Osprey, Men-at-Arms #319 British Forces in North America 1793-1815 (1998) OCR 8.12

DIIID1 MILITARY

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

319

BRIT SH ORC I o H AMERCA 1793- 815

B ITISH FORC S IN NORTH AMERICA 1793-1815

TEXT BY

RENE CHARTRAND COLOUR PLATES BY

GERRY EMBLETON

OSPREY MILITARY

FotSl puIlUSII8
Acknowledgements Franc::i$ Back. Garl Benn. W,niam Y. Carman. Denros Carter· Edwards. Brian L Dunnigan. Bruct\ EllIS, Paul Forlier, Donald E.

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Publisher's Note

ISBN 18553<'1414 F _ .. S l _ by Pb It
"""',eel tlYQuri1 WOrItI .,.." llll_ Iior>g Kong

Readers may wish to stUdy th15 lilla ,n coo)uoction wIth some o! the many I,lles in the Men·at-Arms senes covering \he N'lpoleon;c period in 3ddihoo to lhe lollow'''9 Osprey publlcatoons' MAA 39 Brlt,sh Army In Notlh America '775·1783 MAA 226 The AmenI::6n War 1812·14

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House, 81 FuII>am Roaa, lOl1
MAA 294 British Fon:es in the West Indies I 79Q. 18 15 Elite 48 Nelson's Nilvy 1793-1815 War,lOI" 2{) British Redcoat (2) 1793· 1815 CUmpaign 28 New Orleans 1815

Artist's Note Readers may care 10 flOte thaI the onglrnll pamttogs IrOl"ll wrneh lhe colouf plates in lhis book were prepared lUe available for pi"WOle

sale. All reproductron copyngI1t whalsoever 1$ reta'ned by the Publisher. All eoqUIf_ should be addressed to: ScOf'plO Gallery. P.O. Bo~ 475, H3IIS/lam. EaSI Susse~ BN27 2SL

The Publishers regrel lhat they coo elllet fr!\0 110 correspondence upanlhis maner.

BRITISH FORCES IN ORTH AMERICA 1793-1815

INTRODUCTION

The battle of aueenston Heights, fought on 13 October 1812, proved to be a major victory by the British and Canadian forces over the more numerous Invading Americans, However, the very talented British General Sir Isaac Brock was killed In the engagement. The surrender of the Americans was received by General Sheatfe as shown In this print by G. Thompson published in Smithfield In December 1812, Brock is shown carried In the left background. (Thompson-Pell Research Centre, Fort Ticonderoga, N,Y.)

Ill' ('nd t I' the Amcri I'('SI'IK ' 01' Fn'lll'h Ill'l'l.,>, Ihe sale of LOllisialla, Indian hOSLililil'!o ;l~ljnsl ,Ill' llnill'd Stall'S and the illl) rc.'snH'llt Il1crican sailors h~'lhe Royal a\, increasnllel1sioll bl'l\I'(Tn lhl' 111'0 'oul1tries, Brilain's Or I 'I,' ill COlllll'il ('oll('('nrin~ 11,111<' were a 11),U I' irrilalll lI·hich. aelded III ,Ill' OL!l('1 iSSIII·S. lill,tll)' ('au~ed till' Inil d Slal('s 10 rI lare \ ,II' on 19 .lUll' IHI:., In)Jlic~all), Illl' Brilish 'abiuel had rqwalt'd till' olll:n~i\'l' Orders Oil 2:{ June IRI~, bill il was 100 laiC'. AllH'rirali ('xpeClatiol1s 01" 'nll'rd) Ill;1I ('hill~( illio Canada we 1'(. cOI11I'I('lel)' I"nl,>lrall·d II' 111<' 1'('. ilil'II1 r('sislanC(' of 11ll' >l11,tll 11111 Ikl('1'lIlilll'd B.-itish and Calladial1 li'l"("(". Fill' Ihr('l' Yl',lI'S, sue'l'ssiv' /\nlerical1 all 'Ill( ls 10 jlll'ad(' Canalh \1'("'(' I' ·pllbed. \ hile I1rilish 'oullll'rallacks ('\e'lllIalh g-l\'e lIwlll 'ol1lrol OI'I'r parts o[ lirllig-;111 alld I",ille, BUl 11'11 '11 I;lrg-e Ikilish (ill'les Illade drort~ 10 invade northern ell' YOI'\.. siall' a!ld 1011'1' [ LOIlisialla, Ihe)' \ ere 1't'!)lI!sul. I'ea('e \\,;IS lillall) pn.elaillled ill l'arl\' IX):, This North Al11nic"ali

or

3

episode of III retreating" to til

alJ Ie IIi' Wars 'nd·ct ill '1 dnl\, willI hoth sidl's 1 rc1<:rs. 1

pr~-1812

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE Abbreviations: AL: Alabama; an '.: nilln: Bn.: Battalion: Can.: :anadian; co.: company; cos.: cornpani 's; 1'1.: <\cIl)chlll('III; Felte.: Fen ibles; FI.: F 01; G : Ceorgia; IL: Illinois; 1 : Louisiana: I.e: Lower :allada; L E L: L< w'r Canacla cle 1 Emhodied ililia: 1.1): l.ighl I ragoolls; L1: Light Inrantr; Fl.D: wlOlln lIand; "\: N('w York; 1 I L : al 'land; ME: Maine; MI: i higan; 1-1: Ilia; P : Ru.1I l'tiller; RSM: Ro '£11 Sappers c' Miners; RM: Royal hu-in .:; RVR: Ro al \ ·t('rims· Battalioll; Tr.: Tr oj); C: ppcr .,mada: VA: irginia: Vols.: olunl('ers; WIR: West India Rq~il1lcnt

4

1 The IndIan na\lons. which we
1791 :anada I. divided into llle IWI) pr illce: of l. wcr :ana la (1I0W Qllell c) and PI 'r 'anada (nm )lIlariu), 1793 21Januar L. uis XVI 'xe lIlcd: Gr' 1 Britain. pain. Hollan I. 'ardinia. laples ami r rLlIKal al war \ ith Fran " 14 May urrcnder of the Fren h i lands of. 1 Pierre and licl'wlon, SOul h of 1 \\ Dun Hand; 4lh Ft, July to October French neet an -h red at \ York; rum lUI'S abound lhal il i. 10 raid 0\'"<1 1i•. 1794 Ballk of 'all 'II Timbl'rs betwecn tr ps and Indian:. 20 ugust • eVClt I 1,0 .Ii, Canadian, fighting with Lilt' Illdian arc killed: \m ricans prol st til 'ir illvol\' 'l11elll. 'OIIl('SI Brilish garrisons on S t rrilor . 19 ov mb r .In '. Trl'aty sign I b twct'n Unil'd 'I'\le, ,nd ,rcal Britain. II Rrili h f()l'Is 011 S territor II hc' Illmed 'r LO Am Tinn for' '1 'l.Jullc' 1796. 1796 French na al squadron raid. (;1, nd l3allk,~ orr ewroulltllalltl. I 01 120 tob r >ssaliOIl orh lSlililics bl'tWC' 'II Brii'Iin and FralllT. 1802 27 Mar h Pea C of lIit'lIS hctw('clI Frelnt'(' and England. Spanisll Louisiana b"c m 'I'r 'ncll. 1 03 16 May Bl'ilain de lar's w'Ir Oil FIt II C. • 30 ov mb r I, uisiana f rmall • tUrIled over 10 Fran t' 'uld 011 20 De emb r i. in lurn eclcd 10 th' nile I , tatC'.. I 07 ovemb r Brili'll rckr-in-Coun 'il prohil il' trade or nC'Ill', I counu'ies wilh France and its allies, 111

ay BallI' belween us . (:lIrrr;l'I'e and H IS I.i/lll' BI'II. ov mb r Balli )[ ipp canoc'. Indialls 1111 krT' '\l1IIst'1I I 'alell b' JIll'ri
7 Battlesltes of the War of 1812

I 12

19 Jun lliLCd 'Iales d 'clare war 011 ;n'al Rrilaill. 15 July Ri <'r All' Callard. lie: ..j 1.1 F\. (I co, , Mililia, Indian~, 17 July F >1'1 i hilima kina (or Mackina ), ,11: 10 RVB dc,t .. RA, POlhi'r's an. ols" Tlldians. 9 u t 1a!{llago (Browns\( \ n), I:..j lsI FI .. lSi Essex ,Iililia. 1nelians. 15 ugu·t Fon Dearborn, Cllicago. II.: Indians. 15-16 Augu't Delroit. MI: ..j lSI Fl., 19th Fl.. RA, Fl.D Fen. dt'\.. lsI ork Mililia (flank &: rill' cos.), 2n t York lilitia.. rei (Irk Miliii•• L I & 2nd orli lk lililia, 1:1 xlilrd Mililia. L 1 Essex Militia, IlIdi·1I1~. 19 ugust d It wn, : Indians. 4 ept mb r F n ayn', Indiana: Indi. ns. 16 eptember - Oil ainl Island, ,. FLD F>II·. leI .. lsI ~rl'nvill' 'Iilitia.

5

A private of the 5th Foot, 1-792. The re9iment served ten years in Canada from 1787. O.M. Spencer, an American who saw

0'

officers the 5th at Fort Niagara In 1794, recalled their 'long scarlet coats 'aced with light green without any ornament' except sliver buttons and 'their hair clubbed'. The men had white lace with a red line. A regimental order book indicates that correct dress was required even In wilderness outposts. Print after E. Dayes. (Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University. Photo R. Chartrand)

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21 eplember G'1I1anuqllc. :: 2nd Leeds Mililia. 23 pt mb r Pre (' Ll, ': 2nd ;rc:nvill' Mililia, 90 tob I' F iagan LI (M ITill' 1'1'.). 9 October 'ar 'on Eric. 1;, ·aplllrt.' or Brilish hri/{S 1IMS 1>/'II'iI;1 tin I CaINlol/;n: ..J lSI FL. deL, FLD File. cI I. 130 lober QIlt'(:lIswn 1 Il·i "hiS, C: R ,llIr(',d Ca .. ISl ;kn~arry J- 2nd Cren\'ille ililia. ov mber 'I' n·hmO\n·sCr'C'k. C (or Black Rock. 2 ): RA, 41st FL. (l.ight 0,)' '-19th '1 .. NFl.D Fcn', <1<'t., 5lh I.ill oln Militia (I nallk co.). 1st &- 2nd (rfolk Iililia,llIdians, 17-18 Dec rober Mississill'\'" River,Il\dialla: ludians. 1 13 22 januar FITlldll II II (or River R!" alld f(lgll~ \.IOOlll Fl. dcl.: 1st. 21\d. :~rd Le E I d t. 6 June 'ton Creek. C: RA. lh Fl.. 49lh Fl.. Pro\,. LD ILen-ill's Tr.) 2 JUri> Beavcr" DaIns, C: 81lt Fl. (l.ig-hl (0). 491h 171., IO'-llh 171. (Ihllk cns.), Glengan '1.1, Can. LD (C lleman's Te).lndians, 25 June r-h III I Iun, \' : I02nd Fl.. Illdepcn It'nl Ctlnlpanies of For 'igllc s. R~\il. 4July S 'hlosser,': :an. LD ( :olcman', Tr.). 11 J lily l\lad~ Rock (or -Fren h III a II '. :r ck): '. l,lid on LIS ha II('ri('s, RA. Rill FL. d 't.. 4\ 'I 171. d .t.. -~9th Fl. deL.. Can. LD (Colcnl'lll's '1'1',). ~r d Lincoln Milili (I flank" any. cos.) .. I'd I.in oln Mili,i,1. ] July PhllLSblirg. ~ rai led by 1st l.CSE J dCI.

2

ugust Inclians,

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1

I henson, 01-1 .

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1'1 Fl. del.,

10

pt mb r Lak Eric naval I ·lllic. I FLD enc. del. ('u madn ") . .1 October car ,haleilll rll
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tob I' I l F'I., ctob

Chal all 1(\', L ': Call, ene. (Light Vollig-ems «1 U '.). 1'\ '. I'd LC EM {I.ighl m .. j, Ch,lt '
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Lt. William Hughes, 39th Foot, c.1810. Hughes. a son the

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Barrac Master Queb c, was one several Canadians to be commissioned In th British line Infantry. The uniform Is scarlet, with green collar and lapels, gOld buttons, lace, epaulette and bellplate. Portrait altrlbuted to WIlliam von Molt Bercz~. (Musee du Quebec, Quebec Clt~1

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I1(t,;.

5·6

a )swcgo. Y: L.I ( kMillan's co.).

, RS I, R ,RM al'l '.,0, \ allevilk, Glcng-cllT

14 May

Dovor (Ill' Capt' \ illCCIII), IC: 91h FI. (Light 0.). Gin. leI. 26 Jun l.ake .hal'lIplaill, ':;. n. \'oltig-cur. I'L 28 Jun (dehown, I.e: an. \ oltigcur: d I., Frollli r L1. 5JuJ Chi, p \\la, L :: 19th L.D. RA. ISl FL. lh 1.,100111 FI., \I\('slt..-11 (01 :,,1 h >11".) Ranger. Indian. l6JlIi Slnrgeon's ~r"k (Poinl all PI.' or Tttrk> Puil1l. C: 191h Olli~t~\lt.

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Officer of the 100th Foot, c.1812, wearing a scarlet coat with yellow collar and cuffs, buttoned up lapels, white turn backs, gold buttons, gOld epaulette with sliver Prince of Wales feathers, a gill belt-plate with sliver '100' and a crowned badge wlth""!lllver leathers. The corps was granted the title 'The Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment' on 2 May 1812, hence the prince's feathers In the Insignia. Silhouette by Buncombe. (National Historic Sites, Parks Canada, Ottawa)

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I Jul F n 'ulli\, n, E;np n. ME: RS I. 19 July .'1 Oa irl'-. I :: 1'1 l.in 'oln Mililia. 20 July Prairie dll .hien. V isconsill: Michigan FeIH. deL. lissi, sippi uls .. Mi.. is ij pi \)1. rl '., PUlhi '1", Cc n. 01'.. ;1'('('11 Ba MiliLia, Indians. 25 July Lun I 's L.ane. 1 : 191h LD. I . lsI FL.. Hth Ft.. ,",1st Ft. (I,i~hl 0.),8!ILh 't .. 1()()Lh 'l., 1(I.~rd Fl., IO..j,th Ft. (flan\" us.), \{ II an " (~I nKL1r1, LI. C In rp raL d Militia, Pruv. LD ( 'ien; 's Tr.l, 2nd Y( rk MiliLia. l'L. 2nd. -It I . 51h Line In liliLia. 1st '~ncl 'orrolk. MiliLia. I 1 .1'0 I'd iliLia, I'L Mid II "C' MiliLia. lsL En'x Ilililia, \ Slern (or ,aldw'll's Rallger, Indians. J·31 ugust Fort Eric. Le. siege and assalllt: I~hh LD. RJ\, RSl\ll, lsi Fl., th FL.. 41.1 Fl.. ~2n I Fl.. 9Lh FL.. IOOLh Fl., 11l:1rrl Ft.. IO·llh 1'1. (Ibnk ·os.), Glcngarr 1.l. In lian;-. 4 Ugusl 1'1. lichililllackillac ()1' 1ackinH .). II: Ifl.n 'CIIC. d'l .. GI 'n~arr)' Ll I 'l., Michigan Fene.. Pc hier's :an. \loIs., Indians. 24 ugu I Bla I nshllrg. ID & a. hingoL n: RA, RSM, 41h Fl., 21s1 Fl.. 44th FL., ,5tlt FI., RM, R an '. 1 pt mb r CaSLin '. 11':: RA R' r. 2!lth FL.. (JOth VI. (7th 13n. Rifk"O t\ ( o.. ). 621ld Fl.. 9 th Ft. 3 ptember Halnpd ·It, ME:RA. R'M. nank ("os. ur~9th Fl.. ti~ltd Fl.. 9 I h Ft.. 3 September B,lIlgo r. IE: ~9tlt Fl. (Bn. ·os.), (\()th Fl. (71h I\n. Rines, I l"U.). 3 ept mbel' Captur or SS Tigrl'.\.\: 'FI.D Fene. rI t.. Indians. ptember FonErie. C(dul'ing' ptcll1b'r,I"c!usi\'c'orl!leSol'lic and aniolt J7 September): J9th LD, ,RS I. 1st Fl., /1111 Fl., Rllt FI .. 2nd FI .. , JLh Fl.. Glcllgan 'l.l, C In('0l""l or-lied lililia, 6 pI mb r "q.)lure or . . rIJl1J;IIII: NFl.I Fen. del., Iltrli'lIls. 6-11 plember Plattslllrg. NY: l~lth LD (2 slluads). \. R,,";M. :kcl FI .. 5111 Fl.. , th Fl. (2nd Bit.. 13th FL.. I (ltlt FL. 27t h Ft. (I Sl • 3rd 11IlS.), :~Uth FI..:5 th Fl., 76th Fl.. 'th Fl.. Dc i[ellrolt. Can. V()ILig-clirs. Can. Cit assell rs, 3rt! L.eSE 1. 12 ptemb r anlt I il1l, ID: R , Ih Ft., ~1.1 Ft.. Hlh ft. H5th fl., RM, RM .In '. 13 eplember Fort IcHcnr', ID: RA. RS II, ..h it Fl.. 21s1 fl.. 41h Ft., ,5th FI .. R 1, RM art". 13 pt mb r 1a ·hias. ME: 29th Ft.. (lOth Fl. (I n. 71h Bn. Rilk. 15 S ptember F n Bo\\ 'cr. AI.: R I. 17 ptember F l'l E"i '. L C. 'oni or: 19th LD. I \, Ist Fl., 111 h Ft.. 81 h FL.. _nd Fl.. c~lth Ft., Y71h Fl.. Glen!-"{arr' U. 15 October 'hippe\\,;\. L C: 2nd Line In MiliLia. 190ctob r .ook·s Mills (on Lyon's Creek), C: I,t 't., ;\t;IlW"TV 1.1. Indialts. 6 ovemb r i a l olm·. 'lills, C: 1st .. 2nd orr Ik lilitia, I.t 0 ... ror 1 Iilitia. I '1 Mi Idlcs ·x Militia, Indiall . 14- D ember Lak' Borgll " r : RM. "Iilors. 23 D c mber ear Vel rc' PlalHation. 7 mil. below ,'II' Orkans. IA: . RS ,-!-th Ft.. 21st Fl., 44th Ft.. 5th Ft.. 9511 Rille-. 24- D mb r re.l)' r Cit ·nl en \' Ih war I ('1\ ('en Briltlin <11 d lltt:' nilecl late'. bill il lak s s eral \ eeks 1'01' Ihe 11('\ . to H"lell rlh Am '1'i 'a.

or

L 15 9Januar I(·w )r1(,
Rilllp;t: I, d '1. II Februar Fort Bm\")' 1', Fl.. R I. RM art .

: RA. R.S 'I. 4lh

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THE BRITISH REGULAR ARMY In

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II" I~,irly 1ll11l1'r HI Miniature of Lt. Dantel Claus, 49th Foot. c.1812. wearing a scarlet costee with green collar and lapets, gold buttons, epaulettes and lace. Officers' coat buttonholes were stitched through on both sides. Lt. Claus was killed at the battle of Chrysler's Farm In November 1813. He was a Can dian, and the son of Sir William Claus of the Indian Department. (National Archives of Canada, C191201

ova

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olia I 799-1 ROO. CWfOllildlallC\ I HO{}-I '(2): 70lh Fo It ( "linch I I, -18~D): 76lh Fo I ( 'all ada lSI I-I, 27): Hlst FOOL ( ,anarh HH·1-1 1:-): H2nd Fool ( alla I" 1814-1t'l1r:;); ,,5lh FouL (l3lTlllllda & American coa l 181 -I 15); Sih FoOl (Callarl,1 181l ( '\1' Brun, wick I 10-181 '-\. 'anacla 1813-1 17): IOlh Ro. al ClerallS BIl. ( .
BRITISH ARMY DRESS

Brass belt·plates of the 104th Foot, 93rd Foot and 44th Foot, c,1812-1815.IMr. and Mrs. Don Troiani collection, Southbury, CT)

III g'{'ncr.ll. lhe 1I1liforll s wont by t!w clllisled ll\cn or Brili 'h Army 1I11ilS ill orth III 'ri 'a weI' pra 'Ii 'aliI id 'IJlind to lhlls(' worll ill Ellrop " III Ih' 1790', Ih )' wore whil' breeches, IOllg gaiter' ;\lId hi Ol'll hal.~. The IOllg-tailed oals wilh lapels w ...c n:phc 'd arlcr 1'i!l7 b' sillglt'-!JrcCls\ed coalees, From 1800,:;\ l"cpipl' shakos W('1'C i 'Stlcd, The' \ er \ (}rl1 IIlHil Ihe n w'Bclgi '. hakos, alllloullcccI ill )lIc!J'c Cener(ll Ordns on:1 lIg'lISI IHI2, WCI' rc ivcr! with 111<> IHI:~ clothing isslI{'; :;hakos \ crt' i:;sllt'd every s cond ('aI', $C :;omc I'CgiIl1l:1ll. did IHH I' 'reiw Iheirs lllllil IHI ..L ( I all is II('S w nl ae 'ol'ding 1< plan, how vcr, p 'I'haps Ih '1l10SllllllisIlal I 'ing lh whil tr I kal shako "ClIlLO th I,~th FOll, allllOugh Ihese were J'('placed by lack Olle' ill . "gllSl IHI3. By 181 • all 1I1liiS shuuld have had lhl' 'Bclgi .' sh'lko, Before I 12, \ hit hI' l' he and 1 la k kn 'e-I nglll gl \ \' L1nls i. su ,d whil 1 rccch " and long gailci ' 1'01' Lhal car. hilL' br 'eclles were al'o st'nt 10 llle nail k COlllpanies c r h tOOth FOOL in Dec -rnber I 121"01' their 1813 is'lIt'. 0111 ne Highland I' 'gilll Ill, III - 9:3rcl, ~l'rv d ill Ol'1h AlIleriGI during this p ·riod. I'll lSI Baualiun was pari or lil . dl med '~s'mall af{ain 'l lhe Am 'ri 'an lines
10

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ne\ pallern IInilimlls a Europe, This basi all, mcanl Ibe long-tailed coat wilh white I n:c h 'S rc!crcel to wear thcm', I HI:t on<' al\ s, flolr a.511111 . II at III I BriLi'll olli '(,'rs in Callada Iiacllh II '\\I rd I' 01" dress. In Ma 1'1 :-S, Ihr . 's1', Irehn I. ill Onol <:r I H I:-S rCj Oris il' uniform W'IS 'lill 'according 10 I II .J 01 I IJ
om

I

British Infantryman, probably drawn In Quebec, c.1813-1816. In spite of Its crudeness, this illustration shows Interesting details, The Belgic shako has the brass plate and white cords, but a red over white plume Instead of having red at the base, The coatee Is red with dark blue collar and cuffs, and white turn backs; white lace not only trlms the buttonholes, but edges the front and the top of the cuffs - a detail sometimes seen In Brltlsh prints, Trousers are grey. gaiters are black, and the knapsack Is of the French type with fur rather than the usual box-like 'Trotter' model. Accoutrements are white with a square brass belt-plate, The sentry box Is grey. The white paint used on this drawing for the laco, cords and turnbacks has turned to grey. (Archives nallonales du Quebec, Iconog. A1 0.4-FPl 0.2)

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I

11

unifm'lll wilh shako alld a l i i " " 'th ,Iapds W'ls "'111 lo ClIl(\(h Ii. r isslI' in Ol:'cember 1813. The umcer's lace, ordered chang-cd I'rolll silver III gold ill 18L wilh llll: lICW 1I1lilurnl, was acluall' ch'lIl!{l'd I'rolll 1814. POI' details I' the regiment'll uniforms Ikilish !'('h'lI!;II'S, sec' I 1/I'IIi7lgfflll:~ /1I(tl.1lll)l I 1" 1Jl:" I 19 ,\~ ,>lIillgfOIl \. I.ig/if (,'l/vril')I \ 12 i), :llld W(Jllingf()/I:~"IJ('ri{/li,fTroojJs (M 20<1).

or

WINTER DRESS IN CANADA

Capt, Guy C. Colgough, Grenadier Company, 103rd Foot, c.1814. He wears a scarlet coatee with a pale butt collar edged scarlet at the front and top, pale butt piping edging the buttoned up lapel, gold buttons and gold wings on scarlet. Tho Army List gives the lacings as white for the 103rd, but they were actually butt as shown In this portrait, as well as In C, Hamilton Smith's charts al)d uniform orders to the tailors Hawkes and Buckmaster. (Chateau de Ramezay Museum, Montreal)

The severe win leI' , eallIer in "Illada d 'man led 'flenive' "ys 10 keep wann :.tnd rOIll(C1I'labl " Initiall . Brilish sol lic'rs wore III ' mlmf, d 10 h 111;1 I' \ anllerallCl also 10 bt' i"u' I \' 1" LWO v 'ai' ill'1. 'ad ol'<'very Ihr 'c}' 'aI's. In lhc aulumn t nd carl' pring, shakos, shoes alld oLllc'" gal'lllellis w()lIld b' WOl'll 1' BoalS' w'rc \\1 m. Oislri I C,'n 'ral Order !-{ivt'n a I 10111 real on I J Dec mh 'I' 1 I-I Illentioned lhal 'The B ,rShol's arc 1101 to h,' worn vcr lhe , 1111110n h , Ihl' Mell·· reel arc to b' \ l:1I \ rapt III'. ill SOJ1)e 11'0011'11 'Luffall Ilh B ef 'ho 'S lhen drawn over the \ rappcrs' (C6K7). he I'ur C'lp could be qllile sl lish. Officer's winler dre's origin' II in luded capoL~, hut witll the 'uTi"", I or hanging r'\shi nl' in lhe J 790, a bille ~reatcoat 1)(' cog'nised il in Ill' Cen I. I )rd r. lJul I 0: 'Th' (.reat 'oa f lh' ffj rs ar invariably I h madc or lIlue 'I )I.h d ubi; breasLed wilh Regimelllal BUlIons and ('dgl'(\ tllnHI/{holll with Ille eol l\lr fth'lapl lor he R ,,.im nl.lhus' OIlI'(')\('('pl"(\ \ 11 os , I, ppe1s ar . blu ' and lhe ed, ing' of who creal :oaLS \ ill I Ilt'r ·rore h' scarleL. The. II' rd and < h . arc alll'a,' LO be wc I'll lllside ;IIld Ih . org L of ffi ers luI' dUly ·u p nd d rrolll lht: upper bllllUllS 01' the lapp IS, .. tlp are 10 wear 0 cr hose [overall'] of, epper and sail 19orc 'I e loured 10Lll or ).;.el-e, III r with th R gimenl
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In IlIl' cold 'si part nrWilllCr, 'lar~' fur nIps' ancl 'il1lmcn:-c lipplts of rur round tlleil ncck' would he Wl m h cland' young oITi ('I' in U be Cil '. III Iialifa", I,,, Thome. H I I' Browne or the 2. I'd FU'iliers kSCTilwd the onicer~ Iwillg' 'los I>, wnpi 'd lip in great oaL~ lin cl \ ith I'llI', an I rox s!..in cap~ on our 11l:t1d' ill 1,'0. n 24 c c'l1Iher I II. a gl'lll'nli ord T to Ihl' whol . arnw sp . ificd Ihe Ithe gr atcO I c grq. In I'ITl'll, olTin't: lI'erl' lIrd 'rl'd to Wl'ar gT 'al oats, imibr 10 Ihose 0 ill<.' 1]1

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As lor (<1\-;111 " UIl\ ' lilt' I~hh Lig-hl I I. g OilS serv '
COLONIAL REGULAR UNITS Followi Ilg till' 'nel or the Am Tiean W'lr or Ind p lleknn:, ther WC'IT nil ('o)ollial I't'I-l'ldar troops ill 13ritish N( nh I11crica bu!. a the S 'ltkllleni or I pc'r :anada l' 'pandn( weslward, the necel for such a I'orcc' \ ''I.~ fell. In 17~)I, Ihe QIIlTn's Rangers were alllhorised r I' .en·i c in Upper Canada. /\\'o 'ear:- lal('r, Creal Briwin and ii- mpirc \ ;\S OIL \ ,Ir \ ilh FI~lIln' \ hich 'aus 'c\ IhL' wilhdrawa( r som British r('gilllc'llv lOwaro' Eumfle .. llel tilt' ,tV SI Indi 'S, Ilow'v 'I', tl 'prcsen e f Frenc:1l \ """lips ill lhc' mill Ilanlie ancllL'lIsi( ns wilh IhL' Iniled laiC'S led 10 Ihe forIllation of ,uldilional r(,~lIlar '01 nie I IlIliL to h( ISl('r the rl'lllainillg BI-ilish rl'glll,II:. MII.t 1f'lhl' onicer. w'r nativ or resid 'ilLS of onh An erica. In 179 , Ih . lInil~ Wl'l'l' Kiv 'II the . "'1lI~ of I' 'lIcihlC's Ii. r sel\'i (. ill lOl'(h A III I.' ri '

Brass shako plate, 41 st Foot, c,1814-1815. (National Historic Sites, Parks Canada, Ottawa) Gustavus Nicolls, Royal Engineers, c,1815. He wears a scarlet coat with blue collar, lapels (and CUffs), gold epaulettes, lace and buttons. a crimson saSh, and a blcorn with a white plume barely visible at lower right, Nicolls served In North America. taking part In th British expeditions In Maine during 1814. He later designed the citadel at Halifax, Nova Scotia. (Halifax Citadel National Historic Site)

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lig-hl illr~11l11 , hilI actuall' sf'rveclmore as a g"d mainl 'al FOri G 'orge, ork (TorolllO) alld FOil SI !o:l'pll. and was nishallCkd ill nob ... J 02. Th flrsl Ulliform wa {( 'il ,r'~'n IVil1l a hlu ' cun. and Collar. h( rdl'r'd willl ""hill' I.ac " a' ordillg" to Ille Pall 'm 11l'r 'wilh enclosed' (1l0W losl) III I H 'OVl'111h ... 17. I (W 3/10). Ilowl' cr. til(' lillie r~lC'ings were soon chang-cd lo black. From ahOll1 17!IH, 111(' Cui of Ihe IlIl'Il'S ("( (lU'C is shown b J C.H. "milh as similar LO Ihal or illL' Jill " bill ill gr 'ell in,lean or nod. The 1 reI.' hes Iwr' I rolnll)' while. )..{aillTS binI k illld 'gr(' '11 dOlh Inlwsers' wer also is. ue I. The first headgear. issuen ill lall' 17~11 I' '" I, 1702, was '" thin leallll'r at', (I pan'llll. Ih~ same a. lhal flrlh Qu cn\ Rallg'ers luring thl' Aln('rinlll Rcvoluli n (hl(l k wilh a I hill' 111l'Iai Cn'S("('III). From 17\1:1, '1 'Iealher light ill antry ap·. shown as an carly shako Iw GIL Slllilh, I a: w rn I illl a gr -n pillme, and possihl 'a I ras.s hllgk Indg(·. Th'd Ihing- I as OflCll i'slI d ill arr 011'., with man / Il1tn l)('in~ 0\ cd Ihr 'e J 'ars' isslI 'S I hell the coqJS was disband 'd. Th ' III 'Ii Wl're ~Irmcd as line inranll . willl 11111. kels and h"~'D1ll'lS, Ihl' St'rgc;lnls wilh halhel'ds and SWOl"(\S. Ac ·ouln.'111 '/HS arc shm 11 while, The oflicers han uniforms of Ihe ,am cui as lint' officers I)lIL in the cOI1)S colours o{ green r~IC d hlack wilh ilver hULtuns, epalllell sand 1'1 . Their hUllonho!c I:In' was 01 a llllique I : for rllsiliers
'c

Private of the 6th Regiment of Foot In winter dress, Canada, c.1806. The fur cap has a peak, a white "6" on a red background. and a white over red tuft. The cape of the double-breasted grey greatcoat has been removed. Water-colour by Cecil C.P. Lawson after an original in the Library of Windsor Castle. (Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection. Brown University. Photo R. Chartrand)

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'An Officer of the British Army

,,"d .. Merchant of Quebec In their Winter Dress' In 1807 from John LlImbert's Travels. The officer (left) wears the 1800 regulation dark blue greatcoat with a fur cap In the shape of a shako, boots, mitts and a fur tippot. INatlonal Archives of Canada, C 113668)

'loth lrousers ;\lId oil'll', bl\l(' pan[<110 ns in wimer an I \ hiLl' linen TrOl , 'rs in the Snl11nwr wilh :aps nil aftcra fan Pallcrn of'our( In', FOI-F:llig-III'S,th 'In '11 h;td 'small t'lJlIn I hats .. , and all, old rag Ihq' uld plll on' ( 'I ; ~.j, F I, 2), The ITit'crs Ind gold blillons and epaul 'llcs, A slln,jvillg ofli c'r:' oat has thl;' 'ollar, uns 'lnd lapel pil d while. h' Royal Canadian Voluot ers \ ('!'t' raised dllring 17!)4 and recruited from 1795, wilh two battalions or 750 men each ill ten COlIlpani ,'; aClllal 'Lren~lh hover'd at al OU[ ·1:10 per ballalion, h o!TiCNs and men of Lh ~ ( 'l BattaliOl \ I' rc '!'IIi It'd alll( ng FrClldl (:am,dia ns in Low'r Cana la and :\('rved in lolllreaJ and )u 'bec Cit)', TIlt' ~nd Batlalion was r 'cnlited 1110. L1y fronl English :anadians I ill' SOllll' French Canadi, n , and served in L pp I' Canada, There I cr' tt'I1SiollS wilh lIw l1I('ri ails for lhl' 211<1 [\allalioll ,I Fort C('orge. F lI't MaIdel and FVrt , 1,los<'1 h in P!Kl' ,anada, !>tli Il() vioknt ill id 'nlS, This n:gil11enl. the II~~I lo emb( dy Fr n h alld Ellglish C:\Indi:\IIs (or l'e h'1dar Sl'1 'icc, was disbanded during Ug-IISl IH02, nironn \ as rl:'d fa .cd blllC', wilh whilt, lace with a red and a yellow line (il(" the 11\('11. Ill' ("O(lIS had long tails \ i[h while IIlrnh,lcks IIn[il (ROO, and Wt~r sh rt-tai1ed coal(' 's lalt'l', The hlll(, lapl'ls $('CI1I lO havc bc't'n \ orrl Ihl'ouglllWI. h ' waisl mU \\"1S I' 'd r;!lh r Ihall whill', th rc Iwr' whil' hrcc h ' 'HI I liar\.:. gaill'l's for dress 'Inc! gre trOU,'en; (-Ippar Illly gailer-lrouscrs) chang 'd In I lut' ill IHOO, R lind hals I ere worn ("or undress. OLhen i, ,hc'ldj:{ear 1\"
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\lllhorisecl raised Oil I~ April 179,1 wiLh Ill I ("a SrOli
Lt. Col, David Shank, Queen's Rangers, c,1798. Shank commanded the corps from 1796 to 1798, His uniform consists of a dart< green coat with a black velvet collar and lap Is open below the neck, sliver buttons and epaulettes; note the wavy pointed sliver lace and crimson sash. (Print atter portrait)

S IIII' rl'J.~in ('Ill \'( IlInIC('r(' 110 ,IT\'':1I ywhl'r' ill lh 'world willi llle IIrili:h Ann\,. ilS SI:tlIlS chtlllg-cd rrom !ClIcibk I I a rq~illll'lll or Ill ('\'t'lIll1ally I'e I'llil('c1 10 al 0111 700 IlH'II 1I1mlh ("ronl ,lIllOng- lile Freudl Cal1, dian pop"lalio!1 of I ,own Canada, 11 WaS uSllall\' P( Sled ill the an'a :Olllh or ~lnnll'l'al: a delachllWlll was senl III FOri ~lald(,ll ( ppl'r Canada) alld [)el r<)i 1 in ,'t')lt'lIt1l'l' lHI~, allOlhl'l' d('lachl11('111 to YOI'I.. (Torolllo). ~1()SI or the J'q~inwnl 11'01" ill eastern Upper C'lllada in 181:t \'ariuu. companies II'l'n.. ill engagements in llppe'r al1d Lower C(ll1ada, II was disballdl'd al ~lolIll'(';i1 i".l""e IHlli. '1 Ill' IIllil'orm lI'as a n'd Cnall'!; lI'illl >'c1I01v J'acillf.{s: ml'lI's la (' II';IS ",hill' wilh 111'0 bltll' lill 'S maclt' , ILiaI' '-('lId 'd all I st." al eqlla) spale' ;Il'l'ordillg 10 :,11. Smilh. 1101l'l'\'CI", I'l'arse'~ 1l0ll'S ror making IIl1iforlllo; lor IIll' C(lnadial1 Fl'n 'ibl(,s indicates Ihal 11)(' 11)(:11 S la( l' lI'as 10 he sel ill (lilirs, Ol'licl'rs h"d gold b\lllcms an I 'pallll'll< s, The 1 t'g:i11 1('11 lal illsig'l1ia Was;) (TllWll(·d Snlls thislk 011 lite bUlltHls and h 'll-pIaH'S, prell ahh Il('C
,«

TOP Flank company private's coatee, Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, c.1798-1802, Red with blue collar. cuffs, shoulder straps and wings: white turn backs. white lace, pewter buttons, (The Army Museum, Halifax Citadel) ABOVE Coat of Capt, John MacDonald, Island of St John's Volunteers, c.1797 -1802: scarlet with green collar, cuffs and lapels. white piping and turnbacks, and 90ld buttons. The coat, apparently locally made, was cut for a big man, which justifies MacDonald's nickname in Gaelic: Ian Moor, or Big John. (Garden of the Gulf Museum, Montague, Prince Edward Island)

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Illitially, a Ilig-hialld ullilonll ol"red fa '
Capt. Louis C.H, Fromenteau, Royal Canadian Volunteers, 1st Battalion, 1800. He wears a scarlet coat with dark blue collar and lapels piped white. g1ll buttons, epaulettes and beltplate. Miniature on paper by an unknown artist. (National Archives of Canada, C125655)

Lt. Otto Schwartz, Nova Scotia Fenclbles, c.1806, wearing a scarlet coat with yellow collar and lapels. sliver buttons and epaulettes: white belt and silver belt-plate bearing the crowned arms of Nova Scotia, and a crimson sash, (Print after silhouette by Charles Buncombe)

Brass belt-plate of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles Regiment. c.1803-1816, (Niagara Historical Society Museum, Nlagara-on-the-Lake, Ont.)

A wooden drum of the Nova Scotia Fencibles, c.1804-1816, This unit was permitted to bear the coat of arms of its province of origin In 1804 and they are shown, partly worn away, with supporters and flags on a yellow background, (Canadian War Museum, Ottawa)

S('111 10 Bt'I'llluda illSl 'ad ill t'arl~ IHI:~, aud was lIoled lor ils h;,r! discipliuL', The\ ('ml nm$s~l(Tillg- 17 nll'n 11';IPIWc! in a SlI,lIl1lt- 1 hoal. Th ' f()I'('ig-1I ...:- weill 011 Iht ral11 pa,g'l·. IOOlill}{ tl\(' lowII. nlpill~ \\'0 11 W 11 alld 11Illrderillg' all '''Ked illhal innl' in his bcd. Selll ITick 011 board ship. Ihe\' w 'I" IeI'm d 'all 0PCJl InJldilli, \\'Ito it is illlpllssibk to COl1lrol'. The\' WLTC' • hippe-c\ Lu Iialifax wlwre they mislwll;\\'ed as StHlIl as lIw\' lallr\(-c1. ,\I'Il'r rour davs, Ihe go\CTIIUI- reported, 'Tin inhahitanlS 01" Ilalirax are ill lhe- g-re simil"r 10 III<' R()~'al a",'s. d('scribed ill Ihe I 7\)() , as 'I luI' and whill', 1\';111 large yellow hliliOIlS willl Ih ' fig-ure or a heanT, uvel' which js inscrihed Ihl' wnrd, Canada'. On :\ F('bl'll,II\' 1~1;{, (:1'11, ~heal'l" in Llpl l'l' :allada was illSlnlCIl'd Ihat '1111' LJllif()rm or th' omcns oj Ilis :-'(;~j('SI\"s I PrOl'illci;d I Marine )l) Ihe- I.ake, 1(1)(' Ih(' salll<' (IS tI\l' Rm,tl N')\,\, hUI no Officci al pl't'St'lIl 10 I<\lt' hig-IIl'r II HI 11 a COIllI11<1IIc\er' (Cl ~~()), S;lilol's thl' I'!'twincial bril1e had ~I()I r1olhin~ as ill Ih(' RO\~d Nay" laleri:d 1'01' Ihe sailor' al Amlwrslhlll'gh in I H1:\ inclllrlc
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.\'1/1'.", ) 2 The comp nles Wei m,st kllfl'y I rmeo 'Callad'an Ch3 ,,' lollow,ng 'he Hamplon inCidents. posSIbly because they were ,nlended lot Canada Md Wf!f composed of French I,ghl ,nlanlrymen See b lOw lor Ihe ,eal Canadian Chess utS.

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The lndiao 0 parlm 'ol W,IS COllel'rIled willt Illilil\' our OWII Illdians', nOI 'd Col. Clall:>.

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An officer's coatee. 104th Foot (New Brunswick Reglmentl. 1812·1817. Scarlet, with light buff collar, cuffs. lapels and lurnbacks. It also has silver buttons, (York-Sunbury M~seum, Fredericton)

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LOWER CANADA The I rm'ille ' or I.ower :anada - the pre, 'nl-da\' )11('1>('(' - W:I,~ 11t(' 1110:1 illlponanl or Ihe British lonlt American colollies 'IIHI Ind Iht' hll'g't'SI n'Sl'rW Ornlel1 1O draw IIpon: aholllliO,()()O:l~'d Il'IWL'('1I 1(; and no, Tlte 1-,"'(':11 1I1~jOril • were Frt'lIl'h Callaclialls wllo, as )!Il' British ortiC('1' plll il. 'pnhaps o lied' In op~ rr III F I ruar' I 12, rcpresl'llling Hnl'stahlishlllellt 01' al 0111 6,:)()() olli crs ami ll1('n, This lilll(' arlll ' had ils ITSl"'W, alld ill :111 l'1IH'Jgl'IlC\', cOllld be ,joined within hour. by a \'Ohlllll'L'r ll1ililia !()rcc'. ithill a kw da),s. SOIllC 'cdcl1l'1r' ilitia Divisiol1s near lhe thrcall'I\(:d area cl)lIld Iw nllt-d lip, III Clol l'r I HI:t Ihonsallds 01' n':LTW ,'cd 'ntal ' mililiamCll were 'all' I til ' SOil I ' b 'illg' IOrIlI·d illto Ihe 7tll alld tllh lClllporary 'Sedt'lllar I EllIbodil.'d Mililia' tmllaliolls. bill ·tli \\'t'IT SUOIl reI 'ascd 1'1' III ~ rvi'c ill oV<'l1llwr, Thea' w('n' "OllH' n'dllClions dllrillg' IHI4, hill lhe I I'Ovin' kqH l11an~' perman 'nl service 1I11il!i 011 a \V
ullcerl:lin. III Jill\' 181~, d' '"I