Osprey, Men-at-Arms #230 The US Army 1890-1920 (1990) (-) OCR 8.12

230

'The Us.

OSPREY'MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

rmy 1890-1920

Text by PHILIP KATCHER

Col(JUr plates fry JEFFREY BURN

Introduction The years between 1890 and [920 probably saw more profound changes in the US Army than any other comparable period. In little more than a quarter-century the Army was transformed from a small blue-clad force which fought with single-shot rifles, colours flying, against disturbers ofAmerica's internal peace, into a mighty host of men dressed in dirt-coloured combat uniforms, using automatic weapons, tanks and aircraft against its country's enemies on fields across the world . .These changes reflected-indeed, in many ways spearheaded-the transformation ofAmerica herself, from an inwardlooking third-class nation into a powerful and confident world power. After the clash at Wounded Knee in 1890 it was clear that major confrontations between Indians and whites were a thing of the past. The Army began to close many of the small, company-size posts which dotted the West, concentrating its troops in large posts from which they could be deployed by rail and road at the first signs of trouble. While up-dating its deployment, the Army maintained its antiquated organization, however: an organization innocent of general staff or national planning machinery. Contemporary thinking saw the Navy as the country's bastion against external threat. Since America was not interested in invading foreign lands, the Army would never be sent overseas; the Navy would do any fighting which needed to be done wi th foreign powers. Money was spent on the Navy, but the

Army remained small-about 26,000 officers and men. In case of emergency this tiny professional army would be supported in defence of the nation by the National Guard units of the states of the union. Although the Guards totalled some 114,000 men in 1897, they did not represent a combatready army; many regiments were little better than social clubs. The 'Dandy' 5th Maryland, for instance, was most noted for the excellence of the party traditionally thrown by its officers at the end of annual summer camp, while the main claim to fame of Philadelphia's 1St City Troop was the splendour of its uniforms and the wealth of its members. Guards officers and men alike were poorly This 1St Pennsylvania RegiJ:nent private, photographed about 1890, wears a typical National Guard dress unifonn, of Ulediwn blue with dark blue frogging.

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This Delaware National Guard officer wears the t8gs pattern hat and an infantry officer's undress coat with black-trimmed collar and front.

trained and equipped. While the regulars had been wholly re-equipped with the Krag-Jorgensen, a magazine-fed rifle using a smokeless-powder round, the outbreak of the Spanish-American War found most National Guardsmen still using the old .45170 single-shot, black-powder rifle whose basic design could be traced back to the immediate aftermath of the Civil War. For years reformers urged the replacement of the Guard by a kind of territorial army, but were frustrated by state politicians who saw Guard units as their own playthings.

Tile Spanish-American IMr On 15 February 18g8 the battleship USS Maine blew up in the harbour ofHavana, Cuba. For years Spain's attempts to retain colonial power against a rag-tag army of Cuban insurgents had been watched by an American public fed by a bia ed anti-Spanish press vociferous in its demands for Cuban independence. Public feeling had been running so high that the issue was discussed in terms of independence or war. The mysterious disaster

which overtook the Maine was a spark sufficient I blow the country into war, and on 25 April I 8~ Congress declared that a state of war had existe between the USA and Spain since 2 I April. Onl three days earlier Congress had passed a mobili: ation act which represented a compromise betwee National Guard enthusiasts and Army reformers; called for an army made up of regulars, Guardsme and volunteers, many of the latter supposedly bein raised from among men immune to tropic: diseases such as yellow fever. Since Spain, at viously, would not invade the United Statl (ou tside the fevered imagination of a few alai mists), and since Cuba could not be freed withal direct intervention, a number of regiments orgl nized as the V Corps were sent to the ill-equippe port of Tampa, Florida, for eventual embarkatio for Cuba. At Tam pa they received a smattering of traininl but mostly they simply waited for Spain's AtlaM Fleet to be located; to risk the interception of t crowded troopshi ps on the high seas was un thinl able. The Spanish warships were discovered I anchor in the port of Santiago de Cuba in Ma 18g8, and the US avy sat guard outside, unable enter and fight under the guns of the shOl batteries. The Army was summoned to capture Ih guns, and on 3 I May V Corps was ordered Santiago. It took a fortnight to load the sma transports and head out to sea, and to achieve eve that the Corps commander, Major-General Wi liam R. Shafter, had to leave behind precial artillery, wagons, horses, and even camp stoves, f" lack of room. By 2 I June, after a hot and hellishl uncomfortable voyage, the troops found themselv gazing at the green hills of Cuba. The next da 6,000 men, the first Americans ever to stage a overseas landing against a European power, hit th beaches at Daiquiri, above Santiago. They met n opposition from anything more lethal than Ian crabs and tarantulas, and the following d another 11,000 landed. Some 5,000 Cuban in surgents also joined the invasion force. The last troops to invade Cuba had been Lo Vernon's British redcoats in the 18th century. Th had suffered horribly from disease while following traditional programme of building roads an formal siege-works. Shafter studied that campaig and determined to avoid those mistakes. Hardly h

lilt men Ian$ed "" a rqimen .. becoming mixed up on ",,~n)We, Shafter ROOi!<:,·eh. 'ook Kettle I·lill ,lonpide 'he meo of'he pbnned 10 ..,ld pul of his lroops against 1M hill 9'h and 'o,h Ca....lry. Ar'er t,ki,'ll ,his fco.I"...., a '-:If...tUIe • .-her pan ,,-'«:1 1O.no, f.l ean.,., lillie .pan From ,he main tid~ Ii,.... ~·l'ft"I'I'don • ~ """'Id tnabIe him '0 cu, oI"Suni.!t'. ........ 'er to....,,".. ~ Juan Hill J>f''I'"....-m.,h ....... lakn 1>\.

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infamry of Ihe '" nivi~ion, Ily nigbtfall all objeetiv", were in ,\meriean hand" al a 00," of '.700 ca,oalti".-a figur~ aimOOII b
flTe fight:! 'he pion "'em ,moolhly, and on , August, having IOSl ollly l 7 dead ~IId '0" w"'ltlded th~ Amerie~ns reeel\'ed 'he enemy's ."rrender. o.i '0 lkcembcr a 'rea,y wa' signed in Pari" 'ndi", lhe war alld lea\'illl( ,he: Ullilc~1 States lI'i'h '" empire, Cuba became indcpcndent, bUI Amcrial now ruled Puerto Rico, Guam and lh. I'hilippin 'Il,c Philippine ;nsurgellts, who had eXpl:fl 'hcir l!lde:l'e:ndellct:. promptly dc",lared ,lll;i, ()~ repuhlic and continued to figh' 'hcir new ma na,i"" De,pile local successes Ih" rd>tllion conlinutcl ~ 'moulder sullcnl}', and b)' ,ummer '899 sorr~ 35,000 Amcri""ns "'ne on Ihe: island,; cY<;n'Llalh'. m",,' ll1an 'OO,()()() mcn Wfre commim'd, By April '899 Ihc US ,\rmy Cnl connnunicatio"" belW"," 'he rebel' in south and no"h Luzon hy ,akirrs lO';' capital uf ",hnok", Furth,,> dri\'~", w<:r" made. lT~ i' ",a, no' un,il 'hc "al"ur<: by Iriekcryof .'\guinakl< in "'larch !llo' thai 'he hack of the rebellion w~ broken. l'rc<.idelll 'O"x-..Jore R()();Sc,'ch d"darcd '" Philippine [n'"erection '" all end on +.1 uly '9"'~; in fan, 'poTadic r'gh'ing wcnt on n",i[ lh" i,b"d' wcrc finally gr'UHed 'h,iT inde..,nd,nce.

America', Ihird o"c'"""" force, Ih' 20,OOO-1ltrong VIII Corps under ""lajor-General Wesley ""lerri", "'a, assigned the Philippine' a, its largel. On 30 Ap,"1lhe: US Navy, under ReaT Admiral Gc<.>rgc 1)"w'1', d,,,troycxllhe Spani,h flee' a, "'hnib alld ,ilencM lh~ 'hore balleri"". I-li' 'Harines and 'ailors ""cre "0' a 'utli lhe:rcforc >"ale:gic I~";ti,,n of 'h" i,land' in Ihc ,on,
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""'mInltm "ished to remain ~looffrom ,10" affair. ad tbt ,\rrny had its han,," full in l'bilippil>t:S; . . ~ ,,~ 100I1 nttd<:d urgently", hell' I"'<'C' .\mnican hes and propt:r'l}. III Jul~-..e 1.:p"J IOldien and marma., inch.Ji"ll'!>e gth ;uod ,¢IlaW>lr}·.
ooo.... rung ;"lnru.,iooallOrre uniq"" in hiID::>r)i, ,hey "",,-nI ...... 'M f".>T1 ofT,."i" u, ra"" 'h" liege of,h~ ~ri'l'lIeg'lim" in Peking ak>ng>id~ '''-'OIlS from .~",ll'i •• Il,;"i", Fra""". ll,ly, Genn."l', .lal"" and Ru";a. Ilj' to Auf;W' 'he for« ,,,""hed ,h. 0,,,., Ci, y, bcilrt ,,1‫ס‬0o<: "ooIk " Ru.....n attack ,,~ ,h"",,-n bod.On ,be da} dm"", .. of,be '4,10 Infantry oW ohe Tanar Wall, ...pponing Bri,ish ''''''P' "iIolO(li; ,be Ou'er Wall ;uod ,etie.-cd ohc .....;"lled Iq;....,.,., Ib,...,. F. Soh US Anil~- ,hen s",...bed open ohe gales of ,he h.ne, City an oIf...... alm1r mrkin~ "'i'h "h.alk "'he,. ,he "",II, ".~,,, '0 4nd!_and 'he allied .I"tmed in. Ar'"r prokm~ n"go,ia,ionl o( , '''i'ahll' o,·i''''al d",'iou'''e.., 'he Chi",,,,, Dowager ErnprcSi ."eep· 1m 'l""ce ,rea,y ulli"g fur~" ~m,,~1 I"~a,io,, in Pcki"ll. ,h. "'abliY'",,,n' or ~ railroad "nd.r ...-...cd guard rrom Tie'ain '<) l'd:;IlIC. and ,he pal"lllm' of ,"["'",riool. American ..,ltl;.- """.-ft! ill a.ina ..nw. 19:J3 u pa.n of ,he in' tiona! orrioon. Arncrica's da~'1 of ioob..... from ,,-orid 41irt >mt: .Iippi..- iMl«W2b1y """y i.rJ1O 10"'01)".

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would I",,,icip.,,e in ""ttlner ",.n· ·i'h "'Kular uni ... Another importan' "hange 'ha' ~«fOr,,'atd 'he l'rnitOUSlr ami • A ...erican line, ullchedtd bl,he :l.texiC".U1I(O>·crnnWIII pardy ,hro"gh lack or will .m' partll' 'hrough lack ofmean' '0 do 110, 0" 9 March 1916 Vill" led • I'".'d in,n US 'erri'ory; a, Columb"" :-"e..... ,\lcxi<:Q, ,h. l'tilisl/lJ killed ci,·ili~ ..., 100<011, "",,".d. and ,,~ lin.II~· tlri"en "lI"i" a g"nlight "'i,h men of ,he '3'10 Cll'"alr)". Thi....... in,okrabl., and ""i'hin

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The 6ghting in Cuba and ,he Philippines had

.....wed Ih",'coolling> in ,h. Ann)', rang;n" (rom inf.""l' We'I'0'" 10 ,h. lad or • "c"eral ... If, Illn<)\'a,ionl a, 'he lower elld of 'h" "'al' incl"d"~1 'he rtplaCemen, of Ih. Krag by the "e"'" M I9"'3 Springfidd riAe, a lnodem boIt.ac,i.rJ" magaxine "'C2!""" The old Col' ~"oh'e<, ..-hidt h..J p"",-cd uaablc to >lop charx;njt Man> f~,;a in the I'hiIippo....... >as replaced b1-' ,he hard-hi'tiJlg -I:; lhg" Coli automa'ic. A 3-ind\ field I"n wing ~ltu.po,,·d.r ,h.lI. wu adop.C(\ b~' 'he >nilIery III 'g<». At 'he lop 1ced regular

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N"a';unal Guard w~, fctlcrali'.erl 'ho"ly ,hcrcafta Negotiation, I~:tw,,<:n the twO countri.,. bro' down, but luckily foc "'·lexico a moch "'0'" serio threat wa, to djstract the l\mniean g()\"ennn< '!rOd pulolie. Kelations hetween Ih, USA a German)" W'cre deteriorating, and with the peri orquie' along ,he OOMer which followed l'ershi,,~ withd raw'al lrom '" lexien, Ihe quarrel wa., allow 10 die.

f,!6dJHvrf III t;urope ""ar h.d been raging ,iilte 19! 4. " a j of almost unbelievable losses. Trench", ran llk< hel, ofphgue from SwilZeriand 10 the North, Oisa ga,_ FaT away III America il wa, another ""' ""eapon ",hieh hdd ,he puLlie'. anemion, 0IlC which actually 'hreatcncd ,\n"'rieall li"cs-the If· I~Jat. II, "'hy '9'5 the Bri,i,h lineT 1-"';/4';.~" _,unk b)' a U.l><>a\ of/',he Irish CO<~", and afe rordemocl""acy'. On 31 Jan" '9'7 thc GeTman, ;lnnoulleed that far respecting neutral flag' on ,he high 'ea" Ihei, l. l~,a" would ,ink any "essel apl'arcndy Cnl;;ogoJ iI commen:<: with ,he Allie... 1\' ,he ",me tin" do German foreign mini,,~r I'TOp<»<:d '0 the Mexie.. gO"ernment that ,he 'WI) countri". ({",clud... alliance. ",Iexico would dedare war 011 ,he [jS,\ and in reHm, for thi, distraction to kecp Aml L,- the !lritish, who had hrohn ,he Germ" dil'lOll1atic rode, and the)' lost no ,ime in P"'"
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,w.my-four hours Brigadier General J<>hn

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Perihill~ gi",," command of a force which had orden 'n enter ;I,-fcxico and capture Pancho Villa For ",me month, l'n.hi"g "lid hi, men ranged Ihmngh northern Mexico, inAicti".g larKe numb<,., of c.."ahi.. on {he irregulars but never managing (0 capture ,he elmj,·" Villa him,clf. The ol'"ra,ions of US troop' "" .\Iexican wil had been tolerated, grudgingly, at first; Lut [he "'-lexican govern men!', altitude harclcncrl, and it lJuof'S panl;, again" l'cr
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,li,eOUTltc,1 a, a f,ghting po.....ce, and .....ould be riUe, lhe Chaueh"l; although chronically I"olle t" pennanently Out oflhe game within ,he year. Th<: jammillg, i, bec.",e the "andard issue light IlJlian' had bc"" hlockeJ back 100 ",il fter the aulomalic, 'Ille llri,i,h.-d<$igneJ Sleel helme, and ~,feal of Capon"'o, .....ilh 305,000 e"""alli The ga,_ma,k ""CTe ~Iso ad0I"c~L -n,e F,-""c.h "'I,pli",1 Brili,h, no longer (he 'Old Con(c"'p(ibIeo' o!" '9'4, tanks (hough ,,,"er in ,uffieient nUlnhe", and had a'ternp(eJ '" draw prC$'ure olflhe F rc",;h by aircralL th, Iong..ordw,,-oU( hallIe of Paschendaele. and in Second only '0 he.,ing ,he Ge''rIlans. Pel'shing'. ,he pro'"'''' 1000t 245,000 m~n, Fra"n. mo<' han! "im ....... to m"in'ain ,he inregri,y of ,he AEI' as a f""""'l of aII, ,,-as a 1m '-"'t '" 'x ImT1;" ; ",m e fifty -four ,ingle American aTmy under American wnunan,J, ,hisi"",,, .....eary 10 death "f the ",<.." .....e'< pllr 100, ""d Ohal Foch, or by Ilri,ish Expediliollary Force ~ommanoer, Fiel~ ~Iar-.hl QJlC< beg"n panieipaling in the Royal Navy'. OOfl"OY """oTt prow"mme to pro!"'l shipping, By l-big_ Rolh of ,hem understandably wanted (he .ulumn 19Ii >ome 37 US dotro)'"r-. wete 'er,tIlK immedime ""neli, of young American hlood in in Lhi, CajMCil y, an ,upl'linl much American "'Iuipll..m; ;( "'o"ld tah the hett<:r pMt ofa year for ,he American, ewn '0 "inforwnenl. Geneml Per-.hing, bad; from "lexieo, ",,,,,gi"en get ba:lic ",rlf problem' ,·mrked ou" leI alone command of lbe Amen,,"n E_~p'--dilio"a')' Force; ca,h" ,h.n wail for lhe force to h,:come a re.li,y, he set sail ahn,-,,' at once ",ilh lhe nc..... I" Di,'i,ioll, AI,hQugh Ih< Di"ision lacked much vit,,1 eqllip...m, and W;I' far from fully trainc~1 lor ,he l,-pe o[ ~'>rfare fo"gh, in France in '9'7, its drri"al in Lil'C'l"",1 "nd subseqllently in France wa, a ge<,at boo!! (0 Allied civilian morale, .'\ col""cl 011 Pershing', "aa' ,,-,calln! in a SI"",(;,h lh. French oohlern'lI who, in lhe \\'"r of Illdcpcndenc., had joined the "ruggling colonial army, . LafayeltC,' h<: cried. 'we are here" Th< erowd weill ",'ild, 1'",'.nh! Di,'i,;on and lhe othCT"l which P,lIowed il would be ready [0 em.r lhe treneh,,,_ Wca!~,,", were in short !Upl'ly, Si"ce lhe '03 Springfield, wer< nO' "'ajlable in ,uffieient numbers Hri,ish Enl;el,1o rc
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blooding lh~ir 1""'P" 10 the poin, "I"""" ,h." .."Ould t. Alii«! ,..mics. To ...ai, un,illh<: AEF had n ~ illlG a no:aI ann}". in alll('l>tel ofd>e ..-..d, ... tnnumplalc German o/Ii.ccn >Will",!,: ,"""""k-u on ,he Ri....... in the Inn",i"",. I"'lK ..klom ot2nn. Pershing ",.. . - about '0 let hi$ rornm"nd lilt...- aw:oy hct",~ tlit fingcon. ProUkn, Wi"".. , cle<:,«l1O office Of! the !logan 'Ut hi>! ."

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........ Id. So, using .......·1) d"",,1opod small IIIi 'stormunop' ,ac'ia, ,"'lth .bon ",n'llN) ha..... a"ti spttd~ ."ranU1' ad,~ ,"'hich b,'~ C1'C1n~- "roo'RJlOinl$ and ler, ,h...", h'Rh and dry. ,hc rear. 'hey all..eked on 1"" SO""",... OU ~1 ;\hrd ou, of war', wa, oot a!>out tu leI the ..,11. nnd i9'8_ Ano,her ,hirty,five di"uioru a,,"cked aloof brothcll of hi. '"VIc'" ",rve ,,,,,ieI' ,\lIied generals Ihe A",ie". ",lie'" Oil 9 "pl'il, and a ,hird I'\l!h .-.1 hardc<\cd hy yea", of slaughter 10 ,he pm.pee' "I" mad ... again" Ihe Chemin ,k. Dam.... , nonh..,... IlCUM;1rilj" heavy ca>mugl" ",allen 10 a head, allti anni.o ..-Iten: they ale funn)" li>od and spotc oll"ernl foch hie: he must l>aule.mM!~' di,-i ......nge La"ll'.ag.... Thoc funnallont.. including a L:S ;\Ianr'le

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brig.de ;n 'h, 2nd Di,-j,;,,", wen, ;mo 'he line along ,he ~lanH', The Gcrmam fdiled '" I'"""ra'e ,Ilti. I;nes ann found ,h,m.<:!"", on the defemi," "" lhe ,00 Di"i,i,," 1'L1,h(~1 'hmugh BelkalJ W(~~L Dcilt " hOld,er, bill of 9. 771 American ~""ual.

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Allerollly a oosled Allied Franco-American offensi"e was la'mehcd on 17 "",,,,It. Jill", spearheaded by lhe US 1S' and >ml o;"isio"" y" "noth'" G"nna" offi:m;I'c followod, wi'h a which '"c""ed,xl ill pinehillg olf ,he- ),1 ,rne lalien' lhrul' west from 5oi~",,,-, and anNher ,out!",-anl< aod dri"ing 'he cn<;rny back ,,, 'hc Ve,k Ri"cr, On frool the ",uthem flank Qf, he Amiem ,alien,; ooth 10 Ang"", when enemy prc,,,"e h"d dackencd !Wr"krJl their J..n olfen,;v, ()f the "'ar, the 'hid",_ divi,ion, wa, finally <:real"1. Tho US II Corp', of '.'rmtr' or 'IX'ace '!lacK', One German "rill\' would '''"'' jor pan of the Alli"d armies la01" m<[ [his Ihrea1. lne 33lh Infantry, part ofl!>e 41h made good progre'" lhe ,"'",eriean, prOlX"'"d to Ili\1>ion. gained il< nickna'ne 'Rock ol'the Man,c" allack th~ Sl. Mihiel ""lien!. On JO .'kpre",l>er th,fur ba"gin~ on grimk :!I'hough 'urmtlndc,- ....., n..,. ~,...,..,..p.b PortL.... _..-.h, ~ which w"" already in Ihe process of disengagement and wilhdrawal from 'he salienl, Thi' eontrihmed to the eaplm< of '5,'>00 Gcnnan pri""'e!> for th" I"" of 7,000 ..\meriean c""ual,ie,, A, this offensive eominucci, Foch prep.~red hi, ma.>[ governmwllO lIegOliatc a I",acc, an
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lum G<:c ba"a1ioo:t commander ru.....".. II""

of Hoooo--. The Uni.ed Stale", highot mililaO") dct:or.otion ..... aloo a.....-dcd 10 a Tenn~ luckwoodsman who became a legend-Ae,i", c.rl>l><"al ,\I"in C. yurt. Charged by a "'load of six Genna", "'00 al'1"''''''II) lmnkcrl Qn .he Ameri""n rine', known mag",-in. ca~cily of fi"e mundl, "ork coolly [>ide "'en .."'" pcrlOrmirog re~ .. of ,..lour !'"",,,inc him"df w:u acronktl bqrcr recog"ition "'" his work and cs could ....,.,., her JIO""""ff,,1 anny in a defini,i"e enl:OUn'",. His ~Ie
olfe"',;"e, and lhal of lhe o,he, Allid, <:<)I",n On , N"O\..""lJcr ,he ," US Army lOok lhe h 1Oll1" of ,he Genna.. lOunh linc n<:u Ibrri Thi< apoted ,he Gcnnan pooiliono, and "'pillly feU bad: "''CO" lhe ;\Icu..,. On 5 1"0\ lbe US V eoq. "... Kroll the ~lewoc. 0 .. lbe the Amcrio:ans ".".. on the hills O\'n1ool;in~ ..-h..-c ,h", haloed. allowing ,he •·.. neh counesy of ..-Iaki"!'! a cit~· ..,h;d, had hdd cmooi,... Jigni/ica,oa: lOr lhc f ,mch natioa Jitltt d;';"'cr of '870. On 1, and agr-cal.ha, ,hoc .... r end al tt", d",·..uh 1Hx" ohhc c!C'o'e."h day 01" elet'enlh lTIQIllh, 19'6. hghling "'enl ".. rigltl up TILio ,,,ulery poi,." _ ...... '.... a..... Woo ........ wItl '--'-"';"" , ,_ ..I. , ,.. N

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kll ,il,n, and an amoni,hing q"iel h"ng owr the ba"kfidJ, right au"'" a oo,,,ineu,, ,'merica's, a"d "'" "",rId', moSt hideous war was o,'er. And yeo 'Blad, Jacl' Pershing 1'''' n'" ple"""t -Ute)' newr knew ill Ikrlill ,hal dH')' "'c"e b..ten', he would My la,er, 'We'll ha.'e 10 do il all (In''' again

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11''''', ,860-189", in thi, serie" '695-'90' for f"11 d=, office,", wore, aec'OTding to General Orde" I~Jbli,hl'J i" T figs, 'a <.lj",.k 000' or dark-bl"e clmh, th, .kin 10 extend from "",_h.lfw [hree_lounh; ,he di'lane, Jmm ,he hip 1""' tD ,hr bc"d Ilf ,he k"ec'. Rank wa; illdioall,l ~ agene',I', t"'eh-e bntton, heinz placed in fO\ll~; .l"menam-general', len bUllO,," wilh ',he "pper >lid weI' groups by ,I"e"" and the m..ldle gro"ps 11' fol,,,'; a majOT_general', nine I",,,om in ,hrl~", >nd a brigadier-genera!', eight bUllo"" in pai ..., Ficid ~rade ofliee... wore nine evenly placed butw,"" ,,'hile cuml'aIt)'_wade oflieCI' worc ""vcn "'°01)' pl",:<:
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withou, ,hu"ldcr stral" or collar in,ignia.' In 'll9r<:a"ed wi,l. five I>"tton' in fron'.' It ",a' e", ,he same len:,:,h '" ,ho ,aek coa', and shouldcr ,IraI" w"re worn "n the blou,,-,. Gen".... I, wmc ,he,", hI"""", donble-breo"ed Wilh bU(1on, .rranged in lbe sam, "'ay a, on ,h,ir dr= COOl', In ,lkjIl anothcr STyle of field ""al was aUlho_ l'i,"~I, ' .. " blo,.,,,, of ,,"'''m drillin:,: or khaki made with a .ingle pleat z inehe, wide in Ihe b.ek .nd extending from ,he collar 10 lhe end of ,he ,kin; ",ith two o""ide 1>""", pockets and 'wo ",,,,id<: I"",l,'" I>r , ! inches

,,

wirl~ ~, ,h~ 51.....·• and 1 Inch "'ide at 'hc cull.r. Coa, be bulloo,rd by r..-~ '""!luluion buw>n•.... 1l>c ..rap' 0<, k of ,h~ u _ rna'crial "" ,he wa' and of the color of racing> of ,he ann: ""., rolours ,,',,", for gn>ttaJ and $.... 8" offi«rs, e .... nilcd SulkS ma, of anm _ 10 be ""0<0 on the shoukla- $Irapo llliol1ar 1nd oIcc-.", jllSl aoo..." the rant iMillnia. lI.a,,1: insignia, "'ot" on bo'h ohouklers, a>mi..cd orlh= ..ars lOr a lic.. leflamgmtral, 'WOSIars lOo- a major_~Ji\l. one lIar for a brigadier-g.neral, a oj"·e••pn:ad cagle fot a colonel, a silv... oak leaf fo' a li~ul~na",-coIonc:I, a gold oak Ir.( fur a major, ''''0 $il"~r ban fOl a captain and One lilver bar for a first lieu'en.nt. A ..cond lieulenanl's 'traps were plain. 0" ",,,h....,,. coli... oUi..,,,, wer. 10 h"' e 'he gold letlers U .5., or U.S. V., for U.S. VOJUlU'e"', Ikhind lhal ,,·a.,o be 'he in.ignia of'he olli«r', ""'I""'ti"e ro.-po. ThN< "'ere as rollo\... , MJIII""1 Gnor..r. nr,.- A shield ofg.:>ld ot gih mrtal, ornnbroidcrOO in gold. I~,. w-nd'. I~_-Gold...- gilt ...nnl a"d faJCel.,..,....,o:] and wrealMd. J"'v .~~ e.-.t'J Dtt--Swonl and pm atlSOd :and ...,."",Md,""bruidcrnt in fOld, or of lI"id u.- gih mn a spnad ~ ofsold 01" Kill """al. platinum :ond """mel. s.~, .i1>-... ""'"'""'" 1 inch b.",,'ttfl cu'fl', '0 be placed ...ar ,h~ gold.n Iellcrs 'I.:.S:. 'UlpI' '0 ,he ...,ar. p~ 0.,.'1.....1-.... diamoo' :i by , inch, em_ b.........er.d i" gukl, or of goIlaced wi'h ,hnr,e, diagonal ;Cal. M"Ii,.1 Dtparlm,"1 A modifica'iun of 'he crou of the Kniglln of St, John, to h" f I"d, n\'", all, en,b""i,l~r~ In gold 0' mad~ ofgold or gilt "'c'al ill exact imitation of gold embroidery, 'hc <'Cnll.. pl~in, and 'he cross "'i,lIou' ho(t1er. C",p, of EJol'_I_1\ lil,.."-·',,rre'.,l ea"k. O,dull« Shell and flame. of gold 01" gill me'al, .- nnbl'llOd
'0

,h.

0.,..._-,\

n.,.r_.1

"

".........1 ca,,,,,,,,, I inch high, ",i'll n"mber ~mcnt "' i"'''ntttion, of gold or gil< mCl~I, "",broidC1\"d in gold. J.j...lry-T,,<>c""'""'" rilla. i<>eh high, ",.,11 "umb<.- 01 regim.n, aho\'e in' ~ion, 0{ gold .- gill meul, or eml.wtM
..... rna The

plain'0 uni """ alRIisIcd 01a plain

frock ma, ,,;,h II ..andin« rona.. :ond a fO'A' of black bu,lOQO. Chapbi"'lla' Oe, bullons dooo'n each """'. For ""d... l;tins lla' "00 fl,'e bullor.. do..·n ,he Troll.... "'ere plain black. US :l.lili,ary "c' profCSS(Q and J udgo AtI",IC"lC Geo'...ar. 1'~"'1 mc'" oOice"" OJ, d,,')' oo,,1d "'c., ~ plain ,tart bIR d,... e"al wltll 'hei' cn'p" bullO". G"",,rab al\(I.,,~1foffie<" ""'r< '" haw d,.r' bill ''''u..,rs, whil. ca"alry, a"illery and inr"nl~ oflicc,", "'..n' ,k,. bl"e lro"se... with a mipc II inch.,. wide of 'hrir «"1" facing colo"r 00...'," leg. l,.in ,,'hi,e lroooers oonkl I", worn in 'ummer and ~ha~i ,roo..,..., or 11'''''cllo DIOUl"OO men, i" ,he fleld. OlfieIf d"''', 1hcy could ".",,, "hi'e, bur hlut """"oo;ol). r.- d...,. 81'1,"",":and Ola"oaken. "'OK ~t:; M ......, "'hile hclrnc10 ,,-ere ........ ~, "'......( Theooo had an uPc plate in fronl ",.h a UUeld reg",...."al n"mb<.- Ittperimpnocd 0-.... ,:;:~ cannon, oabru.- rif\a. :l.lou"led olroccn' lo-.:r<: 10ppctl wi'h bulfalt> hair p1"moes, "hi,e i"ralllry, ~'dltno for ca,,,,11)' and red for an~ Foot offi<;fl"S WUl'e nml 'he« ",,~i,,~ to tlIl lrom and lhe oll,,,, '0 the ,cn, "f'l,,' """k, cr",""1 "po"" 'he ,i~ht 'hOlJldc' "nd p"..ing ocpa",1
• r

I

/

{

-

,he ,Iia",ele, al lhe lOp ,Iigholy Ic>s ,han at the ba...', ,he height 3J i"che, all around; . , . The "isor of black patent Icathcr .. gR"n undn"oa,h, round_ ed, o!OJ dopi"S d""'nw~,,, from ,h~ h",iwn,~1 fom block moal eyek" fOr ,-cntilation, two on ~ach ,ide, ploced 000"" the band; a eap ennl of gold b"lholl I incl, in ,Jjam~lCr, ",-"ured a' bolh end, b, ,mall regula,ion hu"on,. For general ofFic",.,. a band of block vel.-e', an'Ore lbeir "~,h,,, around tbeir w;o"", while hight!" gene,als em,ld wear lh~irs au"Otrip,," "f gold em_ broidery down ,he Ie"gth. Field "nice" ",oee black bcl ~ Wilh a ,inl\le 1\01<1 'lripe, "hile stalfolficers had four gold lac< strip<" inl al", Itad [(lIlr gold ",ip<, on ,heir beh. Signal Corp. offoee... al", wore shoulder bel" and fLeld glass ca"" in both d,,,,,, anuundfCSS, Offi""..' overcoats were d"rl; blne, ",ith foue hlaek mohair nctlcd f"'g button, and mohair !:onl loop, on the frone They had 'wo ver,ieal .ide pock"" ju" belo'" lhe hip, and rcaehed '0 eighl jnch", bclow tile knet, General>' o"ereoalS had dark blue remu,'able !:aptl roK<-d in black ",ohir ond made ",i,h black v"h,,,t ",liars, O,kr "If"",,,, wore hooch, '",ade 10 bnlton arOlmd Ihe neek, under lhe collar, and large enough '0 wver the head aBu cap'. R~nk On o"erco~lS wa, jmlica'ctl by a flat bla~k m"hoie "1Il".~h< hraid kn<>< Oll ead,

.t.

,c,

cuff. Colonel. had he bmid" li",,' when the~ i. "x'e",hl, ha"ing ~ rolling mll~r of black I'el\' inch", bl'Oa<: faced ",i,h wbi'e do,h, onla",",~ wi,h,ix bUI"'n<, .. thecdg,,"ohli, to he piped white: ,houlder straps of datil the color of t facing. ..: ,Icc,"" to Ita\'< a cuB' facing of ~.~ do' h 01' fro", ,ide, u...,,,,,,en1«1 wi th tb'ee b"""" Artillery, e'lginc",r and ordllallce men h"dj same palle,n COOl, with facings or !earlet artillery, ~nd co"ali ",en wore .;j",ilar, but ,horter. coat> facc. a' othe'" in ,t.: oorp., <",ilh a" o",,,,,nenla,ion on ,he Or".,t braid of ,a",e wlor "" ,he facing" runninK from \ buno.... across \h" breasl, ,he outer ex,re",i! tenni""li,,!;; in '"berring IM"'e," "'Ml the br:i returning back 10 the hutton,', Commi,,,~r)' ill post quartenna"er sergeant> wore infan,,~'-le"l: mats, wi,h faei"", of eauet grey piped wilh "hi for <:<,,,,mi.,,ary !erg-eanl>, and IlLlff piped "i whi'e for 1"'" quanerma'tcr ",rgeant'. In the field enlisted men could ",car d,,,k hiblou"" """Ie will, rulli,,~ eollars a"u he bulto ,lo",n ,he fron', or khaki blou",' like lit""" of till offoc".. , Th" khaki bl""", had ~orp._rol",,~ d,,'achable iho"ldl"r ""'I", TIl(: c"lou" won, I ,ame '" worn on
"i

"J

_'"=

f..-

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. ~ ..

-.

_ ........y..- .. .... yW. ~

p. ,..

"->i--'

"'" ko.. ·.., ....... ,W......

~ indi~.,cd

"" follow1 R,s;mmlal SrTI'"' ,\I~jot-·l1 ....:" b... and an .'~ of Ihn'<: ban. Rt~ Q!wlmMiln M,,""I Thrtt han ..,j a tit of ibM: b:lrs. 1UKJ'M"l1l1 n=barsanda ticoltllrttban, ....,;.. • Cfae iml<'l" ~ of fM>"fOn. St-b- • S.,uli. Sit,..11......._Thltt !>lon and an arc of '''"0 00 ... CII~f .1/..",... Thett ban and all "rem.wo bars, wilh • !lugl. of patl~m "'Om on capi in Ihe cen'er, l'riIo:ip.1.1lusirian-Thrce bar:! .",1 a huglc.n,"", .Uti- Th,oco bo.,.. ttnb"";dered <1........1 bo_, O"hulI1<6 s....,.--Thrcc: "ars and " ..or. h>l Q_ _w &tV- Thrtt h.ln ..nd " lh. illclo.ing a rcd
e-........,.

s..,..-

."d ,,,.,,

Sn,-_

Sf"""

Sle....ard, omillillg ,he arc. I'nDdt,

,,,,p. ".,

of,1It /I",pit'"

all p""""' ",ulralhtJ by/Iw Imns oj 1M G,,,,,,,. Co",.nrion-A bra,.,,,,,1 of "'bil~ ck>th, ,6 inch", \<:>ng and 3 ind,o "'ide, "";,h. er005 of red .-loth, ~ inchellong;IDd ~ inclM::s ...-ide, ill e~nlC<, '0 be ... om on J-S2mc U for a sergeant of ,he cia... omi"jug ,he a"" COI"",ol &j liv S'lMI Corp,-Two bMa indosing d:w, Firsl_ sa",e de"i"" .... for ""'ll"am of ,he Cltill P'j....,' ef tit< Sj,,,..} C ~~ Dc,'ice l'O.., rcd d white. _I a huming to.0." and a tic ofone baT. &1"••, Th,...., baN. R'I;""",.I."" RatIO/in CAJI.r Serg,••' Three bu. "nd "sphere. '.I ind,o

s.w--I

a.w

r.",

Ii",

s..r--

.,

in di~",c'cr. C.,,.,,.I-'I\,,, mo.". I_I C",!O'IJi0"" I,;". COI/ol-I\ cook'. cap ofdOlh l:OIl[Ofm;og in roIor 10 arm of ...,..,·icc, c.~ccpl fOf Sign~1 Corp., ..-hich will be black upon ..-b.ilc cloth. Funn 1\ horx>hoe of cloolh 41 irteha long and 31 ;nch<:s ..idc• ..-orn 101: uptJCTTIlOll. SM4IIP-1I ~Icr·. round knifc. of clo<:n, of cloth. r..u.aII" inoign'" ofocaricl doth nc;ou}- pipc OIluidc oflhc right dcc-.., h:olf..-ay bct.. ttn ,he poinllJilhc obouldc.- and 0100-.·. bcIo>o. lhe d ..,m,n in l20C of a nonrommislSion could ..-"ar" diagonal gold lace chevron I i,,~!t ",id" just al..",c thc dlUll CO.,! cuff. Hospi,al wrl" mell had thri, ",r,icc ,,,il>C' of lu", exccl"lOr c,,~jneen..-ho "'-orc da,k bluc. ~ants had an ;neh idc ..ripe dn..-n each 1f1l i corponob and bntt c poIak. a ! inch-widc .. ript, and muoicia..., ' 0 t ind>·...idc .. ripes. CoIoun ......., rorps bcins coIoun, ~ lOr crW.-n ..'ho '-I. ocarln scripts pip<.pillll COfP' men. cmcr.Ud gr«n (I J irteha ..-ide lOr .. e..-...nls, , indl for "",ing Ole..-... nts and ! i""h lOr pri,-a,,,,,); dcctrician ""l:unu.. "",rlc,; oignal corp liCTgCanu. blll.(;k. Khaki trouKTl had nO .trip"". Dark brown Cilll'·... legs:;llg< ".(..... ,,'Om "ith khaki It"'l>llSe'''. ShirlJl wrre ,lark bille and Wl're oflell "'on, i"'learl ofbloo~. Chevrons wcte uol worn 011 ,him. IId",cll like ,h,-,"" worn by ofrlcen. l'll,meri for mounter! ",e" and .pikL"o ..'On, by cnl;"cd men, ,,·i.h a cap badge of thec..-d can""",. ,ineoor ",,1>n:s. wilh a cornp"n)· lene. a1)o,,·e 'hc in,crscction f.... a,,'lIc!)·mcn, infanU)·mm a,-a1r}""",,_ Onlnart
•

I

e.-.

,h=

""d

"

COffillli ry ""r~e""'. ",el'O while Cract:lllO. I upward, i'hin a gilt ...mllh. Po>! 'I".rltl'lll "'rg"an.. ""Or<: a white c","",d key and l>tll wit l(ilt w'ealh. EIC<:lrician ..rgcana wOre ",hi,. ~ lighllling ...;,hi" a ~ih "'T<~,h. r.nSinecn" lm>s> (Uneled f .... l--bluc doth, bJraoo. 'True', he mlt, '1 had a uni cCTulean·blue pan i,h a Inoad. d""I,l>Iur d",,·n .hc .. d"" and ,he)· fillll ...... m)- blouse! I had al ....).. dwugl>l !hal a" ......pecifically an ""ide of lCm'ninc a 30rt ofio<»e ohil'l"-aiu ..~'" a """~-. C$Iand) pm.-onti." of a

0C\l«

.n~L1i,h

if it .........' n't huttonc,l. Abo " ,,'as

OJf'Il"":d '0 lit.

'I"he;' were ,horL of blou',," ,,'hcll n,inc w"" iwed; i" ,hor' "f normal blou'''' for normal 111(11. So my blou", "'as left ovcr from 'orne oUlSi,nl p'":k,,eMT, a more fr3gmenl of who« clo'hing

1I,.,

-

n;, __

.

lduJd boo!< '9"

woiform ..... Ioo'd••,.

.....o "ld have outfi,,,,,l mc insidc and Oil!, ,,-ilh a Sunday suil left O"cr, Thc 'tJrn~~I_ba"k sleeve' reached my elbo,,~; lh" blou'C li)lded dmulld me so thaL i" bLltwn> W<"e al all Ii",,,,, ,,,,dcc my arm_, and it 'cached "'y kn""" likc a frock <"O"t.' Even if i, looked good, a w,-,ol bkn....e dnd wool trou,,,~ ..... OT ,he Philippines. Th",d01'c ,he .-\rmy', Qu"r'cnn""",, Gc""ral had an e,penmen. ,.1 luI of IO,OOO khaki "nifonn,,;IS ,!o:scribcd in lhe rir"", g<:ncral orders, made "p in .... prill&)8. Th"",,, proved "",uccCMful lha( he ,ri~~110 clolhc the en,ire ann)' in khaki immcdi3,dy. Unfol'tunat<:!y 110 American man"fae!OTt.,,; eould mah lrue khaki do'b,. do,dy WOI'en bOll ligh'·"-eigh, colton [Lrst u",,1 by lhe Bri,i,h Army. Even li~h, eanva' ......s dili",uh IQ prooLICC in la'1l'e enough qua,,,i1\' '0 cloth. the Anny, .nd i, waS no' u"lil 8June th," the Ne,1 lor lheir bad fit 'tnd poor we~ring qualitie,. and for

'"

/

n....-. __ .. _ .......... e.-...

--

.

~"'::"" ~ ~":,:;",,.to !:."~~ ~

hcingjust about a. h,,! .... 'h" wool "nes had bee". On 23 April J~ Private Jacob lk'ar, ,otI, PCIIIlI)·h...nia. noted in h" 0 .... 1'}· in the Philippi"""': 'Wnther bot. Ordn tOr daily drill-broooo-.. !hin, bJuo"T1 'roul. mue .hin. b"",'" lfO........n, ~i,J.d J"q,s. I'''r>ldr, Hlne hlo"..,. \"hile 'm"",.., black ,hoco, &c. Gin~harn .dU"u,Hl on 1>:1.00. Ha'", concluded Ihe"M ;,0\""-.'

,,,>
'Mh aoo.-.: .he eulf and a star an inch abo.-.: di r.ow.". ranking 08ian h:od '''"0 band> <:I inch ~Id ",in:: I""e around thr milar, ""'" 0<1 ...,<1 "n" Ull the boll"," with ,he en,p' ool"ur !xlw«n. n.";r !l"",',," '.. will b< orn~m wilh a band 0( !-inch pt_w,,~ la« _.

around,t>tculhl i"ct rrom .... mdo(~ to be surmounlro "". , insignia of.... uk, i b)' flal ~,I~_win: braid 11l~ inlignia of ... will he plan~l in Ihe center ..r,he open under ,he bnid i....gni~: The '89:. .. 00,..,. a>o" bcnmc ~ d",", rool .,... .gao ~II m;ej• ..,.t a di!"orent OIl 10 d",," coat_ -, On 3' Dttnnl..... 1!JO'l ('",~I Onle... :'\0. 11~ COOl or dark_blue, .. hi)!;h rolling collar; dou brcaSlCtl .. b,,"onl gmupt,d .eeordi,,~ 10 gave the Army a ne,,· ""ilon,,: f"ull dt... "Ilicer', coa" Were lhe Arne,.. IlIey _. .' f\ whi,e coa' for hot dimal"", "".,10 the ....... h:od ~ ,,;l!l ,hcadditioo ofa black \"cl"... collar 'M '~undrao enot II... all in ..hite, ... and lOu'·'ncb d~ black ,-d,'C! cul"b- ~ authoriu:d. Gold oak 1n\'eJ " ..,...., eml>«>ire'L"",1 sack oo.u gencrab Imn:: .heir "aN abo"e ,he wir, "-hil,, Ilaif oli\'e--r "'i,,,er wear, .nd dcpanm"'" gcocr.Us ",-on: their ro<'J'iI imtxuia an khw-<:olon:d khali malerial lOr ... mmcr .._

io do: 'roplOl, made with 'wo o""i .. ~11"·0 OUI";'le pa,ch podell Ixlo.... the .oiIt; porku "",'eral by Aal'" rounded ~l lhe . . buuoned b) a small ~la,"'" button llu.... On euh ohouldcr ~ ....... thc Pm< ma,erial;as IlK: cna, k1 in a, !he: -...Jdtroram and .e"",hing fmm !he: d<'<:\"C' "",m • ~ .... d,," ooIhr, and butt""i"!t al doe uppn....i!b, ~ .~laliooo bronu blmon .. , All ..... b ,Itis """, ' 0 ""- of dull.linidl_bo"onzc:

'n,e '0

.....

'o

l:acbolicer ...... "-ear !he: UScoa.ofamuon his n&r abou, an from ,he enlee,"e 'Cam. O,"roa", lOr all "Aicen were "OW aoo Gli'-e"lib. dOl(d w;, 10 r,v" olive.<:Jrab butto"" an in .id,h Rank was illdica,ed 00 the o"torcoat hl' the ...... black br.id knotl 011 ,he cuff, "" "'IITII ill ,llg5, \\'ilhin ,1M: kIlOl'. ""Ill"" ,I,," wuanmern oSicers, and """ rofJ_-a>lour m¥ b line oIIittn. Li... "->ttn """"' ,he samt

'nch

...,or

..-..","d"",bul .. alfol6oenand~..~ pbia dark hi... ,rouoon lOr drca. SC ce II'OUXD ..... oIi,·e-clrab .."'"
-

"""tfS ......., worn ...'.... lilt capo.. Rank 'mign", '""'"' and belu "'C ollier... maroon, and ordnance oR'ce... black I>~ ,han the b;md, wi,h a" i-inch O\"cr',ang. piped wilh ""UIOI. Some in,igni. w;>.. al"" changed, for full dre" goneral, ,,'cre '0 wear ,hi. cap wi,h The ",,,-heal ,mignia Wall a gold ca ""0 erOSS'-~1 ,il;:"al nal(' and it burning lQrch. ;ll guk] :",d oih'<,', The Chief .,.~ !ta,'" around roidory 00 A: to !he: rank of ,he gmtnl ....
'n,o

or

oeoond lieutenanl. Bdow thei' n:g:immtal ba ~. "'On: 'Ihe I0OI oh IIo<>rk, ohod, ..'ith "ins: &ida, of ..'hi,e metal .. , . llw: a>llt otarms of Un'laI Stat(ll willllOt be ..vm br ,..,."rinari"" til '90~ lI'e ""Iist.d ",all', unilQnll hee' r~IIo<,r ,impler 'hall it h:1d t,.,.,,,, For 1',,11 d,"" wore an all-dark_blll" COll', with a ,,;ngle row 01 bun <;100..'11 the /TonI and a standing oolL..r. 1 colL..<, kkr Ioopo, and 10 Ix: piped ~ "cord ed~ bnid" orlhe rolo.-of<:oanmo: o. ann or """'ice. 11\" rolor of 'he b",id

e".

r.ngintt.... Ordn~n"c, Hosp;,.•1Corps. lind Si~ Corps '0 he miaed ;n allemate "ripes, ' 0"" ooIIi were "'malwi'h braarorpo insirniaand thclrtt U.S.• ,",onol6cen'~coalS.llw:oame~ appeared on , .... eolIa... of the oIi,..,-.drab 00' kIIi oet'\1CCcoaU, ..'hi'1"', Uf1lnge piped wilh white. ..,,,,,ice dw,c!"n"n al [he US ~Ij]ilar}' Ac

n"

-

n.. ...... _

...

......... _ ....... _

offiCttl wC"" IlOW '" we.... 'hcira.rtm"'" insi",;" i" th" lown angles of their "-'j(im<:mal hadgOl Of ~bov. ,h. <:~nt,.., JUIT,,1 of tl", t;"gi""",', bad/l~' Rqpm<:mal .hapla;", "'Of(: a Latin en-. "'ith Ih"';. ~ntal badge. r". ..,.,. dreoo olIia:n could .....",r 'an C\'",,;ng al 10 l>t: oTna"":,,,ccl r,,, ~II offieen in ,he .. me ma"ner lU ,..., 01«-'0 of Ih';. f"n d......"ibm coalS. ... A ..... i>t~o;ol of I,,,,lry"" anillerl

.no.s.

,'"<,"

wOrt

hIIlf ... ipo.

, ..... """'" ')1" 01' d... ha' ..'on' .,,' olFicm an'hori>xd for ochco- ranu. , .... <:ad of x<>ld the ..~ had 'wo rorpo colour .. rip<:>, II "'ide. one a, the tOJ' a,1(! 'heoth"r a"he OOoKa lht: hal balld. The hat i"'igHi" w"" h"'~l>, a i"'igni" like 'hal worn Oil ollie....· eolian. US.\IA de,:u;hrncn, "'On: Quan"""""'''' met'l inm'al "umboe... ror "",,,Jr)' and ' fanlly 1.,,,,(1•• alKI ha,1(! H,,"'hen rot ani ban,b. Enginee" field musicians had b....m "';Ih a whit. metal c".lle in Ihe Cl:1l'n: and. OJmpanr k"'" abo\'c il. l"ra",O)' and ca'''''''' ml>Sirianl ""'" a ~k ,,~th the moIlpanl· ... leu'" in ilS centn: and the ~ w al>o\.., il. Anillcry fi,,1d mu!lician. had a blIP h. ""I)' number i' ito 11,t: dr... C"I' "-.I :lam" ... ,I", lull dr=l cap bu' all dark blue, half or oIi" •.
""n"",

borda, in ~ddili()ll '" ...nd pbcnlj..., abuYe 110 lOr " p""-ate. PntN!f1ilit 1I~ ,\ .ntt S1~ It> be piped ..-itb .. hi" ~ -T.." ban. ind".",« obdl and flame. and ,,'om on "".mmtHiooned ~ ""'" ..... Dnllge """,roo... ~lcdioJ ~ ......., aloe ~ doth. indooin« a caduceus 11 inches high. IIlbr-ni m:I an...,,,,,, their Iefi :ad0C(td 10 ha,-e a narrow whi .. border. A< hoop;I,,1 ".",a,d, Shirt> wert: oli,'e-drab tJalme!, WOf" with 01,'-·...• l.o;ning II", arc. Ltltl" Af ...... bar of rna""", doIh "i,h ..-hi'e .o\Jrnool ;m i... ,d) cha,,«,," w r ordm:d 10 t .... '!JO'I " .. ilOnn. From ,\u~ ..... '903 011"..."'" in ~ .~.' c ,. . ~ ,n" _ ,n,an,"'" . . . . . .1100_ •. - 1 > · , ••":r,, '0 ,,-c>.r ... "'e .. n'..... ,..." on u
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"lIkcn we,e 10 wea, plant da,k bl .." mc," d,..., In:>UIerJ, Shoes 1M lIn'Viee d,... we,e """" b,",-",,'Jl, llOllo/aek. Sen.'icc dTC!'l bdl> were abo l'W4C1. In :">""cmbtr 19"] an Annl' Kunc Corp. was ,td. IlS mtmbtrs wcr<: 10 """', a '... "·a'" and w .. of Jui,aWe "'hi", ma.erial, ~jUS1ablc ,,'!Ii'e cull, I>ialloj, cnlLar, "-hi",, apron and cap ... ,he Ndv:of,hc corpo is 'hcc..-of,he ~Iedical Dcpc. in grttn clUmd with gilt tdl'" This it pinned on the Ief, oide of the edbc ut the .. nilOrm or on a CCIrl'apOnlI.i'l8 pan uther d....... hen.\he is.- in ,,,,ilOnn.' In '9"5 Signal Corpo oIflCn'I l'e«'i,..,.j uhnukkr bell holding a field glass e_ lOr f.. n drca. The chicfSignal Office,'s belt was red Ru.. i~n le~d..r ",i,h fo.. r .. ripes <,If gold b.. l1;"" "n ii, io Och~)('r '9"5 Ihe old ,Iolleh ha' "·a. officially replaced by ,be '~loma"a' lJmp''''l'lctlc, OX! ,he hal froms, Non-commi~,ionw office,., "ore Ihcir regi· "",,,'al badg"" wi,hout w,..,a,b•. Men in doe Sig"al Coo-ps, including a,~ators, .....,..., orangc, Wue and ...·bi'e miatd ha, oonls; in ,he £nginccn, "'hi'e and a purple~: a oalmoo ohadc: of .... rin the Q.l1t'lcr=uter Corps; :\.Itdi""l Corpo mm W(lt'C ",u.td purple, ,,!lite and blue; and Ordnance Corpo men "..,..., mixed bIad and red. l.Incenlistcd mm....., their moditionalred, )'dlo..or light hi"", dJ wide oil cad, collar. d,CSI 1"<: worn 00 ,he """"ice «:t,,,, the bullon wilh lhe "U,S." l>eing worn on Iho righl ";de "rthe collar, lind ,he bUllon "'ilh the co,p', tlepaflmco" 01' >hi i,hou' coa" "'e," often ,,·om in ,he field. Co:" roll ;Alignia w,," no on ,he "'in collars, with olIiccn wcaring ,heir Tank ~&'" on ,11ft... A Il
'9"

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"

,his fll,iguc "!liforon "·Ck .ed. ~lth"ugh olivc·drob On >Ioc'$ up. and. ,,~ "-e>ri"ll a ,,-agoo ..-hcd. A ramer wore. hone', head; a busko', a bugle, and a ..oltJ, wreath ami >tar. O,hc"1" ~Iltcialil~ ,impl;, wore copie. of lheir corp" ;Il,ignia, Sp«· ;alis,,' hadgl'j "ere worn "nly on ,h~ .igh, a"n,jOlll abm'c Ihe cIOO"', "hho"gh al fi ..., 'hey"'"" """ 00 bolh .I«'o'n. uniformed, ,he ."'rrny " .... "" for i.. loup.. ,at yet, World W"r I. A. in ohe Spani"'_Ama War 'here oimply w;u not cnoogh «iUI~ indodins doduns, a,-ailablc kil ou' all,he i"liI ,-.,luntcen. A "2nd Oi,ision anilln)' pri\-a,em-.:... 'HJical unilOrm 5bonI" af, kb~li I*(too .... all), and an 0.0. barrads cap well rJo,.,·n ()1,(f d", c-..... The .hrill of a job • done dims ",alila,ion ,ha, ".., look lik~ oomcdiaJa. Slill, Ihe men "'ere "niformnt and "'1";Plon:! olf '0 F "'nct. 'n'ere Ihey were inNy unaanb-1ab1r. . - ... wdl ttUIlk • ,t-c of other Allict. n.. drab ... 001. wao v;n....lly bbnk< ....,.,..

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I, MI\j....., o\!lllt"'l-se'''''lil'I''.tk>P"'' m."t, 19m; 2, Lt. Colo"el. S;,:"aJ COil'!' I~ 3, Squadron Se'1le3.J\tMa,JM, 1st C.....I'y, 190~

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J: C~I"~ln, I~I~ 2: ~u...,n.aISul'I,IyS.·f'IIe."I, 1918 ~: C_J'."I' S"I>PIy s...,un•. ,\lili'.Ty 1'<>1""'. 1918

G

I: MiJi'...," Aviator, WI8 l, I•• Ik
H

oihool ""n" .<0 that 'mall th"ad' "'er~ al,,'a)". ouiing their war loose along the ed~es. Quincy SIIarv' ~Iil,,", au .-\I::F lieutenanl, wa., di'~tl't",1 ,uh tho way it h,h~L 'I thillk it i' shon.,ighted pi<)' thalthe AmeTi"an pri,'ate C ,reated: Lieutonan, Mile' did like on!' addi'io" Lo ,he miform whid, was made immedi.\dy on arrivingin f',an,~_,he Sam Ilrowne lxlt, 'The 1~:lt i, "'1wrtd', he wmte hmne, '[or all o!liccrs of the ~li,d Amli'" 50 lha' ,he '!Oldie,," of all na'io," may 0: .I~e to r~cog"ize omc~ .. of olh~, nations and """' them ,h~ pmper military cour,,,,ie•. I had lJf'PO'ed thai th~ hdt w'" merdy "" adornment, bt it i' " lIec=i,y, a, hal he~n pn,,'en by ll'periencc, to I"",'onl confu'ion wi'hin the ."'lIid Ol,nplex military machine. Personally, I'hink 'he iddctl "'d up" whi"h the hdt Ki,'c> [0 'he ,\mcrican off,cer wo"ldju,\ify i" u«: ifthere wa' no ~.I nee"",i,y for it.' Gtneral Pet8bing agre<:d wi'h Lieu,e"~,,, ,\Iile" H, .dopted the bell "'holc_heanerlly, liking the '11',,, Point' hrat<: i' gave iu wea'cr, Rcaction ""where, how~",:r. was mixed. The Anny'. Chi"f "Staff, Maj<.>r_Cencr"l Pcy,on ~larch, hated i, lad had mili'ary polite ".~Iionerl a' dock, '0 meet Jlif" ",turni"g and make office" re"'o",: 'heir ~", He w"n' '" far a, h~"i"g men;n "'-ow Y",k Lka"'" '0 ca,c,h offc,nd;ng Sam Browne belt .t>rtt<. US Marine ('.o'l'" offic~r>, "nd~r Na"j' """mand. ddigh'ed in j]~unting th~ir bdu in 'h" Uni,ed Sla,c" Sc",c'ary of the ,\nny )\'e"'lon B..'rr >a'" one mock·""]",,,n ~",emonj' on a 'roop .,ip mnming home where .11 the "fficc,11I S-a,hcn,1 00 Ihe fon""'tle, led by a major-generaL ,\11 wgelhe, Ihe)' ,I",:w their hel" ""erboard-some ill IdiJiko o[ 'hem and olhe,," lxfoh-~,J when (;eoe,,,1 Pershing n:turned 10 America as General of lhe Armi"" of the Ull;tc-d S,a,es, S~m fln,,,-ne ,'as ,h~ ,,'inn~r, Co"'"'l'onde,," accompanied IrOOp' to Fr~"c<, dr-t:&'>ed a, Army offic~... wi'h only 'he US cypher on

'''''$0

'hei, tolla... and nO other insignia excel" ~ gre<::n b'a"aN on Ihc len am, with a 'cd '0' 0" it. I tcadgeal wa, rh;lngcd ,110,,1,. ~fler arrival in France, The eampa;go ha" whid, w,,-"" was ",placed by " ",eel helm"t has<:d Oil 'he B,iti,h m(~ld, ""d by an 'overseas cap' [0' wear when in 'he re<"" r"l'lac~~1 for service by ,he ,,"all cap. cu' on th" F","ch model. The cap' "'cre adopted parti<;ularly because 'il"}' ca" I.>< worn ""dc, ,I.,. helmd, and ,,'ill k~-,.p the head wann in cold weather,' '('he cap' "'ere plain oliv,,_drah wool [0" enliSled men with the corp. ;n.is-nia di", wono "" tbe left front ,idc. Olr,cer;' c~1-" ,,'ere bound io ,he ""ne corp' colou," a' th~ir hat cord" Rank in.ignia wa. worn on the left fron' 'ide of 'h< cap, The ,\merican' in Fra"ce al", 'epla«:d thell Ieggilll\S ",ith olive_d,ah wool putt",,",

~,ill

,,,'" mot'e I'i,~;e of e'lUip"'enl w,", ~dded 10 ",kli.r'llom!. 'I'lli., "lsoCOI'i.. II....." 'he Ilri,i.h. w ... ,he 1(... m""". Although gao poi.... ';ng ".", di>likcd, 'he Inm "-Ai di.Jikcd ~J"'O'1 :.I> moch. :l.bn"c Cwpo Prin•• 1.I:\·i Ilcmriock jOll aboo' ....mtoed op ,ho,,·pKaI "iew'poin': 'Oor ,\"'erica" po m........'~ big, and a dum<} nuisance lO <::0.")", and oo..'n'iKh. dit n:opi............ "-hieh .....Id be ......ppcd up under 'ho &tt lOr qoiek_. or wor" al wai.. Ie>'d ou, of'hc ...., .. he" I>, soch "" blacb and ori.",~I.. muld no' oM: .he dips and ,he', isson! French gas 111Mb ,.ltieh .dil'l>cd O""r 'he "care"s ,.hole faa::, '11,. Ina,1<> w.... unC(llnf',nahle, bo' WurkL~L I" ,\pril '~IH two li.tIle"''''I., 10 pro,",. Ihal -,,)tdi.,.. could flHII:ti'l1l in II""", "'" 'wei ... ,,,ilel weiln,,!!" ,hd,..,.

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'Th.ir chin pieces "''"'" filled wi,h muell' a,lcn:. For lbe first li,,~ sintt ,h. raok ,,"'as crra,..h 'ho Ameri<.-. ." Mm}', >COOlId lieule~1 fi...a< r=ci'-ro, in l)e«onhor '9'7, his _'n illlignU.. goId~. 'Gold lOr .... Iow ... rank and .. I,·... ~ rna} t«'I\'I a 'riBe OUt or kttping', ".... pol.......t Second l.it.nenan. :\Iila, 'bu' i. ill

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da,"S "'hen I r;\' QI1 Iea",,- I rna} ha,.., ........... "'car , .... """ lmignia, bu' none~,.., ~,..ilahl" hcrc no"', and onl} ••cfind Iieu,enanu ..""" ,,'eoo.rinl( Ihem a", 'he n...· aninb ,,·Ito ha,.., kft Sun", tinCt: I.... n""" order ...... i""""'.' "f1te American ""ifo"m at r...., "'e'c I".i tit,,, (I",.., or ,he Allie>, bu' ,hi. ch"n!!",\. '11,. ch,,,!!"c 10 Ih,' "1\;f",,,, ...... 'h" divi,i,,,,,,1 ,h"" paLeh, aUlhori.ed for llIost oni" ill 1,'10 1918,

,h.

Ottk" ,"oro to the 28,h Di"j,ion on 27 Ooober '9,8 are t)Vical: 'A red key"onc h"" lK'cn tlcsi~nd'cJ as 'hc ltoT Dcparlmelll, These ,,'.11 be ;SS\led a I 'he r,>le ,ftno I"'f "lall and no others ,,'ill be worn, '['hey ir< 10 be ",,,-,,,I "" thc lef' sleeve "'ith red thread, tn., top to he On a li"e with lhe 0" thc left. They ",-ell ~I'f'<;a,,---d ou Iorri", and gas ",a,b. The A£f general headqu.rter; had a horiwn· tally di,-idrd ,nw]our disc in lin'" (rrom lOp) ofred, ~-hite, and hluc. The lSI A""y bad a "'luaTed.oB'

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I>a", Iueoe'agon wi,h a white'S'. IX c..ps h.rl a rerl 'IX' wi,hin ~ red cirele on a hlu,"

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Vi,;,io" had a rttl ',' On an olivc-drab "'i,,~l. Th< 2"d Vi",,;"" worc a na'uml cnloured IrnJian "hi"f'. face, facing left, on a while "'U' ou a black ,h;eld. The 3,d Vi",'n." had a bluc $<]ua,'~ lb.

J
.iu, ,hree white diagonal "tip",> fn1m

top tigh, to bottom lon, Th" 4111 lJi,,;";o" had lour ivy leave. grmdng from • ""ntral eirde. The 5111 D,eiJwn wof<: • rOO ni.ngle. The erh Vit,;,io" had a m:I S,ar of Lla,'id. The 71h Di,,;,Wn w'ore ~ black hour_gl"" on • ,cd shield. The 8th Div",',," harl a whi" 'W wi'h a rdlo,," arrow pointing 'traigh' up on a blue ':hield. Th. d'lh DiciJi"" wore a blue monogram 'YD' The 21U, Di,;';,," had a blue dl", Vi,'i;i,," had the lett,,'" OHIO a, a lll"''''!i:t:l,n in hlu". The .1"1 Oiri,ion had the red 1",<" 'DD' fa"ing caeh o,her in a white ";rde rogcd red. Th~3md Oit';'io" wore a ,cd arrow, linc ,hrough its middle, pointing "p. The 33,d D"';"ion hod a y"lIow cw.. on a blac.k bad. Th~ 341h n"iwm wore a white 'htll on 3 ~lad {h'illkin~ "0",1. Th" 351h D;.';s;o" had a "hile eircle qU'C1ere
"91"

Odi".... ...- ... ~,~ 'pf...,.,. R
$<]uar•. 'm. ~IS/ fJiuJ'wlI wore a y"lIow ,-i,illg "'11 o"er " blue horizon on " m:I !l.:y. all in a half-circle. The 42nJ fJ",,,wn had a rainbow faeing right, ""Ioum:! red, yellow and blue fro", lhe 101'. 'Il,,, 76rh V;v;no" had a IhidJ, bO!lo", red and 'o!, blu" w'i,h a white ,id"."·,,y'
h'd , block h,wk with the Je"ers 'I:IH' in "hield on hi, che't wilhill a ,,-~I >l,icld. The 8;lh Dinsw" ,,·,xc all 00 acorn on a iF""" circlc. The flBlh Di".r;o" wor~ a black qua'TcfoiL The 89/h n;,'isi"" h.d the bbck le<1er 'IV' on an on disc edged black. The '}OIl, Dre;,,"n wore a nxl m<}ll"l{ram 'TO', The 9"1 nwision had a gn:en pine ,,,,..,. The 9~nJ ni,,;,io" I'ad a black hi,on <)ll a whilc di", edged black. The 9J,J ni,';'io. hao ••ky bluc Frcnch belmct 0" a black circle. !'.len in the Q7th ~nd 30th Di,·i,""" wor~ their ins;gni~ on Ilri,;,h uniform, ,ince thcy wcre a,signed to ami clothed hy the TIriti'h ,\rmy, 1:1,,<10"'. how",,'er, were the black Amer;c,n Army eagle onC'. oh'aill~d from Amcrican M<)TC' Tbc r rweh ,1,;0 hAA Amcri"",,, ill ,I",ir m"ks, ,\ '1"",i,,1 IIn;t WM m'de lip of Amerie"'" who hod join~d th. French Army beta,"" ,\merie" e"toTed ,hc wae, They wetc assigned to 'he' Res.e,w !'. lalle", lIndet

SO'd..... "' "'a,-'. Nl,.,.,...irplo ...

pi,,,..... ,,..... loa,• •_

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command of a Freneh Captain !\l:\llcl. Thcy ~.", lhe "aIldal'd America" "",form, had a '\>eciJ ,jwulder pa'ch of ~ grc"1:n ,hidd with' ydloo hunting hom, motahpiece 10 Ihe ld1. Special 'roop< alw had shoulder palch,,,. Tho amhula"ce .crvic~ ",ore a ~'h; Le moster, {acing tel\, on a dark roo di",. TrOOI" in the Di;,riCl of 1':1.';' had a ,ky blue tkllr·dc·ly' on a blacK tri,no;!< which poillted down, Sentic"" of SIIl'ply tr 'AS' under Lh2c. Chemical WOlin" Sewice '1'001" wor~ a ,hitll wiLh the top blue alld OO"om yellow. the ,op bei't: n.rrow.., a' 'hI' left 'han Ihe right. 'l'he tledgliJt' Tank Corp< wore a triangle, la,;,,' up. dil'ided ;mo rellow, red a",1 bl"" ""cliom. Rait· head troops ,,'ore a hlack trianglc edged n;rl "ithi red 'R' 1Il the Centl'e, The ,ame patch. hll' edged yellow, was wOrn by tr,a'l'" of the ReS"I""", Stalion.

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Clh IJri!aJ<: 30th Inf, 38,h Int ~th ~IC Un, J"d FA

OROF.RS Of n"TTLE. V CORPS,

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'898

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," Di,;,ion 1J11Iri!M<: 6th rnf, ,6,h rnf, 7'" I'ad Voiun",r lof, 2nd 1I'ito4<: 000 Inf, ,o,h r"f, 0'" 1.[ Jr' R,((o.Jr: 9'h lnf, '~Ih lnf, 04,h 1,,[ :lPdDi~loion rsllin:.dr: )'h Inf, '1I.,.. Dido4m III FlritaJ" "d ('''''', 6th 9'h c."."; BrillUU: lOt C.,'. IOIh Cay, ," v"r",,,,"" C~,' Roogil Rid,,,) Artill."Y Co:trpa, '" Mh, .'\fly, Fogr"", O>rp•. Si.~n~1 Co,!" Ik,.d"ncn'.

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T" •. AEF, '9'7 '9,ll ".Division UII/r,!aJ" ,6,h lot: ,ij,h 10C 'od ~lG Un, "" Bri!aJ" ,6,h I nf, -,8,h Inf, ~fd MG Bn. lJ1 FilM .4,,, Dr,:",,: 5\1. FA. 6,h F.. \, "h F..\. '" E,'1>'"" '" ~IG A", ,oct Pi.1d Signal B" 2Dd Didoi."",-d Ilri!llliJ, 9'h 101~ "~"I I"I: 5th .\IC H", f' Brita., (Jla,iJu,j: 5'h )'larines. 6th ~lo,i""•. 6,h ~IG Un J~la,io"'l. 2nd fA 11,((",1<: "Ih 1'."-, ,,\h FA, 'i,t FA, 20d Eng.... l'lo ,\IG Bn. ," fiek! Sign,,1 ~o. :vd Di";.lon 5,h /jrig",}e: 'I'h Inf, i'h Inf, ~th ~IC /lo,

B,;tad,: '<>Ih FA. ,Sd\ FA, 76Ih MG Bn. 8th Fidd Signal Bn. ~rh 0i";.4m gJh Ilri~"", 6",h I "r, 6,,, I"f, \ ,j,h ~ IC fin. """ 11,;.(."" 6,h I"f, "to Inf, , ,,'h .\'G fin. .lIn r,l IIn:.'e: '9th t',\,'OIh FA, ,,,' r . \. ,th t;"g.... ,~th ~IC IJn, 9'h Fjeld Sj~oal Un 6th Oivi.lon ! Ilh FJ"~"",, I of, 5,n,1 I "f, ',rI\ MG Bn. 12!h flri,.'" 53rd 1,,1; >lth I"f, ,/l,h ~IU Un, ,,<11 1'.-\. 318th I:ng",. '6th ~IG Bo. 6,h Pield SiS».1 Un 7.h Vi.l.ion !3'" /j";,Mt: 55'h I"r 5"tl, InC ,Olh .\IG Un. '41. /I,,~tuk: 3l,h lnf, 14d' I"r >lot ~IG Bn. 5r1\

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>6rh Di.i.ion 5'" II":"",, ",," Inl; w,nd I"f, I<'-.",d )"IC Un . .l2M Bn'I'"" ,,,~ro Inf, "4\10 Inf, '''.1m ~IG U,,- 51>1 FA H'igid<-' ,n"r FA, "",,,I FA, '''3,,1 FA. IO"'.\'G Un, lO"t t'jeld Sigo.1 \In. '7th Divi.ion 5J'd Ij,;gtuff, 1"yh Iof, ,00,1l I"f. '''5'h ~IG Bo. 541. lJ"jadt: 107d' Inf. ",8th Inf, ,06,h .\IG Iln. >;2nd FA FJ";~""" '0+'1\ FA, '''5'h FA, ,.,(iIh L\ \,..,,,<1 E"g... , '''4'h MG Iln. ,,..,,,,I),;dd Sip,.IIl". ,8th Divioio" 5511l 1I'igade: ''''J'h In£' "uth I"r, ,
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