CS i'\a\'). Th(' standard-issue Louisiana belt plale was apP"'ars to ha't· 1>t'(,,11 the mOlt common \'olumccr wlnur in ;\e\\ Orit'ans. \\ith ten ('ompanies of rcctani;"ular, oflead-backed stampt-d brass, bearini;"
Kell tIIdy
'3
till' statt' insi~plia of a pelican feeding its young within a laurd \\ J'l'ath. Examples of this plate in cast brass also exist, as do two-piecc buckles with t he seal on the male part, The femak part is oflen plain, without the traditional laurel \\re:lth, although wreathed t:xampks do cxit. Thc state button borc the same il1Si~lIia.
There was no n'~ulation :\lainc uniform. The first si, \-olulltet'r infantry rl'~iml'nh, wl1l'n raised in 186.. recci\Cd ..tate-purchased uniforms that included gre) frock WiltS, \\ ith ei~h( :\Iaine bUllons down ,he from: plilin ~rc) tmu'>('rs; and plain wc) fora~e caps. The aClUal (·oloul'S \-aried from 'Canada gr.l) ", through 'li~IH KJ";l) • and 'dark gray", to 'cadet ~ra)·..\ major oftl1l' 3rd :\Iaine InfalHI) Regimcnt recalled that \\ hcn the) \\ cre organised in 1861, ''''c '\t'n' dotht'(! in ncw gray uniforms, and equipped and armed. our guns \\ ere Sprin~ field smomh-bofl', mUIZIc-loadin~ muskets, fixed \\ ith tIll' common bayonet'. Thc')(' uniforms were replaced \,ith rcgulation blue dr("<;s \,hen tht') reached Washington in Jul). Bluc unifomls \\cre issued by tilt" ..tate to its 7th. 8th. and 9th Infant': Regimcnts, and the CS gon'rnment is.sued regulation clothing to all regiments thereaftlT, \ \'hel'e\'cr possi ble, ho\\c\'cr, :\1 aine troops seemed to prefer dark blue trOU'i<.'rs to regulation sky blue, \\earing them \,ht'n('\t'r thl') g:ot the chance. :\Iaillc issU('d both bUlloll~ \\ ith the state coat of arms on t11l'Ilt. "nd o\'al, US ,\rllly-like brass belt plates mark('d 'VJ\IJ\1' 1101' '\'ohllltcer :\lilitia of :\Iaine'). Tlw helt platcs camt' only in the smaller size used ill tilt· 1\l!'xican·j\merican \\'al", although the '\'1\IJ\1' canridg:(' box plates came in the largc sizc thell eurn'ntly i\.~llt'd by the US Army. TheSt' plates wen' \\orn b) the IO\\-llumbcred J\laine infalltr) rcglmcn ts i11c1udillg: t he lOt h Ialt hough the 1st Regim('llt n'<:t'iwd US platt·" . as \\ell as b) some later ullits \,I1("nc\el" thl'} w('re available. The'i<.' plates \\cre \\om at the frollt as late as 186+. :\lain(' issued from its stores. :\11855 rifles to the (st and 6th Infantr) Rcg:imenb. as \\ell as PI858 Enfield" to thc loth and 13th Infantr) Regiments. :\ 118.p rifles \\Cllt to the it h but nOI ("n()u~h fOri he whole rq.,r-imt'nt and 7th Infilntf\ RCKinlt'nts.
Th .. only o~;sed force from Ih.. SLaI.. of Califo 10 ...... action m th" Ea I ~... Ih .. ·Califo....... '00', a company ised m Califo.......... hieb _n...... in Ihe and MaliOAchu_llli a.• Th .. unil wo~ "",!,,btion d~... """"'P' for thi. unique ClIp badlle, The ,...d wa. orr;-ani»ed in February .1l6:J d ........·ed mo..tly in North Virr;-ini. apins' Iluerrilb for the~. Uame5 S,ama.el .,...n.,.,tio.. )
..t..,..
J\lar) laml's Uilion troops \\ ore stancl~l1ation uniform of hOlllcspull buttcrnut. . .' In 1863 :\ I'll') land C'.onfedcratt· Gens. Georgc H, Steuart and BradlC) T.Johnston attempted to form a ':\Iaryland Line' of state unit... and ~athercd \ix
~laryland inl:lIltl'}, artillery, and ca\'alry units at a camp in nonhcl'l1 Virginia. From diggings at thi~ sitc it appears that the US-t} pe oval brass belt plate and cartridge box platc \1 it h the statc seal \\ cn' quite common. Two-piece sword belt platcs \\ ith the state scal on the male part \\ere also common. Cuion :\laryland troops do nOt appear to ha\.· worn Sl:He plates to an} great extent. Pte. Henry Holiday, Co. A, :2nd :\Iaryland Infantry Battalion. eSA, was among the many who \lOre a cast rectangular brass belt plate. the state seal being displayed \\ ithin an o\·al. An additional state insignia \\om by ~Iarylanders \\as a metal often sil"er cross botonlt--ealled the 'Cross of Calven' which was sometimes engrand with the wearer's name and unit designation, and was pinned to the left breast.
~lassachllsel1s
had a button thai used 'tilt.' arms with the word :\Iassachustlls' for generals and the words ·~lass. \'01. ~Iilitia' for other officers and enlist('d mell. Among officers examples were 10 be S('en of both cast brass rectangular and Hlo-piece brass ~word belt plates hearing the statc coat ofarms. CS regulation plates. Ihough. werc thc mo~t common t)pe used b) :\Ia'sachuscth \'olullI('crs. :\Iassachusett~
Sc'l!:ca.u Frede:rick A. C1inc:, 40th Mi._uri Lofaalry Re:~ime:al, ..·ca.... Ihe: ,d,or! .....iro ...... j.cke:t 110 CORunon]y i""...eeI ia W~Ie:rn "lallM. The: olhe:""';_ plai. jacke:t hasn... p" an .,..ch "houlde:r, and 'k_pc:r' on each side: IhrouSh ..-hid> Ihe ....isl bc:h is pa,.sc:d. He: ill ....... IMI ..ilh aD 101 '8.t" mUJilkc:1 and a Coil Navy .....·ol.·c:r. The: cap bad~e: de: i~a is unbo..-n; i' ....,. probably ,.imply Ihe: n-zilne:olal oUlnbc:r. The: 401h do DOl appc:ar 10 ha"e: had. "e:ry di.li"suisblMl carc:-er; 1n051 of Ihe:ir lime: Spc:Dt i.. pm!liO" dUly. U..... Er!;
,.bs
""'Ii
JJJflSSflc!lllsetts '-Iassachuscus authorised a state uniform in 1852, but these regulations were lillie followed by its \'oluntecr units, who preferred their own designs. As was the case \\ith most other states, :\Iassachusctts was ill-prepared to clothe and equip ie; \olunteers in 1861. According to the 80s/on Daib' .Idur/is"of I 7 April 186t, in the state's ne\\ 3rd. 4th, 6th, and 8th Infantry Regiments 'each soldier is to Ix supplied with two woolen shins, two pairs of stockings, one pair of boots and a CucrnsC) frock'. This \\as, howe"er, merely a SlOp-gap measure. The statc quickly ordered grey flannel state uniforms, includingjackcts lor all branches, and red fezzes (later, broad-brimmed grey felt hats). In 1861 i\lassachuselts bought 9,884 grey infantry jackets, 1,687 cavalry and artillery jackets, 13,730 infantry frock coalS, 22,774 fatiguc blouses, 35,339 overcoats, 34,208 pairs of trousers, 32,763 pairs of ~hoes, 2,650 mountcd men's boots. 18,092 faliguc caps, and 16,714 hats. They also bought 11,074 'uniform suits', including 199 Zouave uniforms. The state grey uniforms went to the 7th. 9th, 10111. and Illh :\lassachuSCIlS Volunteer Infantry RegimcnLS. Thl' state's 2nd and 12th Regimellls ~tarted out "ith US Ann) regulation uniforms. Thereafter, grey uniforms \\ ere not acceptable 10 the CS authorities, and the state bcganto issue blue m;::ulation clolhinK.
'5
In 1861 i\la...~achu~etts bought 5,000 :\11S-pI muskets, 4,000 ;\11811 rifles, 11,700 PI8S8 Enfield rifled muskcts. 10,0()() ~(·ts of Briti~h-mad{' infalltry accOLltn>m('llt~. 32.\00 US-made infantr) accoutremCIllS, 1.960 :\ II8.t I rinemen's accoutremelllli, 285 Sa\'agc r('\ol\cr... 88<, ~"bn..., and ~)OO ~abrt" bayoncts foJ' its \olulltt,(·..... Therl'a!ier. the state contractl,d with S. Xorri., and \\'. T. Cleme!ll for 3.000 :\11863 rined muskets which were markt-d on till' lock plate 'S.:\.&\\'.T,C, FOR ~1. \SS. \CH eSE·IIS".
111illlleSO!fI ,\ frontier "'ate, ~Iilllwsota clothed its fiN \-ollilltc('t'\ with l'heqllt'red nannd shins mosll~ red, alth()ll~h SOIll(' \\t're blue and \Ome had \'ariou~ dcsi~ns printed ontll('m ,b"oad-hrimmed black felt hats, black trQta \'(llul1lC'CN,
\rhen the Ci\il \\M be~all the Slates quartermaster-gellcral \, as ordered 10 have uni· form!i made of 'blue flannel or of somt' suitabk matnial of blue color'. Pholographs of the 2nd Ten :\li~si~~ippi P0'>(II1('I"\ of\\ar \\eTl' said to han' :\1 ichigan \ 'olulltccr I nfantn Rc~ment shm, them aron"d in \\ a~hin~lOn, DC. b~ the Doi~r. \a/iunol \\earing dark blue trou"Crs and dark blue \\aist- bl/~lfl:f!.nlu, of -!,) Juh IShl: 'One of them i, length jackcts with standing collars; ...houlder stralb Li(·ut.Col. n, B, BoOll<'. a splendid officer in that rUIl from tilt' shoulder seam to a small button apP(·arall('e. thOll~h dad in roll~h RTay cloth, ncxt to til(" collar; and nine large bUIIOIlS do\\ Il the trimmed in l;tded cotton \(·In·1 facin~'. fronL On 24 Augll'>t 1861 :\Iichigan's gmernor Co!. B!:)()JJ1"~ unilonn apptars to ha\e been that cabled the US St'Crcl. but \\ith brallth-of·!'t('rvict thereafter the state'" ;Irmli ran out, and a mixture of colour WOt"'>tl-d hraid (Ill t hc c!u"St. Bran('h·of-~rvict !tlrei'f!1-madl' w('apom \\~'1lI to lat("r r{"~imenh. colouf", \\l'n' llllU"ll;t1: (TiIlNIII IiII' inl;lIltr~ and
-,l/ississippi
,ll
n" nllher odd-iookillll
T}lrically, New II.ml"hi", ....(...Cry..."" wore fora~" caps deconll .... wiLh th"ir braach o( _rvi~ .... si~ ...... cornpa..ay "'1I"r• ..."!'rn,,,nt.1 nU"'Mr, and 'NilV' (or N",w UaDlpsbirr Vo)unl_"" Th" ""&\lb.c;o. (rodl COlli __.....OtIC co... rnollly wo..... u by Ihill m",m.buofeo"'p"
was U.s""'" 10 m.".. frorn N"w HarnlKhi..." -....t N",w Vo .. ..-"II as oth"r aorlh-...ulu:rn 1I1.IHI, _ Pial" 83- n" ·s appa...,nLly stale-iss...,ja""". h.s sho..ld"r lItraplll,rirn ia sky bl...,. bUI has 110 trim. on Ib" S l ~ collar. (David Sc:h".......na c:oU~io.. )
riflemell, ydlo\\ for ca\aky, and orange for artiller) , 'For fatigue, a ml f1ann('1 ~hirt with a star of white on each side of Ihe collar, for Infantr)' or Riflcmen, a grq flannel shirl lor Arlillcr), alld Mit for Cavalry,' Trousers \\erc gr('y, wilh black cords being worn by generals, an inch-wide black stripe by field grade omcers, and an inch-wide branch-oj:·service colour stripc for everyone clse, omcns' epauleltcs \\('I"e almost til(' s..'1mc as the L'S Army pattern, ('XCI'pt Ihat a major-general Ilore a singl(' gold star; a licutl'llanH:oloncl, a gold leaf; and a major, a silwr kaf. Shoulder straps bore the s..'lllle insignia, 011 a dark blue ground for all branches of Sl'rvice, :"ion-commissioned officers \\ore Confederate Army Sl) 1(' c1w\Tons in branchof-<,('n;ce colours. A half-chcHon was allow<.'d to be \\om al)()\'(-' the cuff to mark previous US military <,('n-ice, )l;~or·gcneral\ I\('re also marked by a gold 'tar, t!m"-e·quilrler'S (If an inch in diameter. on each
collar: brigadier·generals worc it in silver. Hats wcre black, broad-brimmed, 'looped up on three sides, when on parade, to be ornamented with cord, tassel and pllllll('S. , . the plumes to IX" made of horse hair'. ~Iajor-gellel'als had long, flowing while plumes; brigadier-gclu'rals, red plumes tipped with while; Illedical offin:rs, gn'l'n plllnws; adjutant gen
n"
,7
• Judging from pholOgraphs, this uniform was III 'I only issued in 1861, bUI worll for some consideral!l, time arter. According to the 1861 orders, sword belt rlall"' were to be, for officers, 'a plain clasp ofgilt or bnw". and for men, 'a plain brass buckle'. US-type 0\ ,II brass belt plates and cartridge box plates bearill!.: the stale seal of an cagle within an oval were al .." worn, some 2,000 of them having been made b~ d ~'lassachuscllS manufacturer before the war. A (",." brass rectangular plate with the same design \\.1' also used. Buttons \\'ere not described in orders, 11111 sUl"vi,;ng examples have a five-pointed star, willi the legend '1\IISSISSIPP!' around the edge. 1\10'1 have a block letter' I'. 'A', or 'e' in the star's celli n . depending on the wcarer's branch of service. r..lississippi had its own state armoury \\ hi, II mostly converted civilian weapons to 0.58., ,d military longarrns. It did produce some Maynotld pallcrn carbines, and possibly even some riRes. rlli, 1St Mississippi Infantry Regiment was armed \\iill thesc stale-made weapons. The state also convcn,·,l and issued 1,000 Hall Aintlock rifles to its troop~
Missollri ~lissouri's Union troops wore standard US Army dress and carried regulation weapons and accoutre· ments. Her contribulions to the Confederate Army were attired in so moliey a fashion that Missourians had to wear a field sign a while flannel stripe on the left shoulder-according to the I I September 1861 Rock. Island Rtgiste. Missourians on bOlh sides wore US.type oval, stamped brass belt plates bearing the Roman letters 'SMM', for 'State of Missouri Militia', whencver they could get them.
Mw Hflmpshire Acnllding to a veleran of the 2nd i\'cw Hampshire Infantry Regiment, whcn the unit was raised in 1861 'the uniforms ....erc gray, thc jaunty forage caps and "spiketail" dress coats banded with red cord'. The Ntw.Hampsnire Ga
"hirts, onc pair of flannel d ra \\ 1'1", one cxt ra pair ~ "ocks, one pair of shOt'S, and one large camp hlanket'. This was \\hat was decided upon for thr "tatc uniform when the \\ ar began, with thl,lddition of an officer's uniform that included US Arm) coats and trousers (albeit \\ith red stripo down the legs" and red kepis with dark blue band\ t rimmed with gold. tl.toSt New Hampshire troops from the 4th Infantry Regiment on reccived a rcvised statt uniform that conformed to US Army regulations. Thcse were described by Henry Lillie of the 7th New Hampshire t nfantr) as "'keg hats" of black fdt, trimmed with feathers and brasses, dark bluc dress coats, dark blue trousers, light blue overcoats. dark blue blouses, and dark blue fatigue caps, the trimmings had chevrons of light blue, except the dark blue . . . rchcvron] on the overcoats'. Generally, these forage caps were decorated by Ne\\ Hampshircmen with the brass letters 'NHV' on the 100\er edge of the crown, below the regulation hugle-horn, a regimental number within the loop, and with a company letter aoon: thaI. Another state prccutiarity was an oval, CS Army·type belt plate marked in Roman letters ·NI-ISM'. A cartridge box plate so marked was also issued. After about 1862, hO\\c\'er, these were used h) troops within the state, while those at the front wore US platd!. New Hampshire equiplX'd its first twO infantn regiments \\ ith i\I1842 muskets and the 3rd with l)t858 Enfields; later regimellls rccci\cd their longarms directly from the US Army.
Mwjersey New jersey ordered for its first volunteers a uniform that included 'a dark blue frock coat, light blue pants, and army cockade hat'. Thesc coats appear to have been made like the US Army's fatigue blouse, but \...ith fi\'e buttons down the from instead offour. Stale· made or ·bought uniforllls were issued to Newjersey's first nine infantry regiments, the US Army equipping those raised later. Exceptions \\ere the 33rd and 35th New jersc) Volunteer Inlimtry Regiments, which received directly from the state Zouave uniforms including dark bluc jackets, waistcoats, and trousers, a blue
~ash edg-cd \\ilb lig-hl hlut'. ,me! hluc' ,uld red caps. The SlalC al5>O cquippl'd til(' :ird Ca\'alry Regiment with a 'hussar' t)lx' of unil(xm, based on lhe TT~llla.tion uniform but with additional trim. In 1863 1\'C\\ JCN") raised a riAl' corps for home dcfellcc. This \\ ore Chn<,scllr uniforms, made usually ofg-rc), a It hou'{h \Onletimcs of blue for dress occasions: and a. ~T('yjackel. trouser'S and forage cap a~ain, somctil11c~ blue for fati~ue \\ear. Officers apparelllJy \\ore p;old-embroidered crossed riAes, \\ith the kill''' ':\.1' abo\"(' the C"ro<;.s and 'Re' under it, on their caps. Other state in...i'{niil included bullons with the \tate arms, and o\-al. L'S .\rllly-type brass belt plat~ markt'd 'XJ in Roman letters. The laller are eXlrcmdy rare, and do 110t appear to ha\-e bec-n \\om at tIll' front. :\e\\ Jt'N") had a ,tau.' armoury in Trenton. the ~tate capital. \\ hieh produced copiC'S of the :\11861 rifled mU"ket for its lroop-;. The ~tate al'ID bought
Remi ngtOIl arm) re\'oln-I's and lighl COl va 11') sabres, as well as cOll\crting flint lock muskets to percussion for its actin' militia. Th", 3rd N",w J"'''''''Y Ca.... lry R~i ...",n. Ii.yled Ih",......,I,·"" th", "lil "UIi.... nI·. n",il' uniform wa .. the ...,~,>Ial;on i""ue, wilh addi';on.. in the way ofb.... id ad", by ,he Stal'" of New j",.....,y: Iif:e PI..", H3- Th", re5; ..."'.1I, i.sed in th", I..t"'.. part ofth", ......., had an "",.,..Il",nl record. (Richard Ca.. Ii"I" collett;_)
us
Thi.. short dark blu",jacket tri ....ned la ..ky bl..", Re-m" to hau beea ...orn by rna ..y N",w j","",,>, lafa.. ,ryofficoe~ includiD5.... """".. bere. Colonoel Willia... B. Hal",b of Iboe 'ith Ne- joeniCy laf..... ry R"',tI;..."'nt. Colonel Hatch wa" killed la actio.. at th", Balli", or Fred""rickfjbu,,!- (u.s. Anny M;I;lary H;story Idsl;t"t",)
'9
= j\ew}or/" When the fl.'cltra] go\CrnmCIlI requested troops to put dO\\1l the I"chdlion, Nc'\\ York sent [I of iLs militia rcgimcnu 10 Washington. and called for another 30,000 \olulHccr militia for 1\\0 ~ears' ~(T\in·. "I 11(''''' \1 t'1l1 i III n m'\\ h Ilr1{;\ 11 i..,1:1 r('~i IlW III '.
York\ Io;O\l'ntur ,-"bled the SelTt'tar) ul War on 18 June 1861 that he had 'already :'\c\\
nO\\ from lhe wai'l and 10 fall about lour inchn belo\\' the belt. The coal to 1)(' butloned with ci,zht buttons, from the throat to til(' waist. The collar 10 he a 10\\ standing- collar. 'I'he buttons arc 10 be thlR of the stale militia. ·':md. Of 11'0\\<;('1">, 10 be made of light arm\ blue. cui full in ,he leg and larRc around the foot. '3rd. Of all oV{"J'Coat of li~ht army blue. oflht patlcrn worn b~ the C.S. infantry.
contracted for the making of 10.000 suits of unjform~ with two parties. 2,500 to be delivered this week, of the best army goods, al 16.50 persuil. and for '20.000 caps, with capes and covers complete:. at 75 cents'. These uniforms were 10 conform 10 the state's 'Act of April 16, 186,'; 'That the uniform of the troops should consist '1St. Ofa jackct ofdark bluc army cloth, cut to New J.. ..-1'. Rille Co~ ·Ore Ifrey uniform. jacl,,~u; ...ith stllDdiDI col....... lrey lrouse aad I ....y kepis with da.rIr. blu.. or black """-d. arou.nd th The Corpll wa,. raised for Shlte def"'D.,.. (Aulbor. C'OII~;o.)
U ... ut... nant-Colo....1 Eli R. Lyon, .ord N... w York SI:IlI... Mili ..... R..lfint.... t, was photosraph«J jUllt prior 10 11... war ... tb.. Slat...'•• ~uhllio. ua;fo.....-h... slandard whe. the ....ar ~ •. It i. virtually th ... him.. a.!l the US A..... y unifonn aparl from 5'-"1.....ll;ln..... Lyon ........... 1 ·O'pie«: belt plate and" presoenUilion word. (Michael McAf coUenioD)
ass
.20
'.ph. Of a btigue cap of dark blue, with a This jackC'l, as mml COllllllOllly issued to New water-proof con'l", to be made \\ ith a cape which York volunteers, \\Ort 10 a clothing store The jackets \\ere lined in the breast \\ ilh brown the next day, 'then' 10 IX' measured. each and all of Th.69th N.w Yor" Slau: Mililu. R~iJneal p-rades is New U:'>. for a uniform suil. to con"isl of dark blue jacket Yor" upon in "'u..... (rom th. Banit: of Fin. BIl1J R ...... la th. and sk)-blue trou~l"">. TIll' jacket will haw lighl eaJl:ravinJl: the ",sime...al number c:a..n dearly be see" 0" Ih", ~Ioueb hal orabe pri~"lt: holdi..S the boUII""'1 La Lhe ""au-. of blue shoulderslraps and cum·. the fro... rank. See Pla.e G2. (Author'. c:olleC1ion)
J
t '" i
•
;
•
"' •
"
,
• (many units W('I"(: gi\Cll a choice ortlw state jackt1 or US frock coat). The) scrwel as dress coats, bein~ issued and worn until at leasl October 186{, \,hrn troops oftlw I:lOth ;'\C\\ York \'olul1\et:r Infant" Thi-'ll prh"I'" _ r . Ihe Ch.....ur unironn adopled by Ill.", ,2110 N,,_ York Slale Militia Re«;R1enl i... 86•. The da .... hIw uniform i. IriR1Jned _hh li!hl blu,,; Irou_........ sky blw; leu",!IIII"" or ru.. _1 leather; and tbe kepi i5 Ii!bt blue witll. dark blue band, while cord triJn, lind Ibe bra. . nun.ber '.2' ill rronl. The '2110. lIened three n.onth.' accive liervi"'e .Iartu.~ ill May .86., a.nd behaved ......11 i.. a .. kinni..h "ear Mart..."b'''10 Villfinia, 0" 12 Juty bero.... be"'« Jnu.. te~ oul. (1)..... Scl.e...R1....... collectio_)
Major AJ~.... Skal".. w_ ... d,.. uniform of me (alnOUli 7Lh New Vork Sial" Militia R"~Un""I, from which he ru.i&acd in Jo,", The 7th s II.., 6~1 ~&;m ...u lo.--.ch WashinS;10" an".. pro-SoUlberne had cui ila eomnuoniCllUollS 101 tb.. hqinniDK of Lbe ""'r. (David Scl..~;.. m.nn ooU"",";o_)
.86,.
polished COlton Sliflened \\ilh burlap, with darkcoloured twill tapc 8('\\ n over the back seams. A 'slash' pocket lined in bro\\ n polished cotton was usually \\orn 0\('1' the left breast, normally large enough 10 hold a small Bible or a diary. The sleeves had 1\\0 small Slal(' bultons on each cuff, although they wert' for appearance onl) the cuff could not be opellcd. SkC"t'S w{'r<: lin('d with while muslin. As was often the case, not enough blue material was immediately available for all tbe volunteers, and NC\\ York had to obl
Regiment (which was not one or the rcgimenlS supposed to have been issued them) were photographed wearing them. On 16 ~'Iay 1863 New York issued a general order calling for a single state militia uniform. Each militia regimellt could wear a dark bluejacket with nine state buttons down the frollt, a standing collar and pointed cuffs trimmed white. Two styles were authoril>ed: a Chasseur style, and a 'polka jacket'. Trousers were 'light indigo blue keJ'SCy', with edging around the pockets for those units with Chasscur jackets. Caps were dark blue kepis piped in white, orange, green, or scarlet. A state coat of arms in brass under a red, \\ hite, and blue pompon was worn b) enlisted men on the cap front. :\lounted units \\ore the US mountcdjackets with dress caps or black bro.'ld4brimmcd hats. These uniforms began to be issued in large qualllities 5,000 in 1864.
The state coat of arms also appcan."d . on bultons worn by officers and men. The sword belt plate for all officers, non-cammissiont.-d officers, musicians and moulltt."d privates was 'gilt, rectangular, tWO inches wide, with a raised bright rim; a silver wreath oflaurcl and palm encircling the letters "NY" in old English characters in silver'. New York's heavy artillerymen also wore a two-piece belt plate with the Roman letters 'SNY' on the male pan. Enlisted foot soldiers wore US Army-style oval brass belt plates and cartridge box plates marked in Roman letters 'SNY'. ~Iost orthe men ,\tho enlisted for two The Ik.b New Vork Stale MiHli.a R~e,,', pholOl"-Phed h"..., ....... WaPi.rl&ton durift& the resitn"nl'. three month..' am"" ~rvi.,., ... ,86" "'0"" ~....". jaclr.eu, l .....'lOera a.nd kqriJl with bl..clr.lri.... Th"cros.1w.11 plale _ " ' by the soIdie.. o.. th" Ul...,me ri&hl bn.... th" i..nsipi.- o( a bu.t o( Washia~OIl wilhin a w...,alb. Nole th" (1l1I ba,·uuclr. with. till ClIp budded 10 iu flap ..... th" h ......et roll wo"' by the sokli..r ill tM ..... u-e; a.nd Ib"axe carried by, .pp"~dy,. pio-..... [Michael McAfee collltCl.....)
C'ad,,'
23
years in 1861 wore this platc. Other units, such as the 100lh Infantry Regimcnl, also worc thcm ,dlenever they could get them, and they havc been found at sites dating from 1864, indicating their use latc in the war. In 1861 New York bought or acquired 25,540 ~11842 muskets, 20.397 P 1858 Enllelds. 5,000 0·54· cal. t\ustrian rined muskets, and scveral thousand mort.· US-mack and imported longarms.
made, during its olle ycar of e"islencc, 49,c)()(1 jackets, 68,000 pairs of trouscrs, I 2,000 blankCI~. and 6,000 overcoats. The o\erco.'us were ~) 'with capes lined with lindse) and slincned with canvass', The state also issued, during the same p<:riod, 8,918 hats and 61,9-19 caps. The state had its own uniform regulations. On 19 April 1861 the state Adjutant General wrOle to the 1st l\orth Carolina Infant!) Regiment's commander that 'The grcy or blue blousc will be recognized as a suitable uniform' HQ\\ever, on 27 ~Ia) 1861 General Orders :\0. I 1.\ were issued, and spelled out a much more completc uniform. In 1861 thae was the usual collection of"oluntecr Officers were to wcar frock coats, two row~ of companies in various uniforms in North Carolina, scvcn bUIIons each for field grade officcrs and one Thcre were cighl companies of 'Blues' and 23 of row ofninc buttons lor company grade officers. The 'Grays', indicating a clear preference for grC) colour was 'Aonh Carolina [made) gray doth". a uniforms, These uniforms quickly worc OUI, grey with a brow nish tinge to judge from surviving however, and the mcn needed new ones, examples. Generals and staff officers were to wear Nonh Carolina was unique among Southern dark blue co.'us. Rank badges \\ere L:S Army-type states in that from 20 September 1861 it took over shoulder straps, the infalllr) officer's colour being the rcsponsibility for clothing its own troops. Thc black, statc SCt lip a clothing factory in Raleigh which 'The uniform coat for all enlisted men shall be a sack coat of gray cloth of ~orth Carolina manufacture eXlending halfway down the thigh, and made loose, with a falling collar. and an inside pockct on cach breast, six Coal bUllons down the front, commencing at the Ihroal; a Strip of cloth sewed on each shoulder, extending f!'Om Ihe base of the collar to the shoulder scam, an inch and a half wide at the base ofthe collar, and two inches wide at the shoulder; this strip will be of black cloth for Infantry, red for Artillery, and )'ellow for c.'walry. 'For a ~Iu<;ician ... The same as for other enlisted men, with the addition of a bar of braid, horizontal 10 each bUlton, , .' of branch-of-service colour. Che\Tons. also made in branch-of-service colour, were to be the same as in the Confederate Army, Trousers were the <;amc colour as coats, wilh a branch-of-service colour \\ cit down each leg for officers. and a buff welt for generals. ..-\11 enlisted men were to wear branch-of-service coloured Stripes
ortll Carolilla
Tht: '5e Nt:..· yo Rt:simt:.1C o(Mariat: "nill""y"-a1j arsaaiHd 10 ,.... 5 de.(e.adlaf!; che. ..catt: lOp;"'•• aCt.do by Ha, and d;sbaadt:.d ia 1863- om""'..... like. u..ule........ t G, Gernlrrd shawa he....., wo..... all dark blut: uni(o ....... wich naval caps t .. immed in gold wilh a badXe. 0(10 C"05lled cannon and ancho ... Tht:;r .words wt: ..... cht: US Navy ~alioa mode.ls. The. Ine.a wo..... bl.... Nary juntpt:.......d shin.., 5""" 1......_ ..... wieh .-eel •• ript:.s, load. blut: (Onls'" caps, wich blue. jadot:e. (0.. cold wt:.ache.... (Da"'d Scl>t:;nnulNl <:olleaioa)
a I: CQMS, 30th Ohio \'01. Inf. Regt., 1864 2: Pioneer, 17th illinois \'oJ.lnt. Regt., 1863 3: RQMS, 3rd New Jersey Ca". Regt., 1864
H
n each Iq{, an inch \1 idc for sergeants and non-commissioned staff, ~ in. for corporals, and! in. for privatcs. Generals and !i;:encral staff officers wen' to \\car lack felt hats 'looped at the right side. with a large ~h button of the North Carolina paltern, and a &rilt omament in front, representing the Coat ofArms of \onh Carolina'. Other officers wore the samc hats in grey fclt with US Anny hat insignia in front. The ~me grey hats wcrc worn by enlistcd men with a branch-of-service colour hat band, and a eompan) !ruer and regimcntal numocr in front. 'Offiecrs, IIhen off duty or on fatiguc dut), may wcar the French forage cap, according to pattern in Quarter ~Iastcr General's office: Apparently, similar caps were also allo\\ed to the men. All officers were to \\ear crimson silk sashes, while non-commissioned officers wore red worsted sashes. There are enough surviving photographs and actual examples to indicate that the basic enlisted man's uniform, in some form at least, \\as \\orn throughout the war. Officers, afler mid-1862 at any rate, seem 10 ha\'c follO\\ed Confederate Arm~ rt"l{ulatiolls imlt'ad of "tatc Olle... I'here were l hit nl{:l'S made in \\ hat the statl' i....ued from the beginning. In February 1862 it was decided to provide shell jackets instead of blouses 'sollle blouses continued to be made up to the ('nel of Thill New York inf.. nlry pri.... le we"n .. Iil .. le-;.... Ue jaeltecI la~e, and foldM up al Ihe cuff.... U;ll weapon i ... an MIRt~ the war, ho\\,('verl. These were to Ix made with llrnChbo..., ftlUsltel, .nd a ...,..oh·er is "luck in hi,. bell. (Richard Carlisle Collulion) ~houlder straps and piped in branch-of-scrvice colours, Afler the state clothing factory \\as closed Xorth scal within its 'Hcath. An oViJl, lead-backed CSCarolina began importing what its troops nceded. type brass phtle <,Iamped ';';C' in Roman letters is IktwcenJune 1863 and the end of 186+ thc state also know n but thi~ was appan:ntl) made before the imported 5°,000 blankets, grc) wool for 250,000 war and is not commonl) found at camp .. ite~ or uniforms, 12,000 o\'ercoats, and eithcr lcather or battlefields. The 6th North Carolina InfatHr) rcady-mack shoes so that it had 250,000 pairs of Regiment had its own plates: ("
~melllal
33
weapons inlO ils Iroops' hands. In 1861 the slalc contracted 1\1. A. Baker of Fayct\('\·itle to comTrt a large num!x'r of flintlock weapons muskets. rifles. and mULzlc-loading: piSlOls to percussion. These wcapons were swmp...{\ 'N. CAROLINA· 011 the barrel tops. The state tl1('n ga\(" contracts to produce a weapon that \\as basically an ~118.p '~Iississippi' rifle \\ith an ~11855 nosc cap to H. C. Lamb & Co, ofjamcsto\\n, \\ho turned out 300 of these weapons per month between 1862 and 1865. A contract to produce 10,000 of the same weapon went to ~lendenhall. jones and GardnCf of \\"hitscll.
,
'/
Ohio When the Civil War broke OUI Gen. jacob D. Cox toured Ohio's state arsenal and found 'a fe\\ boxes ofsmooth-bort" muskets \\ hich had once been issued to militia compank'S and had been rClUrned ruSted and dama~ro. Xo belts, cartridge boxes, or other acCOutremelllS \\ere with them'. Still, plans had to be made to handle the 10,000 eXI)("(:tro \'olullleers. 'There was no time to procure uniforms', Cox recalled, 'nor was it desirable: for thosc companies had chosen tllt'ir 0\\ 11, and \\ould ha\-e to chan~e it for thai of the United States as soon as lhiscould be furnisht'd." Thertfore, he \\rOlt', 'fancy uniforms wcre left at home, and some approximation to a simple and useful COSIUm(' \\as made, The recent popular outburst in Italy furnished a useful idea, and the "Garibaldi uniform" ofa red flannel shirt with broad falling collar, wil h blue trousers held by a leathern waist-bell, and a soft [black] felt hat for the head, was extt'IHi\'cly copied and served an excellent purpose, It could be made by Ihe wives and sislers al home, and \\as all the more acceplable lor that. Th... spring \\as opening- and a heavy coal \\ould not be much net'ded, so thai \\ith somc sort of overcoat and a good blanket in an improvisc..'d knapsack, the Ill'\\ compan) was not badly pro\ided·. So it was Ihal mOSI of Ohio's 1861 volunleers wenl 10 war in red flannel shirts, blue som('times grey trousers, and black, broad-brimmed hals. Thereafter, the slate planned lodr~, (he \"Olunteers in uniforms 'so ncar Ihal of the regular army. thai no change \\ould bt.' required on going into tilt' L-S
n., 65th N.,w York Volu.. tHr Infa.. try RqI;;"n.,nt, also kno..... all th., US Otali5e"r. lI ..d th.. 'll' G .... nadi"r R..g;rn".. t, "'o~ N"w York Chllu""r jack"'llirirnrned with ligh, bl"",, and grf!) lro"se.... Th..ir cap.......... ntlld.. front i""".. ClIp" Wilh thr ...."k", and chinl'l"'p'" r"movedj lhe ...a'ell.... l Willi' worn llbo'.r th., ...,gin'.... tlll number all a ClIp badg.., nill priva,.. hold" on. oflh.. 1'>1.86. Spr;ngfldd rifled mu...... t" ; ..liued 10 ,he ....gim"nl; ,he I.,alh.,r gluv..a wer.. nOt ;IiIiU", (David Sch.,iruna.... coU.,ction)
I,,,
s("ITice', The ~Ial(' \\('1I1 a~ far as to buy 8,000 regula lion dn'~s coalS, complelc \\ i I h brass shoulder scak~, to issue unlil the US go\el"lllllent could lake 0\"Cr supply f('\ponsihilili('~, \\ hie-h hap(X'ncd in 1862. Until then, Ohio troops \HTt' to rect'iw dark blue f1annd bloll'>l'S, sk) hlue Irou'>{"rs,
numocr of units insti'rtd. Grey jackcts \\ ere made for infano'} men, and w('re issucd to---among others the t5lh, 17th, t9th, and :loth Ohio Infantry Regiments. Crl'Y trousers went to the 15th which received grc) striped trousers. 16th also I,lriped , 17th. 18th, 20th also striped, and 22nd also striped Ohio Infantr) RegimelHs. Grey O\l'reoalS \\ ('nt to the 16th Ohio Infantl). while the 2[St and 2211(1 rceei\"{'(1 black o\Crcoats. In April 1863 the ~tate formed an 'Ohio \'olulllccr :\Iilitia·. This unit \\as to \\ear 'the uniform prescrilx'd for the L'nited States Army for the-time bcin~, cxCCpt the coat of arms, which shall br that of the State of Ohio'. The Iellers '0\':\1' appearcd on a L'S .\rm}·style o\-al brass belt plate and a canrid~c box plate. worn n()( only by the Ohio \'oluntcer :\Iilitia of 1863 but abo b} early Ohio \'Ohllll('('r infalltry rcgim("nts of 1861 and I86:.!. A circular shoulder belt plale with lhe insignia \\ hich became the Slate coat of arms. but otherwise like the L"S ,\rmy's ea~1e plate. was abo worn b} some VOIUIllCCN in 1861. Sword Ixll piatt'S were 'gilt, rcctan"l'ular. (\\0 ineht·s wide. with a raised bright rim; a siln'r \Heath eneircl.in~ the arms of the stale of Ohio', accordin~ to the 1859 Gtntral RtguJalion.r Jor lht .\llJilar,r Form oj Ohio. There \\erc. hO\\{'\cr. no special state buttons. In 1861 Ohio aecluirl'd '5.020 :\118{2 muskets. 26.533 US·madc muskets that had been convened from flintlock, 5,0"20 Prussian 0.72·cal. muskets. "._~Bo p [858 Enfield rifkd muskets. 4,991 o.6<)-cal. CS·made musket,>, and a couple of thousand other ~rted t)pcs of musket'; ill ~mall batches. These \\ent to arm their initial infantry Volun(l'crs. Ohio abo received 200 Josel) n carbin{'s, 1,000 Sharps carbines, and 500 Colt army rt'volvl'rs for her cavalry, along with 2,500 cavalry sabres. The Ohio \'olulltecr ~Iiliti
Pe1/1/J)'/Vftll ifI "hen, in :\1a) 186 I. Penns) I\"llllia's Quartl'fmaster General began to let contracts for unili:)I'ms for the tatc's thou<;ands of voluntCCN. there was no ~Iation state uniform to guidc his contracts. His plan was to dress them all in blue: but Ihis material \'las diffICult to obtain, and "11.:y uniforms were
A Jl:roup or New York ioUaJ>try pri~.. e"" slao"-;"Il 100..' eh. bonoo:> frooe Mil" or the st.e.,.is,,- jaclr.....-e.... roon>ded. nO' cwo;.. the ce..e.... hold eh.. ir ....eapo a1 'shoWd",r .rm,.', ....hiI.. the cwo 0 .. ",ith",r .Od'" a ;n th.. po.it..... oC'ord..r anns'. nO')· "-.,.r a ~","Ull mber 0.. th.,ir atp rro.. e~ fDa,.... Seheinrna.... collect
)
accepted for til(' t'me~cllc~. Sample<; of swatches of material used. nO\\ prc"'Crn'd in tilt' ..tatc·s archi\'e~, \'ar} from a drab or tan·(~...e}. throu~h cadl·t ~e~ and li~ht gre} to dark ~rc}. Some merca.,t samples arc dark gore} \\ith a \cry blue casl 10 them. Some 'cadet satinet' ..amples forjackl,ts arc medium·dark; \\hilc other jacket sampk.. , called ·cadet mist forest doth' art' actually light grq on onl' <;ide and dark 1.,'1'("y with a purpli<;h casl on the other. Which side was to 5hO\\ on the outside is unknowll. The uniform produCl·d \\ith this mat('l;al included, gClwrall}. a gTl'} forage cap; plain grcy trousers; and a plain, ~hort jacket \\ith a standing collar, kccper loops at each side to hold thc waist helt, and nine to [~ buttons down the front. The ~tate's QUenns} h'aniam continued to wcar grq throu~hout the \\ar. Thc I>hiladdphia Home 35
A I)"pical <:an\P lIa.nll' or N.. w "I'o..ker-. ofT d"ly. NOI .. the tin CUP"> POl., .1Id c"fT,... kellle~. A ""&eanl, siandin,; lerl, ....Ich... Ihe .cene. (D."id Sc,hrinm collcC'lion)
Guard, 101' ("",ample. was to wcar cadet grey uniforms, althouKh, alit-r ::q .\pril 1861, a US Army d I'CSS ha t could be ~u b~t il uted for I he grey cadet cap" A gTe) /i"ock coat and trous('fS were also worn by Philadelphia's Grd} Res(Tws, although they did ha\"c blue fatiglll' uniforms for fidd we-ar. At the- qmt' time, mol'(' Pel1l1s}lvanians volunteered than Ihe US g-O\'('flllllellt \\as willing 10 an·cpt into its servin'. Exp('cting a longer war than appart'ntl} f(ll"eSn'll b} the War Department, the stale's gOH'fllor authoris('(! th(" cft'ation of a pClIlls}h-ania ReS('r\(' Corps to take in theS(' men, planning 10 turn them 0\('1" to the US .\rmy when neC(kd. Thq here. in f{' the ullits hert' numben'd both with their re-scrw numlx'r and tlwir rc/{ular ,·olumcer statc infantl"\ n'~inll'lltal numher! The plall was thilt till' I)RC would ·Ill' armed and
equipped, clothed ... as similar troops in the service of the United Stalcs'. As it turned out, the 1St (which became the 30th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Rcgiment the other PRe units taking Ilumbers that followed in sequence), 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Reserves actually wore the Slate grey jackets, caps, and trouscrs when they were first mustered into serVice, Pennsylvania put its stale coal of arms on its buttons, but its bclt plalcs were marked with unique designations by only a handful of militia or voluntl'er organisations, none of which saw any prolongt-'d field service. These were generally brass o\"al plales like the US Army type, marked with unit designalions like 'PHG' (Philadelphia Home Guard " or 'UAG' (Union Artillery Guard). The Rt'scf\·c Brigade ofPhiladclphia had a similar plate, bearing the state coat of arms and the letters 'RB'. The'S Army's belt platcs were those most commonly used by Pennsylvanians, however. Most of the weapons used by Pennsylvania volunteers also callU' from tht, US ~o\"{'rnm('nt.
R/lOde lslrllld On 18 April 1861 the Boston Daily !Idl'trliser reported: 'The following uniform has been selected for the Rhode Island RCbrimcnI gray palllaloons, blue tunic, and a black felt hat wilh cockade and feathers'. The 'tunic' was actually a loose shin worn oulSide the trousers. This was indeed the basic uniform adopted by the stale in 1861 for all its volunteers. It \\'as worn 1I1ltiliatc June 1862. However, in September 1861 the state ordered Ihal 'the uniform of the Volunteers shall consist ora blue army cap. dark blue tunic and liglH blue pants' for its National Guard. This was apparcnlly like the US fatigue dress, except lhal the tunic had fj,-c or sometimes six buttons instead offour. The US Army drf5S for officers was made regulation inJunc 1863. This was to include 'a blue blouse. shoulder straps. dark pants, forage cap, sword and belt'. in September 1863. Rhode Island issued a button with itsstatccoat of arms, but no othcr unique insignia. \\'eapons were largely received from thc US govcnllnent. apart from locall)'·produced Burnside carbines that wcrc issued to both Rhodc Island's cavalry and tosc\"cral men in cach company in the 1St Rhodc Island Detached Militia Rcgimcnt.
SOlltl, COm/iI/it South Carolina's basie uniform regulations were writtcn in 1839 and, while they werc rcprintcd as late as 1860, they were fairly incievantlO the Civil War period. New orders appearcd in 1861 whieh brought them up to date for officers and senior 1l01l+ commissioned officers, at least, and imposed uniformity within South Carolina's military force. Officcrs, according to the 1861 ordcl"S, wcrc 10 wear dark bluc frock coalS and trousers like those of US Army officers. The trousers werc to have a It· in.-wide stripe for ficld officcrs and above, and an inch+widc Stripe for company officcrs. Stripes were to be gold for gencrals and divisional and brigade staff officers; silver for field-grade officcrs and regimental staff; and whitc for company-gradc officers. Coat buttons were to be gilt for gencrals and staff officers and silver for regimental officers. In fact, all state buttons appear to ha\'c been gilt.
Bripd..,....c.._ral Juob D. eo........ ho "'... iJ:n'ol~~ u. th.. o""!"'n.iSalOo" of Oft;o'. lroopll i .. 186., ora th.. ~tio.. IUl.ifonn orth.. Ohio Volunl"""r Militia. tt "' th.. _ .. as ....0 .... by r ..pb.r US lroops., iD 110;. caM a dark blu.. (rock coat wiLh bb.c" ~... h·,.t cuff.. aDd .taDdiD& coUar, aDd. dark bl..,. (Drall:" ca~d,oulI:h Ih .. lall,.r ra Lh... ih·..r I..u .. ra 'O~f' i .. " pll .......... Lh. (Dayid SCh,.u.m" collec:cio..)
Rank was indicated on thl' coats by gold or siln.'T epau lcttes, depending on the colour of the \\-ear('r's buttons. 1'h(' rank badgl's were the same as prescribed for US Arm) ofTicl'rs exc('pt that major+ generals were 10 wear a sikcr crl'<;CCllt bctween two gold stars; brigadier-gellewls were to wear 1\\0 silvcr stars; and colonels \V('I'(' to wear a gold Palmctto tree instead of an cagle. Staff nOllcommissioncd ollicers werc to WC
offie<'rs; ho\\(~\er, generals and slalfoflicers \\ere 10 company to company. According 10 the 12 Ju han' a gold wreath surrounding the lew....s 'SCV' as 1861 Richmond DiJp(l/ch, reporting the arrival their cap bad~e, \\ hill' field offict·rs \\t're to \\ear South Carolinians in that cit), 'as company a~ th6r regimental numocr \\ithhl a silver \\reath, company came prompt I) illlo linc, the gray drC5!i Regimelllal stafr omcns wore the \Heath around lIle ""'ashingtons", the darker hue of the "Om the letters '1\' lor adjutalll • 'Q' lor (Iuaner- GliardS",lhe grcen, hunter-like, loosc-fittingcoat maSler ,'C' for eommi"...ary ,or'S' for sUr'Keon . the "Gist RiRC'S", togelher ,\ilh the blue of tt... Despite these ord('~, gr(') hecame a more "Bozeman Guards" and other shades of t~ standard uniform almost immediatel), at kast for "i\lanning and Watson Guards" had a splendit line troops. On 15 Januar) 1861 thl' State dfcCl'. These uniforms quickly wore out, and iSMJ: Quartermaster ad\Crti~ for 'dark gray cloth, Confederate uniforms bc-came the norm thefCafter ~uitab1e for makillH" unifortn~ for the troops'. This Apparclltly preparing for war some yeal'S bcron: was followed b) an ad\-eni<;em('nt for bids for 1861, til(" ,tate ordaro large numbers ofslampcd making 1,000 'plain frock coats and pantaloons of brass, lead-backed. L'S ,\rmy-lype o\'al \\aist Ixlt woolen' on 18 February. and cartridge box platcs stamped 'SC' in Roman In actual practice, 1861 uniforms \aried from !eitel'S, It l'ven ordered circular, slamped br3$. lead-hackcd shoulder belt platt·s bearin~ the stair" palmclto (k\·ice but otherwise likc the CS Army\ cagle-design shoulder belt plales, Officers wore Ihc U\Uallwo-piece, cast brass platl'S with the Slate coat of arms on the male part, as \\e11 as sc'Tral types of J'('etangular casl brass belt plaLes with the samc design. The state's buttons ocaring its coat of arm. also appeal' to ha\-e been made largel) by ;\'orthem companies like I-I. & G, Schuyler, New York, before the war. The state launched a major programme to arm it<;elf during the years before the war. In 1851 it contraned wilh "'illiam Glaze and Benjamin Flagg to set up the Palmetto Armory in Colombia to make 6,000 ~IIRJ-:l muskets 6,0:10 were aetuall) produced, 2,000 ~1184'.l single-shot pistols, 1,000 ~IIR-lo ca\'alry sabres, 1,000 1\118.11 rifles, and 1,000 arlillery sword\, These were to cOllle 'w ith their tquipmcnt completc',
lellllfssee Tcnne~.;("s
UniOIl Iroops wore standard US Ann) uniforms, while their Confederate lroops wore standard dress for their arm), There does llot aplx',u' to havc OCCll a state bclt plale, although il II,IS l)("cll su~gC'Sled that a \·cr) crude reoanglilar _1.lInped copper belt plate' marked '\"S' and found prh,.t'" rrom AUian~, Ohio, "'an th", shon jad."'t and black, broad-brirn.J11...t h.1 r ou by W"""tU'D sotd....... Not", the ..-aId> cha'" JUSt beto the jad""1 bonoD>, (Author',.
1"h;~
ooll~;oll)
in a Soulhern sil(' ma} represenl the '\'oJulllen Slale', Tt'IllH'S'('('\ mouo, BUllons b('aring- lIw Tennessee coat ofa 1'I11S \\ ere worn by state Iroop, 1111 bolh sides, Tenne<;,see's Soulht,l'Il troops were also badl} armed. As Iille as 1 April 186'1 the 55th Tennessee Infantr} Regiment \\as rq)Oncd as having only a 1(-\\ weapons, and thoM.' of \-arious makes. The {61h Infantr} had 'only IWO companies armed 4-00 for dUI}, 160 armed ',,\ rq)lIr! fl'Om the Dt:partmenl of Easl TennC"SS("e Oil .!', \pril 186:1 indicales Ihat the slale's Soulhern illl,lllll"\ rc,,\"iml'lHs \\t'l'e badl} anned, mostl} \\ith '("(>lintI') nAt'S'. The 1St Irlfanlr} Battalion" as unarmed, "hile the .md, 3rd. and 81h Ca\-alr} Ih"ltlalions \\ere 'partly and badl} arml'd "ilh shol-Run!>',
'When m} regiment was organized Ihat spnng', Wl'Ole Ith Texas Infalltry Regiment Ptt'. Val C. Giles, 'there \\crt' no two companies who had uniforms alike. II was some time after the war began lx-fore the Confederaq adopted any particular 51} Ie of uniform. The color was uni\(~rsally gray. bUI the cut of doth \-aned considerably. \\"c were a motlC)-lookin~ set, but as a rule, comfortably drcs,o,cd. In m} compan} we had aboul foul' different shadt,.. off';Tay. but the Irimmings were all of black braid.' Photngraph.. ofUlenoflhc lSI Infantry Regiment laken in carl} 186:l ncar Richmond show mostly frock coalS, SOUll' \\ith stripes across the chesl like Ihost, sponl-d b} ~Iississippi troops. ~lost haw cadel-pallern lorat;"c caps wilh regimental dcsi~nations spelled out all their crowns in whal appear to be bra-s.s lellef'li. Tex
up its own cannon foundry. Copies of a Colt Dragoon model rc\"olver were made for the state by Tucker & Sherr:u"d of I,ancaster, who had a contract for 3,000 re\"olvers but only produced somc 4-00. Dalln' Brothers of Calveston also produced some 300 copies of the Coli Nav) re\'olvcr for the state. Ahhough made for the Confederatc go\·crnmelli, man) rifles produced at the Tyler, Tcxas .\rmor) ended up in til(' hands of Texans.
I1mlolll There \\l're no \'crmOIll-\\'idc dress regulations, so when the lSI \'oluntcer Infalllry Rcgimclll was rai!>C<1 in 186. the.' Quartermaster Ceneral simpl) chose grc) as a popular and ea5)-to-acquire uniform colour. lie ordered grC) uniforms for the regiment. \\ ith coats made \\ ith tails. and o\"erco.'\ts like those used in ,\lassachmclts. For the 2nd and 3rd Regiments, ho\\C\er, he contracted a local company to make bro\\ nish-gre) frock coats, trousers and (alb, all piped with blue cord. and fastened \\ ith state buttons. Regimcllls weI"C clothed thercaflcr by the US Army in regulation blue, Frock coats \\cre apparentl) preferred by Vcrmomcrs to fatigue blouSt.'s, cvcn for field usc. The state button bore thc coat of arms under ·VER~IONT'.This was thc only state-wide special insignia, although thc 13th Infantry Regiment worc its number within a brass wrealh on ilS cap tops: the 4th Infantry Band wore a large number '4', apparemly in light blue, on each left coat breast; and the 1st to 6th Infantry Regiments wore hemlock sprigs within their forage cap chinstraps. Vermont was able to provide M 1855 Springficlds for the tSt Inf~l1Hry Regiment; ]\1 t842 muskcts for the :md, and Pt858 Enfields for the 3rd. Highcrnumbered regimeills werc armed by the US govcrnmelll.
Virgillia On 2 ~Iarch t8,;8 Virginia issued dress regulations lhat were virtually the ~ame as those of the US Army, except for insignia on buttons and cap badges. However, \'olulHccr companies were allowt'd to continue \\earing their old, distincti\·e
This s .....rnped b,," O\-.J Mit plate, che back finN with lea.d, Iwa Lhe ,nace Ileal ofPeo..,.-yh.. o.ia ..... d"e Jenc.... 'RD', fortloo Rese -e 8ripde of Philadelphia. The place c)-piea.l of CM ..CaCe ..."u-i.....ed bell place" which~", the e "ma" Lhe US Ar.ny "'"ue cype, (Authora c:ollee.io..)
unirorms, and it \\35 in these that most of the stale's troops weill to \\ ar. The state's \oluntccrs included 79 companies of 'Crays" the most popular colour. and '4 or 'Olucs', despite Ihe fact that thc 1858 orders made blue the state colour. Generally, grc) frock coalS, trousers, and French-style kepis, all trimmed with coloured braid oncn black represented the mOSI popular uniform. A number of ca\alry units \\orc grey shirts as their field dress. Virginia also SCt up a state navy, and ordered on 2'; April 1861 lhat 'The uniform of llle Officers, Seamen and ~Iarincs of the Vi"ginia Navy shall correspond in all respeclS to that of thc United States Na\y, with the exeeplion of the BUTTON, which shall be that of the Commonwealth of Virginia'. This force was merged illlo the Conft"dcrate Navy when that organisation was formed. For ilS land forces' shoulder belts and waist bellS, Virginia issued 57,912 yards of white wcbbing between t October 1859 and I November 1861. The state also issued 2,0791cathcr waist belts during the samc period, as well as 9,630 shoulder beh plates. Some of these wcrc basically thc same as the US Army cagle plate, but bol'c the statc coat or arms. Plain e;:LSt brass circular plates appear to have been more common, however. No such plates were issued after November 1861. Virginia al"O issued, during the same period. 12,916 waist bell plates, followed by another 36-1 issued during the entire following year. These rna) ha\'c been cast brass rectangular plates bearing the state coat or arms: this type of plate appears, from digging at various sites, to have been fairly
common. Anolher varialion simply had the word 'VIRGINIA' wilhin a wreath, Up to November 1861 the stale issued 20,136 canridge boxes but only 1,341 box plates, probabl} of the US Army type. The following }ear 5,271 cartridge boxes, \lerc issued, but no plates. Some 3,852 s\\ord belt plates were issued up to l\o\"Cmocr 1861: these were two-piece, brass, with the stat(: seal within a wreath. The 1St Virginia Infantry RCbriment worc an O\'al cast brass plate \\ith the unil des.ignation engra\"Cd on it, and brought lip 10 date by adding the leuers 'C.S .. ': in the centrc. The 3rd Virginia Inl:.'\llIr} wore a reclangular belt plate \\ilh Ihe unil designation engr.t\ed on it. Virginia had 50,000 old state-manufactured flintlocks in 1861, and it rapid I) conlracted six Richmond gunsmiths to cOlwen Ihese to percussion. Some 58,428 of these \\capons had been made vcr) carl) in Ihe 191h cenlury. In addition. the fiTSt weapons produced on the caplUrcd Harper's Ferr) Armory rifled musket machinery weill to \ ·irginia.
If/iscOIISill
Regiments because their grey tl"tm<;crs \\orc out so quickl) , By February lB62 all the slatc's volunteers were \\earing blue uniforms. TI](.'5(' \\cre not US regulation uniforms, hO\\('\cr, for thc state i~lled the 9th 10 161h Infanll') Rl'gimellis dark bluc sack coats, made "ilh a standing collar edged with sky blue and with fh-e bullons down Ihe front. Black broad-brimmed hats \\ ere issued as well as blue forag-e calb. Trousers \\cre sk) blue. Regiments Ilwrcaftcr n'n'i\{'d L'~ n'1!ulalioll dr('~... \\·i...con..ill had ,I unique hullnn di~pla)in~ ih state coat of arms \\ hieh \\ a:. us<.'CI in the 4th 10 161h Infantry' Regiments Ihe US general scn-icc button was us<.-d in the olher units. There was no state belt plate. The longarms issued b) Ihe slate included a Pri,'II'" A. M. Gnu>!, Land;"" Philad.,lph.ia BaU.,ry or Lish. Artill.,ry, .... ~ pho'osrsphed in dU'1 cityj"5t an.,.. th., ban.,ry's rei...... rrom. Ih., Cell)" 10,,"1 .,.m. .i~., mud or 110.. compaip ;", nill .. i.ibl., on his lro.llle.. I..S . Th.. bau...ry .kirmisbed wilh J. Eo B. SIWlrt'• .,.valry oora.. Carli,i1.., p.,nnsylvania, durinS Ihat campaisn. It. dress included a liSh. dr2.b slouch hal, with. red cord ...d O'os!J'HI brass .,.......0 und., .. th., 1...1I.,.. 'A', da .... blu... r.tillue blouH.nd trousers (the blouse h.vinA fi",... bUllon.!! down th... rrool); ...d • tw.p....,.. '8:l5 behplat.... (Autho..... collection)
Wisconsin's officers \\ere to wear US Army uniforms after 185S, bUI, as in so many Northern states, Ihere \\ as nOI enough blue material for all its volunleers on the outbreak of war. The slale's 1St and 2nd Infantry Regiments therefore \\ore plain, single-breasted grey frock Coats, grey trousers with a black cord do\\ n each leg. n grey kepi trimmed wilh black, and a grey overcoat with black piping on (UnS and pockets, The 3rcl's uniforms included dark grey hurning shirrs or frocks. Iighl l::"r"cy trouscrs, and grcy broad-brimnH.'d hats tUl'lled up on olle side. Thereafter, siandard uniforms were made for the 41h 10 8th IIlfantl'y Rcgimenls. These included grey single-breastL'" jackels wilh black shoulder straps and black trim on the collnrs nnd cuffs (except for the 51h, which had only cuff trim), They had grey keeper loops on each side, bllHoned al the top, Ihrough which the waistbchs were 10 pass. Plain ~rcy forage caps, grey trousers with a black cord down each leg, and grey overcoals completed Ihis uniform. ~Iuch of the malerial used was of poor qualily. Blue drilling o\eraJls had to be issued almost immediately to Ihe lSI and 3m Infantry'
4'
mixture or largely forcig-n-made \\capOlls (mostly listed as 'Garibaldi rinC' muskets, caliber .7r').
TIle Ploles
Select Bibliography Alphaells H. Albert, Rfcord ~ Amnica1l l '"iJorm a"d Historical BUllO"S, Bo) erto\\ n, Pennsylvania. 19i6 \\'illiam G. G'l\in, Arro/llrrmml Plain.\ortll a"d South l/Xil IlXij, Philadelphia. 1~)63 John :"i\en. G'omuctlrul for tllf l. '"iOIl, Xe\\ Ha\TIl, Conllecticut, 1965 Frederick P. Todd, .JmfriwlI J/ifitary Equippagr IOjl 18;2, \'olume II. :"t'\\ York, 1983
The dark blue uniform \\ orn b) tbis staff captain is dt"SCribed by Briti'5h correspondent William H, Russdlon 17 April 1861 as 'blue military caps. \\ilh "palmctto" trees embroidered thercon, blue frod· coats. with upright collars, and shoulder-strap! edged with lace, and marked with twosiher bar<;. (( designate their ranks of captain; gill buttons with the palnwlto in relief; blue trowscrs, with a gold· lace cord. and brass spurs no straps'.
A I: Capti/in, SOIl/II Caroli"a,
IIIiI
.12: Corporal.. llaboma lolwllur (;orpj. 1!Kj,
The state uniform. \\ ith minor \-al'iations from unit to unit, \\as worn at least into 1863. This corporal i~ armt.'d with an ~118.p smoothbore o.6g-cal. musket; the bayonet scabbard is the ~118..J.o mooel \\ hich was de!'igncd for this Illusket.
.13: Primlf. l1tll ,\/iuiwppi h!la"/,:'P Rfgimml. 1!Xj1 Photographs indicate that the 11th i\lississippi, as well as a large numlx'r of other state infant~ rt"giments. wore the ba~ic state uniform, at least in 1861. This pri\ate's belt plate bears the state insignia. Hat brims \\l'I"(' folded up according to indi\·idual or unit taste on one or both sides, and ,ometillles 10 eH'n form tricornes. The 11th, then part of Hood's Divi'i-ion, defended the part of the Southern line near the Dunker Church at the Bailie of Antietam. Charged agaill and again, they lost 104 killed or \\Olllltl<:d in the action, including all their field officers; but they held their line. IJJ: Prim/e, 2nd Rhode /slolld Irifnl/lry Regiment, dl6/ Rhode Island's state uniform was loose and (omlol'lablc: b:lsically a blue hunting shirt-a I.;armellt wilh a long militar) tradition in America. .\ type of t\lcxican Jertlpt \\as al~o worn over the ,hin in cooler wcalher. The regiment had switchcd to the regulation uniform \\ hen, as part of the VI Corps at Spots)lvania in 186.\, the) wcre in the I el1(rt· of the brigade S('llt to hold part of the l'qllurC'd lincs. Four limt·S the) wt.'!'e assaulted. and
Colon.,t An>bro_ 8urnsid., won Ih., r..,ld_&....d., officeu' ,·......ioo ofLh., Rhod., Island dark bl..., fro<:k. II has "'·0 ro",'" of bnoS5 bUU005 dowo Lh., fronl, whil., Lhal of "'ornpanM....d .. office", and .,oliSI~ rn"n had onty 0 row of buUons. Hi" Ira................ &,rey. (Davi.d SCh.,inm. CGlleclion )
on Ihc lasl occasion thc Confederatcs cwn managed 10 plant a flag on Iheir \\orks. BUI four limcs they hcld-----(:wll though Iheir guns \\ere so fouled thai the) could llO lon~cr be loaded, and had 10 be exchanged for frcsh oncs. 8;l: S"g~ant,
3rd J/amt
rOIUnl~"
Injanlr}' Rtgimnll,
/fXj',
The 3rd ~Iainc f('ccived slale-produced grey uniforms, as \\ell a~ dislinCli\'{: tin drum-type canteens. and state insignia belt platcs. These uniforms \\erc of pOOl' malerial though, so were replaced \\ hen the regimcnt rcadlL-d the frOll( with US Army regulation dress. The 1x,It platcs and canteens \\ere retained. The 3rd had its roughest day 011 2July 1863 at Getty:.burg. where they were firsl SCllt as a skirmish line in sUPIXlrt of the US Sharpshooters in front of the II Corps; and werc then ordered to rejoin the III Co'llS in the Peach Orchard, where they were batlcrt'd by repeated attacks. They entered tht' batlle with l,~omcers and 196enlisted men; they lost I J 3 all ranks during that day, :llong with their national colour. 83: Pn'vale, ;md ~VtW lIamlJShire VolEmtur "!fanI7;1'
Reg/l1Ifnl.
,l¥i,
Two nov(:1 itelllS ilI'e \\orn by this private of the 2nd ~t'w Hampshire: the 'Whipple' hat and 'camp shoes'. The \\'hipplc hat \\ as \\ klely issued to troop:. from New Hampshire, ~ew York, and .i\las:.achuscHs. II is oftell incorrrctly sho\\ n in modern drawings based on \'ague period engr:wings as a type of pith helmet, but it \\ as actually mad!' orbluc fell with a leather peak and chinstrap. These caps \\1'1'(' \\om at least untilmid-I86:l, and were highly
Carolina bo..&hl COP;" ..flh", M,llp m .. 'k"'l from ''''0 n:., A.. 1-1- W.,..... It Co. (top), aDd B. flaM It Co. (6ottlHft)' Th", Sial'" bo..&h. abo", '00 of Ihe W.,e.., mwokec in 1lLtg,.nd ....0 of th. . .laU ",,""apo.." in ,8;0. Th.. Wal"'''' h.as b ...s" f..,.,.;I""'". Ih.. flag iron f",.,.;I""'". (l\lil""":I."kee P"blic So
ma
Museum)
popular. \\ Iwn Capt tired, amon~ COl1fl-dcralcs. \\ ho called Ihem ·!:x('cb.ior· hats aft('r X('\\ York's mOllo . The camp ~h()('\ \\cre worn throul;'hout Ihe war, and were made of\\hilc can\-as, with k.lIlwr ties, toes, and heels. This pn\'alc alsowea ..... 1111 .1.11,l,'Te)' uniform and unique belt plale. The lnd \\as in the III CO'llS al G(·II\~I"'I!.:. posted in the Peach Orchard behind the 3rd ~1.ljnl: on 2 J ul). The 3rd i\laine \\ ithdre\\ and. to defend their position, llll' 2nd char~('(1 the attacking Somhcrn line and d..o\·c them back. In turn, howcvcr, Ihey W('ft' forc('(\ back under hea\"} fire, retiring, report cd their colond, 'quite rapidly, yet coolly, and without (',\l'it('I1Wllt a.s they went'. Thc 2nd Nt'\\ Ilampshin' lost 193 all ranks during the da) .
C/.· Lil'lltenalll, IAJ/lisiona State Xavy,
1862
Louisiana's Navy fought unsucccssfully against the US Navy below Nc\\ Orleans. The officers were describcr\ in US Navy officers' uniforms, such as this olle worn by a lieut('nalH, \\ith white trousers and a ~traw hat also worn in Ihe US Navy for hot weather. His sword belt ptat(· twars the Slate insignia, \\ hill' hissword was made by L. Haiman & Bros., of Columbus, Georgia, for officers of thc Confederate Na\y. l.:.>: Chiif Enginm. I'irginia Slatt XalY, ,lXi,
Officers in the
\'ir~inia ~aV\
\\ore US :\av) 43
Loc"plal", of Lbe A. H. W.len 6: Co. M .8.t2 m el (Iop) .....d Lbe 8 .....u 6: Co. M.8.t2 m .. "et (601",,,,). (Milwa ee P .. blic M .. _wn)
uniforms, \\ it h the exception of I he state insignia on their bUHons and s\\ord belt plates. This engineer's branch is indicatcd b) his uniquc cap badge and shoulder straps, \\ hik the three bullons around his cufrindieatc his rank. His s\\orrl is the U.S. 1\a\"y offin."rs' mockl.
G'.3: Seall/al/, Grorgia Sialt Sal}l, dJ5/ Gcorgia's Navy lasted only a mailer of mOlllhs, yct in that timc ;,1 receiving ship had been sct up and men enlisted into it. This sailor wears the rather uniquc dress prcsfrilxc! fOI·thal I"rc(', and is armcd with a cutlass made h) Cook & Bl'Other ill :'\cw Orleans, Louisiana. DJ: Primlt. lolJill/diana j'o!ulllrrr
,86,
Illfalll~)'
D2: First Serg('(lIIl. 81h Wiscollsin I'o/unlur lrifanlry Rtgiml'fll, 11/6/ The 8lb \\'iseonsin was the lasl of the state's regiments to receive grey uniforms. The 8th, which served in Western campaigns including that against Vicksburg in 1863, was bcsl known for its mascot, 'Old Alx". all American cagle that was noted for flying low over its ranks in battle, giving a mournful cry, This first sergeant is armed with a PlaS8 Enfield rifled musket from England.
Regimml.
:\11 Indiana's first six rCl,rimt'llts wore a \"('rsion of this basic uniform, some in gH') and ~me in bluc. :\Iade of li~ht-\\eight satinet. these uniforms wore out rapidly and Wl'f(' latcr replaced \\ ilh regulation CS .\rlll) df('\.',. At the Battle of Logan's Cross Rn,ads in JallU
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the Union, the loth werc allacked and fell back, but rallied and IllO\'l-d to thc front again to cover an exposed flank. Running out of ammunition and refilling their cartridge boxes while still under flre, thC) then chal"K,--d and broke the Confederate line, which was ncvcr rallied again for the rCSt of the bailie.
D3: Priratt. Co. D, 71h ,\li£higan lIo/ulllet'r lrifanlry Rtgiment. 1861 Although ~lichigan orrlercd blue uniforms from the first da) it began to get supplies for its volunteers, a number of pre-war or home·made uniforms appeared \\ hell the troops first mustered. This outfit \\ as initiall) worn b) the ~lonroc Light Guard,
which became Co. D of the 7th InElIIlry; it did not last long in service, however. The stale uniforms were of similar designs, but all dark blue. \\'hclI lilt' Union Army was held up by snipers insidl' houses in Fredericksburg, and anillery failed to dislodge Ihem, the 7th jumped into pontoons along \\ith troops from the 19th and 20th ~lassachusetls Regiments, and crossed lhc river, to drive the Confederates out of the to\\ Il. This allowed the engineers to get on \\ ith the job of assembling the pontoon bridges so that the rcst of Ihc Army could cross to the disaslrous Battlc of Fredericksburg.
canteen is a unique comhination of Cantl'en and ration carriCl', issul'd to Sl:'\"l'ral l861 Connl,eticut volulileeJ' regiments: the lOp part holds wattr, while tilt' hollow bottom part is dcsiKlwd fol' ratiolls. The 1St. \\ hich sCf\ed onl) Ihn'(' mOllt hs in 1861, \\ ere at 1St Bull Run \\ Ill're, after cro-.sing the slream follo\\ing Sherman'~ Brigade, thl') marched down Young's Bl'anch and wen' pretl) \\ell out of the fighting for the reM of till' da). FJ: Ord,w1I('t Sl!rgralfl, Jul. \ orlh Carolina Slatl! TroopJ, IlXi3
This ordnance sergeant holds the regimelllal £1: Priml/!, 1St bifantry Rl!gimml. RtstTU Brigadl! of colour. a dan~erolls privil('gl' that seems often 10 Philadl!lphia, 1/Xi3 have fallen to ordnance wrgeallls in ;\onh Carolina Pennsylvania's Reserve Brigade, o'"Kanised in April units. He wears till' regulalion state uniform, wilh 1861, continued to \\ear grey uniforms long aner all the pre-war state belt pia Ie, His caIHeen i~ made of the other Federal volunteers at the front swilched to twO pieces ofshapcd \\ood nailed together. The 3rd blue. When the regiment s."lW field duty, how('Tcr, was in the lead in lhe famous flank march made b) in the southern invasions of 1862 and 1863. and 'SlOnc\\alr Jackson at Chancellors\;lIe. came under artillery fire al Carlisle, Pennsykania. they wore dark blue faligue blouses. Their belt Tvta bou~hl th..H lin canl....1l1i from Kinochbaum ofSolin~~n P ......sia. Alabama bou~hl i.d.,nl;cally rnarloed calli ......... plates were unique, \\ ith the slate coat of arms over i.o which w ....." ho...... n,r. n,ad" of <:opP'"r iosllMld of lin. (Do.. the letters' R H'. J.......- <:011""';0")
£2: Corporal, jJrd Pronsyhania rolunlur bifa"t~). II¥,_' The Stale's first generally issul-d uniform was thi~ simple grey affair, worn at least until mid-t8b.!. This corporal holds the regimental colour, like tIl\' US flag but with Ihestate coat ofarms in thc canton along with the stars. Each of the state's regimellt~ received one ofthesc colours, which diflcred only itl very minor points, At 2nd Bull Run ,he 33r
Companies A and B of Connecticut's infanu \ regimellls were rifle companil'S, trimming t1wil uniforms wilh green. This uniform was atuhoriS('(1 by state regulations before the war, and cJoseh followed that of Ihe US Army'sl8sS regulation~. replacing national insignia \\ilh Slale insignia. Hi~ 15
2 can Ix' confusi ng, ..ince Ihe same nll mbers wel'e u')("(j by pairs of quite distinct regimenls. ~ lost state militia units wore uniforms that they designed for themsclyes ancl were not in state-wide use. The 22nd. a f\e\\ York City regimelll, preferred ~Il.'~ llniforms: the state insignia was worn on the cap box and buttons. whik the com pan) letter appearoo 00 the cap fronl and belt plate. The regiment \IOU made part of the' ~ew York :\ational Guard in September 186.. It scn-cd at Harper's FCIT\. \'irginin. inJlllle 186"2.011 which time it returnedib grey uniforms and donned blue fatigue blou , because Ihe gre) oncs were 100 "imilar to Confederate ones. They were armed with sergeants' P,856 Enfield riOes.
v....... o.. t ..rs., Ii.... th;ll P",.. I.. from Ch..I_, V.......ODI, "'....... US rq;u1uio.. froc" coal. "''-''n ;D the fi..ld. Ilill "'p iii marlo.l'd "";Ih a bnlDlI:b...f._ni ... infantry in,,;!.... ",-ilh a compan) 'G' wilhiD th.. horn loop. (AUlbor'Ji 1I:II)1Il'Ctio.. )
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F:/: Prim/I'. 7/h Horido I'o/un/ur
InJont~)'
Rtgimmt.
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Florida did i'>Su(' som(' uniforms 10 ils troops. including this 7th Infalllry private. The jacket and trousers \\('I'e li'{ht-\\'ei~ht. made with cotton ralher than \\001. His canlecn is a coppt'r COP) of the US Army tin canteen. The 7th, in Finley's Brigade of Bale's Division of thc Army of t he T el1nessl,'l,', sCfved in the defence of Atlanta.
FJ: SergulIIl ,Ilajor, 41h Gtorgia 11IJalll~y Rtgimen/, /863 This sergeant majol' wears a common \ariation of the regulation che\ rons for hisgTade. He al.'lo wears a belt plate with the state insignia: alld his wooden callteell is taken from one carried b) a member of Co. C of this rq..,riment. The ~th was olle of the reginu.'nts that fought the delaying anion at South ~Iountain. tllllS prnenting the Union Arm) from destroying the .\rlll) of 1\'onhCfll \ 'ir~inia pitte· m(·al. (;,: Pm"o/l'. :und. \'t1(. ) ork Sto/t J/ili/ia RtgimOlt. TlKi3 Xe,\ York's state militia \\as nOI the ~ame as hc-r \"ohlll(eer re~im{'nt" at Ih(' frOIll '>Omelhin~ thai
G2: First Liro/man/. 6:Jth Sm' lorA: S/ot~ .\li/ili. Rl'gimm/. dJ62 The 69th \ 'olullIeer Infanlr) and 69th Stale ~Iilitia Regimentswerec1o~dyassociated bOlh were Irish units from ;\ew York CilY with 500 officers and men from Ihe State ~Iilitia Re~imellt \'olunteerin~ for serYi('(' in the \'olunteer Infantry Regiment when il was organiS<.'(1. This fil;ure is ba."Cd closely on a photograph of the Slate ~Iilitia's First Lieutenant E. K. Butler. \\ hich "hows him to ha\e carried a silva Oask as a canteen. His belt plate is the slate sword belt plate. The colour in the background \\as carried by the 69th Volulllf.."tr Infantry untillat(" ,862. AI 1St Bull Run the Stale ~Iilitia l"('gimell( sucressfull) altacked the 4th Alabama, its lieutenant-colonel being killed in the prOCt·ss" The VoIUlH('er Infant!') Regiment was part of tIlt· famous' I !"ish Brigade' of the Army of the Potomac, whosmashecl inlO the Confederate line in the SUllken Lane at Antictam in Scptember r862 despiLe tcrribk los5(·s. G3: Priml(',33rd Sm'
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l'olllll/ur hifalllry Rtgimmt.
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The 331"(1 was one of Ihc man) New York infantry units thal recei\ed Ill(' state uniform jacket. They also wore the state belt plales. This was Ihe Iypical uniform ofthe majority of1\'e\\ York's infantr) men. The 33rd was the last n'giment in the rcarguard when the Union arlll) changed bases during the Peninsular Campaign. On 28 J lllle 1862. when so sen·ing-. il was attacked by the 71h and 8th Ceorgia Regiments. Th(" 33rd checked the attack. caplUrin~
50 prisoners including- bOlh Georg-ia tulonels, and finding anothel' I no Sout hcrncrs wounded or dead in front of Ihei.· position. HI.' COII/pm!I' Q!ulrtmnQ51l'r Sergeallt. I'oltmtur bifQllt~)' ReJ:mltnl. f86-1
30th
Ohio
Ohio's troops, t)pical of mall) Westerners, \\ere often is.-.ucd short jackl'ts instead of fatigue blouS("'S or frock coats. This man \\ears a half-chevron indicating \('teran \olunte('r status. His cross belt plate bears the Slate insignia. and he also \\cars the ~tate bell plate, r't the Battlc ofSouth )loulltain the 301h charged into thel3rd :\'orth Carolina Infantry. who \\t're po'iitioned behind a stont· wall. 'Some oftht, 30th Ohio lo..ed throug:h a breach in the wall', Conlt'derate Gen. D. H. Hill \\rote later. 'and bayonets and dllblx-d Illuskt,ts were used fJ'C('ly for a few momeIll..·. The) dro\'e the :\'orth Carolinian.. off and took tl1(' position.
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H2: Pionur, 'lIlt /11;110;.) I'olunlur InIant~)' Rq:mu"/, 11Ki:; The pioneers' grade is indicated b) the crossc.-d axe insig:nia \\orn on bOlh ~Ic('\es, This regiment, when photographed nt'ar Vick..bu'l(. ~liS5issippi, in .863, \\ore sl<.He·is....Ilt'd jack('ls and broad·brimmed hats. At the Battle of Shiloh, 'Ieft umupponed and alone ,.the 171h Illinoi~ ... r(,tir('d in good order ... and reformed under Ill} dire(·tion·. reponed Cnion Gell. i\IcClcrnand, This calm heha\'iour, which \\as nott)pic;d of man) of the uniLS first hil by the Southern assault, helped sa\'{' the da). and the campaign ill the West, for Ihe Cnion. fl3: /(rgilllel/Ial Q!wrlml/(Hler Srrgetml, yd Xew Jrmy Cfl/'{//~lt Regimf1ll,
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When the 3rd New .Jer~e) Cavalr) was rai.~cd in Januar) ~Iarch 186.\. the ~tale decided to name them Ihe . I st US Illls~ar<;' a!ld I() g-ivl' t ht'1ll a fancin than usual cavalr) uniform, as a spur 10 rccruitmt'nt. The state paid for thl' additions to the regulation ca\-all') uniform. Tile cap was till' issue forage cap \\ilh the peak rellloved and worn sideways although the cro~<;('d sabres insignia on lOp of the cap "as worn fi.lt"ill~ the orig-inal from EXIra braid \\as adelt'd to the jackcts. Called the 'Uutterflics' by other Iroops \\hen the) firsl 3Plx:ared, the r('giment went on 10 establish a rredible record as a 1\"ood (";I\-alr) unit. Their mOSI
This «>rpc>M111 rrom Mad;>iOn, Will.,on"in, w"al"!i a ",,";on or that IItal,,'1' S~Y uni(orn. with blad. trim on lh" lrou"".... and jad'''1 "ufTlI and <:ollar. The ..h;rl is made w;lhoul a collar, and ;11 appa~nlly dar'" blue Or red with .. I;ght-eoloured p;pn1 des;... down lhf' (ronl. (Ri.,hard Carli..le .,olleetion)
notahlt- anion wa;, t/wir eharg:(' to (';lplU re Ihe entire 8th South Carolina Infantr) ReKinwllI, but the) atso made a succ<'''sful charg:e al \\'inehester. "ir1\"inia: I'OUIt"d SOlltlll'nl (";\\;lln at Tom's Brook. \'in,'1nia; and \\('n' ill tilt' BailIe of Fi\e Forks,
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