Osprey, Men-at-Arms #198 The British Army on Campaign 1818-1902 (3) 1856-1881 (1988) OCR 8

OSPREY· MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

'rlze c:Britislz u1rmy Ott

{!tmpaign 1816-1902 (J)~ 1 :

/856-/88/

-

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES EDITOR: MARTIN \VINDROW

I Th/13ritish rJIrmy Ion (?tmpaign 1816-1902 (3):

/856-/88/ Text by MICHAEL BARTHORP Colour Plates by PIERRE TURNER

OSPREY PUBLISHING LONDON

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IJntUit Lhrary Cotaloplflg

IfI

Puhllratum Dolo

Barthorp, Michael British arm} on campaign 1816 1902. Men-at-al'TJ\$ ~ries; IgS . 3: 1856 1881 I. Great Britain. IIrmy-History '2. Creal Britain HislOl'), ~filitaT) 19th «nlury I. Tille II. Scries U A649 355'.00941

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Artise. Note Readers rna} care to note that the original p:liulinp from \\hich the colour plates in this book \\('1'(' prep.;tr«! arc n-ailable rOC" private sale. All rcproduetK)II cop}'right wh.a~H:r is rclaincd by l.he publisher. All enquiries should be addrC!Sed to: Pierre Turllcr 10 Church SlrC(t L)me Rrgis Dorset 1)"'1 385 The publishers regret that lhey C;1ll elller into no corn.'Spondcncc Upoll this mallcr.

The Britis/l Ann] on CaJ1zpaign

!IIf rorllf(li011 The third \'olume of this series sees the Army in a period ofreform following the Crimean War (~IAA 196 . Furthcrchangcs were derived from the lessons drawn from subscqucnl European conflicts with which it was not involved. At Ihcsame time its main role rc"dtcd to the scrurit) and consolidauon ofthe Empire attd its trade, resulting in campaigns large and small all over the world, bearing little resemblance to the conventional European warfare for which the modernising reforms were chieny designed. The layout is the same as in the two previous

(3): /856-/8&

volumes: the campaigns in outline; the methods of the fighting Arms; uniforms, equipment and weapons.

Call1paiglls /856-/88/ This period was dominated b)' two major campaigns. At its beginning the almost wholesale mutiny of the Honourable East India Company's ...1 Ev.ropau1 8eapl F...U;","" ill whi.", shin.. and .rouSO'rs, man::hi.n& .0 bq;~", o..lhi early ill lloe 1Jwliaa Mutilly. Lillo ph, c.pe. Al.I_... B<...pl Eap.."""..... (N.tioaal y M ..M ........5 ..... thO' reonaUod",r ....J".. 0I1I",f"Wise

A

.lIrib.. t~)

... H_"., ill ......~_n-Ke.oodra;.a.d C'O~~ (N1l'~ JMI........, ~bd.. e-lnJ 10Idia IIsI- Wa,n-coIoMr, UN,.

a,.., J.

N.

CnaJock".)'''.

Ikngal :"ati,'c Ann) incilro olher disaffccled dements to rebel ag;tinsl British rule. Had this uprising succeeded it would have threatened the validity of the entire Briti~h Empire. Its crushin1o: e\emuall) ~uirrd the pr~ntt In the Indian uboontinc::ntof,;opercentofallthe Briti hca\"all) and infantl)'; the deployment there: for the first time in the 19th cemu') of the RO)'al Artille'); and the rai ing of '26 ne.... infant') battalion at home, and one in Canada.' The Queen's troops in India .... ere assisted by all the HEle European regiments, the lo)'al regiments of the ~ladras and IJ,omba) Armies and the Punjab frontier Force, and new ~ments raised pnmanl) in tM north-\H::u of India. At its close: the: Go\~rnmem of India was transferred from the Compan)' to the Crown, the ative Armia wen: reorgalli5Cd, and the Company' European regiments .... en: tran ferral not without problems to the British Arm). The end of the period saw a two-)ear ",ar fought in Afghanistan againsl the Regular Af~han Arm) and tribal irregulars. Like the earlier campailipl40 )~an before: ~IAA 193 . its aim was to emun: that British influence, ralher than Russian, pre,ailed across the North·\Vc:st Frontier. It involved six cavalry regiments, 38 battenes and 24 battalions of the British Anny, and 29 regiments, seven b.lueries and 71 battalions of the n:fomlro Indian Anny. """11'." It. 11.0

.1,,1.1, • • •1.11 ••

, ••

Russian expansionism in south-<:ast Europe had bt:cn haJted b) the Crimean War but continued in Asia. leadinli; to the first c.ampai~ of the period Th(' Per;;ian exfX'dition "" designed to persuade thcShah to re-tract his Russian·inspin=d occupation of I Ierat, near the southern Afghan·l)ersian border: its hril'f coune hardl)' merited its award of four battle honoun, though its aim ""as achie-.ed. The eXIX'dition was mourned from India, as wert all Chin('S(' operation. and the rescue of the European ~t.u;n seized b) the- Emperor of Ab) ·oia..\11 other Indian campaigns of the period ~e~ concerned with the supp~ ion of tribal uprisings 011 the frontic". TIll.' China Wars \\ere undcrt.tken, in alliance ""ith Franc, to enforce Chinese o~r\'ance of trC~atin o\'('r tradinli; riJ;hts .md treatment of Europeans, made aft("r the 1839 J2 war ~IA.\ 193 and ub:sc:quentl). Another threat to Briti~h trade. on the Gold Coast no", Ghana by the po",erfulAsharni tribe-.....as0\ ercol11eb) Wolsde)'s expedition of 1873 7'1. In New Zealand displlll'S o\'er land rights OCt .... C"Cn colonist! and Maoris r ,ulted in further and larger campaigns than the first conflict of 18-15 17 ~I.-\.-\ 193 Across the- Atlantic tht" Stturit) of the Canadian border required the dt'ployment of an enlargf'd British garrison, firstl) during th(' American Ci,;1 War after the 1\orth' interception ofa British hil). and secondl) to guard against Amcrican.inspin'(l Fenian incursions. Thl' bloodless but arduous Rrd Ri\'cr t::Xpcdition into the Canadian ~orth·Wrst. to punish la.... lasncss among Franco-Indian half· breeds, sa'" the last emplo)"ment on acti\~ scn;cc of British Regul.lrs in North America, and marked thr emergence of Wolsdcy as a major Vic10rian military figure. Towardsth endofthe-I)(:riod Briti.shauemp to federate the- \arious tenitones in South Africa under the Cro.... n led to the conquest ofZululand. and the ~olt of the Transvaal Boen. Tbc:st" R" pr«:eded b) tribal uprisings 00 lbc tm pcFrontier, as had occurred prior to the (.rimean \ far (~tAA 193), and in the northern Tr,tluvaal, TIlt' First Boer War coincided with tht· t umpletion of another round ofmilitMy rtf
The campaigns and expeditions are listed below. Against eaeh are shown the battle honours awarded, and the British and HEIC European regiments to whom they were granted, Others present, but not awarded battle honours, are gi\'en in brackets, as arc those who took part in campaigns for whieh no honours were awarded. The Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers l were never granted individual honours. their uni\'ersal service being recognised by the motto 'Ubique'. The HEIC Native Annics and posl-~Iutiny Indian Army are not included. The nc\\ designations of the HEIC European cavalry, artillery, engineers and infantry after 1860 are noted after the listed campaigns. Regiments arc abbreviated as follows: British cavalry: Numeral followed by DC (Dragoon Guards); D (Dragoons); tD (Light Dragoons); H (Hussars); L (Lancers). Royal ArtillerY/Engineers: RHA, RA/RE. British inl~l.l1try: single batlalion regiments---64th, 78th etc; two or more battalion regiments115th, 2/9th, 3/RB (Rifle Brigade) etc. HEIC: B (Bengal); M (Madras); By (Bombay); E (European/s); LC (Light Cavalry); HA (Horse Artillery); FA (Foot Artittery); LI (Light Infantry); F (Fusiliers). Royal Marines: RMA (Artillery); RMLI (Light Infantry),

Persian War. RtJhiu: ByHA" ByFAJ; 64th, 2nd ByELJI, Bushirr. 64th, 2nd ByELI. Koosllab: ByHA, ByFA; 64th, 78th, 2nd ByELI. PtTsja: t4 LD; ByHA, ByFA; 64th, 78th, 2nd ByELI. 1857-59 Indian Mutiny. /)e'"i: 6 DC, 9 L; 8th, yll1d, 1/60th, 61St, 75th, 1St EBF, 2nd BEFI. Lutknow: (Defence (Dt, Rclief(R), Captn,c C)): 2 OG(C), 7 H(C), 9 L(R, C); 5th (0, R, C), 8th (R),
1856-57

'POSI-I860 dnilt:nalion,. I, '1. 3 IlEI.C _ '9 II, '10 H, 'II II l. from 1&)7. BIIA. MH,\. R}ll" _ RII,,; BFA. Mr".Il}r" _ R".Il, .\1. Br Engill«n .. R L UI ERr _ 10151: ~"d IIEr _ "'~Ih; 3m REIJ _ I07Ih; 151 MU- _ 100~nd: 'lnd :\IELI _ I05lh:3rd ME _ loBth: 1M B)Er _ 100rd: 'llld H) Ell _ IOblh; ~rd H) E _ 10000h. Onl} I~I ERF inH'nro ,"" .... ord ·J'.urOllO:'an' III IUlltlo:c, 'Successor. from 1857 69- of Land Tram,porl Corps __ M,\i\ 196;

'Afl..r Iho:c Cnnl("Otn \\ar lngilH'<'T offM'n'I arK! soIdio:cn of I.... RO)aJ Mi",,"" ,,('ro:c abK>rbo:d inlO ooo:c CorpsofRO)
s..PP""~ and

clnn(OnUl mtrl:u OI,alry. MllCr hoooun a,,-~rrltrl in India and China bm not lOr '\'..... l.o:caland

2/'4th R ..girn.. ul assaulting th.. WaikalO Pal>, N .. w Zraland I~ Wal ....oolou.., Orlando No"';... (W"lit Yorkshire R .. gim ..nl, on loan NAM)

1864

1857--60

1858 [860-61

r861 186 [-62

1863--64

1863--66

28th, 29th, 33rd, 35lh, 371h, 43rd, RMLI, 51St, 54th, 56th, 2/60th, 3/60th, 66th,_loth, 73rd, 74th, 8 1St, B7th, 89th, 92nd, 9,~lh, 99th, 3rd BEll l, 1St ByEF', 2nd ByELI.) Second and Third China Wars. Canlon (1857): 59th. TakuForls(rl£o): I DG; 2/ISl, 1/2nd, 1/3rd, 3151, 44th, 2/6oth, 67th; Military Train. Pekin Il£o: I DG; 2/151, 112nd, 2/60th, 67th, 99th; Military Train. (RA; RE; RMA, RMLI.) North-West Frontier (Sittana). (BI St, 98th.) Second Maori War. New Zealand: 1112th, 2/14lh, 40th, 57th, 651h. (RA; RE; RMLI; Military Train.) Sikkim Expedition (NE India). (,/6,h.) Canadian Reinforcement. (t 3 H; I/Grenadier Guards, 2/SCOts Fusilier Guards 3 , 1115th, 1/16th, 47th, 63rd, 96'h, '/RB.) North-West Frontier. (Antbela: RA; [/71h, 71St, 93rd, IOISt. Shabkadr: 7 Hj RHA; 79,h, 3/RB.) Third Maori War. New Zealand: t/ [2Ih, 2/14.lh, 2/18th, 40th, 43rd, 50th,

'Scot. Gua,dsfroHl 1B70.

,865-66 IB65--66 IB66

1867-68 1867--68

1870

IB73-74

,875-76 IB77-78 ,877-78

68th, 70th. (RA; REj RMLI; Military Train.) Japan Expedition. (RA; RE; 2/201b, RMLI,67th .) Bhutan Can>paign (NE Imli.). (RA; 55th, Both.) South Arabian Expedition (Aden). ('''9,h.) Fenian Raids, Canada. (RA; RE; Detachments 2/7th, 1/16th, 2/17th, 1/25th, 30th, 47th, [/RB, 4/RB, Royal Canadian Rifles 4 .) Abyssinian War. Abyssinia: 3 DC; 1/4th, 26th, 33rd, 45th. (RA; RE.) North-West Frontier (Black Mountain). (20 H; RA; 1/61h, l/lgth, ~81h, 77 th .) Canadian Troubles. (Red River: RA; RE; 1/60th, Royal Canadian Rifles. Fenian Raid: RA; Detachments 1/60th, 69th, I/RB, Royal Canadian Rifles.) Ashanti War. Ashantu: 2/73rd, 47nd, 2/RB, '/ and 7/Wesl India.' (RA; RE; RMLI.) Perak Can>p';gn (Malaya). (RA; 1/3rd, I/IOlh, 801h.) North-West Frontier Uowakhi). (RHA; 2/9th, 5 IS', 4/RB.) Nintb KaffirWar. South A}1ica l87n8:

::~~~~ i·~rC~'n~~a~r regiment, ,B'1-':'-70, fonned from older Rrgulars 'Raised '795; black.'lOldicn, whilcofficers

1/13th, 1/24th, Both, 88th, goth, 94th. (RA.) 1878--80 Second Afghan War. Ali Masjid: 10 H; I/'ith. 51St, 81St, 'lIRE. P~iwar Kota/: 218th, 72nd. Charasiah: 9 L; 671h, 72nd, 92nd. Ahmad Khtl: 59th, 2/60th. Kandahar: 9 L; 2/7th, zl60th, 66th, 72nd, 92nd. AJghanis/ollI878-79: 10 H; [/17Ih, 70th, 8[st, 4/RB. AfgllOllistaTl IfJ78-&>: 9 L, [5 H; 115th, 2/8th, 1112th, 51St, 59th, 2/60th, 67th, 72nd, 92nd. AJghanistan 'lI7!HJoo 6 DG, 8 H; ./7th, '/9th, 2/ tt th, 2/141h, z/151h, III 8th, 63rd, 66th, 781h, 85th. (t3 H; RHA, RA.) 1879 Zulu War. South AJrica 11179: I DC, 17L; 2/3rd, z/4th, 1/131h, 'lIZ 1St, l/z4lh, 2/z4Ih, 57th, 581h, 3/60lh, 80th, 881h, 90th, giSt, 94th, 99th. (RA; RE.) 1879 Sekukini's Revolt (Transvaal). (RE; 2/21St, 80th, 94lh.) 1881 Transvaal or First Boer War. (Detachmcnt I DC; RA; RE; 2121St, 581h, 3/60th, 92nd, 94th. Present but not cngaged: 6 D, 14 H, 15 H; zl60th, 83rd, 97 th .)

Royal £oopee..... M..d .... ~ Sappcrs a..d Mi_r&, .Dd nrel Resitnnu ~Ionnin. Mapat.a, Aby..iDia ,868. WalercolOllr, Capl. F......kJame.. Bombay SlaffCorp5.

unallcred. Thc standing position remained thc norm for loading and firing, whether with volleys or file-firing, though use of cover, knceling, and even lying down 10 firc, and 'double timc' (150 paces to the minute) wcre permitted for skinnishcrs. 1856- 1874 As seen in MAA IgG, the Crimean War becameThus, in the open warfare of the Indian aftcr the early, predominantly infantry baltles, in Mutiny-as opposed to the sieges and dcfences of which the Brilish lineovercamc Russian columns- cities likc Delhi and Lucknow-infant!), operated a siege campaign, dominau..-d by heavy anillel)' largely as Ihcy had in the Crimea and before. wilh the ink'lnlry consigned to trench warfare, and Funhcrmore, thcy wcre confrolHing troops trained intcrsperscd with largely fruitlcss assaults against in idcnticalmcthods, so that it was linc againsllinc, well-prepared defcnces. After Balaclava thc cavalry fought with "great ferocity and delermination on had linle employmcnt other than outpost duties. both sides and inspired by motives ranging from NOlwithstanding the major part played by rcvcnge, religion, racial antipathy, resentment and artillcry-----olmparcd with previous campaigns (sec rewards. That in a pitched battle on the plains MAA 193)-lhe improved range and penctration British infant!)' could overcome an equal or grealer ofinfant!)' fireanns, and the fact that Inkerman had number of sepoy infalll!)' was duc in part 10 ~n won morc by small groups of infant!)' than inexperienced leadership among Indian officers whole battalions in line, the 'Infant!)' Manual' of abovc company Icvel, but more to the superiority of 1857 changed linle. The tcsted evolulions of line thc British soldicr's Enfield rifk--ironicaJly onc of and column protccted by light infantry eXlcnded as the M uliny's causcs-which cnablcd effectivc firc to skirmishers, and all conductcd customarily in be opcned at greater rangcs lhan thc sepoy's 'quick time' of 108 paces to the minute rcmained musket.

Fightillg Methodf

9:md Higbland~rs cbarging tb~ Afgbans at tb~ Battl~ of Kandabar .880. Painting, V~nk~r Hanlilton. (Gordon Higb_

infantry ballalions must be proficient in light infantry duties, which were defined as protectivc, reconnaissance, covering and observation. All The infantry fighting in defence of, or against the infantry acting in the light role were to be divided big cities, involved much that was familiar from into skirmishers, followed, in open COUIHI)' at 200 Sevastopol; watch and ward in thc trenches yards distance, by supports of equal strength and defending the batteries and camps, counter- 300 yards behind, by a reserve one·third of the attacking sallies, storming strongly-held posilions, whole; such a force would be 500 yards ahead of the and a ncw clement---street fighting. Amid the main body deployed in the usual line or column. jumbled buildings and oftcn narrow roadways, the The intervals would, of course, depend on the battalion linc had perforcc to give way to the nature ofthe terrain, and advantage was to be taken • column, sometimes with frontages of no more than of cover from fire. half-companies, sections or evcn fours, and most of Obviously this greater emphasis on light infantry the work had to bc donc with the bayonct l . tactics, or 'Skirmishing' as it was headed in the 1870 Co-incidelHally with the mopping-up operations cdition, was more appropriate for the 4~00 by mobilc columns in thcMutiny's closing stagcs of yards range of the Enfield, and the increased rate of 1859, thc first edition since 1833 of ' Field Exercises fire (10 r.p.m. instead of 2 r.p.m.) of the Snider, the and Evolutions of Infantry' was issued. This first breech-loader-a converted Enfield. Neverthecovered not only thc handling of a ballalion in the less, the manocuvres to form line, column, square field, blll also of higher formations. Though the and c...'Chclon in which a main body would deploy battalion eight-company organisation remaincd continued in force up to the 187OS. The pace for all unchanged (and would continue to do so until such movements was accelerated to 110 per minute; 1913), the flank companies were abolished in 1858; double time of 150 paces to the minute was used for and the 18.'i9 manual stipulated for the first time charging, rushes, and occasionally for movements of what had already become normal practice: that all a company within a battalion. These evolutions wcre primarily designed with a 'A comlhlny was di\"id~xI inlO 'wo haU:cornp,,,,idl, each und..., a comparable encmy force in mind, but none of the sulJahem, "nd containing IWOSCClionSCOlllmanded brsergcanIS. Two files mad... " 'follr foes faced by the Army in the 1860s and early 1870S .l.and~rs)

tud disciplined armies in the European 5C:IUC. All wen: of varying military sophi (ication and kill, relying on mass to some degree, backed by wcapons ranging from artillery to edged blades. The Chinese and Maoris tended to light defensively, the former from gun-manned forlS or obstllcles, the latter frolll rifle-armed, ingeniously-constructed stockades, or 'pahs'; this continued until the power of modern artillery converted them to guerrilla tactics of raid and ambush. On the North-West Frontier the tribesmen used some long-range sniping, but relied more 011 a sudden onslaught with edged weapons in mass from ambush or high ground. The Abyssinians depended ultimately on the natural strength of their fortress, Magdala, armed with some primitive guns, but they employed the spear-and-sword charge to delay or allack a vulnerable point. The Ashanti, with ,lug-filled but lethal firearms, allied their numbers to their thick jungle by forming a loose skirmishing line to attack, chien), the flanks or rear. Each rC of endurance to o\'crcome unfamiliar climate and terrain, coupled with high morale to contend with the li.-rociOLls practices or IOcS ullciviliscd hy European

standards. Such ",arfare could rcrluire greater decentralisation of command within a battalion than was customary. A weak or weapon-inferior enemy could be brushed aside by skirrni~hers and suppOrtS without e\'en deploying a reserve, let alone a main Ixxly. However, many 'small wruos' enemiL'S ran away to light another day: and success depended upon bringing them to battlc. cutting their lines of retreat, and crushing them by fire, \\ hill' at the same time safeguarding the rorce's vital lines of communication by which casualties were evacuated and supplies lind reinrorcements brought up. Unlike European warfare, the wound(.'d could ne\'er be left to the mercy of the enemy; so their retrieval like guarding the rear could Ix expensi"e in manpower and effort. The troops needed for such tasks could, depending on the enemy's calibre, be compensated for by havinK smaller T('scrvcs in front. The assaults on Chinese forts and Maori pails sa\\ the stonning tactics used at Sc\'astopol repeated sec ~IAA t<)6" thoul';:h on a smaller scale, and a~aillst the ~faoris oftell with as lillie ~ucccss: 57d. Rq:imenl enlrenchins al_ser, Zululand .879- 'C..... phlc' eos",vins, Co E. Fripp. (AulAo.. j

751h Retinaenl cha'lll.n5 La line al BadJe-.._ .... i ncar Delhi .857' Lit.h05.... Ph, Capt. AtkinHft, Be..,;al En5inct:rs.

commanders underestimated their enemy, ordered costly frontal assaults, and failed to block the escape routcs. During the advance to Pekin across the I onh China plain conventional tactics sufficed; an H. H. Crealock eyewitnesssketchofan attack shows skirmishers going fonvard extended, followed by their supports in line, and guns coming into action from a flank in support. Mountain warfare on the Frontier was largely a matterofscizingand holding dominating ground to safeguard a column's advance to dcstroy a tribal base. During the Ambela Expedition of 1863, after the initial approach march, the force became beleaguered in a pass for several weeks while awaiting reinforcements necessary to overcome much stronger opposition than anticipated. The fighting developed into the defence of hill-top picquets, held by one or two companies, against attacks by massed swordsmen supponed by matchlock fire by day and night. If a picquet was lost it had to be immediately counter·attacked. Eventually the offensive was resumed, and a fonnal two-brigade attack on a strongly·held mountain closed the campaign. In the Ashanti War a main column advanced

through thick bush and forest On the enemy capital, with three subsidiary and weaker columns on its flanks to divert enemy resourccs. In such close country, with the constant danger of ambush, a company proved too unwieldy a tactical sub-unit and had to be split ilHo its four, semi·indepcndellt sections, three working ahead, the fourth between 40 and 80 yards in rear. When the enemy was encountered in strength, the column would advance in a loosely-formed square, each side of battalion strength, enclosing the headqllarters, reserve and baggage; the sides wcre flexible, each section or company fighting its own little skirmishes but all-round protection being maintained. Arter the Crimean War cavalry organisation and evolutions remained unchanged (sec MAA 196). Throughout this period breech-loading carbines were coming into service, though seldom receiving the training time accorded to sword or lance. The .8Gg 'Cavalry Regulations' Slated that 'attack [i.e. shock action] is its principal object', laying down the attack fonnation as a first line, arranged in line and mustering one-third of the attacking force; a second of supports, in line or column; and a reserve in column, all al 4.oo-yard intervals. Other cavalry dutics-skinnishing, patrols, outposts, advance, flank and rear guards-

received atlentiOIl but only occupied 5 per cent of the manual. In the Mutiny's early stages a lack of cavalry for pursuit diminished the successes achieved by lhe infantry. As the cavalry strength built up-ultimately to 15 British regiments-there were plentiful opportunities for attack, often from the flanks or rear while the infantry attacked frontally, against rebel Bengal cavalry, infantry (even breaking their squares) and guns. As the rebel cause weakened cavalry played a major role, searching for and hunting down the enemy. Few British cavalry participated in the other campaigns, whkh in any case afforded little opportunity for shock action. In China, charging in the traditional fashion, the King's Dragoon Guards, had no difficulty routing a horde of Tartar horse, desplte the Tartars' habit of shooting from horseback. At Sbabkadr, on the Frontier, tribesmen were enticed from their heights on to a plain where they were sllccessfully charged thrce times from a flank by the 7th Hussars, being thrown into such disorder that the infantry, attacking frontally, were able to rout them. There was, however, need for mounted troops for patrols, outposts, t.."SCorts, despatch-riding and guarding lines of communication, as were undertaken in Abyssinnia by a squadron of the 3rd Dragoon Guards split up in small detachments. In

Col. Lord Mark Kerr wilh "kirmi"hinl line o( 131h Lilhl In(antry at the ..-rUe(o( AUmgh ..r, .858- Painling, C. A. H. L.>Iye..... (SUSMj

New Zealand, in default of any Regular cavalry, and before local yeomanry were formed, such work had to be performed by the ~lilitary Train, foregoing its logistic function as it had previously done in the Mutiny and China. A cavalry troop was also formed from C/4 Battery RA, which was even called lIpon to assault dismounted with swords and revolvers at Rangariri Pah. The adherence to the rebel cause of the IndianSq....dro... of7t1> H....ar.. in line p"n"in! reb
manned clements of the Bengal Artillery necessitated the despatch to India of Royal Artillery horse troops and field batteries to reinforce the H EI C's European artillery. Organisation, tactics and annamelll remained asdescribed in ~lAA 196. The mutineers handled their guns skilfully, though their reluctance to fight them to the last undcr attack r<'Suhcd in gun losses, often to well-handi<:d cavalry supported by horse artillery arriving from an unexpected direction in conjunction with an infantry assault whose way had been pa,-ed by field batteries enfilading the enemy position from a flank. The Mutiny was the last major campaign fought with smoothbore guns, with limited range and accuracy largely unchanged since the Napoleonic Wars. The field batleries sent to China in Is&:> were equipped \\ ith Annstrong 12-pdr. rifled breech-loaders RBL; the same gun and a 6-pdr. version was also used against the ~laoris. Firing elongated, instead of spherical projectiles of shell, shrapnel and case with gre:.uly enhanced accuraC) and range---more accurate at two miles than a smoothbore equivalent at half a mile---the rifled guns were also lighter, so that a 12-pdr. RBL only required a six-horse gun-team instead of the eight nceded for a g-pdr. SB. The old four-gun, twohowitzer battery armament gave way to six guns in Armstrong-equipped horse troops and field batteries. Notwithstanding the success of rifled guns in action, many batlcries had to continue with smoothbore throughout the 18605, particularly in Military Trai.. acling al cavalry engaging Maoris at ~~~u,;;..,,:) .865. Walf,rcolour by Gustavu: von TeJnpsky.

I

India; and the posilion artillery-18, 24, and 32pdrs.,8 in. howitzers and 10 in. mOrtars (sec MAA (96)- remained of that type, though a 4o-pdr. RBL and even a Ilo-pdr. had been used in New Zealand, manned by the Royal Navy. Furthermore the breech-loading principle received much criticism until, after trials in which the RBLs failed to show to advantage over rifled muzzle-loaders R~(L) in range, accuracy and rapidity of fire, it was decided to revert to muzzle-loaders on grounds of simplicity, and cost. From 1871 the 9-pdr. and 16-pdr. R~(L became the standard field guns for horse and field batteries; their ranges rcspccti\-ely were 2,<>00--3,300 yards and 1,800-4,000, depending on elevation. Nor was the improved pcrfonnance of riAed guns fully appreciated in $Cnior gunnery circles. or the Anny generally. Batteries eOlllinued to be tied to the cavalry or infantry they were supporting, greater emphasis being placed on gun-drill and alignment at correct intervals from the supported anns, than to tactical deployment best suited to the guns' capabilities. During the Fenian Raids in Canada axle-tree scats weTC filled to the 12-pdr. RBLs to give a field battery improved mobility, but generalJ} field gunners still had to march, thus restricting their speed of deployment to the infantry's pace. This defect mattered less in mountainous or difficult terrain against irregulars, when in any case gunners needed close prolcction, and when the battery as the fire-unit sometimes had to be broken down to two-gun sections, or even individual guns acting as infantry heavy weapons. Although a horse-drawn field battery of 12-pdr. RBLs accompanied the Ana.bela and Abyssinian expedilions, the guns were soon transferred to elephanls, as were 6-pdr. RBLs in Bhutan to form an improvised, and the first RA mountain battcry; it later went to Abyssinia. The regular Indian-manned mountain batlerics at Ambela each had four 3-pdr. SBs and two 4;in. howitzer 88s. Somc were converted 10 rifle-bore for Bhutan and Abyssinia, where two 7pdr. RML, mule-borne, RA-manned baneries were also used, these guns becoming standard for mountain artillery, with a range of 800--1,700 yards. They also provided the artillery support for the Ashanti expedition, used singly or in pairs and manned by 1-lau$<'15.

In general, the campaigns up to the carly 1870S were successfully accomplished, sooncr or later; but because old habits died hard, particularly among older officcrs, the new weapons were used for old methods.

7-pdr RML '-""'f")', Ror-I Artillery ia Abyniaia ,1I6a. No,e onis.u.... or ,rousen ..·0.... wiLh lot.... r.....,kL

to avoid enemy fire, was increased to 165 paces to tbe minute, while quick time was also accelerated, first to I 16, then to 120 paces per minute. Obviollsly maintenance of such speeds was arrected by the 1875 1881 The Franco-Prussian War of 1870 made the British terrain. Suitable cover was to be utilised, but not at AmlY realise that new weapons required new the expense ofdisrupting the attack's cohesion or its tactics, or rather a re-adjustment of the old. At the line of advance. Furthermore the use of cover and Alma, 16 years before, twO infantry divis.ions, extended order intensified the problem of lire supported by another two, had each attacked with control by officers and NCOs, which the increased all battalions in a single two-deep line. Henceforth rapidity of fire ofbrcech-Ioading-rifles made more attacks would be made in two lines, plus a reserve, than ever essential if ammunition was not to bc but the first line would adopt a formation hitherto wash;d. confined to skirmishing. In defence a similar three-tier formation was to A first-line battalion would attack thus: a be adopted, though the intervals and proportions fighting line of two companies cxtended in single allocated to each would depend on the cxtent and rank over somc 400 yards and advancing alter- nature of the ground to be held. The yardstick for nately, covering one another with fire; about 180 the required density of rifles was that a yard of yards behind, two companies as supports, in ground needed thrcc mcn. Thus a I,ooo-strong whatever formation best suitl.-cl thc ground and the battalion might be expected to hold a frontage of enemy fire, with the tasks of thickening up the 300.350 yards, the forward companies perhaps fighting line when necessary to maintain thc each having three sections in the fighting line with volume of fire, or proteCling its flanks; finally, at a men a yard apart and one section in support, the 300-yard interval, the main body of four com- rear companies being in rCSCl"\'e for counter-attack. These revised formations, which coincided with panies, at first in column or quarter-column, later deploying illlo line, rcady to influence the allack as the introduction ofan improved, but still single-shot breech-loading rifle, the ~1artini-Henry, were deemed best by the commanding officer. As the objective was neared, the fighting line devised for European warfare. However, the chief would be built up by the supports and ultimately, if enemies confronting the infantry after their necessary, by the main body, possibly from a flank, illlrodllction wcre the Zulus, Afghans and Boers. until fire superiority enabled the whole baltalion to The military qualities or the first and last were advance and finally charge with the bayone\. gravely underestimated; the recently-introduced Double time, as used for the charge, or short rushes tactics wcre imperfectly understood and practised,

'3

and against the massed, disciplined but mainly spear-armed Zulus they were inappropriate. One result was the disaster of Isandlwana where, without any fixed defences or obstacles, six companies of the 24th (some 480 men) and some unreliable levies attempted 10 hold a 1,5OD-yard frontage---without supports or rcscrve---against 20,000 Zulus. The same day one 24th company, fighting from behind a barricade, withstood 4,000 Zulus at Rorke's Drift. The lesson was lcamed: Gingindhlovu was fought from a waggon laager; and at Kambula two battalions 15 companies" six 7-pdrs. and 600 mounted men ",'on the decisin' battle of the war, holding a well-sited, all-round defensive position interspersed with quick, local coumer-attacks. At U1undi the Zulu charges were shattered by 33 companies from six battalions and 14 guns in the way that cavalry had been received of old-four-dccp, in close order, in square. The Afghan War produced both hill and plains fighting against opposition varying from regular infantry and artillery operating, more or less, in a European fashion, to massed, fanatical charges b) largely sword-armed tribal irregular horse and foot. \"hen the Afghan regulars held high groundas at Ali )'Iasjid, Charasia and Peiwar Kotal-the attack formation \,'orkcd \\'cll, but more rines could Hausa-m.....ed ,-pdr RM,L protected by 42nd 1lilllhl...d.,f"So A!IIhanu ,8'4' Wal.,r"nlnur, Ortandn Nnn.,.

'4

be allocated to the fighting line and supports since the density and precision of hostile musketry was seldom equal to a European army's; some reserve was always necessary, to guard against Rank or rear attack, or to assist the fighting line by enveloping the objective. The nature of the ground and the presence of enemy artillery dictated an extended order and alternate fire-covered rushes in the attack; but instead ofdesignating whole companies as supports, each fighting line company might find its own supports from one, possibly t\\'o, of its own four sections, as described above for the defence. When attacked b) massed tribesmen the need was for a dense belt of fire from the maximum number of rines at maximum range. In the early stages of ).,Iaiwand the 66th dealt successfully with such attacks by ha\;ng all its companies in linc along a shallo\\ watercourse, cach standing up to fire ,"ollcys in turn, initially at 1,200 yards, then I);ng down to relo.1.d and gain protection against encmy anillery and enfilading riRe fire. AI Ahmad Khel thc 59th also formed a line of companies, but so rapid and enveloping was the enemy rush that the right wing had to be angled back to guard the rear. The tribesmen cauglH these companies as th~y were redeploying and the line forma lion had to be hurriedly converted into company squares which managed to stand firm. Square, of course, gave allround protcction but did not permit the maximum usc of rine-fire obtained from line, and was thus a

last resort at close quarters if the rush had not been broken lip by \'Olleys at longer ranges. Section or camp"lly \'olleys were customarily used at ranges over 600 yards, firing starting from right or left of the battalion for the first \'olley, thereafter companies firing regardless of others. AI shorter ranges independent fire was more usual. However, when defending the Sherpur Cantonment at Kabul against mass attacks, the 67th and 9~.md did not open fire until the enemy \\ere within ~oo yards and then with \'olleys ";th complete success. The frontages held by battalions at Shcrpur were about one yard per man. The 92nd went all through the Afghan War, and the 58th and 3/60th lhrough the lalter stages of the Zulu War; yet their collective experience r:'lilcd them in 188. against the Transvaal lkK:rs who, though belittled by thc Staff, proved the most formidable enemies of the period: good shots, skilled in ficldcraft, every man a mou11It.."(1 riAeman with an instinctive understanding ofcovering movement by fire. Without mounted troops other than a small ad hot: force, the infantry might have fared better using the new formations, had they been allowed to do so. The 58th, ordered to take the steep Laing's Nek position with the bayonet, were hurried up the slopes without extending since they "erc initially in dead ground from the top and c011lrol of movement was easier, and were then ordered to charge before they had lime to deploy. Suffering heavy casualties

A hShuflS lifle with IiUpport. (Punjab t.. r."lry) po.iliofled b..hind 'aalllered wallllllo... and ... abalu" i.n d ..r....c:e of the

Sherpur Ca.nlonmen" K.bul .8".

from the intens<: Boer fire at close range, they could only retreat, using the attack fonnation in revcrse, one compan) covering another. So little was the Boers' fighting abilit) appreciated that the 58th, as in all fomlcr campaigns, went into action wilh thcir Colours-a practice still permitted b) the 1877 "Field Exerci ' but ne\'er again after Laing's Xek. 1 To hold their sector oL\lajuba Hill the 92nd, far from having the recommended thrcc riAes for every yard's frontage, were forced to extcnd to I ~ )'ards between men a thin screen which the Boers had no difficulty penetrating. There was a small reserve for COlllltcr·allack but, badly organised, it failed in its task. At the Ingogo, in a very exposed position too large for their numbers, the 3/60th were also widely spact..-d with no supports or reservc; fortunately the Boers did not attack, but their firc proved costly. The cavalry also received a new manual. 'Cavalry Regulations', in 1874. Although their traditional role of shock action rt.'Ceived due emphasis, with a similar three-tier formation to the infant I') , a new departure was the attention paid to scouting, skinnishing. and particularly 'dismoun'1..1\" ,,~frulllnoJ ..... 1.... inlol'OloOl... ' .... J-I,h·sC..o&
'5

J/60th Rill.", over-
.88.

ted service', using the new breech-loading carbines from cover, enclosed country or behind an obstacle, chief!) against enemy cavalry or limbered-up artillery. Nevertheless, regiments with command· ing officers prepared 10 take seriously these less exciting roles \\ere rare. One such was the loth Hussars, which in Afghanist.an provided one twO-troop sq uadron for well-performed reconnaissance and outpost duties, moulltt-d and dismounted, with the Kurram Field Force. On one occasion, covering a retiremem, one troop was dismoumed 10 fire b) sections and checked an advance of 5,000 Afghans. At the battle of Futlehabad the same squadron and another troop covered the withdrawal of some guns with dismountcd fire; charged with the Guides Cavalry against tribesmcn on the flat-the Guides in loose order, the 10th in double rank; pursued them dismounted into the hills; and finally attacked and took a conical hill in dismounted skirmishing ordl'l like infantry. Against overwhelming numbers of trib<:sml'n advancing in loose order near Kabul, part ofthegth Lancers charged in extended order over unsuitable ground and, despite R HA support, got into difficulties and had to retreat, covered by dismounted fire until rescued by infantry. During the siege ofSherpur the 9th found outlying picqucLS and dismounted patrols on the walls, but came into their own during the pursuit after the final Afghan

,6

assault. Another example of classic cavalry pursuit was the 17th Lanccrs' charge afler the fugitivc Zulus at Ulundi. In Afghanistan the 9th found that the rapid change from mounted to dismountt..'« action such warfare required was hampered by the regulation method of carrying their arms, as will be explained later. During Roberts' march from Kabul to Kandahar the 9th'S role was confined to advance, flank and rear guards, while along the Khyber line of communication the 6th Dragoon Guards and 8th Hussan; were entirely employed in small dctachmenLS as escorLS and road patrols. Against the Boers the much-needed cavalry am\'cd too late to affect the outcome. The artillery's new R~fL guns have already been noted. lIS most importam post·,870 develop· ment was the freeingofbaueries from theshacklcs of conformity with the infantry or cavalry they were supporting. Henceforth battery commanders would be told the aim ofthe movements ordered for a force and allowed to decide the best means to assist it. This new freedom for gunners to determine their own deployment was confirmed by the issuc, in 1875, of the '~Ianual ofField Artillery Exercise', the first to be e1evoted to artillery tactics ' . In addition the fitting of axle-tree seats to all field guns would greatly improve field batterics' mobilit)'. Though gunners would still march occasionally to save the horses, when mounted the Nos. 2 and 3 weill on the waggon·limbe:r, 4 and 5 on the gun-limber, 6-g on the waggon. On going into action lOS. 2 and 3 'Prn-iousl~ l~

Ro)..J AnilkT) Iw:l had w

lOni!l:n I,ml!u;!ll(t" pub!im.ions on S!.l("h

rd~

wl;n-.s

00 lfansl,lIioos of

would transfer to the gun axle-tree scats, NO.7 to rush, At Maiwand, supporting a mainly infantry the gun-limber. NO.1, or gun detachment force, E/B RHA faced both superior artillery and commander, was individually mounted as before thc threat of mass attacks, Fighting in the open and like RHA gun-numbers. aligned between two scpoy battalions, E/B was Following gunners' new independence and the outnumbered and outgunned, and the scpoys upgrading of their role, however. the nature of the broke. E/B fought its guns until almosl surrounded fighting in Zululand, with a limited artillery force and with tribesmen only t5--20 yards away before anned chiefly with light 7-pdr. Ri\ILs and rockets, retiring, but one section \\35 overrun, Only when required lhe splitting ofbauerics down to two-gun attacking Afghan regulars, as at Charasia, could sections acting, as in the past. as infantry hea,'y guns be employed in (he manner urged by the 1875 wealX)ns, The later arrival ofa g-pdr, ballery and a manual, choosing the best position for counterfour-gun Gatling batlery saw no change of rolc, and battery fire or to assist the infantry forward. It was at Ulundi the guns were sited at the cornenor in the found, however, that both mountain and field guns cClllre of the squarc's sides, lacked lethality against enemy in Stonc defences or At Laing's ~ck the failure of the six guns (fourg- mud-walled villages, who could only be turned out pelrs, and twO 7-pdrs.), firing at maximum by an infantry assault. elevation, to neutralise the Boer riflemen through Tosum up these last six ) cars: though tactics had inaCC11lJ.te fire and stopping too soon was scvcrely caught up \\~th weapons, much irregular warfare felt b) the infantry. At the Ingogo the ,-ulnerability required a reversion to earlier methods, and the of draught-horses and gunners without gun-shields ensuing tactical problems witnessed one ultimately to rifle fire when without cover so impaired the successful campaign marred by one disaster, an mobility and effeClivencss of the guns that they indecisivc war marred by another, and a lost war could only be kept in action by drafting which inevitably contained thc seeds of futurc infantrymen to serve them. conflict. In Afghanistan, where most horse and field b~tlerics had g-pdr. R ~'I Ls, a few Armstrong g-pdr. or 12-pdr. RBLs, the artillery was faced by varying and conflicting problems, First, some of the terrain could only be overcome by using moulllain batteries (mule-borne), as used exclusively on the Kabul-Kandahar march, but which lacked range and weight of projectile I; or bypuning field gunson elephants, as did twO RHA sections for the flank Unifonns attack at Peiwar KOlal, but which were slow and .\Im-al-AmlS 196 explained how the skirted tunic, or vulnerable. Second, the danger of massed and doublet for Highlanders, replaced the swallow· enveloping tribal allacks, which could lIsually be tailed coatl.'C and shonjackct for all branches of the held with shrapnel and, as the range decreased, service except the Royal Horse Artillery from 1854, with case, required close infantry protection for the Infantry and lancers had double-breasted tunics; guns. Without it, as happened to AlB RHA and but the former changed to single-breasted in 1856, G/4 RA at Ahmad Khcl, the guns had to retire effective from I April 1857,inconformity with other rapidly before they were overrun. Third, the branches. Apart from minor changes to collars, Afghans fielded a fonnidable artillery with guns as cuffs, shoulder straps, and slight alterations in cut, good, if not better than the British weapons, and the tunic remained the full dress gannent whose e(fect could only be reduced by dispersal throughout this period. The infantry, less RiAes, andlor cover, both for the guns and their protective adopted scarlet for all ranks from 1872, replacing infantry but this in turn was fatal against a trib..f.1 the red fonnerly worn by the rank and file. Trousers remained as in MAA 196. though the 'In the ",ar's latl"l" ~lIagn 00... batt..!) "'''' "'Iuippnl ""itlt the- tlmehinfantry received dark blue serge for summer, impr",'~'d 'MTt'''''gu''', 2.5-;n("h NoML, "";Ih doubk th.. r.Ul!lr ofth.. 7' p
R~r
EqllijJmellt & rlff/jJolls

'i

,.... ".. ._.,

At,............ "".

dl"...-,ed I. .tld\. A-. -va...... IA ..t.hor)

."i~

Note~"",

Oxford mixture tanan', matchin't the dOth winter trousers, replactd the ummer serxe. From 185fj black marching leggin~ "crc authorised for all infantry 'to lx' worn at the discretion ofCommanding Officel'"ll'. Initially these fastened "ith bulton~ plus a strap and bucklt' at the tOP, but later thC' bUltonsga\e "a) to lacin~. Highlanders "Of"(" L.i1ts. hose, spats and hoes except for the 71~t, 7lnd, 74th and, from 186.1> the 91~t, "ho wore trews. Regimental r:lcingcolours and Highland tartan! a~ listed at the end of thi section. The Crim an practice of reinforcing mounted troops' trollSCrs with leatht'r, i.e. 'boolcd o\'eralls', became regulation for all mounted dutin from 18(}1 umilthe introduction ofL:n('(' boou and pantaloons for such dutiC1 in 1871. The 1855 'French' shako COlllillued in the infantry until it changed in 1861 and a~ain in 186<) to lower and lighter patterns. excepl for Guards bearskin cal • Hi~hlanders fealMr bonll<'ts except for 7 lSI, 74th and 91St in dit:ro shakos , Fusilicrs (S('nlskin caps from 1866, r:tcoon from 1871), and Rifles (busby from 1873 77). From 1878, following a preference for German rather than French fashions afu'r the Franco-Prussian War, a blue doth helmet 19reen for Light Infanll) and Rifles wilhaspikrw adopted.Onl) the 18y; haL.o was ('\("r worn on rampai~, IIca\') Ca\;a11) retainr<1 Ihe IB.17 bras.'i helmel ulltil IB71 whl'll a plainl'r but similarly shaped pallern was approved. Li~ll1 Dragoon had a lo"er, French-sI)le halm until eonvuud to Hussars in 1861. Hussar busbia, al50 "om b) RIiA, were 't\ 1)1ll'''{ .. rOl,'r. on U~'Ilr'Clio1l ,,"h III\(h\;"wl d ....... ()dllnl miJ
18

reduced in height in IB57, and l:111ce~caps in 1856. Busbies w·jth $light differences "ert" also worn b) the Royal .\rtiJlO) and Royal E.n~ncers until IBi8 "hen the helmet "as adopled, as il was b) the Commissolriat and Transpon successor to the allblue uniformed j\lilitar)·Train, which had formerly "om hakos-----and olher Deparlmental Corps. The undress ~htll or siableja L.et. worn in man) camp.'ligns con,red in ~IAA 193, "as replaced, al first in India from till' lale 18505, lateral home, bya serge, later kent) frock, sometimes colloquiall) called;l 'jumper', in the lraditional colours. cut like a 100St" tunic w;th onl) five buttons in front. At firsl without, laler with regimental facings, il underw'elll variou minor ('hanKa throu~hout thi! pt'riod. White drill c1othin~ was worn in tM Indian hot \\eathcr, and its ~h('lIjackct was also changed for a frock. Forage caps for inf:llllr'y remained the Kilmarnock, or 'pork-pic' t)'lX:, though lower from the I BOOs. Some Highlanders retained their 'humml('" bonnets, imilar 10 a Kilmarnock, Instead of their regulation Clengarl). which itself became univcrs:11 for all infantl) from 1868. Other Arms relained the pill-Ix>). t)'PC:. In hOI climates \\hile coven and cunains were issued for lX>th dress and undrn.s headgear, bUI from 1858 Ihe wearing of covered dress headgear was abolished in I ndia in fa\·ourofa un helmet co\'htd in "hite cloth with a turban or 'puggan£ rolled round it and an airpipe fonning :1 crest. From 1B70 the crested type ga\'e way to r\llother patH'l'Il, ,tlso while, of a shape resembling: lhe subsequent home ~T\;ce helmet. with a \~n1ilator on top; from 1877 this bttam uni\'eIYI for all fomgn ~T\;ce, nOt merel) India. Accoulr~mt:Dts

Infantl) accoutrements remained iJlitially of the pouch wilh ~houlder belt/knapsack pallenl (MAA IgG' wilh bayonet waistbch; the haversnck, fonnerl) an item of 'camp equipage', became a general i ue from 1856. The old 6o-round pouch ~L-\A 193, 196 was replaced b) a
the 70 rounds of ammunition, carried in twin pouches plus a 'ball bag' on the waist belt, and that of the man's kil contained in a flexible valise rather than the rigid knapsack, was borne primarily on the hips, suppol'lcd by shoulder braces. The twin pouchcs were initially black, later buff leather to match lhe belt and braces l . However, it would be at least a decade bcCore all battalions received it. Similar accoutrements were worn by Royal Enginecrs. Accoulrements of cavalry and other mounted men-pouch-belts, sword waistbclts with slings, and tubular valise on the horsc--remained essentially unchanged (sec MAA 138, (96). Light Dragoons and Hussars v\.'ore their waistbdts under their tunics. The introduction of breech-loading carbines dispensed with the buff loop and carbine swiveJ'attached to the pouch-belt, and in 1862 a 2ft. I in. leather bucket for the carbine was approved, to hang from the saddle behind lhe right leg. Cavalry 2o-round pouches underwent minor modifications, according to the firearm being carried, and from 1878 an addilional ten-round expense pouch for attachment to the dragoon's waistbelt or lancer's girdle was authorised. ·Breech-loaders also obviated lhe need for cap pouches which, (i·om 1857, had been fastened to the pouch-bell in front for all Arms. Another common item, the mess-tin, remained the D-shaped pattcrn, though a circular type was approved for mounted troops from 1870. Not until the approval of the Italian Oliver pattern water-bottle for usc with the '[kladSCall h.. folJud in

~tA,\

"'i.ll"ti,h

InJanl~.' F'I",pmnll,

Ifloll 1,,/18

Mounted tnfantryman., 1'•• 88 .. An Ilrm employed in South AfriClln Cllmplligns thlll would be incnllsingly used in d.,fault of, or in p...,f.,renc., to Cllvlllryin co!onial wllrfan. (5.... also MAA '93)

Valise Equipment was the long-serving, circular, blue-painted wooden container superseded. There is no evidence of the latter being issued in India, where, from lhe Mutiny onwards." a soda-water bottle covered in doth, leather or buckram was used, evcn aftcr the Oliver type's introduction. Gunners' accoutrements depended all their role Royal Artm"ry 9"pdrs RM:L sited among th., infantry in th" square at Ulundi '879. Nole gun_tNms Ilnd limbers behind. Wllt.,rcolour, Orlando Nori". {Somerset Lighl Infantry)

'9

and the principle that their primary weapon was the gun, not a small ann. RHA gunncrs had sword waistbehs with slings, as did mounted men in field batteries, other than dri\'crs, who wcrc normally unamled. In some batteries on scrvice thc latter had an RA gunncrs' waistbeh with frog for the sword bayonet, the gunners additionally having a 20round pouch-belt. From 1873 this pouch was transferred to the waist belt. From 1878 only gunncrs mounted on the limber had the 20-round pouch~for the twO carbines per gun strapped to thaI \"Chidf'. The ani) accoutrclllelllS ,HHhvri~'(\ lor oil Ken. vi all Arms was thc sword waistbeh with slings (Highlanders having shouldcr belts with slings and a dirk waistbeh) and for mounted Arms, the pouchbelt. However, this was insufficicnt for field service, for which Ihe following wcre additionally recommended to be carried on the person: revolver with ammunition, telescope or binoculars, haversack, clasp knife, drinking cup. memo book. watch. and U.iCorms .8SS ,., Cro... left: h.Canlry '85,S, Li&ht Drasoon

'1sI. '1sI.

RA 1':UD1lU ''57, Officu Royal Enpnftc" .8f4, ......«cr Offi«c" RUle Bripde, Infantry, RHA .8f4, (T..·o rds, Inf.....try bands....... .8,.,

Vol .... lftc"). lind LiCe G COldst...,..... Gu.rds, lIus Simki... (Author)

W...I.ry '870. W.le.rcotour, R.

waterproof coat (all of whieh an officer had to purchase for himscH). Weapons The infantry's weapon in 1856 was Ihe percussion Enfield (R~IL) with 39 in.-long barrel, .577 in. calibre, weighing 8lb I 410Z, sighted to 1,200 yards, with a 17 in. socket bayonet. Sergeants and Rifles had a 6 in. shoneI' and IO oz lighter version, sighted to [,000 yards, with a 22i in. sword bayonel. These rifles were cOllverted, from 1866, to become the first breech-loaders on the Snider principle firing brass cartridges, with the same lengths and ba)oncts but 610z lighter, and both sighted to t,OOO yards. The Snider was only a stop-gap, and from 1874 the 1>.lartini-Hcnry was introduc("d: 33 in. barrel, .45 in. calibre, weighing 81b 1010Z, sighted to J ,450 yards, with a 22 in. socket bayonet, sword-type for sergeants and Rifles. Though still a single-loader, it had an improved rateoffireofl2 rounds per minute ovcnhe Snider's ten. It was the last rifle to usc black powder which cmilled smokc; was pronc to jamming and barrel-fouling; and had a vicious recoil-all disadvantageous against the foes en· countered lallerly in this period. From 1855 sc\'eral breech-loading carbincs were

tested as rcplaccmcllls for the muzzle-loading Victoria (see ~IIAA 196), including the Terry and the American Sharps; but the -45 in. \VestlcyRichards, 20 in. barrel, weighing 6lb 80z and sighted to 800 yards, was eventually choscn and issued from 1866. However, it was quickly superseded by the .577 in. Snider, 21: in. barrel, weighing 6lb 9toz and sighted to 600 yards. This remained the regulation cavalry firearm until the issue of the Martini-Henry carbine from 1877: -45 in. calibre, 2 I in. barrel, weighing 7lb 80z and sighted to 1,000 yards. The overall length of all three carbines averaged 36 inches. The Royal Engineers' .577 in., 3ft III in.-Iong Lancaster carbine (RML) with 24- in. sword bayonet was also converted to the Snider BL principle from 1866, with a weight of8lb 3toz; the same conversion was applied to the shorter and lighter (3ft 4 in. and 71b 7;OZ) Royal Artillery carbine with 23 in. sword bayonet. When the Martini-Henry entered service, the Engineers adopted the riAe and the Artillery the carbine, slightly modified to take a 25: in. sword bayonet. In 1868 the regulation 9ft lance with ash stave was replaced by a bamboo pattern. The 1853 universal cavalry soldiers' sword with three-bar guard continued in service, until it received a new sheet steel guard pierced with a

From le(l: Mrgeanl and Wagon team, Mililary Train. Sergeanl, Corporal (»ndr"8lI), Sapp"r (tnarching ord"r), Royal Engin""rs, .860. Lilhograph, George Thomas.

Maltese cross in 1864. The steel scabbard was w(X)(\-lined to prevent blunting. The same swords were carried by individually lllDllnted ranks of the Military Train (sergeants, trumpeters, farriers and armourers), and by the RHA and mounted men of field batleries (excluding drivers) until 1876, when they revel"led to the 1853 guard. Cavalry officers' swords remained unchanged from the 1821, threebar guard, Light Cavalry pattern, also carried by RHA, RA and Military Train officers, and steel scroll-pattern guard for Heavies. Infantry officers continued with the 1845 sword with 1822 guard, which was also used by Engineer officers until 1857 when they adopted a brass, honeysuckle pattern guard, with brass scabbard for field officers, steel for others. From 1866 steel scabbards replaced the old black leather type of infantry company officers. Highland officers had the 1828 steel, basket-hilted broadsword, some regiments having an alternating undress hilt with plain cross-bar guard. Infantry sergeant-majors and staff sergeantS had brass-hilted officers' swords, such Highland ranks' broadswords being cast-iron hilted, as were their pipers', drummers' and bandsmen's though with a 2~ in. shoneI' blade unlil

their performance were the sometimes adverse, sometimes beneficial ways in which the regulation dress was modified for war, as will now be discussed, using such documentary and pictorial evidence as has survived.

Crfl/lpfligll jl!Jorlif[fltiollS

Uniforms .8,. 8., from l..f" Rifte Bripde, Drasoo. Guards, ~ d...... W •• Lry, La.c..r, .U .S,fi Offic..rs, Fusili...... W ...llry 188., (behUwt) DraSOOIl Guards (fore;", 5en';c.. .88•. W.terC'Olour, R. Sim.kia. (Author)

1871, when they received 12~ in. bladed dirks. From 1856 infantry drummers and buglers (Light Infantry and Rifles) receivt-d a 19 in. bladed sword with cruciform hilt in brass and iron rcspt'Ctivcly, bandsmen being similarly armed. Finally, aJso dating from [856 was the 22t in. bladed pioneers' sword with brass, stirrup-guarded hill. AU noncommissioned infantry ranks' swords had black leather scabbards with brass mounts. Thus in outline the clothing, equipment and weapons of the fighting Anns as prescribed by regulations. As in the past these made no distinction between peace and war, and very little bel\veen conditions on home and foreign service, the latter offering a wide variety of climates and terrain. Yet the campaigns of the period were as much battles against those clements, and the frequent diseases therefrom, as against the enemy-particularly as the Army's post-Crimean recruits wcre no longer predominantly drawn from the British or Irish countryside, but increasingly from thc urban poor, whose physique on joining left much to be desired. That they fought, and usually won, undcr arduous conditions against superior numbers and often savage foes, says much for the regiments that moulded them into soldiers, and something for the methods and the weapons employed. Also affccting

Persia and India The regiments in thc Persian Expedition went from Bombay but returnccl to Calcutta to become immediatelv im'olved in the first reliefof Lucknow. The Persial~ operations oceurrt"
unusual as to merit commelll in cOlllemporary accounts, e.g. ofthe 10th, 64th and Bengal Fusiliers. Regiments stationed in India at the Mutiny's outbreak had their white clothing. At Delhi the y.md, followed by the 61St, copied a practice first started by the Corps of Guides in 1846 of staining their whites and shirlS to a subfusc hue by immersion in mud, tea, coffee, curry-powder or coloured inks to illlroducc khnki (dust-coloured into the British service, the result ranging from dark grey through slate, light brown to ofT-white and even lavender (Plates A2, 132). Their example was followed by the whole Delhi force (except the 9th Lancers, who fought in white until resuming their blue uniforms in the cold weather), and spread to other areas ofoperations, all sorlS ofjackelS, blouses and loose frocks being made up in shades ofkhaki. In solne regimcnlS blue dungaree trousers, much

used in campaigns beforc 1854, provided an alternati\'c to white. Foragc caps, with or without covcrs, were swathed in turbans, and varieties ofsun helmet were adopted by some officers Plate A2 . In the fighting's latcr stages helmelS were provided for the mcn: the 5th Fusiliers, for example, were sketched by Col. H. H. Crealock in ~Iay 1858 in airpipe helmelS with khaki frocks and trousers-a change from their September 1857 costume at Ag. having rcverted to their red tunics during the cold weather. Home service clothing, tunics or shdljaekets, was much used in the winter months. Though Indiabased, the 6th Dragoon Guards fought in their blue From lOp: Enfield rifted mu§kel, socket bayoaet .ad saobbard, Short Enfield (Se""eaals ....d Rift"), sword bayooet aAd IICIIbbard. S.;der co.,-ersio.. (or Enfield. From equ;pme"l ma.. u.ls.(Aulhor)

Light Dragoons uniform with brass helmets throughout both seasons, but later dispensed with the helmets (Plate 83)' In Central India the 8th Hussars marched in blue stablejackcts and booted overalls with covered forage caps. ~lany of the reinforcing regiments hurriedly sent to India had no time to acquire lighter clothing (Plate BI), and the traditional colours were much in cvidence at the capture of Ludmow in ~Iareh 1858, including the 2nd Dragoon Guards in brass helmets and red tunics, RHA in blue dress jackets with turban· wrapped forage caps, and the 2nd Rifle Brigade in riOe-green. When it grew houer the lalter adopted 'dust-coloured linen with black facings', and for the rcst of 1858 most regiments, including those from England, acquired more suitable clothing. The 7th Hussars, for example, wore forage caps swathed in lurbans, loose dust-coloured frocks and booted overalls, the 14th Light Dragoons using a similar costume but with only turbans as hcaddress. The 71st H LI had a lavender-coloured twill suit of 78th Ili&hllU&der 'd...... toed like the u&tilllh r<:fI:inu.nu.' ....... (behind) ,.,e.h Li&ht Wa.rt.trytna.rt. m bo.U....-1 arrer the lint relief or Lud...ow, 1~7' Watercolour, Li_t. Sa.aIo:ey, Mad",," Ea~ ..eer.. (lftdia Office Library)

blouse and trousers with ,....icker helmets in the same cloth. Sketches by Lt. Upton, 72nd,disdosc how a nongarrison batlalion's dress developed. They started the Celllral India campaign in feather bonnets. doublets and trcws as though on home service; the bonnets gave way to white-eovcred and curtained 'hummle' bonnets, which were later dyed, and finally worn with dyed smock-frocks, the trews remaining constant throughout. The India-based Bengal Fusiliers progressed from white, to dyed while, to blue frocks, red tunics, and finally to slatecoloured jean blouses. China Despite the widespread use orJoose khaki clolhing in the Mutiny, it was not adopted generally for service. In the 1857-58 Chinese campaign the 59th wore the afore·melllioned 'boat-coats' in hot weather (Plate Cl). At the attack on Canton in December 1857 Crealock sketched gunners in blue tunics with covered and curtained caps. Similar headdress with peaks were worn by the Royal )"larincs with blue serge frocks at White Cloud J\lountain and when landing against the Peiho forts in June 1859, their officers ha,'ing helmets. There is no evidence of boat
l'enila & India, 1857: I: Prh'llle, 78th IIigtllailders om~r. 1st European Bengal fo'\lslliers 3, Corporal, 5th t'\lsiliC'rs

2:

A

India, 1858: I: !'rh'ate, 97th Kegt. 2: Officer, Bengal Horse Artillery 3: Prh'atc, 6th Dragoon Guards

B

ChilUl:

I: Priul.le.59Lh Regt....IS58 2: Field Officer. 99th Regl..• 1860 3: Drh'er. Royal Artiller)·. 1860

c

I: Pte., 40th Regt..; New Zealand, 1863 2: Sgt.• 71st HLJ: Ambela, 1863 3: Pte., 2nd 811., 7th Ro)'al Fusilicl'll; Canada, 1866

D

Mricfl: 1: l'le.,33rd RegLjAb)'!lSinill, 1868 2: LlCpl., Ko)'al Engineers: Ab)'ssinia, 1868 3: Sgt., 2nd Un., Rifle Bdc,: A"hami, 1874

E

Mghanislan:

1: Pte., 67th Rl'gt., 1879 2: Officer, 72nd Highlanders, 1879

3: Pte., 9th Lancers, HI80

F

Afghalli!itan: I: UCpl.,59thRcgt...,18i9 2: Officer. 66th Regt.• 1880 3: SSM, Ro)'aillorse Artillef)', 1880,

G

S..,utJlMrica: I: Cpl., 3rd Un., 60th Rifles, 1879, ISSI 2: Officer,58th Regt., IH79, ISSI 3: Pte., 92nd mghlanders, ISSI

H

campaign, airpipe helmets, tunics and bOOied overalls Of, for officers, long boots pulled on over their trousers. He depiCled a field ballcry drcssed as in Plate C3 but with its commander wearing a frock fastened with loops and olivets (a popular fashion in the Mutiny), long boots and his sword belt under the frock.

New Zealand The Maori Wars of the I 860s diffcred in dress from othel' contemporary campaigns and the 1845-47 war (MAA t93). Instcad of scarlet or red the infantry wort: either a blue, shirt-like smock of flannel or serge, or a frock of the Indian pattcrn in dark blue serge, the beller to mergc with the undergrowth; both were worn with forage caps and RE8"iment in Central India 18S8 in ragged "mock-frock", Oxford mixture tmusers. Some regimenlS-----1::.g. the 9:;lh dungarfl' tro..S"rs and rul.l;V'" sandals with t.. rbanned fonag.. 43rd, S7th and 68th-wore the r859 pattern caps. Wat ..rcolour, Lieut. ). N. Creatock, 95th. (Sherwood Fore"t.,nI) leggings, others following the Crimean fashion of rolling the trousers up 01' tucking them into their socks (Plate DI) because of the mud. acquired knee boots of various designs for field use. The blue smock can be seen in the photograph Besides their usual belts, havcrsacks and water(page 37) of Ll. Waller, 57th. The 68th's officers bottles, the men carried greatcoats or blankets and, wore a plain, five-button blue frock; but the if in possession, waterproof sheets 'en banderole' 1/12th's, though blue, had concealed bUllons with with tbe mess-tin or a panni kin attached. An black braid all round and four pointed-end, Aat alternative method of carrying the greatcoat was to braid loops across the front and a rounded braid roll it up from top to bottom, instcad ofiengthwise, figure on the culls-a type also worn by Military leaving the sleeves outside to be lied together over Train officers, according to the Prussian watercol- the chest, as in Plate El. A watercolour by Lt. Robley of his 68th wailing ourist and soldier offortune, Gustavus von Tempsky. who made many pictures of those campaigns. A to attack the Gate Pah has two officers with variation on this frock, or 'palrol jacket' as it was Bombay Hors.. Artillery in cov.,.-.,d dr....s b..lm,,'s and stabl" ts with '
33

gth Lancers i;:. white undress attacking >Dutin ,857. Lithograph; Capt. AtkinliOn, Bengal Engin

at

Delhi

rs.

greatcoats 'en banderole' and haversacks; sword bells were usually worn under frocks, though this was impractical for carrying a revolver unless the holster had a shoulder strap (sec Ll. Waller). RA, RE and the Military Train were dressed similarly to the infantry but distinguished by their respective forage cap bands and matching trouser stripes: red, yellow, white; gold (RA, RE) and white (MT) piping for officers' and senior NCOs' caps. The gunners acting as cavalry found sling sword belts unsatisfactory and fastened their scabbards to the saddle instead. Their revolvers were carried in holslCI"S attached to the waistbclts with a strap from the trigger guard securing them to tbe body. The Military Train acting as cavalry, as depicled by von Tempsky, arc accoutred with sling sword belt and poueh4bclt with carbine swivel; he gives them light grey·blue trousers, which is at variance with their regulation dark blue. Indian Frontier Numerous Indian frontier campaigns occurred in the 1860s for which Ihe red serge frock was the 34

customary service garment rather than any khaki clothing. A detachment of the 42nd, ordered from Peshawar to Kohat in 1867, were to pack serge frocks in their kitbags and march in 'blouse tunics', but their nature is uncertain. Pictorial records of the Ambcla expedition show frocks worn by the 7[st, 93rd and 10Ist with, respectively, trews, kilts and serge trousers, airpipe helmets (tbe 7lst's with a red puggaree) or forage caps (Plale D2). The sketchbook of Capt. Howard, 71SI, indkated that once operations became static caps were worn exclusively and, when on picquet, equipment was redUCt-xl to pouch and waistbclts. The 71 Sl'S officers, sergeant-major and bugle·major, whose caps were green, diced and with peaks, suspended their broadswords-with simple cross-bar guards-from sling belts under their frocks, but the dirk, when carried, hung from a black waist belt worn over the frock. Some officers wore short coats over the frock, possibly the Crimean 'bunny' type (sec MAA 196). Their trews were either loose like the men's, or tucked into or rolled above high ankle boots laced up the instep; the commanding officer had knee boots like Plate C2. Pipers wore Glengarries wilh cocks' feathers, green doublets and kilts. Howard also drew some of the artillery, initially

with airpipe helmets and scarlet puggarees, later pillbox caps, and blue stable jackets. The men apparently have their blue trousers lUcked into long boots, which were non-regulation at the lime but may possibly be a residue of the jacked boots dthe old Bengal Horse Artillery (see t-,tAA 193). According to Surgeon Rennie of the 80th, that regiment weill up to Bhutan in 1864- with a new pattern helmet covered with quilted white calico which he thought 'a decided improvement on the unsightly and cumbrous ,,'icker-work head-dress formerly worn'; whether this still had the airpipe or a simple ventilator is unknown. Harry Payne painted the 7th Hussars' charge at Shabkadr with officers in airpipe helmets, the men in peaked, covered and curtained forage caps, and all in home sef\;CC stable jackets and booted overalls. It was, however, painted nearly 50 years after the evelll when memories of survivors, if he sought them, may have been less reliable. Canada Regulation dress with forage caps was worn for internal security in Canada with the addition, when necessary, of winter clothing: fur caps, gloves and long boots. Plate 03 shows one example, of the 2/7th. His officers had double-breasted greatcoats with light grey astrakhan collars, cuffs, and edging down the front which was faslCncd with loops and oliveLS. In a photograph the 78th arc similarly dressed to 03 but with a tall, fore-and-aft fur cap with the bonnet badge 011 the left side for the men, an officer having a round fur cap with turned-up front and side flaps. Photographs of the 30th in temperate weather,

ready to protect communications from the Fenians show the men in tunics and forage caps, carrying full marching order with blankets rolled on top of the knapsacks, greatcoats either folded Aal against the back or 'en banderole'. An officer wears a yellow-faced scarlet frock with concealed buttons, sword belt underneath, and greatcoat 'en banderole'. On the Red River Expedition the 60th Rifles wore forage caps, serge frocks, trousers and buff moccasins. ~tost of the time, however, wasspcnt in boats, all ranks, according to Capt. Young, wearing flannel shirts with sleeves rolled up, 'dirty duck trouscrs and a straw hat or red woollen night cap to crown it all'.

Africa The Abyssinian Expedition of 1868 was recorded by the eyewitness watercolours of Capt. James, a staff officcr, and the cameras of loth Coy., Royal Engineers. Because thc troops faced extremes of c1imatc, both tropical clothing and serge uniforms were needed. For the former the white drill frocks and trousers were dyed khaki before leaving India; this, according to James, was more grey than brown, but obviously varied owing to primitive and unfast dyes. This alternated with red (blue for RA) serge frocks according to brigade orders; both blue and khaki trousers were worn with the serges. loth Coy. RE, coming from England, did not have white drill but was issued with duck frocks and trousers to supplement their serge clothing (Plates El and £2.) Infantry and SudI' advandn! aCrotllJ paddy fieldfi, Chi..a .86n. Compare men'. airpipe helmeu with officerlJ'. DrawiD!, Col. H.H.erealock.

35

All were in helmets, the men'softhe airpipc pattern, officers generally having a more modern type wilh ventilator dome. James shows the 45th on the march and the RE storming Magdala in red, but the 33rd at the latter in grey, as confirmed by orders for the assault. Photographs of the 4th, aftcr the fan of ~lagdala, show the same clothing. an officer in a dyed white patrol jacket of the type described above for the 50th in New Zealand. RE officers wore a similar blue jacket. Besides their belts, 60 rounds, havers.'cks and water-bottles of the Indian paucrn), each soldier had to carry his blanket, watcrproofsheet and greatcoat; officers had the last three transported for them. G. A. Hemy, then acting as a war correspondent, observed that the greatcoats were slung by the sleeves, as described earlier. The Ashanti Expt.x1ition was the first for which a campaign dress was specifically designed, rather than the makeshift costumes adopted hitherto. The lIluslra/~d 1.,(mdonNfwsof 18 October 1873 described its frock and trousers as made of ' Elcho grey tweed, in which rthe troops] much resemble the London Scottish Volunteers. The tunic [sic) introduces a no\'elty illlo the uniform of the anny in the shape of outside pockets, one on each hip and one on the breast. The garmelll fits loosely about the ned and e-~nJ c.m~ro..

Royal

(fiftlo rron>

ri~ht.,

....ad. . .

Artm~.,.bero~.lt.do.iD!:t.h~ c.t~ hh,

April.86.t. (Tim Ryan)

podo.~t.)

....itlo

New b.I.....d, 29

chest, it is confined at the waist by a belt of its own matelial and there is no stiffness in the collar'. The suit was worn with canvas leggings, sliglllly longer than the regulation black type, and the 'new pattern helmet, mainly composed of cork and can\'as, weighing a lillie over six ounces, and provided with an inner isolated cone to fit the head, outside of which there is a space for \'entilation. further ensured by a perforation at the top·. Wolscle) himself specified the helmet's colour should be ·khakee brown·; after lhe camp.'lign he commenh.-d that lhe suit·scolour was ·tOO light for a dense fort.'St·, Each soldier recei\'ed IWO frocks and one pair of trousers of tweed, and olle pair of duck trousers (Plate E3). The 4211(1 had to relinquish their kilts and hose, but retained small scarlet hackles in their helmets. During the heat of the day men were permitlcd to march in their nanncl shirts, slinging their frocks through the waistbclts bchind. This was the first campaign in which the new Valise Equipment was uscd, though its braces were dispensed with and valises and greatcoats transported, All thrcc battalions were armed with Sniders and a special sword bayonet, the Elcho, with '2oi in. saw-backed blade with swelling spear poin!. \\'olselc)' recommended that all officers should carl)' this ba)onet inslead of their swords, together with 'a stout call\'as ha\'ersack', a water-bottle 'as obtained at Silvers and Co., Comhill', telescope or racing glasses, walch, compass, JXKket filter, clasp knife with t\\t.'Czers, For clothing he suggt'Sted 'a

Norfolk jacket, pantaloons and gaiters of strong brown canvas and shooling boots', plus 'strong serge patrol jacket and tfousers for use at night' Curiously his list omitted a revolver, but the Rifle Brigade's colonel reminded his officers of this necessity, also recommending double-barrelled shotguns. The 42nd's officers carried Snider carbines as well as Elcho bayonets. That officers' kit was re<:ommended, rather than ordered, reveals how equipping themselves suitably for service was at private, not public expense. Afghanistan The notion of a special campaigning dress was not pursued after the Ashanti War, so regiments in India on the outbreak of the Afghan War still only had their white drill for summer, and scarlet, blue or gt~n serge for winter, lhe white helmet wilh puggar~ being wom throughoul. Furthermore the serge frock was no longer lhe loose, easy garmelll of the 18605 bUI had been smarlened up, as in India it was wom as much for parade as the lunic was al home. Neither dress was ideal for a rigorous campaign in Afghanistan, where climatic eXlremes were to be expected. Regiments again had 10 devise more serviceable clothing. Common to all was the filling of khaki CO\·crs over the helmets. For hot weather the white drill was dyed in the bazaars, but this would be inadequate for the cold in which the campaign started. Photographs show that some regiments acquired a khaki frock, on Norfolk jacket lines, seemingly of serge or similar material. At Peiwar Kotal, with the KUl·ram Field Force, the 8th wore such frocks for warmth over their scarlet serges and the home service trousers. The following winter at Kabul the 67th wore a similar kit, with or without scarlet frocks undernealh depending on the temperature (Plate Fl). Whereas the 8th had worn their trousers loose, lhe 67th adopted puttees (from a Hindi word meaning bandages) 10 support and protect the leg, as worn by Indian troops and soon widespread among the British. Pictorial evidence suggCSLS, however, that puttees were not necessarily worn at all times. According to Ian Hamilton, the 92nd only had their white drill frocks boiled in tea-leaves 10 put on over their serges in the winter, wearing their kilts, hose and spats in all scasons (Plate H3). The 72nd

Lieul. W. de W. W.ller, S7tb Repme.. t ;.. New Zealand Clunpaip dreal or bl"e blo""". NOle .boulder bolster. (Tim Ryan)

also retained their tartan trews, officers binding theirs with matching tartan puttccs (Plate E2). \Vhcther their mcn had such puttees is less certain: the accompanying pholograph shows officers with them but the men with lrcws loose. Howcver, a sketch by Sgt. Anderson of thc regimenl puts the men in puttces, but it is unclear whcthcr these \....cre tartan or plain khaki. This skctch also shows ten cartridge loops scwn diagonally across the frOIll of the khaki frocks for immediate access 10 ammuThe 72nd and 92nd were among several rcgimcllIs still equipped with the old accoutrements, the Valise uluipmellt being not yet universal in India. When greatcoats were carried they had to be rolled 'en banderole', whereas regiments with the new equipment, like the 67th,

37

the men, the blacking fi'om the belts and thc bad dye that we looked a very dirty crowd'. Regiments with \'alise Equipment seem mostly carried them folded flat and secured across the to have had the black leather pouches rather than shoulders with the straps provided. the buff. A photograph of the 66th parading in early Other regiments known to have had the old 1880 in scarlet frocks shows black pouches, and aecoutremenlLwere the III 7th, 6srd and 59th. The those used by a soldier at Maiwand still exist in the latter, according to sketches by one of its ollicers, Lt. Regimental Museum l . At that ill-fated battle, Irwin, took the field in late 1878 without any khaki, fought in the heat of July, the 66th were in khaki wearing scarlet serges, and were still so dressed in clolhing with darker brown puttees for the men, October [879 (Plate GI). However, by Ahmad bluish-grey for officers (Plate G'2). The 8th's Khel the following April it was in khaki. pouches were buff, but of the same pattern as the Irwin's sketches are the only eyewitness cvidence black, with lhe flap covering the whole front oflhe discovered so far of scarlet actually being worn on pouch and fastening underneath, rather than lhe operations in this war. A photograph of the 2/7th buff lype uscd in lhe lulu War which fastened on Royal Fusiliers on guard at Kandahar shows thcm the front. in uncovered white helmets with spikes and a E/B Banery RHA features in paintings of grenade badge, seariel serges, dark trousers and Maiwand by G. D. Giles, who received details from putlees. Other pholOgraphsofthe 7'2nd and 9'2nd in survivors, and R. Caton Woodville, wearing khaki garrison at Kabul reveal Highland frocks and even drill with blue puttees (Plate GS). Officers and dress doublets with Glengarries, but such photo- senior NCOs of F/A RHA were photographed at graphs scem to have been taken during lulls in Kabul in the winter 1879-80 in slightly different operations. When troops again took the Held it and longer khaki frocks with three open pockets and would appear, from other pictorial evidence, that self-material belt, worn with blue pantaloons and some form of khaki was resumed. knee boots. GIs RA appears in photographs in blue The [II 7th, which not only had the obsolete serge and khaki drill short 4,·button frocks like equipment but the old serge frocks with flapped E/B's, with loose blue or drill trousers except pocket, dyed its white drill by immersing it in mud. mounted ranks in knee boots. A photograph of the Peshawar Valley Field Force The 9th Lancers took a variety of clothing to contains men who may be of this regiment in this Afghanistan from dress tunics (Plate FS), blue makeshift khaki with puttees. Maj. Hone of the 4th serges, drill frocks like F/A RHA's, and a khaki Rifle Brigade, with the same force, recalled that his men's dyed drill was so soiled 'by the perspiration of ' .... t Salisbur) (Duke of Edinhurgh's Royal Rl."gimt·nl 93rd Highlanders in 'humml,,' bonners and r..d frocks guarding prison"...., Amwla rll6:J.

38

double-breasted jacket ofquilt cd material, all worn with blue pantaloons and either knee boots or ankle boots with khaki puttees. Home service pantaloons were also worn by the 6th Dragoon Guards and loth Hussars, either with knee boots or blue puttees, more common than khaki among mounted troops. The 10th had blue serges with them but in action wore khaki frocks, their officers having a special regimental paltern with concealed buttons, flapped breast pockets, and cuffs closed at the wrist. The defect of the cavalryman's accoutrements (mentioned earlier) was that while the sword hung from the waistbclt sljngs, his carbine in its bucket was attached to the saddle, which was inefficient for dismounted action. After seeing the 9th at Kabul tripping over their trailing swords or unable to withdraw carbines from under fallen horses, Robel's authorised the carbine being slung across the man's back and the sword fastcncd to the saddle. Officers' problems of carrying sword and revolver had becn assisted by Gen. Sir Sam Browne's invention ofa leather belt to support both

weapons (Plate F2). In the opening stagcs of the war only general and staff officers had such belts; but officcrs of all Anns who had gonc illlO Afghanistan with only regulation sling sword belts were soon beseeching their friends back in India to send them up Sam Browne belts which, by the end of hostilities, were almost univcrsal and would, in timc, be adopted by officers of annies all over the world, as indeed would puttees, the other invention of this war). Towards the end of the war a means of producing permanently dyed khaki drill was devised in India. Troops in the field received suits of this material, an improvement with imponant implications for the future. South Afriea Though the Afghan War had been fought in a variety ofcostumes, khaki ofone sort or another had predominated. However, thc three South African Gen.. S;r R. Nap;er, force Co..u ......der Abyui..;., w;lh RO)'llt Enfl:......,.... offi«u iD blue palrot j_ckel.. tn011 ..,jIb IDOO~t_lio .. breech.,. and booc,,> booced 00·,,",1110 00 rifl:bl.

39

Ofli,,~ ...... 6Jtl> R~eal., KabuJ 1879- Not~ Norfolk ja"kel type (rock., """riel: (rock (" u"') aDd 1~f1.luo..-d Ii!,,", with Sam Brow...~ ......d rolled tcoat.

campaigns Cought, more or less, contemporaneously were undertaken in home service undress clothing. Varieties oC Sam Browne bellS appeared latterly, worn more by stafr lhan regimental officers, bUl puttees remained an Indian fashion, infantry wearing legbrinbrs. Apan from cquipmclll and weapons, thc only item common with Indian fighting was the white forcign service helmel, though without a puggaree and usually dyed brown. A morc unifonn appearance prcvailed in lhe last of lhe Kaffir wars on the easlcrn Cape frontier in 1877-78 than in the campaigns lhere 25-:30 years before (see MAA 193). W. w. Lloyd of lhe 24th sketched his men in helmets and scarlet serges, though one has the brown trousers, another the wideawake hat of the earlier wars. The ~Iartin.i-

Offi~.... aDd ... ~... pad Hi!hland~.... ... li!htiD! clnos., M!II..a.II.i.t...... 18,." with old ftlwpmnll aDd rolled S....tcoats. Offi~.... with pulte.:a, ....". wilhoul.

La"""

t~~~~~;C~ ~C~~~~~f~~ ~~

Henry was first used in action in this campaign b) G/3 Iwutuy, Royal Artill,"-ry, Afll:halli"UU1 .880, .............. drill with ,.pdr RMI.. MotUIl .... officr.... aad mlr.. in Im_ boolL the 24th and goth, though British battalions had it throughout the Afghan War. Thc infantry of both Zulu· and Transvaal Wars, banderolc'. Mcn detached as mounted infantry! somc of whom fought in both, worc scarlet frocks had 50-round bandoliers, and somc wore corduroy with Oxford mixture trousers and leggings, exccpt trousers instead of the regulation pattern, with the 3/60lh in black serge (Plate I-Ii) and the gISt leggings. Officcrs worc cither the 1872, so-called 'Indiain thc Highland frock and trews of Government tartan with a red line. Some frocks had facing colour pattcrn' (after- being abolishcd for home use in patches on both collars and cuffs, e.g. the 21st, 24th 1874) scarlet frock or patrol jackct, with collar in and 94th; others only on the collars, e.g. 3rd, 80th the facing colour, piped all round with white, and rank shown b)' a system ofR IIssia braid on the cuffs and 90th. All had Valise Equipment, most with buff (Plate H2); or the black-braided blue patrol jacket pouches though the 1/13th, gist and of course with olivets, authorised from 1867 as the official 3/60th had black; the 94th had both t)'pcs. As in replacement for the shdl jacket. Legwear varied, India the valises were usuall)' transported, but including regulation trousers, pantaloons or cord greatcoats were strapped across lhe shoulders on the bret:chcs with knee boots or leggings, cither the march, cxcept in the 91st who carried them 'en men's or a higher pattern fastened with buttons; the 91St's officers all had calf-high OOots laced up the '!itt aM MAA 57. instcp. ''1'''.. Arnl ..·;n lM'furl'M:'t'discUSlftl in \'01.4 ofl"is5O:'rin. 4'

Offia:n, loth Hunan, AfsJlaaista. . .8790 ill resimez,tal pane khaki (roeks aDd bom.. aervic:e _t1ur w ..... r. NOle Sa.m Browa wo.... wilh dress poooc:h.JHh•. fR. G. Harris)

4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 131h, 18th, 21st, 23rd, 25th, 35th, 42nd, 50th, 51St, 79th (from 1873),85th, 86th, 87th, looth, 101St, I02nd, 103rd, 104th. The Artillery and Engineers dressed as the Buff: 2 DG (cream); 3rd, 14th, 22nd, 27th, 31St, infantry in blue or scarlet serges, though some 40th, 481h, 52nd, GISt. 62nd, 71St, 78th, 81St, photographs show gunners in tunics or blue golh, 105th. Guernseys. The 17th Lancers in thc Zulu War Green: (Dark) 5 DG; 68th, 73rd, 79th (until 1873). appear 10 havc retained thcir double· breasted (Goslin~) 5th. (Lincoln) II th, 45th, 491h, 55th, tunics bUI buttoncd ovcr to show blue instead of 63rd, tigth, 941h. (Grass) 19th, 241h, 361h, 39th, while, with pantaloons and knce bools. 54th,66th. Thc only excCJllion to traditionally colourcd Ycllow:gDG,6D;9th, loth, 12th, 151h, 16Ih,201h, clothing in thesc campaigns was in the 92nd 26th, 28th, 291h, 30th, 34th, 37th, 3Blh, 44lh, Highlandcrs who, dcspatched slraight from India 461h, 57th, 671h, 72nd, 75th, nth, Both, 82nd, for the Transvaal War, arrived in lheir Indian 83rd, 84th, 881h, 9lst, 92nd, 93rd, 95th, 961h, khaki drill and obsolele equipment, exactly as they 99th, 100th. had fought in Afghanistan Wlatc H3). Thlls khaki White: 171h, 32nd, 41SI, 43rd, 47th, 59th, 65th, came to Africa; but, as will be scen in the next 74th, gSth, 1061h, 1071h, rogth. volume, this did not yct signify thc end oftraditional Scarlet/Red: 33rd, 531"d, 76th. colours for campaigning in Ihat continent. Black: 7 DG; 58th, 64th, 70th, 89th. Purple: 56th. Sky-bluc: 97th. Blue Tunics

Regimental Facing Colours up to 1881 Scar/dlRtd Tunics

Bluc: I LG,2 LG; KDG, 4 DG, I RD,2 0, t6 L; RE; Grcnadicr, Goldstream, ScOts Gds; 1St, 2nd,

Scarlct: RHG; 3 LD'/H, 4 LD', 5 L,9 L, 12 L, 14 LDl; RHA, RA; Ordnance (various titles 1856--81). Buff: 13 LDI/H.

White: 6 DG, 17 L; Military Train/Commissariat and Transport. Blue: 4 H {from 186'),7 H, 8 H, 10 H, II H2, 14 H (from 1861), 15 H, 18 H, 19 H, 20 H, 21 H. Black: Army Medical Staff. Gum Tunics Scarlet: 60th. Black: Rifle Brigade.

Highland Regimental Tartans Kilts 42nd, 93rd: Government. 78th: Governmcnt, red/while lincs (Mackcnzie). 791h: Camcron of Erracht. 92nd: Govcrnmcnt, yellow linc (Gordon).

Trrws 7ISI:'As 781h . 7'2nd: Prince Charles Edward Stuart. 74th: Govcrnment, white line. 9lst: Government, red line. 3 'Grim"," lrot''''-·n..

'From 18b4.lornlt'rh

utliformedasF.lll\li.hi"r.ullf\

9th 1.a.D"en.t Kabul .880 dtowiDfl: ... ri~y or .......uona._no: dresl I..... io:s, liable j.clr....u, ""'ll:e rroc:ir.l .nd quilled wiouer

jackets..

The Plates A: Pona, India 1857 f: Prieale, 78th Highla"dos 2: Offico. lSI £ura~an Bengal Fusi/ios

3: Corporal,5lh Fusi/ios According to officers' recollections, the 78th AI foughl iLS way to Lucknow in the winter clothing it had used in Persia, less feather bonneLS which had been left al iLS I)oona barracks before depanurc for Persia, covered 'hummle' bonneLS being worn in Lieu. Single-breasted doublets having not reI been issued, Ihe first pallcrn was still in use. For hose and shoes, sec 'Campaign Modifications' chapter. In Persia blankct and greatcoal were carried ill the knapsack straps; and he has the 4.o-round main pouch and '2o-round cxpense pouch with Ihe Enfield riflc. A2 is based on the Bengal Engineer G. F. Atkinson's Delhi lithographs in which 1st EBF frequenlly feaLUrcs. He wears his dyed white shell jacket and Irousers in the relaxed manner common at the siege, and a helmct with eXlensive puggaree. His men fought in cO\'ercd forage caps and shirtsleevcs, thcreby earning their regimental nickname, 'The Dirty Shirts'. An undress waistbelt suspends his 1822-hihcd sword, a cummcrbund supports his Tc\·olvcr.

43

The smock-frock and trousers of A3, as worn at the first reliefof Lucknow. arc as recollected by Cpl. Bishop. Smock-frocks were also cut up 10 make covers and curtains for the forage caps, 10 which were affixed peaks removed from their unused shakos. Besides belts and pouches as for A I, he carries a havers."l.ck and Enfield rifle. His cap pouch is on his JXluch belt, A I 's in his doubkl. B: India 1858 I: P,ival~, 97th R~gimm/ OJliur. BrogaJ I/Qrs~ ArtiJJtTJ' 3: Pn·mt~. 6th Dragoon Guards 2:

According to Lt. Safford the rccent.ly-arrived 97th marched to Lucknow in early 1858 in home sen>1ce tunics, summer trousers and covered 1855 shakos, less ball-tufts, as in 81, but changed their shakos for covered forage caps during its capture in March. Officers had four-bulton scarlet frocks, \'>1th regimental facings on collars and pointed cuffs, instead of tunics; immediately afterwards they obtained I~ white drill frocks and trousers.

,rd BuIT. with Zulu

pri_n~" .879- Not~ red (roc." with buff c:oUar palch.."., Ir...foil Oft cuff., hom~ Krvic:~ trouse... wilh t~.. &s, V.t;N Equipm..... t, nO .. ~tm"'l p u ~ (Local Hi.aory MlaNum, Ourban)

44

In dyed white drill stablejacket and trousers with non-regulation boots of a type common among officers in the Mutiny, 82 is based on a Crcalock sketch of Bareilly, fought in May 1858. UHA Dress Regulations specified brown leather sword belts in undress. His gunners had dyed white booted overalls. This baltery, 2/1, had left tIolccrul for Delhi in :\Iay 1857 in their laced bluejackets (sec i\IAA 193), hacking off the red collars with jack-kni,'cs, and changing 10 white during the siege. Also based on Crealock, 83 wears the cap adopted after the brass helmets (worn at Delhi) were SCt asidc, and thc Light Dragoons dress peculiar to this regimcnt and adhered to t.I1rough· out the fiercest :\Iutiny fighting. He has slung his tunic through his pouch-belt. The carbine is thc Victoria but some cavalry, e.g. 8th Hussars, had thc Sharps BL). S\\'ord: 1853 univcrsal cavalry pattern. C: China I: Pn'r:at~. 5!Jlh Rtgimml, 18j8 2: Fi~/d OJliar.!J9Ih Rtgimml, llKio 3: Driur, Ro;'ol ArtiJJtTJ', llKio Based on a phOlograph and descriptions, CI wears the red-faced, holland boat
China Expedition (in which only thc 59th participatcd, its othcr battalions being diverted to the j\'lutiny) for use on the rivcrs, and summcrsergc trou§ers. Crealock shows RA and the 59th attacking Canton with greatcoats and blankcts carricd thus. Note cap pouch in the slit pockct abovc the cxpense pouch, not on the pouch-belt. Pouchcs as in Platc A. C:z is based on a photograph. Note 1855 pattern forage cap and this rcgimcnt's officer's frock, worn with non-regulation breeches and boots and the cape portion of the greatcoat. ~Iany infantry officers adopted pouch-belts to carry field glasses or rcvolver anununition during the Crimean \\tar. 1822-hilted sword with field officer's brass scabbard. Based on a Crealock drawingoflhe attack on the Taku Forts, C3 shows the airpipe helmet, worn by all Anns, tunic and booted overalls. Drivcrs were usually unarmed but Crealock sho....'S them with Ihe RA 'sword bayonet. As drivers rode the ncar-side draught horses, Ihey required a right leg guard as shown. The numeral below the grenade on thc shoulder Slrap indicates that his battcry belonged to 4th RA Brigade.

Ro)..1 Anilluy in Zulul.od with

~pdr

RML. M ....I.re in blue

5er&e, 5OJt'le i .. G"erD5ey•. (Africana M"se"Jt'I Job.....esb"r&1

t859 paltern. Thc photograph used for 01 shows, additionally to thc rolled blankct, thc greatcoat carried as in Et. His mess-tin was attachcd to lhc blankct, greatcoat or havcrsack. 02 carries a locally-made (Nowshcra) topcoat instead or thc regulation grcatcoat; his bonnct bears a fir sprig denoting the 71St's marksmen, also shown by his skill-at-arms badge. Helmets were not worn in New Zealand, and were largely discarded at Ambela once operations became static. In comrasl OJ shows a winter kit for internal security in Canada based on Richard Ebsworth's notes, with the same belts and pouches as 0 I. The greatcoal had been impro\'ed since the Crimea, its cape being deeper over the sleeves, its new standand-fall collar having a tab to fasten it when turned up (concealed here by the mumer). The fur cap's grcnade came li'om thc Fusilier dress cap. All three rifles arc Enfields, 02 having thc sergeants' shortcr version with sword bayonet.

E: Africa D: Worldwide, JlX50s I: Private, nrd Regiment, Abyssinia, J{Kj8 I: Private, 40th Regiment, New Zealand, 1863 2: La"a-Corporal, Ro)'al EnginurJ, Abyssinia, 1fK)/J 2: Sergeant, 71St Higltland Light Infantry, Ambela, Jlj63 3: Sergranl, 2nd Battalion Rijle Brigade, Ashanti, JB74 3: Prillate, 2nd Battalion 7th ROJal Fusilins, Canada. E. and £2, based on photographs and Capt. ,/66 James's watereolours, show the airpipc helmel and Based on photographs and contemporary water- mixed dress worn in Abyssinja: EI in dyed white colours, D. and In show the serge frock worn drill wi.th 1859 pattern leggings, E2 serge and duck respectively against the Maoris and on the North- trousers. EI's greatcoat has a waterproofshccl tied \Vesl Frontier with winter trousers and regimental to it, and he carries the buckram-covcred Indian tfCWS. 02 still has the 1855 expense pouch, Ot the water-bottle. He has the Snider riflc, E2 thc

45

om.,.,.... 2/21.1 R.N.B. FUliili"," i.a '1od.ia..... U"'MlI' freeks, hom", Hnin IrouH", ia So"lh Africa.

Lancaster with sword bayonet, both brccr:hloaders. On occasions the 33rd wore red serges with dyed trousers, and a Imh Co. RE photograph shows some men as in £2, others all in duck clothing. E3, based on descriptions, wears the new helmet and special Elcho-grey tweed devised for this campaign, but with thc alternativc duck trouscrs substituted, and canvas leggings. His Valise Equipment belt and pouches arc without supporting braces. Note the Oliver pattern water·bottle issued with tbis equipment, and the Rilles' black haversack. He has a c1asp·knife in his top pockct secured to a button, the Elcho sword bayonet and short Snider pn:scribed for Rilles. F: Afghanistall I: PriL'att, 67th Rtgimtnt. 18]9 2: Officer, 7211d High/anders, 1879 3: Prit·att. gih Lancers, 1880 All three arc in winter kit from photographs taken 46

around Kabul see ·Campaign ~lodifications' . FI has Valise Equipment, less the valise itself which was always transported. His water-boule was as EI 's, the co\'cred mcss·tin is strapped to the back of the waist belt, and his Clcngarry is under the greatcoat straps. The method of tying puttees follows an officer's sketch of a 67th soldicr. He has the !\!artini-Henry rifle and socket bayonet. F2, based on a photograph of Lt. Egerton, is accoutred with Sam Browne belt, binoculars, revolver, broadsword with undress hilt, rolled greatcoat and privately-ordered water·bottle. For his mcn, sce main text and accompanying photograph. The tartan is Prince Charles Edward Stuart. F3, based on a photograph of a dismouilled sentry, wears an Afghan 'poshteen' of sheepskin o\'er his drt..'SS tunic with home service nether wear. He wears no sword belt, only his pouch-bell (sec 'Campaign Modificalions') and carries a Martinj carbine. The quanerings on the forage cap werc peculiar to Lancers. Posh teens were much worn by officers of all Arms in the winter.

G: AfglwlIistall I: LnIICI!·Corporal,59th Rtgimmt, 1879 2: Offiur, aith Rtgimi'nt, J/J80 3: Ballto...Strgtant·.\/ajor, Ro)'al Horst Artillery, JlJ80

Scarlel serge frocks were not usually worn in action in Afghanislan except as under·gannents for extra warmlh in the winter; however, IWO sketches by LtIrwin show his regiment operating ncar Kandahar at a more lemperate time of the year as in GI. The frock is of a pattern thai superseded that in 02. According 10 Irwin the 591h still had the old equipment. Ch, based on Frank Feller's ~laiwand painting, a commemorative tablet advised by an officer, and pholographs of 66th officers, is in dyed white drill. Having lost his helmet he has substituted his Clengarry, by now the undress cap for all infantry ranks. The sources show bolh Sam Brownes and regulation sword belts, as here. The 66th's men had equipment as in Fl. G3 is based on the Maiwand paillling by C. O. Ciles; he received details from E/B Battery's sergeant-major, who features in the paiming. The short four-buuon frock was peculiar 10 artillery, the sword belt being worn under it. Lower ranks had red shoulder cords. Though some 9th Lancers' photographs show khaki puttCCS, dark blue was becoming customary for mounled troops. Water· bottles and haversacks were worn over opposile shoulders to inf:'lllll)'. Sword: 1864 pattern with 1853 hilt.

H: South Africa I: Corporal, yd Battalion 60th Rijlts, Offiur, 58th Rtgimmt, 1879, 1881 :r Private,92nd I-ligMandas, J/J81

'879,

1881

2:

Owing to the fugitive nalure ofriOe.green dye, the frocks and trousers of the 60th were now of black serge. HI is based on C. E. Fripp's watercolour of the I ngogo battle against the Boers, which shows a reduced Valise Equipment being worn; Zulu War pictures of this battalion show it complete. Note Rifles' sword bayonet. 60lh officers had black Sam Browncs in 1881.

Sis-oalleu, 58lh Regin.enl, Mlh heliograph, lhe chi.,fmean" of commonicadon ou;d in Afghanio;lan and South Africa. Th.,ir frock. hav.. hl ..ck collar patches _ilh cull.. hadg... (Africa... Mu ....um, Johannnbu.,,;)

The 581h Colours carried al Laing's Nek 1881) and in the Zulu War were of the obsolete, 1855 pattern, 6ft by 5fl 6 in.; the Regimental Colour in H2 is carried by a lieutenant wearing the 'Indiapauern' officers' frock lsee 'Campaign ~Iodific­ alions' \\;Ih rank insignia on the cuff. His leggings faslen wilh bUltons instead of laces as in H I. His 1822·hiltcd sword is hooked up for ease when marching. NOll' his and HI's helmelS withoul puggarecs. The 92nd at ~Iajuba (H]1 were in the clothing and obsolete equipment they had used in the Afghan War, carrying rolled blanket, greatcoat and waterproof sheet and three days' rations in haversacks. The 58th, wilh Valise Equipment (bufr pouches) carried the greatcoat elc. in the same way at Majuba. This figure, when compared with the Highlander at A I, illustrates some of the changes in fighting dress over 25 rears.

4)

Notes lOur les planches en couleur

FarbtaIelo

AI l:nifOfm~ d'hi'er 1<1 qu'oo, k p(""r rn I·....... ;. I·.~erl'lion dOl bonn., d~ ,i,..u au Jieu de la eoilfuTC " plum..' dr I" ltn".,.w,p1e'l": ,,,,,.. kdoul>leteroi';'e' do""" «",un,,",e' m~n'l"a" ",pl,~ ",""",la," lr,.w,m"",du~'de l,..rm,~,i"n A2 \'''''e b1andl<" .., p;on'.Ioo, 'H"'l''''' "'''''$ ~ .....lr....", dan' ,,"" c<>uk"r
A, Win'cr"niform.ll:Cu"ag.n,"l'e...l<"Il........'dr"' ..oIlbc..l'a'''"..,H"'."'ta" dcrr..-lerg...,hnwd,.·" KopIl,.,:kd""II. SO,1>r ah....... ,.;rcil,,~... [)ouhlel; [)rd.. ""d j(ebhelCT !\lan'rl ...-erd..n n1l"k drr Iti,,,,.n t on m~" ... Scim En""l< "'" Luckl..... : die !>","rl..< ...... rden ...""hll'''.n fur hklm"lHn.d... Sr""''-'cnT;c~t.()Ibrla"lt" B, FriKha'" Engla,od. ,r.. gtCl 1"I,,,od,t,,,,fonn u..d.."".n r"hako ...", '8;;;,. abc,~... d~ runclc-Q:Il;UI•. daf"rmu ."..... licl>nrhrif,-....igr S,ickl lInd Kapl"" mi'

t:~~::::j~:;~:::::;"::':=~X~:::~,~~~~~~:: 81 Am'" tou' dll'" d'Ang""""', ,I por'e ... 'em,.. de ......·"'e ""lion;;d ..... no Ie

~~::"':'~':='~~~~~lr~8~:,~;::"::':'''';':~='':~=:

croq .... C.i'pa'''n'<-moinalbrr-ill' .311nnn..... caoq ........ I>ron......... J'lOOttpar "n calor.'" r~.....n' a ~.
",,,lincrio<; <,talemn" d",,1'ft" "n ernquio de C.nlork. ,..... ... ~ ... pan,aIon d·..." ... ,n'ion.\.C:alXmbncq.,..pow-C,., ttt.~ .-.-pru:I~t>on £oMd'a.,..,. ...... phoc"lt'"aphit-;caloldr,8,,:. ... 1incIr.. modi'lrd·offiOrrdrff'<'II"""",~io., ... drop"n,n-rldoboclOqlD"" _ , ..-~,,,, .... nlan,,,,d.. ,,,,,,n,n,, C:Jl'n
\'~

...

oitoK~ de

~'''''DCl,,,,''

.

·Uolb..d.' a'''' d .. 'i

mhbbltoa«'U~de''~l

''''''I''"

L'~ ... rr.""n'-braoo<1ltbnndtp'n_"'caloo~,qu·i1.·agil;dt> urnond·di.~dtarr'(l","", . . Lt:oe~UC'Son, cn.. drcOllnndopooo"o.. dtbou'.L· ' ~ .... ... caloo 'imldendn,n..,lel~ncaM .. E:JT"'«
r, \aJ'ot
...,.n'ul<:caIo
~.lecnm'dJ!l;"ilede... ,"',.~J<'U

I"'""""

~~=~,~~t.';;~:=::.:~.~:t',:;~~:~;~~':!:;,~,:~ S:::i~'d'~~::~t~"::'~':=:;I~t~~~m':~n:~t~;a~~ G, 'I"roc:k'

t" >
la.:oilr"...

dr,o."In~od',,,fantrnr.l,,,,,rlal"",,, ....nur.iln·.,,,,p1u>

lnoo.kle n:mpi"",,,, ttl"i .... lh.

I"""'~

tm

:;t=~c~i~~Itb::'.:~\r~~i,~:",,~;:,a;~7~t,~~:~:,';';",,=t;;":~: ~~;l."':.:"I:~u~;t.:~"~',,;·-::=~~~~~t..;,.;c;"Q,..;:~':~~".:~.l:"';

!:.out"'" I"'rl",.. 11<1" l ra"'llrnc: "..-.ll,,,"""lok-,,,,r.'ucmoouwm I""",cn par ~ ~';;~ ~~~~~".ml.. rl ,,,,...,,r I t ur l·fpa"l. "1'1"'""" par '"1'1''''' ~ H, 'rmcl' el I",n,aloo, de O<
' .La ..in".... ,-cr,·rille ... di'friorai'

~,~=~~~,:'~~"~~;,{,;~:~.I~':'~~~~';".,I~~.':~::~'~~'I)~~~:,':i~~:.:'n",:

om m.-.-lel.. de ,8~~,.I'''''' Ir 1\<"''' R.. ~, ]>'''1'' k,...,I.. la I>"~ail!,, de [..a".'g'~ Ned, cn,88,.fA,po.-t,...I"'I",auaun·r.-...:t.·d·ulr...irrlc",odelc",cl,e".a'·"""'S1gnrdc

f.,:; ~,,~~:;~:;c~,:·~~i ~~~:il,~~~:"'(~~~:',~\~ ":t::'~ ~::'I,:~I~ ~~ I'elfe' <10 m"d'(,,,"I,on, de r ",,,1''''01' clr ..,,,,1,.1 a" ("",.. 01... dernif,.. 25 ~,'''=-

~~~~~~=~:i.~7::E..~~~S-~d:..&~i= bribchaJt

, ,,""h dN:> ..-..-d<, na
C. ·HoI

d·~'oIflack.

mil

""m !\1..,m"'lJCC'n und Som......fww.n au>~,

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