Osprey, Men-at-Arms #337 French Armies of the Hundred Years War (2000) OCR 8.12

337

CH ARMIES OF E UNDRED YEARS WAR

DAVID NICOLLE was bom In 1944, the son th lIIu.1rator Pat Nicolle. He worked In the BBC Anlblc service betore going 'back to school', gaining n MA from th School Orl ntal Studies nd a PhD from Edinburgh Univer.llity. He later taught world and 1lIIl,Imic art and architectural hilltory at Yarmuk UnlveMllty, Jordan, He has written a number books and ertlcle. on medieval and llllamic warfare, and hn been a proll1lc contributor to the Men-at-Arm aerles for many yo Ml. He currently lives and works In lelceateMlhlre.

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ANGUS McBRIDE, one the world's moat respected hlatoricalillustnitora, has contributed to more then 70 Ollprey title. over the past 26 years. Born In 1931 Highland parents but orphaned u a chfld, he received a mUlllcal education at Canterbury Cathedral Choir School In 1940-46. He worked In advertllling agencies 'rom 1947, and Is a selt-taught artlst. After national service In the Royal Fuslllera, 194951, In 1953 Angus emigrated to South Africa. He retumed to the UK In 1961, and has worked freelance ever since. With his wif and two children he retumed to South Africa In 1978, since when he has lived and worked In Cape Town.

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Dedication

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FRENCH ARMIES OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR

1337-1453

was Brass of William Wenemar, a captain and magistrate of Gent, first half of the 14th century. As a senior militia officer of one of the wealthiest cities In Europe he would have the best available military equipment; nevertheless, this still has much In common with that of the late 13th century. (BIJlokemuseum, Gent)

during thi P ri d. h SL rrom an incre ing-I

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I he lahli bmen in embl fa perman nland prof'e"ion
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RECRUITMENT

Effigy of a lord of the ChlUeau de Bramevaque, first half of the 14th century. He wears an old-fashIoned style of armour which persisted In the deep south of France - see Plate A2. (in situ Cloisters of the Abbey of St Bertrand de Comminges; author's photo)

Int41rior of the Porte 5t Michel at Cahors, a typical example of 14th century urban fortification In south-central France. (Author's photograph)

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Til arm \ hi h a ed an nglish inva i n of Fran at th starl of the lIndr dears ar consisted of f udal onLin n u'oops recnlit d und I' nlra t, and ror ign pro~ 'ion-l! all of" \Vh III \ er paid, h f.'udal ·tru'lUr r Fra \ <' hanging hut Lhe kingdom till on:ist rl faR,cldmin,fi gr'a uhi', 70unti raldoz-n i counti ' " and nUIllc:'rous other fj r.., \ ilh dif~ I'ing lill ilhin Llli' , 't'm wer hundred of rha,/f'llainie. nsi 'Ling fa m ~or .3. tI witl iu; Uri" lInding mpa t t rrito ; and Lhousand r less rsf'ignp'll'/-il's. a result Fran e had up to 50,000 n ble familie -the nobles,f'or chev(deriellil ani a 'mall proporLion or Ul . e auld alTOI'd Lh' r Ic of rull knighLho d. Lh maj riL r maining squir . Thi. I robabl 1 ft Fran \iLh I tw n 2 350 and 4,000 fighLing III n of knighLl rank. Man, 'quire' fought al ng id th s knigh\..S. but for I IV pa, and it LOok man d cade Lor th m to a hie c a 'ornp'trabl mililal I ,talll.. M 'am hil . the I r porLi n f knighLs from t1l wealth upp r arisl ra ro-, 'md knighlh od o-racluall GlmC to be a' '0 ial d \ ilh a h I' ditar CtSV 1, iming priviJag u has ta 'xcmpLion, he IIgh Fnnc'. till had a gen ralmilital ummon', th 1)(111 and Ih arrih-p 1)(//1 whi h appli .d l) all mal ~ -u~j .. ' ag d fr 111 I l 60 ear" lh . \ r virluall ' abandon 'd arl' in lh Hundr d Y, ar War, In l ad th main fonn f feudal I' ruitmelll was th ("monee des obles dir Cl cl at Lhos holding li·r ,Iu an arrii!'reIJrm atn'P-. bataill.e\ hi 'h sm, 10 h:-. e b n U' din m rg n i ',Knights all d up L1nd'r U1 'emu'Y/ade. Noble. \ 'r' ,LIsa paid 'I dail \ ag ,imilar lO m n r WiL d LInd I' nlracl. h T ' inhntr w r n ern 'ei llt servilw/l. debitu1II had virtuall collap'ed b lhe lart fthe 141h c nlLlry nd all Lhal r m in d frural I' cruitm I l wa a r I'm of 10 al rg anlr n I •. rl s rvi rth I 5S, during a wid spr ad lIap flaw alld order Lhe g) rnm I1l did issue all ordnan \. hi hallow d p a ants l Lake up arm' again't brigand' a onsid rabl can' ssi n al a lim when th o~ n or /mrl d finne, wa r gard d aa lhr at to Lh so ial rder, Th militar I obligaLi n of Lho living in lown r in .. -asingl imporLanl. ncl I Ih ~ 1 Lh n Ut ' Fr nch t.owns 'ould Ii lei 'mall anni of infanu' and cavaJry 'ome of Lh _ milici w r ba, d Ip n h il)" ri h h h vi. g i own aptain

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The only surviving original statue of a member of the Gent militia, made around 1340, which once decorated the famous Belfry. These have now been replaced by replicas. (Stonework Museum, St Bavon's Church, Gent)

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Men operating an esprlngal In a Flemish manuscript made between 1338 and 1344. This siege engine, shown with a wheeled 'rame carriage, was powered by twisted skeins horsehair, and shot massive arrows - though not actually as large as this picture suggests. (Bodleian Library, Ms. B~d. 264, '.201r, Oxford)

infant , aval and land lor cs from the rbcri-ln penin ula help d th r n h during a Br LOn campaign of 1342 whiJ' fift· n aI", 1, l r ,had' f avanT S J I 22 men-'Ll-arm, and 1,120 in ["a III I' 111 JIb sea ormand.

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f Fr n h nni t wilh parLi 'uhl'1

French king_ during the Hundred Years War

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Philip VI de Valois (1328-1350) John II The Good (1350·1364) Chat1es V The Wise (1364-1380) Charles VI The Mad (1380-1422) Charles VII The Well·Served (1422-1461)

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Mu 'h 0 th heroi m of th knightly elite was, il fa t, 1'0 U d n llrflam n and qui li a of arm' ralher than real battl •. In 1369 ELl.ta·h· Deschamps omplained lhm . oldit>rs de lroy flu' (ounlry Iln'o-ugh pillage. all hOI/our i' TO/1e, lhe) lille 10 be ralled ens d 'armes bul lhe)' roam fhe (0'111111)', tll'slro inK flW Ithing in lheir 7110,)', and till' l)oor pea/)I" are JOlTed 1o jler' bf'joI"I'Ihem. If fh,' soldir'l" mr!nrl"'l' I Imvrillltref lfftgues in a day hi' Ihinks hi' 11m dm/p 7111'11.' By the I, - of th Ilh nt II' D champ \ a al mplainin al Olll the knight. 'I ck r training, idlen ss, d .:ire ~ r go d

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Hired companies

In general, those m n direcli in kam r r~l ti'at t ltilud l war , \ arfar . Man of arm. ' wil h \~ ifie I p iod or r; I' lif" nd' m 'Lim in luded agr '('menl In shar> bOlh in[or-Illation and profit.s from ran. ms. venti BrOLherhOtld' mighl cst recruiled b lRares de'l'elenue b which th ' king or hi, Ii 'uten'UIl 'I' Lain d"~ aplain with a p ified onling-'nl in r 'llll'll (1)1' 'I 'p~ 'j(j sum f mon . BUl in a Lim limil \ as r I' I llll'nliOIl d ill the 'C 'onlra l.~, th nmpanies were generall I' 10 go elsewhere aJlcr as liltle a<; lwe months's rvi e. This mad il dim ull r; r l

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A 19th century facsimile of a lost wall painting from the Leugemeete In Gent. These Illustrate units of the city's militia, here armed with crossbows, ordinary bows, swords, and a pointed form of mace or club called a

goedendsg. Note the unifonn appearance of the clothing of this company. (Photo Studio Claerhout, Gent)

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Archers with longbows In a Flemish manuscript of 1338-44; note the arrows carried In their belts. The bowmen of England were by no means the only ones to use longbows, but In most parts of westem Europe archery was practised more for hunting than warfare. (Romance of Alexander, Bodleian Library, Ms, Bod. 264, Oxford)

the rown to maintain cnlllrol, lo 'nsure lhm ommand 'rs k'i ltheir COI11pani s up LO str >llh'1h and ad -qual I eqllipp d, (I' 'v n lhal th > pa~ sed on III pa! to lheir m'l1. During- the s con I 1,.lIr or th [4Lh' nLlI til cr )wn also enli 't d smaller cornpaniC',. so 111 , hi h \ cr' lillie hell'r LInn hanos (uLlaw', 11 cxampl nm' have be: n Lh> 'ontraCl \ ilh Lon'nl .ollpe;orge (' :Ul-ll roal. I ,a 1'1" .) 'Ill I hi. live 'quire., This ralh 'r hllphaz'\rd : Sl III 'olllra lual I' rUilllll'1ll C nLinu d weI! illl lhe [51h C 'null , thou 11 llie crown \ a al'o It:mandin o ' I' 'laLive! sm'",1! and proper!' equipped ~-udal' (ntillg' I'll'; rr 1ll:·1 t d lO\ n '. mOllgo lh lor i n Lroops, C'IIO " 1'0, sbowm n slil! r allireel prominenLl' d 111 n or 'on'id nbl cXlprience. For "<11111 I', onnrt .rimaldi had' rved ill [lal bel"or> signing til \ ith Lh ' Fr 'J h bet\ ccn J. 70 and 1395: d I. d' nS'IJ'l wa a sqllire l"rom 'th' l'rrilOI' I' C'lIoa' and b "U11-' a ('on'lab!p of 19 mOllnl-d ro sbowm'n, 1'h ro.b wmen them' I e. cam l"rom '\11 'v n \ ider ar a, and n l n I , Ita I . uch m n 'oulrl fi nel Lhem' Iv I 'n in llnlikd plae': and th yw l' prohabl amongslLll- OOcros,bowmen lak n b' elmiral d Vi nn LU 'uLland in 13 th I' for 'igon troop, in "Iud 'el paniard and, more" llrpli ing a hancHi.t1

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'The Order of the Star at Table', In a late 14th century French manuscript, The Order of the Star was founded at almost the sama time as the English Order of the Garter, but did not survive long - most of Its members were killed In the early battles of the Hundred Years War. (Grandes Chron/qu9s da France, Blbllotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr. 2813,1.394, Paris)

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The consequences of failure I e Ii a l rs whi'h ran 'ulTer-d after the I aul I' gin ourL ha I a pr ~ lun I impa't on it. mililar t m', In th "I orl term

11ll? I 'c1 LO ev n more critici'm of a kni.,.hll ltL~S whi h had fail d lh countr : CommCnlal r. lik AI"li, Charti r n dOll! l c1 lh alu of hivalr)' il Tlf. In hi. '/17'1' oj /3011/1'5 Honor" B n 'l . imilarl omplain d lhm the knig-ht.'1 r g< rei c1 war IT\ or ,] as a mans ,f winning walth. :0111 arabic r-i ici. In wer~ .( nlain d in Jan d B I il'. manual ,( kni~1 h cI ·lllt.:d tP.!frt/v(>77ral, wriu n in the mi 1-1 h ·'lIlur-. Thi' wa' bas 'n on hi. 0\ 11 xpcricllcc an 1\ '1. modern in iD mph 'i on miliLaI professiol1ali'n abo e all othcr con ·ideralion.. nl ele.. k, ighlhood rcwin'd its In ·ti'lu·, though the men-al-amlS ma 110\ ha in Iud cI lllor sCJllire. lhan knig-hL'i. ,c cmlleader' or I~lh emu companies - prurr/wurs or 'scor hcr, , a.'i lh',\ r 11 woft-nknnwn,inrc1"r n·'toth IT tortll'irp·s.ag ~lll tll'lorlllrl"'d oUnLry'ide - \ r. f r lali 1, hllmbl orig-in'. Ther- w r also m'H sil11ilariti" b,tw n til .• ecorrhpw'S\ h au' >d ·u h \ id spr I suflc\"illg in mid-I. lh ·enLul. Frd ror inranlry. In a·t King Chari sUr vi d ~ udal r' ruiUTl-'nl in an, g-ui'l' to ereme a larg- and r liabl inlanlr fore und rRo al conlrol, Innsf< !'mjng the 1<1 urban 1 vi . inl th new franc aTcher.', In I '( and agaill in 1451 .harl i u °d ordnan • to lh rr, I.lhat 50 hou' 'hold' hould provid an archer and a er ., b wman, sel ned b Lh 10 al authoritie rrom In 'll or g-oo I reputation, clrecti , militar al?; • r bu't ph i(ju net skill, ilh w'al 11. Motivation uld b mix d, mo t U'()()P" still Ii hling larg I ror pOl or the hope of boot', while ran 'om r rnained a m.~or m tiv and a maj l' "'<11' m ng'l th ir I al r. rn fa t a u'ad d I p eI in whi 'h middl -m n b ught and s Id p\ison rs along wilh the ri hts to thcil- ran oms. am lim !.hi \ a, don individually_ al alh l' 1m almo.l in bulk' for in tan e th FI rcntine m 'r ham Jol n Vitt r peciali 'cd ill su h hrok·rag .. and in 1 17 I ur has d alar' numb r fEnglish apliv. from lh hbish I ol'Rou n . . pit Ih Engli h 0 lIpali 11 f half lh ulInl , ~ Ir jan troop' 'ould till b round it rellch annie, ev n amongst tl f 11 w'rs or J' nn' I' r harm' hied fr m'ull against th 'nglish 11 t d a trang mixtur t1flig-htingm'll along- the \ a, in [udin a omingclll commanded b the cotsman Hugh de 1 enned an I Italians und r Barlh lern' Bar 'tLa. 0

This late 14th century Image reminds us of the huge quantities of arms, armour and munitions which were manufactured for the competing armies; documentary evidence shows that this was often on an almost modern production-line scale. Note also the separatedleg hose worn rolled down to the knee by the soldier on the right. (ehron/ques de Sf Denis, British Library, Ms. Roy. 20, C.VlI. London)

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Th I' J pi d b a'p pulaI' I' 'i,tan agdinsl n Li'h rule in onn. nd i. still a malt. r or d bat. Yet there wa undoubtedl wid pI' ad anla oni m t th -ngli h 0 upaLion I' n cted in a popular son whi'h soun I d lik a huma lroU' 'all to ann: 'Among au, people ~I lhe villa f:, who love lhe French "ing, lake good hew"[ [0 fighl the J!.'nglish. Let erzrh talle his hop Ihe bellpr 10 uproot them. nd if they do nol wish [0 go, al "Ylst make afacp allhem. Do not fear to 'tril((: Ihem, Ihosp big bellied od-Damn Jor line of liS is worth fOlLr of Ihell1, 01' al (.,asl he is worth Ihret' of thern. '

ORGANISATION

Tristan slays a rival in part of The Story of TrIstan and Iseult on a series of mld- to late 14th century southern French wall paintings. Note the 'fan' crests both men and horses have the old-fashioned mllltary equipment which seems to have persisted In Isolated regions of France such as the Auvergne. At right centre, the colour contrast shows clearly the straps and padded leather squab on the Inside surface of the shield. (In sItu Templer Chapel of the Castle, 5t Floret; author's photo)

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onLinu d to 'lllnm 11 bar n' and him, whil the en gr at king'. C07l.l'eil Serret - to \ hi h J sser nobl s w I' invited when I' quir d, In purel militar t I'm, th rna t s nior of£ic r \ as th onstabl of Fran e, who ommanel d in th king' ab' n nel Is up 1'i I and U', but had to unt for all hi a tion to the king' Irks. Th ar hal' main due wac (0 mail1lain dis iplin and nsur~ suffi -j ~nt miliLar suppli s n h major 'ampai'Tll , Th . ind· ntur'eI milila 'ompani oft n had th ir wn nam su h as til 'ornjwgnie de to Forl7mp.

(;OIll/JllglI;r ii" /\//I,rgo/,' and (;mnpflgnil' Blflnrl/f'. ir L ici nlif II 'Ill mer ,I ' a.<; Eng-Ii h, Br L n I' whal ul n hi cOll1ll1anc!l:rs II' rc som 'UI1lC:s 'allcd 'h adl r parlicuhrl, feared a: I eing llLside L.h 'n rmal stru I II' Captain \lrtl'ln mililia w rc appointcd b th i or tm n; L\ 0 r thr e \ ould norlll:1lly accoml al ' Ih· militia n campaigl . Wh militia caplain' lcndc:d tu b ' paid annuall mcml ers of lh ' nobili auendcd IllllSIL'r \ I' paid by tI e mar heds ac r ling to h w man la th'Y served. lilila, e'p ndiLUre coull 1 arl Ie 'UIl ·id 'nlbl " and al til' start or lh ' Hun lt~ d Y ar' "'ar lh king' holel or p 'I' ( nal reLinue alone co< l 30,000 iiI If'S loal'llois. King' Jolin's I' ,form: larg -I r: it el, but th' rcmained the ba.<;is of mol" . u .(' 'ssrt II crrol"1s b his su Ct:'. SI rs, In 137 a Ru a1 ordnan' eSletblishcri s()n1C'thing akir In et nlral milil"lr "laft, enabling th Royal CUllSl'lbl' l) 'lppuinl Col Ii III nant an I the Royal far 11'11' to appoinl fOllr Ii Ul nl2l l le I' i \ lllll.-ler d, The ani lruops nOl liabl r>r such in p h lI' h I I- I' Lh Con,lable and the hst'r uf Lh .rossbowm n - L.h laLLer being In efl" CI command 'I' or all Fr n h in ran t r , Ikl callI tllcsL' S 'llior onit' 'r.' '1' was wounrlf'd or ,ick. Pa 11) III was mad lhrough L1 rlul/lllm's or suhdivisions or a ('Iwi/Jaglii/' or 1"01/11', Ih > Gil taill r'c 'i\'ill!{ 1110l1C for his UWIl immediale hOllSt'hold \ hil lhe r Sl wt'nl slraight to his mell. :u'h an arm was, or 'ours.. \' ' r ' x p 'l1siv '; HI ill 137!) and 1384 Col violent re'lction againsl the Ill' 'ssal' tax's meanl that this IlL'W struclure \
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Archers and men-at-arms attacking a castle In a mid- to late 14th century French manuscript. The archers are relatively well armoured while the men-at-arms have visored bascinets. (Chroniques de St Denis, British library, Ms. Roy. 20, C.VII, f.13v, London)

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'c 'ssrul c1' 'a I·... or th' lal r 1 lh IllUl', J1l1i· 'Oil I ani ''i IT Tuil d h' {('/frl', de 1'I'II'/I/1f'. 'upp n >d I rll~ 's'ional eros. how-;lm1l'd inf:ml , and b I militia uni LOwns, Lo 'al inhntrv also t n I I l 110 k LU LI • I UI' l own I' ~i( 11, leam hile parall I 11 ilit;'}I' lilt lIlr" had aULOllllnHlllS dllchies SII 'il as Bdll.an 'an I Burg 1Il0 ,

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Symbols and livery 11 King ,lulln's icl',' \Vil i h was IIOl r{'vi\' 'd \\~I lhat Sl' ular Illilital I

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His ,lIcn'ssor Charles \ ha IlilLl . il1ll'n:'il in 'hi'",Itr , while Charll''i VI dev>1 >p >d (th rill thods of' cem 'nti nl'{ 10 ,dty. l\kanwhik IIwre wa. a slow 11l0\'('1ll 'nl to, ard, SOIlW

limn or 'nalional'

miliulI: insignia. t th' start the HUll Ired ("II'S War in ...ignia \ ' r ' still slri'L1' r'lIdal; hill only a ('<.'\ y '11" lat'r .Jean. Umlt' d':\rma~nac (riel' d 'dl nohll's and th 'ir ()lIm en. t wcar a while (TO:S on Ih'ir loth '" hi' while en ,s w"s '\g,lil1 111 'Illion '(\ I'll 'J' in th ' 14L11 'nlUI '. '\11 I \ n.· refJlI '1111' b, th mi 1I!)lh e nlllr, wh 'n il Wcl.

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bla'k TO'S lh' Br'l n·. In the I. 70s Ih' longestabl ish'd CIll bl 'Ill Lhe Frt'II'il R) al 1~\l11il. til'

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cL'i r du ·d \ L1lr" 11m t'l: (th' ',m," ur 'Fran Illod L' III , in, lead lh(' I reviou, II ring >1' man a ross a sh i .\ I or

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'J' V'I ' irnl >rlal11 cnsign was lhe fJl'f/lflIllIlU'. a phin blood-red b
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wilich s'l'\'cd as Lh 'llmosl ur Franc' it. elf,

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ABOVE LEFT Early 14th century French sword (Daehnhardt Coli.) ABOVE 14th century French knife (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg) LEFT Mid-15th century Italian sword (Sullivan Coli.)

It as kell, LOg-elhel' with R 'al bann'rs, in R im athcc1ral, and wa lIsed ani, in d 'G'nc of Ih king-dom, th ' Chllr 'h or the hri tit n r; iLh, LII l~ sorL~ of idelllificmion in Iud d ,20 bla 'k p 'nnons h ;;II-ing the word jus/in> in silver r gold, di lrib IL 0 h the Daupl in har! 1 his men during- a .i\~1 \ ar again I the Duke of Burgund I in 14J l. lh r banners II.\..' II V th~ Dauphin's I" Jrces i. ludcd a na r baring a d II hin, anOlhcr Iwal'illg" a I"ull>, anna II' d 1 Ii h >1 killing a ,erp nt, and a third wilh ft n w r I lu > ano bla k durin r th reign 0(" Charll's ,I n I. 2 ,hal'l s I iIIln r' I:~ H, and 111(' gnu'sip (broom ~hrlllous('tlCS hn ion \.()w(\rcls lhe nd ~Ilal'le!; \ II. he baclg's \ orll b, ( relit al r tain rs IV 're of b . \ hel'C'ls Ihosl' \ om b' s('ni >r m '11 \ '1'1..' U '(Iall 0 r or l-{old, Be 'oncl Oll rt. ci I' 1 S COSllll1W and hadges w 'IT also llsed 10 shO\ all gi';lIH.'e, For ~xamplc, in Pari, in I: 75 Illan I pcople adopt<, I hoo Is ha Iv('c! r 0 'llIe1 bill' as a mark of allegiallce 10 [licllll' Marc I, poJi I i ,,,I It:arkr cll'lllther Pari 'ian grOt'! ,I.h Cabo hi 'nS' adopl 'c1 blue hal.. and tWO I ,.n. hl'r lh 'ir rivals LOok I IV 'aring white hal', At oth I' lim

French soldiers killing Jaquerie rebels. The latter are shown In middle-class costume rather than as poverty-stricken peasants. The soldiers are also well equipped, wearing a variety of helmets Including one covered In scales. (Chroniques de Sf Denis, British Library, Ms. Roy, 20, C.VII, f.133, London)

J_

Lho, (' s mpaLhelic 1lI lhe

Blirgull litll1 laclion W IT th ir ('On/dips raps I 1I1l d to Lh' right. lh' pro!\rl1lagnac. 10 Ih<: left. Pil ancial w akl s. wa I h'

Fr

Illaj I 11

h

n"ISOI1

'I'm

I

\Vh>, lhe auld

1101

~II her

SII fliciclIl /{)rces 10 resisl Lll' English (clilowing lhe til Ie 01' gin oun, 'illlilarlv Lll' lr 'al. \ hi h reconciled King ;h;trl·s

13

VII and Ih 'Duk BUI'g'und in I 3. m am Ih, I th I' wn uld on g,in gIll 'r lh Inillp La s. r build an f~ ti ann, and Lam lh lrouble orne l'cmrheurs. J

Charles VII's reforms Fin Il ,01 !') J nil ry 1 45, lh I' alion of th-' Ro al rompagnip d'ordonnanff's wa announc d, Th I' - would 1 1 of lh s a h of 100 lances' ea h Ian e on i'l d of six m n (a ,m.ln-at-arnUi, hi, ·w I' l-b arer pag , two arch 1',
ums and 0,000 franrs orrhen, he infanlI, frani'. ari'heJ:S w re eSlablish d al"ter the caval, mmll(lgnie. r/'nrrlnnnrt?1.re and Ul ir 'LruClur' " as simpl r. n \ 're expe ted to liv al horn" \\I r in. p I d I' 'gular! , and pra Li I ar 'h 'r . er 1 r ligi u r (\ I da. Th ' \ sUPI as 'd to have suitabl armour but if lh w I' I () poor lhi uld b ,lll plied b lh ir p''lri h, n aeLiv-' rvic' th \\I re paid four fran s a month alld w 'I" , 'empt l'r m lh' laillp lax, N v rlh Iss, lh I' \ ' r ' D'W I' I'han R.OOO 'U h francs au.-Jzers during Lhe rei '"n of Inri" II, mig'hl b p t d. 1 ann '" '1nd even OS(lll1l s W 'IT similar!' me d rni' d. Ithough Ih 'fr ar hers' had no ulliform 'I' 'U h. Lh ar h rs fth R al Guard in 14 9 \' re dres >d in blu " \ hil' tlncl red, or gr n, while and rcd, Thal ear 'had's \ I 'nl 'r'c1 R II n in triumph, a ol1lpanied b 1 Lile 600 111' n r his 0\ n '!Jalu .' or cavalr unil each havinO' a' ar WiUl a p nn n of r d salin Wilh a g' Id Ull, o

'The Militia of Paris', In a late 14th century French manuscript.. The Infantry levy has been given an almost uniform appearance which was to some extent true much of their equipment was provided by the city, purchased In bulk from manufacturers. IGrandes ehron/ques de France. Blblioth quo Nationale, Ms. Fr. 2813, Paris)

ARMOUR & WEAPONS I'm ur in Fr n wa." I'" val-i·d Lhan in nnan , Larg amounts of mail raUl'r LInn plale w r lh' 13 0 • and n ' -q I I LI 111 I'll r Lh ' Fr nth a all hav' b' n highl uln r. I· l ; ngli. h an \ . knight'; had al undant. quipl11 nL h will f B rtran I d' MonLibus. a ren h knighl in 1327, in Iud d Ii armours a mnnrhp rtf' fer arm pI' l t.i n. fiv warhor. sand fi ur I-iding hoI" ", in I aI', laL I' lhe cCJlIipl11Cll1 "P L d ofa 111 ul1l'd .1 al in Hainault . Fr 'nch-sp aking pruvit c jll'l all the Imperial 'id _. of til fronLi r, wa a mail haubf'rh I' 'IInll or ltaubergeo1l, mail rlUlus l'sfol' Lil I'gs. pIllS a mail CO!for bm-biemf'or lh n k and mail gallnu· n im I' . inO' , l I ril ing LI armil g a knighl 'lIorLl b for' II 'l-Junrlr'r1 aI', VIaI' would prol ahl' slill ha appli d La 1I1'1n I' 'n 'hm 'n, Th knighl began b pULling a shirt ov r hi br c he:' and combing IIi - hair; lhen pUlling on lalher 'ho" and ho . Th fir l

or

14

pi .. of armour \ t:r Ihigh and kn 'pr H li n fir n or hard n d I ather. fi Illow cl b '1 padd I allelOllja k l, mail hauberk and mail w{f. e 't calll a' oat-of-plates' a defenc mad of, eral hUH d plat· atlach d (0 'I pc n h -lik' l" I ri gann >01. ann g01lS'rps I' thr at d fen "s' a :ur l eli 'pla ring hi, at f-anns; whal bon" auml \ I'd b 'It, ·word. a e and dagg r. I.a tl h' d nn d h a ' h 1m or lighler ba:cillel. hi I Is \ ere. huw 'vcr, now rar I carri rl il war. Th arm. and armour of' rdinar part-Lim urban I ilitian en Oltld 1 r v I s d Gal' c in R II '11 ill I ~40 . n'j 'l d uf a • al- J~plat· '. a ror el p rh'lp_ f mail lO wcar I cI 1\ th' plat s. bras nt' jJlale or hi' arms and a gorgiftrP titl IJlfllt' for h is neck, Th· ,los de 'al' in Rou n mal ul'a ltll' >d (Is/win ral 'jeg ngin ann and armOllr 'IS w>1I as 'hip'. but th I .1 Tosshows C'm from Toulouse in th·· south. B the, Lart of Lhe IlIndr'd Y 'ars War 1'oulou also ll1anlll"a lllr'd silk-covcrt>d an I plain Cjuill d tollp. gambols'; plat armollr for m>n 'HI 1 hoI'S s ha' in IS, h 1m brimmed h 1m - call 'd rhapPflux dl' '/0/1 III u!Jn11, g,1I11111 IS and 'IS.'Orl d hi ld (pi in \ hiv or read pailll d wilh lh' ann of Fran c), Am ng L less omm n item \ ere tOlI'/PfllI.Y dagg rs, Ian s, drt'l'ds ja 'lin" Iwtht'S norroise. (knowll in Englan I as [ allish a c.) '1'0, b \VS, gnmJ('s for spanning r "bO\ Spill. huge Cjuallliti 'S 01" cro:sh \ haiL>; ddivcr'c1 in iron-b und It 'l', The lit"l I'ar I' '~'n'n t' to Lh . pro fin I' t 'Ling I' armuur in Fran e is fOllnrlin anothcr dOCllllH: III fr lin ROll n daLed 1340, The pressures (f' \. al' ma have a LlIll·d for olht.r Sl II'S arl1l( lIr in lh inv nL r' I' Ih, ..I) in ludin the am,lS OWl' d jJlnlfiS rip Chll's ('of , n a' 'l I"), vass/m'ls dfl r;h/{~\. and 'allvas-co c r'd Korgih7's dp JI'I' m nLi( n d in 13'17. leam hil Lhe !lauverl, generall In-I it, inlegral mill n ''lnd oi whil " sl cVe' and h '111 were OIl rduc d ul1lil it b· m a 'mall'r hnubnf!:eon. Th al.-o(~pl( te. had al I' d, t'volv 'd, proh bl f'rom an carli >,. Ip,lIh T tllirip., and I lhe III id-l..J Lh l1l.1I I' lh old girdle-like t p' ma all' ad hav' I Tn r gard d as 01 1-(~lShiOl ed - although 'I Fn:n h IOC-lImcnl of I, ~7 did IllClI Lioll a 'oal-o/:phlCS 1'1 king ilS IIsual fabric vering"
or

or

The Horsemen of the Apocalypse on a French tapestry made between 1375 and 1390. All except one figure - who Is shown as a stylised Oriental - are given normal French arms and armour of the period. The foreground rider clearly wears a mall haubergeon over his cuirass or brlgandlne, with plate limb defences; note also his shield cf.Plate A3. (Castle Museum, Angers)

15

The ba"le of Auray (1364), like so many of the later clashes of the 14th century, was largely fought by heavily armoured knights and squires. Here Bertrand du Guesclin (centre left) - who was captured at Auray by Sir John Chandos - is depicted wearing a tabard bearing his coat-of-arms, but both armies fight beneath the banner of Brittany In what was, in effect, a civil war. (Du Guesclln Chronicles, Bibllotheque Natlonale, Paris)

OPPOSITE 'Bertrand du Guesclln appointed Constable of France', In an early 15th century French manuscript, King Charles V gives a hand-and-a-half sword to France's toughest and most successful soldier In 1370, making him commander of all French forces under the king himself. Du Guesclin (1323-80) survived many ba"les against English, French, Breton,

II

Navarrese and Castilian armies, and was captured and ransomed several times. It was he who presided over the patient campaign of containment and siege warfare which so weakened the English position In France in the 1370s, and he also laid some of the foundations for French military reforms. The artist depicts him here 'warts

16

1\ III . app 'ar-m o Hun wa' til . aoopli n tI 'arli 'r nm illg rob " (r narcd I IJ S, pufli'd

and all' - his equ Ily unsparing tomb effigy shows that his looks did not match his prowess. (British Library, Ms. Sloane 2433A, f.2.20v, London)

· h ul Iers and, ad I -r! h 5 ; whil· eV'n bell'i, il 'hiding sw rd -Its. Caille 10 I t' wom 10\ 011 lh hips in a fa hion pr ·viou. I 5S iaL d \ iLh (ellnle CO"llimc. miliLar v r i n r the padderljnponja k l wa al \ on over ,lnll011 r. he I arrow \' ai, I whi h I ara t rio d nn UI" S I 'h 'L the brigandine, ;aqul' and plate uira s reflecLed su h ivilian fashion thL 'wa. p' ",ai.'L rCl11ainin~ a f, alllr I' ann ur lhrough LIt II 15lh 'l'llIlI

ry,

Ihe c nd hall' or Ihl' l1' nc panicular in ii\'i lual alld . ult! rar>1 be worn I I

urin~

17

0'

'Charlemagne finds the body Roland', In an early 15th century Frenoh manuscript, Here the heroic Roland Is shown as a French knight with the most up-to-date armour, Including the new rounded visor and a bevor plate attached to his bascinet. (Chronlques de Sf Denis, louvre Museum, Paris)

18

an 'on Is, Th b 'st arm ur \ er probabl l import d rrom Ital • and Italian arm ur al inf1uen cd Lhal mad iI ran Ii was nOI the \ cig-ht )1' rull pl:'\le armour' \ hich au I pr hi m n 'lI'h '\1\ an lOur w igh d ab lit h m' as a th ' batLI Ii Id. in 11I d'm inrantr mall" equipmenl and pack, Th . rcal pr blcm w r hC'lt e. haustion and limited vi'ibilit \\Ih 'n th vi r \\Ia \\I rn II s~d, A list or a 01111' 'te hama;s a firmer fwmme \ ritt 11 in I, R in lu I 'd a larg , lon~ ancl 'slim iCnl' role de (1'1' banTU' w ighing at I a t 25 pound, goud fit/rill I-bra. 'md ganlelpis I' r Lh ann' and hand, th fuJI' l o. ling 16 livrr lounlOi,I', In addiLi n h sh uld hav g I al I 'w 'II 'um 'i I t' !Jairt>,1 dl' !lOI'r/OlJ dpjalllb .. r, r hi,. I g. a h with mail pr le ti n atth • b'lck, at • Y:: Iii IP,I 10 It I'll ois a pai r. 10ther do um or add a b . -in' al el visor wi I h aml//(/;I'lv'lltail) inth I \ fa'hi n' u hla, in t$cotinK2lO~livr(J, IOllrl/o; . Tlli made a L< tal c t 1':'5 livres lourl/o;', ull 'Inn ur Ind chang d slighLl b lll' I 1 , \\Ih n :harl ' Duke or rl ~an:. di. tribUl' lighl'r 'CJllipm 'nt La hi' m n-at-arm, and squire.: basr;I/I'I.\ it /)rlTJ;i>rp \ hi h \\I'r pI' babl t I a in IS' wilh il t g-ral h '\lors, piece~ d allemagne \ hi h \ re probabl br a lplate', wi ses on iSling of pi' ., or pht ror lh . I g , brassf.lI.f., grtrrlP 0'1'( and mail g-auntl .~ for Lh arm' and h net-. Mu-h fLhis was ov r cL in black 'atin fabri , [nfantr I armour wa' light r, Ie.. abundanl and ch ap r. W read L1lal in I. 72 Lib rt B rrein 'I mi lell - la' militiaman fr III what i' no\ B 'Ig-ium, ha I a mail Inul rk \ ith a collelin additi nal collar and 'haul I r pml tion, a hascincL wilh a vi or and avel1lail. plat d gaunLlcl!. I Ius arm and leg- d ren . mad of hard n d 1 ath r, ound Ih ame tim' Lh r,bowm n and pav(Jsi{'/:~ I' Pro n far l h· south, I d to have a ar1ll'll;he 0 r a ba 'ci n t h ·'Im t, and plales ( oator-pial. ) OrLen wi lh a g;I)/J{)IIU~ (pad I'd jll/Jou) or !mnsilJYe (mall mail haub rk), Ian had plate .!fLlI(/e,1 atla h i t lh . !)(lI'I jere, plus a plate bmcormii>('f' (r mail gorgiere l pI' t· 1 th n k. Onl a ~ w ha I ~(lnlplel.5. g!lanl . 1Ilrt.11 ime r bras al-es 1'0 r I h e i r hand. and 1 'v r < nn " Fr 11 hm b wllIan's \ eapon' con 'istcd or a ro b \\I, a I' laLi ·1 light ensis or '/J(/,I(J \ or I 'lnd a couleau clagg - r. whil . som al 0 carri d a bloqllerium small sh i Irl rIll kl 'I', Tho' r a !)(tvpsier w're a spear and dagg r plus the

!/(It/i,I'" shiel I or vcr 1"\ having ,\ ,'onl. 1 IU\'t'll 'al •briWl1ld' Jig-hi infalllr' again han a ccrvell ier " basci 11 't or rtltJdlw /1'/'1'/'11,1 (hri III men \ ar hal or 'k 'nk' hat'), and I he re\ who had I oel (lrmOllr w( r' a )fu/I/P or a rofa or ilia/ita or mail. Tilt.' did lIot lIorlllall have sh iclds I ecaus' t h \ 'I' liglH infantl skirmishers, The be't re 'oreled, and I crhaps one (I' the most illli orlal1l or Frl'l1 harm, l11anuractllrin~ 'ntrcs \ as th ~Ios It: ;,lIecs aL ROlI'n, II mad, miliLar cClllipmenL in WI' large' qllanuti 'S alld k pt 'ven III r' in a re' 'I ~,11 l:no, If II' c, alllpl., th 'rc W '1" )v'r one thou. and ann UI" in the .hambrc de 1£1 Rcine 'lIon', although th s wries rib'd a' lei-fashioner! and or poor qllalit . Eight cars later a slib lamial or I 'l' from the king rC'lllc,led /lTJ(l/lfbras, bas'htel,~ (th 1110·t' I11mon I pc f helmcl), fllll/rlil'/:~, IJmrl,/pls, bra. Ifp !I/alp, rha!Jpol/ . d.efn; ('otles, cuissols. PI'1/. , larg

m;mL!

'I,

g(/llll'/ol,I, gmYfe-bmss, KoI'Wm'lIPS, gOI'f!:ihes, harnois, Iwubergier., h/'(I1I11I1'J, lin'll/I'lolls hOllrmlih7's, jacques, !mt/oi', jJlates poulains and large', each !Jflil'p,\ Ifp hfll'1I0;S \ eighin Y al I a t 2 P L1l1d', '\ 'h bassinet w ighing l'(I/S OilS,

al ) 'a 't 4 pOllnds. secolld order ill I ~R4 all cat cI no Ie s than 17,200 old fran for thl' manuf;l lUI" or 200,000 ros.low bolts, I' I' r· pairing all c istin anl'lOIII'S, horsc ham 'ss and artill r. and ~ I' buying new qllipm nt. Clear! \ '\r was as rdati cl "P 'nsivc a busin ,'th 11 a' it is n w. SDme annollrcrs al d anns nler hanLS mad' arran m· nLS with ( II 'agll 'S abroad, a in I. 7f) wh n Guitard d Junqi "I' or 13m Icax, a~r 'eel \ ilh Lamb rl Bra'lu ,an I'm ur I' 10 )-OP(TlI(' ill sllppl in~ the L( rei of Foi', stl (r 60 bas incLS an I rull',\ d,' In, Th ' 111O't c1 ,tail d viden lht' r 'rnarkahl' ar 'hi\, '5 or Datini, a rn rcham rrom Pral in ltaJ who \ a: a k>' li",,,,lr' in 'In am,s trad ' bas d at vign n in the lal r J lh TlIllIr , This was 'I m;~j >1' dislribllU n ntr', n t nl ~ r n w I'm a11 arnlour bill fell' .'it' unci-hand and 'Ipturcd quipmcnt as w 1\ as rdW mat Ti'lIs, s (~lr
The Royal castle of Saumur as It appeared around 1415. Though the height and pointed character of the architecture may have been exaggerated, the picture Is essentially accurate. It also includes the large number of chimneys necessary in a chAteau which was now expected to be warm and comfortable as well as strong. (nes Riches Heures de Duc de Berry, Musee Conde, Paris)

19

uwr, Iig-l I r ~ I'm. [hod armou \ re '~I'o r 'pla ing lh old oalo[-pltH 'S, h's included th hrig '" I c,vh r , h I as in ~t \ ,1' lh' mo·t omm n h 1m t am ng·t 1 th cntul French men-at-arms. It 'aITH: in arious fOlms th most widespread ha\'ing a (oni '11 )I' lalt 1'1 a I' und cI 1 hn-e vi.or with e slit. and nlll11 I' II: v ntihtion hoi,. Th m"il :lVentail wa oft>n all d a mmail, \ hile Ihe !lminiOll was prob bl < I ath r linin. At additional s mi-rigid )1" rigi I b'vor 'oulcl I e add d t th avemail, but was :ub:equ nu' ri,' I d IiI' 'eLI' I the' a, il 't l form a 'great bascin t, Anoth I' form of light II '1IIlc:t apl'lr 'ntl 1"1 h d ran fr m Ital I in around 1410, This, as I h ' salt)/, whi'h ould also ha sm 11 visor, M 'allwhil ' Ul . old rllII!)('(1I1 rff' (Pror' rimmcd h('lm I I' maill >d popular am ng L m r, t Sl Idicrs, Gi cnlll 'thr'al 1'1' m ngli'h longbowm 11, it i n t ul') ri-ing thaI. Ihe 14111c'('nlllr's''l cOIl'id'rabl'd'v'lopm ntinhor·'armuur. 'ad r!lfl/lljmn.1 cover' I 0111 the frollt or th 'h 1'·,'8 h'acl m an e 't nd d pol allh b' k, w r )rm. whi h app ar (ClHUl were larg 'I', 0 ring not onl the ha k of th I 1111 liS Pl'(~jl' lion 0 er tit 110 e 'md pi r d lip ov ring th TIl' iIlCTt"\sillg nl' ssit I' r m n-at-ann' [j h 11 fOol I d to 'Ollle al)'Hld IlI11t'nt of Lh short "n d infant. I 'pe I' in hlV ur of til r, ar ome 1flth 'ntll1' I I 01 '.., ", with a hea\ haft panl. protected b iron 'XI Ilsiol1s from a I cad \ hi I unil d a blad ,a war..hamm I' and a 'pik . h . al on 111 liS I)Il Cosl/lIl/f' 1ilil([h1' rtfS fi"f/11(ail' rn 144 J pI' vid 'xccp iUIlClll d,tail d ill orn ti n a ul th> quil m 'nt of a Ln.nre, th I t i avail' ullit: 'Finl!: lhp said Ulm-al-flrms (l're commonL dec/ied, when lhC)1 W' 1/1 ww; h1 p/lliff' whiff IInr?'/f':" nUll ' 10 sa)' c/o 'e uims., 1mmbnu:p.. {(Lrgp wm/l'-Imlrl',\, It'g !lru'l/pss, {{flImllfiLJ, snlpI wilh vi, or (lnd a small bevor which CalIPH /}11~\1 IIlf' rhino L'ae!l is (J,l'll1pd wilh a lance and a long li{{hl sword, a s!lmp tlf/{!,gl'r hfl/lghlg 011 [III' Lff! 'idl' of the, addLI', and a mare, l:.:ach man must also /)1'

r

r '\

20

A complete Itallan armour made c.1460, In a style which suggests that it was made for export, either to France or to Germany. (De Dlno Coli,)

A knight takes leave of his In an earl~ 15th century French or English manuscript. He wears the full 'white armour' fashionable at the lime of Aglncourt, though his helmet is not ~et of the full~ developed 'great bascinet' form. Note that the chamfron on his horse's head Includes ventilated Iron elements covering its e~es and ears. (British Library, Ms, Harl. 4431, 1.150, London) famil~,

a(comprmiprl by a rtlufilliPr ['quire] eqllijlped 11 ith (t ahule, !I a'moi. dr> ja1lZbe~ Iwube1J!:Pnrl., jorfJue bri randine or (or. et arll/nl wilh dagJ(l'r, . word, and a V()U,W' or rlnlli-Ianfp.. l 0 (t page or varlel wilh fhe sallie rlnIWllr (Inri one or two weapons, The arc/lei wear leg arnwU1; sa lets, heav} jacques lined with linen or bl'i/(tmdines bOlll i1l l/fInd and quiver al ide.' h 125 lo 200 li7ll'l'S 10l/.rnois \ I i h Il HJng n bJ'man r uir· I l full equip him 'elf repre. nl d ill l 16 m nlh" \ ag " lor all rdinal mail-ai-arms, 'lnd cJ ad, appliedLo Lhc be 'l p ssible g' ar. E 'n ordina 'quipmcl l I' I in I· P 'n 'iv '. al were valu d al h rwe n 3 an I livm. toumais ajaqLI, 1" t or brigandin al 11 livres. flili. l r. u harm )ur and \ aponr COSl amlin I 0 livre' wi ile Lh 0, l for a ol1lplclc lanrewas from 70 lo ~ 0 livres. I the olh I' XLI" (' lh 'p r qualit clagg r U' >d b I mosl ji'(t1"1(,I' arrhn' . l Ie . lhan n livre toun/ois, a poor qualit / -w I'd JUSl v r ne livlr'. h' 'alll 'anoll n u. t l r J tat d lhal . there i' also another IItlllllWr 0.rrolll armcd 'olely ill haubergeo'll.l' .I'al,,1· gaunllets and leg fl,/,1ll0W; who ((1'1' wonl 10 aU'I)1 ill the hand (( 'orl oj drm whirh !1m {/ Invad head anrf i. mflp.rI n langul' dp bOl'uj l X-Lon I ] .. ro bow' cOllunu d t I manufa 'LUr'd in larg quanuu·s. Lh .Ios de Gale S makillg lhem in bal h of 200 at a tim . Th volum f t1ll1ll1l1nili n produced L lh ' I ' Ie (.al' ,wa ell gr 'al'r: 11 'V nh Ie. S it anI I' 'quir 'el I· n b ~ h lrc's ami Ie, lhan 250 kil<' of ir n l m' k· ] 00.000 'pinnin r ' bow bolv. The qu slion of when :Hcel-stavcd ero sbow ',Ull> into g n ral U,C, ram r Lhan heing 111 'I' 'I a 1 -hn I ri 'al ud il. i' d >bal abl' lhough snrn rna)' ha he n u d in warhrc ar undl. 70, 0 'pi ' or p >rhaps becall, ' (f growin c mp tion from uns, lh> 1'0 bm had Iv d inlO all a'l ni hingl p w rful \. 'apon 'ombining r~al pm '1' wilh littl· \ eighl, no ... oil. ,md n n "e' ity r. I' I ng uaining. BUl whi] Lh' 1I r l I mad Lh ro' bow narrower. I 'S Illm , and wilh a draw I ngth f nl 1. lO 10 nLim Lr , il r~main d

slO' 10 load and in re.ringl ompl x. ILS draw \V ighl now d malld m dnni·a.\ aidsLO.panning-lh go l'SfOOL I v r, [11 cranequin \ ilh a hand 'Iank d ral h l bar, and nLuall a windlass with ho k d I'd' and d ubi' rank-handl· , Cannon w I' U ed in 0Tcalcr numb.. and allh ugh lh I' \V I' r. \ m~j I' l chnol gical chang s Lh 1'" ma have be II expcdl nl.!

21

with .111 II 'ingle-dis har~' gUll' made 01" hardened I aLher. vcnhel '. gun. were in rea~ingl a UI L < nd reliable, apable I" being aim d at \ I • sp -ific or v~n 11\0\ 'ng target., 511 h :, s boat., II ing 10 run .-ul plie' inlo a besieged f( rt rc", or tile ma. LS f' encm hip' al sea, he making of' guns al d ve-Ioped inL< a ,.,uhstal1lial bll i ness i nv( "~ng man dilTen:'111 craIb and l:-.'1Jilds. nl lh ri hesl lll(1nuhlUr 'n; c ndd n ntl~H all LIl ,C ,kill d men in me pia ,and 'uc C5S in doing o nn, have be'n one r ason \ h Ihe Burcau broth rs mad' SII 1\ a ,'iignificanl onllibuLioll La French vi'lOrie. In Ih lasl n 'cade. 01" Ih Hundred (at. \I\ar. In 1442, for ..un pi ,.J an Bur 'lU made for Ihe Fren'l1 Ro .11 arlill I I train: six b 1111 ard:, I . V~uKlflirt!.\, 20 .I'f!11Jl"nlinf!.I' 0 I'lJIlIPllTJrillt',\' allrl ullnul1lbcr 'd liballrll!fJllil1.1', ':\I a c 5L of' 4 19, livms lou.rnols, h 'se gun, rcquir d 20.0)0 pounns ( f gtll1l wrler c sling 2,200 Ii res l Hlrnoi, , I ing Charles VII c1earl Ihoughl su h xp ndilLlr' \ orthwhile, 'inc> Lilt, Bur 'au br Ih rs' < rLill 'I Irain 'ondu'L d 60 Sll' . fut i ges in 14 ~p:;O alollt',

TACTICS Early campaigns: responses to defeat Th . Hunc!r- d ~'ars \l\ar largel .nnsistc I of si' 'S, dWlIftllrltPf!S (hrg s alf' TOSS-COlllJl.ry spoiling an I I oting I~~id') 'lnc! naval raid', bUI\ as al 0 pUllctuale I h mp n baLll at a rlisachrdnlag- _ This \ as panicularl true of he IirSI pins c1l1l-in cr which the Engli.~h longbow 'arn' 'I is pia in milil hi . LOry. In the. ad yt'ars the Frellch nr'l liS 'd inJ~lI1U t 111, nanks of lh ir c, \rllr)', as di I th' . n Ii. h, and th • i J 'n'e uggc. . II al Fr n h comm'tnclcrs simi I, did not und rstancl how lO us larg force of' Tossbow-arm cd i 1l1~1I11l , f, v Tal ma's 'd t iL \ as LI c railur a\'al I wi i '11 \ as dl(' grC<1L . I h k lO m 'n a dominalion I' pen I ..lltl 1I·1t "lval normall l advan d kll' LO knee, in lWO or titre' ranks and prol)'lbl at a walk, since lrotting was virlllalI, ilnl ossihlc lhr a 1"1111 arm ur d h rs mall. h w uld It 'n spur inl/ .\ cantt'r f( r til fin't1 alLa k, ailli 'i, aling- thallh ps)' h I gi al impa t or sud an armoured hargt W ltld br ak 0PI osing ;1 fanlr J.

22

The remarkable mid-15th century carvings on the front of the Stadhuls in leuven are magnificent examples of late Gothic flemish art made under the direction of Mathieu de layens. This particular carving shows infantry attacking a fortification defended by men (left) using slings, perhaps to hurl grenades, (Author's photo)

even b 1'01" ,he' am int) 1I tan. BIIllh -ngli h - '11 'It ling b hin I \\ithin a thi k t or 'harp Il d tak '. n I ap'll I' of cr alin an arrow Slorm of lens 0 thoLL~and orsh fts in the momcn ber re nta ~t - di 11 I br ·ak. d to the. overO\lfid ~nce the earl: baul s, Thi, MIS wn I' l1e'l d in p< pulaI' song-s, on' fwhi h was in Ih' form of
The lord of 5t Floret kneels before the Virgin, attended by John the Baptist. In this detail from a wall painting the knight has a blue tabard bearing his arms of a gold lion with red tongue and claws. Beneath this his mall and plate armour are shown as entirely glided. (In situ village church, 5t Floret; author's photo)

r

11//11'1' T/(/(IIf1h!P

lit 1111

Jom'

/mu!t'IICI',

Ihall i/1)II, bl>/lpr

1/11'11 al"lrll/~\',

i,

III/H'dOl" 10 (/rm;"I,

I'IIf1b1hW J'IIII fo bri 1/1{ barh \I)I)il~ [mill 11/1' PI/fill)', • Fl'c'!lch , I'mil's ] 'am> It ,l\'oirl 11 ,!jOI' COllI" )IlLations and ins\C'ad n ndllcted

23

un-

war

ur c.

Another carving from the Stadhuls In Leuven portrays a fully armoured knight riding down a group foot soldiers, perhaps representing the Duke of Burgundy defeating rebels from Gent. (Author's photo)

ordil111 on Ih

0'

Bundr cI

ear' War lhe r 'alilies "Or the

24

r

r nch

3

CAVALRY 1337-1360

I

1: The Dauphin Chart... c.1356 2: Sou1hern French sire. 0.1340 3: Knight from the Dauphine, 0.1350

A

INFANTRY 1337·1360 1: Northern Frenc., militiaman, e,1340 2; Sergeant from Champagne. c,1360 3: Prav"" mercenary erossbowman. c,1350

2

3

3

CAVALRY 1360-1415 1: Boucicault, c.1400 2; Guichard Dauphin, c.1410 3: Bertrand du Guesclin. c.1370

2

n

1

3

, INFANTRY 1360·141 1: Crossbowman, retln of Jean d 2: Rennes militiaman, C 1370 3: Southern French ligh Infantryman, c.1400

.,.------=-D

3

NAVAL WARFARE 1337-1 15 1: Jean de BtHhencourt, c.1402 2: Basque sailor, c.1360 3: Castilian naval captain

E

."

CAVALRY 1415-1453 1: Jeanne d'Arc, c.1430 2: French knight, c.1440 3: Breton man-at-anns, c.1450

2

INFANTRY 1415- 453 1: Franc archer,

Poitiers, c.1453 2: Insurgent, c.1440 3: Flemish mercenary, c.1430

3

ARTILLERY 1430-1453 1: Gunner with ribaudequln, c.1435 2: Gunner's sslstant, c.1440 3: Handgunner, c.1450

2

H

fight, Lhe kni htl), has W~ • Lill L1r t or a h r. I an, and il I~ 1 t.I I roponion or cavall , in Fr 'n ,h armies was in reasin , Th mpaigns 'ull 'ol1sisl d larg I oC'raid b land and ' a, ieg s ·w 1 skirmi.-I es in whi 'h '11' h r. and ro' ,] owmen oflen k nl a minor I art. Balll \ ere now on a r mall. al ,th ugh a numl r r Sli cesses had a hug impa t on Fr·llch m ral , M st a -tion. weI' d )Illinat d I eli'm unl d but full arm ur d m·[ -at-arm. lighting wiLl, shan n d. P aI's an ther bau.lc· r u d up n m nu' I of .lrat gi riv'l' ro in " r c liT d \ h n 'mall mobile ren b for atta keel th' rear or En )'(ish columns at night, or \ h n Lh garrison or a 01. II 'sieg~r" n ampm 'nt. Simihr Fr'l h t Li w"r' se 'n at L11 balU ofRo eb k in 1.3 2, \ hi h in Iv'd mu h larger fore " - p rhap 50 000 on ach side. Here rebel from Gem hrgel c n iSlcd of inranu I ,ilitias, whil Lh Fr n'h I'a ed Ih m \ ith di.-mollnl d m n-al-arm. al rI olh r inf~lI1u" plu avalry 11 th> nanks. B >Ii 'ving that n all- )[It a' 'ault was their nl h p , m . G III r·b 'I' laun hed a IlIa"i 'alta k' but th' 'rcnch lin h Id and the ;wall I swung around to env lop lh 'n m who weI" vinuall wiped OUI.

nrc t pical, however, w I' d va 'talit g Engli h rheufLucl/lfe raid aero, s mu,h I' Fran' . 1 h w r' laull h d not ani lor their illlll1 diat I' ward', but in th hop f Irawin lhe French into lh op n I attic whi h the Fr nch kin and hi' 'oll1mand r want'd to a id. In I~l '( lh' French garri 'OIlS g n rail r' 'j 't 'd English taun " but r, r th COIllIllOII peopll' tl1 'se rhl'Ufl'Llchees remained a lIightmar. song from the so- ailed Ba 'ux hallsonnier 'omplain d: 'flltheDt/ell oj O1'1'/wnd:y I/Wl''''

I:" so Inllrh IJi//age t.!I(///!wre OJU' mnnol have pien/

1•

fa God want. that. th.e

coullh:v o( o/'Irlandy !mow peace.• The French solution: positional warfare In Ih' mi Idle ar. nfLl e 14Lll "I1IUI 'lh d v I pm

I1L r unpowder had Ilot let r a h d a . ta c . iving aUlIck r the automatic arlvantag in"i g' warfar ; and guns 'oldd al b m unt rl in fortified pia' . ( I' turn th' alla k r' fir . In r p ns lO Englj'h armi .' I' '[aliv . domination f p 11 1I lei 1I hung me Fr n h kin ord red an inv 'IHOI . of all I'ortili d pIa s in I ~58 and 1367, tlh b II m ncl f h al w re t.I, onified hurch .. whi h were parti '1IIar!' ommon in .ollth rt1 ncl w' tern Fran e. ther clef< n in (udedjor/afdurnfonifi dvillag .h(},lal()rTJalal~ rilii dh u " nd I}{//s \ hi h app ~ar to have I n link d h IS I' W lis around a S' 1 'm 'n\. 'imilar rmin I wa us'd in Ihl ~L11 >nLUI wh n a m'tmlll III I I' ng fr m pI' per a 'u t a ~ rlill d hur h r hou, " 'I I'(JIJfJyriuJ1l I 'ing a habitatj n in a na urall ' d· ~ n'ibl· site, a tunis or

;:Ir! ill I"

ABOVE 14th century bombard from L1sleux Castle. BELOW la1e 14th century veuglalre with a separate breech. found In Llsleux Castle. (Both in the Historical Museum, Rauen)

33

.t

11

r

nll

of tow

1',

a ba. tida bing a n \ illage or town rn term for a donjol/ vilh.g an I a mula

important

'The City 01 Moullns' in a mid15th century manuscript by Guillaume Revel. This Intriguing illustration of a medieval city as It really look d Includes the old town within Its walls and a new citadel gate, as well as less crowded suburbs In the foreground. (Armourlal d'Auvergne, Blbllotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr. 22297, f.369, Paris)

34

r wa d r. nd uch found II th' writinghl-i line d Pi'an in .1 , he lated that a !Tarn on r 20 m 11 required 2 arlmlet ti til/ole ( mall ro ,bow·), six aT!Jnlelf?s a LmlT,

~ orlml"t". Ii ITor, 20 bow , two or dH e psjJ/ingal, :\7 ~O() a,s~ n d n )s'b~ w lolL'i, arr w, t" 7'.. 'P 'til'S, t, 0 /Ili 0/1'1 (\ hich rna' htlv h n a form of IrrfJurhpt) an I",) f()lIill{//:~ p 'rhaps anoth I' 't II 'IhrO\\~ng machine); 12 rrmllom jJPniPl" _0 lit n' read CI1I (()rth's' g-tlllS, 00 tampon \~th m trial' 10 m~lk' 11101'<' (llftlin Il)r Ih ("11111 n, 1,00 t) I" 0 pnlllld: ~11Il' lwd '1~ and. , I otlnd' r I ad

or

lor bulk-t.';, h' also lisled whal \\'e' n"d'd to b 'i g' 'llch a pIa l': fi()O arp nt rs, fiOO assi, tanL a"pc-nlers, 2,{)(}(} I i neel", t sort d rossbow:, ~O() b)\ " ~()2,()()()'~ , rL 'd arrow, and I'o.sbow lolLli, cl, ·00 war' X", l'oul' l'1/gins tlO/fI/I/\ (pt'rhap. slOne-throwing 'ng-in' r c\'\'i " In help snit' lhe \ all' ,f, ur rolliflm:, 1.0()()SlUlll", t~H £1nnOl1', t,170:1 n s lor lh .e 'ann n., !),()()O pOllnd' of I ad fur I till 'l' and 30,000 pOlllld' 01' g-lln pm d 1', PI' anLi ns on thi: sr'~le rl'prcl'it'llll'd 'I massive XI en, in gold and lime - I ss lik"I, to be ',ailabl Lo mobile altacking tlnllic's lhan LO slaLic resid nl galTi n', Whe n llw IllU 'h sl11all 'I' ("\,<;11 (f lllaillOll was 1"1 inlo a :lale ol'readin 'ss inJul 1 I 15,10 'al ll1l'll \Wrl' (' 'pe led In htll Iht, garri' m or ~~ : ldill'" Til 'y wn' also e Pf'CI 'el In poss • \ cal OI1l'\' spe ified I ' lhl' \P1IPrhal, ,l had tCIl'clli '-.rcs or 'C 'noc, e bascin 'Is' hilI no I d arrllOllr, lll()ll~h lh"y did Inv' 'mall shi·1 I ; all ·x epl OIH' poss., ('(I -\ ord', m l\ d crn.'sbm S white olhers \ ere arm·d wilh W'l1plrtiTf's, lig-htj,l\'('lins, T\ enl)' or '0 oth '1", p -rhap m r powerful nosshows \ el' kepl in th a LI with their alllmuniLi n,Th GIMk iL~ II' had a c1on,jon I' keep, where lh hat lain Ii e I, pIll' a I \ . r COUI'! '
A French tapestry made around 1460 Illustrates The Life of Sf Peter, Heavily armoured Infantrymen sleep In what may be a symbolic reference to the end of the Hundred Years War between France and England, (Musee de Cluny, Paris)

3S

140f

r

The ChAteau de Couches. a small French castle typical of the later years of the Hundred Years W r. It has 13th century walls to which a tall 15th century keep and chapel have been added. (Author'S photograph)

th l ad' impn)V 111 I1l In gllnpowder anill'l"' lradiLic nal missil --thr )wing ma hines continue 1 l be liS d lhroug-hoUl Lhe 14th c>ntu ; a larg' In4mrhf I was Lran I n d all lhc wa from La Rcol to alta 'k ngli h-held Rcrgcrac in 1 77. P \ I' fill framc-moulIlcd si gc n :sbo\\': \\' ore pI' habl mounl' I nip f' lO\\' rs, rath'r than in, iel Lh 111,' w· p 'ifieel in 'III j
Skill at arms It Ind n' 'r be 'n lru· thaI meeli \'al fighun m n r ,Ii 'el s lei 11 brut f'or 'andf"rocil, killwilhw'al n r main d .. ntialf ra 14Ih-1:-lh 'cntul" Illan-at- rm, though \ I' 'sLling someum 'S s ' ·m· t h I1caLl1 hi' di ni I • Inel I th' kni htl hero of' I1l in d la ai's Lt' Pplil.ltJlutll rip SainI"; \ a. eI -rib eI
36

Artillery III Ihe 14th CCllltlr)' I \ 'IC "lira 'y, r'lali (,'1 lig-h sion ~ cannonball and a 'Inw I"ll' nl" lire Ii I n< l ol"f I' a vel .ri u thr '.ll lo n aj I' rortificali)1 " How 'v 'I', prof-s'ional gU1l11 rs . .-rainl . range or skill which 'nablecl th'm to olllllln bur, I Olll < I" LI gun mor' lik a 'hamp' gl . 'ork thall a I r ~jcclik I"rolll a mo I rn fir ann, B 'U flh' "hon ming" l lhe llll"l1 f the 1-llh ' nLllr S;H a f:lshion for giganti.rn - ma"j 1 ornb'lrrL which made ul in III . \ "'ighl f lh ir 'h t whatlhe la k din a 'Ctlltl ... r spcC' I. Su 'It weal ons, and th - 111 an. I lrt'ln 'pc rL lh 'm were oldv availahle 10 Ihe l'ichc:t anllies. Anill 'I'. madc 'ollsi I 'ral t • a lane, luring LIle . e 'und jllan'r I' lhl' ]!">lli cl'nltll')', however, Mall' annoll w rc 1l0W Ire ch-I ad 1", with sevcral n'ln )v
By the middle of the 15th century French manuscript painting was Influenced by Renaissance art from Flanders, though it remained medieval in spirit. In this detail from a siege scene made around 1470 we can see large breech-loading cannon with separate breech-chambers, mounted on wheeled carriages; the further gun has two barrels, Such artillery was certainly available In the later stages of the Hundred Years War, (Histolre de Charles Martel, Blbliotheque Royale, Ms, 8, f.65v, Brussels)

The late campaigns hl' Illirl-I.r)tlt n'llllll I :;1\ a IT\'ival in the illlJ onanc~ () infanlr', and su I lroops include I in T a 'ing IlHllll 'I" of ll"lndgunrl 'rs,

At

Ih'

S'll11e

lillle

Ih

Frl'u("1t ("on Iilllll'd to rei Oil avail' wit '11 the 'one! liollS S 'C 111l' I righl. t F()r!l1i~n}' in I 4H lhe Frcllcll Ol'/(o
;'11'('1

'I'"

- who rod Oil th ' mar h, IlllI. cnablillg Ihem 10 cro." countl al tht' sam(' spe 'd

37

A mld- to late 14th century manuscript illustration of a naval battle, During the Hundred Years War naval clashes were resolved by boarding and hand-to-hand combat, though this was preceded by an exchange of archery, Efforts were also made to disable the enemy's rigging. (Chronlques de St Denis, British library, Ms. Roy. 20, C,VIl. London)

r

aval, bUl fI ught on L. Tl Engli'h'm mpl d an v 1'tn I iti I lLlrnir g 1110 'm 'Ol, whi h w br kIn up b a rie of ontr II d
NAVAL FORCES ·nllli th \'\ san r na \Vh "I' f \'\< I' hardl appli d. ost n al

38

ag. a

Th m.1 h len. U relativel hi h- id d v nd ran

One of the ships

ot Jacques

Coeur on a carved relle' made between 1443 and 1451. It Is a two-masted vessel with an armoured crew, two ot whom occupy the craw's nest where they are supplied with spears and Javelins. (Hotel o. Jacques Coeur, Bourges)

1I r, i

n Po

n

r

39

'The Siege of Damietta' In a French manuscript made In 1462. It Includes (foreground) what seems to be an armoured assault barge powered by oars. Similar river or lake warships appear In Swiss manuscripts of a few decades later, (Blbliotheque de l'Arsenal, Paris)

V\ight in 133< in h I.ea in 1360, Portsmollih in 136., e eral pons b>t~e n P rtsrnoulh Clnd Ry in 1377, ani 'ra 's'nd in 13l0, Fr n 11 and. < ttish -"hil "ds eo- >p 'ral 'd in harra'sing English maritime 'ulntHullicminns in th orth ea and along th w 5l rn s abuard. Til' prevailing wincl. in th Eng-li'h Channel, anclth orientation >f harb HII', , r n nil d ni I th Fr 'nell a 'up'riorit ' ,'ulTici'nl to lhr all'n ~ngli 'h communi ati n with th 'ir armi " 'Incl pO' 'ion on Fr nch 'oil aner lh Engli, h naval victor of III I. in Jun 1340 - 'mel p'lru 'Idar!' aft I' the Engli, h ''1ptured Calais in I, 7, crtll k:s, l·ral1v t::lnergcd as a mrnpalli'd D I~ 'th Il un, th 'n ross d I l Ih mainland of We 't 'rica wi 're 11 • onv rt d t) Islam, marri ·d a 10 'al \ man.31 lev Iltuall made his \ ( , back t Frail via Nurth Africa in I I' ,till wilh his N',-i 'all wir ,)

FURTHER READING his Ii t do 'not in Iud g 1 ral hi n nI ·di val war/" r .

I

Ii s of th HilI dr d V.

r

g n ral work

40

Imand, •. " Thl' HUltfhn! l-ems Wm; EnK!rmd rmti Fnt'l/ce rtl War c. J300(.1450 ( "lInbri Ige 19 ) n TI, ., 'I w to win at Unlamcnt; hniquc /" Chi alri 011 bat', Thl' A nliquarie Journal, L VIII 1988), 248-2fi4 n 0 ~ n' du ChalCtlll de (ontailloll au Debut du I <.: Ba Ie.,).,' is .it'c! ',Bibliofhpq/ll'd(lI'/~r.ot(ld(~\'Chartrl"" l ' (I. 71) ll.-II!)

B

t. I., 'U'S oniCi '
mm nl n nnales de

Bru
(10/ 19-N-I'I) ROllen ',Pali, I. ~ I :11<\l11r iun, 1'" (;l/il/flll/l/f' til' Flnvy; Callilnil/f'

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The glided copper statue of St Michael on top of the steeple of the Stadhuis In Brussels is almost invisible from the ground, It is, however. a remarkably accurate representation of the German-style armour used in Flanders and northern France in the mid·15th century. (Stadhuis, Brusselsl

I-i'al/('uis" d" HOllie, ,(o,'Tnl, W' PI TPlIl/JS Morln'nt's L XX\ 11 1!17.") ~Hi -~. 6 C Iltamille Poo (:11('/'/('. Hlal ,'I Sorih,; (/ loJin tilL if) IPII 1'1', h'I/ltll',1 WI" If'l {/nll';ps dl's Roi.l'tI" "mlll'f' 1-'37-1494 (Pari 1972

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41

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9 6- 965 Jager, ., AS/)I'hll' rll'· f.:riegt's wilL der Chevltu'ri" i1ll .Irdu"kunrler/ in Fra nit wirh (Be rn I JH 1) Jarou.s il 1I p'l1dal1l 1'1 gll'ITl' dl' CCIll ns', Bullptin dp La ,'ocihr de. '11liquairt' de l'()//(I."I (1965) I r9·202 Jlls.elin, 1.,' ,ommenl la Fran IT d· C nl n.', l3iblio//u''111f! til' I'L~'rolp dp har/I.", L 1ll (I~J2) 20Y-2~6 Kilgour, R.L, nIl' LJl'r/i'lll' oJChivnby flS showl/ illlhe /';mcll Li/emlllTI' o( III" I.fllf' lirlrl/" I\gl'. (Caml riel e, Mass., 19~7) LarLigaul J. 'Ll's liellx fOrLifie.' dan la parLi' 0 idenlale d Querc 'Ill 'sic 'lc', Ilnnri/f'. dnl\llidi L I I (1967) .-1 LlIe, .. lIi.luirr dll Bprlrand dll C/lPsrlin 1'1 df' on I;;poque (Pari ) 7 1 :epli, J, 'L. 'S cllat "Ill de L lIi' d' r1 ans el I Llrs arch i I \.-; (1~91-I'H)7)', Il/lllplin i\Iolllll7ln1la!, [J (19 ) 29 - j; Palm 'r,.IJ I, ·eli,. 1';'ois,ml'l: His/orim1 (Tot, a lJ 19H I in Iud s .l'V 'ral rl'le anl anic1 S PllillpOllS, :" 'Thl' Fr'l eh Phn of BalLI duril y LllC gin our\. "l1npaigll', 1~'lIg{isll Hislorira/ Rroiew, C (I Y ) t-6(1 Revcl.Celi' ~t1 Reform,' , 'pmltwll, LJ (I 76 91-11] SpOilt. .,' La Mil ice rle, Franc. _. reh . rs (144 I;' 00 " RI'T/II/' til'S QUI', lio'//. H islo1"iqllP~, U (IAn7 LII-4R0 '~'l11plcl11an, G.. 'Tw Fr 'n h II I11pl.S t Invael England during Ih Hundred Year aI',' it JJ Milne (dit), ,"ill/dips in French Language, I.ill'mllm' olilf lIislOI)1 Prp.. ('II/Nl 10 R.l.. ,mell1.r Pilrlli" (Cal1lbridg lJ49) 22!1-2. lI>rbi 'I' eI . Lora', .Jmn rll' if'/1Ile. Amiral rle Fr{(II((' I "1- { Y6 (P'lri' I H78) Tuc()()-Chala. P.,· ne band' de RouLi rs dan. la n:gi >n I :asl !ialous I I. 81-13 3', RP1/uP rte {' \ I"!{II/Iois ( 1973) 5-35 Tu l • . " I.r~~ Jo:rorr/1PlI1'S SOILS Charlps II 2 vol ( I I1lbeliard 1 74) Wolff, p" (.'OIl1I1Wrrp,\ 1'1 ma1'l"han{L~ dp Tou/rl1lsp (vn:~ /3 ()-lIm 145U) (Pari' 195 ) Wright. N,. A'1I~~lIl and Pp(/sanls: 'l7IP Hundred Ypm: War ill Ilip FrfYnrll Counlryside ( uudbridgc 1

42

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King Charles VII of France and his elite Scottish guard on a panel painting by Jean Fouquet, made around 1450. The kneeling monarch is dressed for riding while his guardsmen have full armour, relatively light salets and decorative livery Jackets. (Adoration of the Magi, Musec Conde, Paris)

THE PLATES A: CAVALRY 1337·1360 A 1: The Dauphin Charles, c.1356 Here the future King Charles V of France wears up-to-date and fashionable armour. This Includes a 'houndskull' bascinet helmet with visor raised, its mail aventall secured round the edge by vervelles. Beneath a tight surcoat displaying, quarterly, the gold lilies on blue of 'France ancient' and a blue dolphin with red inS and tall on gold, the Dauphin has a coat-of-plates and a mail haubergeon. His arms are defended by full plate armour; his legs have a more elaborate system of scale-lined fabric CUISseS for the thighs, domed poleyns over decoratively cut white leathers, splinted greaves and laminated sabatons. The prince's horse is also protected by a small amount of hardened leather armour. (Main sources: Romance of Alexander, Flemish manuscript, 1338-44, Bodleian Library, Ms. 264, OXford; Lancelot du Lac, French manuscnpt, mid-14 cent., Bodleian Library, Ms. 21773, Oxford)

dagger and a large shield. (Main sources: Statue of an armed guard of the Gent militia, Flemish c.1340, Stonework Museum, Gent; 19 cent. reproduction of lost 14 cent. wall-paintings from Leugemetefries, Flemish 1346, Bijlokemuseum, Gent) B2: Infantry sergeant from Champagne, c.1360 Regions close to the border between French and Imperial territory were Influenced by both areas. Hence this professional loot soldier's coat-of-plates would be typical of the Rhineland and Flanders, like his leg and arm defences. His long-shafted gisarme polearm, single-edged falchion sword, simple helmet and large infantry shield could, however, be found across most of the country. The brass rivets and washers on the exterior of the upper part only of his coat-ofplates show that the skirt section is of fabric alone; note the thong. pin and loop fastening at the shoulders, and the white cross of France stitched to the breast. Beneath it he wears a mail hauberk and a coif, a padded gambeson, leather rerebraces on the upper arms and chausses on the thighs, plate poleyns and splinted greaves. He carries one of his large

A2: Southern French squire, c.1340 In contrast this southerner has the old-fashioned armour still worn on both sides of the Pyrenean frontier. It consists of a 'great helm' With a hinged visor, mail coif, hauberk and chausses. In addIlion he has a thickly padded surcoat, padded gauntlets and iron greaves. The surcoat is fringed at hem and upper arm, and bears on upper arms, chest and back hiS arms of small red crosses on gold. His horse wears a caparison over a full mail bard, and a hardened leather chamfron. (Main sources: Effigy of a lord of Chateau de Bramevaque. early 14 cent., in situ Cloisters, Abbey Church of St Bertrand de Comminges; effigy of Bernard Comte de Comminges, early 14 cent., Musee des Augustins. Toulouse; Story of Tnstan, French wall-palnllngs, mid-14 cent., in situ Templer Chapel. St Floret) A3: Knight from the Dauphine, c.1350 This knight from south-eastern France uses a style of arms and armour influenced by neighbOUring Savoy. His bascinet has its visor removed and is covered with a layer of decorative cloth With a woven thread ornament at the apex. He wears a heraldic tabard open down both sides over a coat-of-plates covered with red fabric, and hardened leather shoulder pieces. Apart from hardened leather couters for his elbows and poleyns for his knees he otherwise relies on mail protection. The heraldic charges on his almost rectangular shield - note cut-out for lance - are heavily embossed into the leather covering as well as painted. (Main sources: Effigy of Count Tommaso II of Savoy, mid-14 cent.. in situ Cathedral, Aosta)

B: INFANTRY 1337-1360 B 1: Northern French militiaman, c.1340 The bulk of infantrymen In French armies were probably urban milil1as. This man is armoured for close combat, wearing a brimmed chapel-de-fer over a small basclnet with attached avental!. His body defences are a coat-of-plates over a mall hauberk, with hardened leather armour for his shoulders and upper arms, plate rondels strapped to the elbows. and splinted vambraces for his forearms. He is armed with a massive vouge polearm. a sword, a basilard

'The Knights of Christ' on a painted alterback by Jan van Eyck, c.1435. The detail of annour and horse harness In this magnificent example of Flemish early Renaissance art Is remarkable, while the annour Itself appears to b a mixture of German and French styles. (In situ Churoh of 5t Bavon, Gent)

43

plated leather gauntlets in his simple cervelliere. (Main sources: ivory box. French c.1 340. Hermitage. St Petersburg; effigy from Pont-aux-Dames. c.1335. Louvre. Paris; Crucifixion. Franco-German alabaster carving c.1350, Metropolitan Museum of Arts. New York) 83: Provenctal mercenary crossbowman, c.1350 Many crossbowmen were recruited from Provencte - which lay outside the fronllers of France - and detailed desrlptions of their equipment survive. Such a soldier has a tall chapelde-fer forged from one piece; a mail coif worn inside the top of his haub rk. over a thickly quilted aketon; an oblong leather buckler is strapped to his left arm. His weapons are a sword. a large basilard dagger. and three composite crossbows carried slung on the pack on his back. The box on his wheelbarrow probably contains crossbow bolts. (Main sources: Chroniques de France, French manuscript. mid-14 cent., British Library. Ms. Roy. C.VII. London; Polyptych of the Passion by Simone Martini. painted in Avignon c.1 340, Museum voor Schone Kunsten. Antwerp)

c: CAVALRY 1360-1415 C1: 8oucicault. c.1400 Jean de Malngre (c.1366-1421), called 'Boucicault'. eventually became Marshal of France like his father before him. A champion of the tourney and a Crusader against the Turks on land and sea, he was captured at Aglncourt and was one of

the few noblemen whose life was spared: he died In English captivity six years later. In his younger days he maintained a rigorous fitness routine Which enabled him to perform stunts such as climbing up the back of a ladder in full armour, using only his hands. Here this enables us to see the back of his bascinet, aventail, and heraldic 'coat armour'. as well as his typical plate leg armour. Note the strap attaching his aventail through a slit In the coat armour to the iron cuirass beneath: this is worn over a mail haubergeon. His belt, with thick gilded plates. supports a rondeI dagger; the rigid cuirass beneath prevents the low-slung belt from slipping down. (Main sources: Les Belles Heures de Duc de Berry. French manuscript, c.140S, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Chroniques de St Denis. French manuscript. late 14 cent., British Library. Ms. Roy. 20. CVIII, London; The Apocalypse, French tapestry, c.1375. Castle Museum, Angers) C2: Guichard Dauphin, c.1410 Towards the end of the 14th century a bascinet with a rounded visor came into fashion, as did a rigid iron bevor to protect the throat. Here Guichard Dauphin has a fabrlccovered brigandine with very large chest plates over a mail haubergeon - note the iron lance-rest on the right breast. His mail aventall is covered with blue fabric bearing small heraldic shields - quarterly. blue dolphins on gold, and two silver diagonals on a blue ground, with a triple red label overall. His shield is of the oval variety used on foot, with a An illustration from a primitive mid-15th century Flemish manuscript shows similar armour, though In a much cruder style. (Legend of 1l"oy, Blbllotheque Royale. Ms. 9240, f.63v, Brussels)

44

OPPOSITE Few pieces of 15th century clothing survive, but this French heraldic tabard is one. It bears a white cross contrebretesse on a red ground. (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg)

substantial wooden grip and padded leather squab; he would be armed with a shortened spear for Infantry combat. (Main sources: late 14 cent. French effigies, in 18th century engraving by Gaigniers, Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Est. Res. Pe 1, Paris; Chronicles of Froissart, French manuscript, early 15 cent., BibliotMque Municipale, Ms. 865, Besan90n) C3: Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France, c.1370 Du Guesclln was a short. muscular man with a battered prize-fighter's face; see the Illustration on page 17. As Constable he would have had the finest equipment available, here consisting of a tall baselnet with a very pointed 'houndskull' visor. The aventail is attached in the normal manner and has its own thickly padded lining. His thickly quilted jupon is worn over a cuirass. which is not visible here. with plate gauntlets and full leg-harness. Several parts of this armour are also gilded. Du Guesclin's arms are displayed as small embroidered shields on his jupon and on his horse caparison. The horse's chamfron Is covered with black fabric with gold braid decoration. and has fabric 'sleeves' over the ears. His sword has a hand-and-a-half hilt. (Main sources: Du Guesclln Chronicles. French manuscript late 14 cent., Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; St George, Burgundian carving by Jacques de Baerze, late 14 cent.. Muse Historique, Dijon) D: INFANTRY 1360-1415 01: Crossbowman in the retinue of Jean de Hengest, c.1407 In addition to carrying a pavise shield with the arms of Jean de Hengest, Master of the Crossbowmen of France, plus those of 'France modern', this man has a lead badge in the form of a sprig of broom sewn to the left breast of his quilted pourpoint. Such badges of political affiliation were characteristic of later 14th century France. The pourpoint is worn over a brigandlne and a mall haubergeon, and the coif worn under his kettle-hat is thickly padded; quilted cuisses

overlap the plate lower leg defences; and single iron plates are strapped to the backs of his mail-faced gauntlets. He is armed with a powerful steel crossbow - note wolfskincovered quiver of bolts, and broad belt with spanning hooks; a broad thrusting sword (obscured here, on his left hip); and a basilard. (Main sources: Livre de Chasse, French manuscript, early 15 cent.. Bibllotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr. 616, Paris; sword. mid. 14 cent., Cathedral Museum, Chartres: pourpoint of Charles de Blois, c.1370. Musee des Tissus. Lyon) 02: Militiaman from Rennes, c.1370 This urban foot soldier could have found himself fighting for either side. While his equipment illustrates the fact that arms and armour travelled over great distances as arms merchants sought customers wherever there was conflict. The scalecovered aventail might be English, his Winged mace Italian or southern French. his hardened leather limb defences Flemish, his mail haubergeon and chausses from anywhere in France. (Main sources: helmet, Milanese, c.1350-70, Museo Poldi Pezzoli. no. 2598, Milan; clerestory windows, mld-14 cent.. In situ Abbey Church, Tewksbury; funerary plaque of Gilles de Hamel. c.1355. in situ church. Heeren-Elderen) 03: Southern French light infantryman, c.1400 At first the term brigand referred to soldiers or mercenaries protected only by scale-lined, cloth-covered brigandines as worn here; note the attached mail cap sleeves. This man also has a light bascfnet, worn over his fabric hood with a long liripipe: a mail colliere around his neck and shoulders. and a mail haubergeon; and would have worn plated gauntlets. He also carries a small round buckler. His weapons are a slender thrusting sword and a new style of rondel dagger. (Main sources: Crucifixion from the Parement de Narbonne, painted altar hanging, French, c.1375, Louvre Museum, Paris; Martyrdom of St George, Italian wall painting, c.1380. in situ Oratorio di San Giorgio, Padua)

E: NAVAL WARFARE 1337-1415 E1: Jean de Bethencourt, c.1402 Jean de Bethencourt is shown during the complicated process of putting on full armour, a task which required the help of another man. He already wears his off-white quilted arming coat - a garment which would later be further developed, having small pieces of mail attached at the vulnerable points (armpit. groin, etc) so that the mail haubergeon which De Bethencourt holds here could be abandoned. His hose are laced to the arming coat at the hips; his armour and shield await him - note thickly embossed blazon on the leather-covered shield. (Main sources: Livre des Nobles Femmes, French manuscript late 14 cent.. Bibliotheque Natlonale, Paris; breastplate, Milanese. late 14 cent.. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) E2: Basque sailor, c.1360 The costume worn In northern Spain and south-western France differed from that seen further north. This seaman, helping button the tabs down the front of the knight's arming coat, wears a round cerveiliere with the decorated rim favoured in northern Spain, plus a mail coif with small eye holes - another characteristic fashion of Castile. His sleeveless. quilted jerkin may have been more of a Catalan or

45

Aragonese fashion; note the wooden buttons down the front and coloured woollen fringes at hem and shoulders. A broad 'cummerbund', here Interpreted as rawhide, would be worn by Medlterrean sailors as late as the 18th century. His shirt sleeves are rolled up; obscured here, he would wear his white woollen hose rolled down below the knees and secured there by laces. His weapon is an Iron polearm; the purpose of the hooked filment on his convex shield Is unknown. (Main sources: The Betrayal, Aragonese wall painting, mid-14 cent., In situ church, Urries, Saragossa; Crucifixion, painted retable by Jaime Serra, Catalan, mid-14 cent., Museu Episcopal, Vic; Arrest of Jesus, Navarrese carving, mid-14 cent., in situ Calhedral, Pamplona) E3: Castilian naval captain Castilian military equipment had various distinctive features such as a preference for light armour, much of It of hardened leather reflecting a residual Arab-Islamic heritage. Here the caplaln wears such hardened leather leg armour over mail chausses, which were probably suited to naval warfare. His coat-of-plates has a high collar; and a yellow fabric lining with bra ded edges, ex1ended at the arms and skirt and Incorporating Internal leather upper arm defences. (Main sources: Crucifixion, painted retable by Jaime Serra, Catalan, mid-14 cent., Museu Episcopal, Vic; Arrest of Jesus, Navarrese carving, mid-14 cent., in situ Cathedral, Pamplona) F: CAVALRY 1415-1435 F1: Jeanne d'Arc, c.1430 Joan of Arc was undoubtedly an inspirational leader, though it was her less inspiring male colleagues who provided the military know-how. Here Ste Jeanne is shown wearing typical middle-class women's costume, with her hair loose and uncovered - this marked the virginal status of 'The Maid' plus a sword at her side. The banner carried by the Breton man-at-arms In the background is based on a small drawing of Jeanne made during her lifetime, while her shield is said to be based on written descriptions. (Main source: drawing of Jeanne d'Arc on the Registre du Conseil du Parlement de Paris, 10 Mai 1429, Archives Nationales, Paris)

F2: French knight, c.1440 This rather gorgeously appointed knight - demonstrating his wealth by his fashionable pearl-strewn fur and velvet hat, and his courtly accomplishments by his musical skills - wears a tabard bearing the arms of Guillaume de Flavy, the Captain of Compiegne, who fought at Jeanne's side. He also wears a surcoat wi h puffed sleeves repeating his arms, over his full plate armour, and his 'great bascinet' stands ready at his feet. His 'ballock' dagger is visible at his hip; for close foot combat he would also be armed with his sword and a poleaxe. (Main sources: great bascinet, Burgundian c.1430, Navarre Museum, Pamplona; Sf Maurice, French statue from the Tarrasque Alter, c.1460, In situ Cathedral, Aix-en-Proven<;e; statue of a Knight, French mid-15 cent., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) This little drawln9 in the margin of a record of the Conseil du Par/ement de Paris, dated 10 May 1429, Is the only

46

known picture of Jeanne d'Arc made during her lifetime. (Archives Natlonales, Paris)

F3: Breton man-at-arms, c.1450 By the middle of the 15th century most knights had abandoned their surcoats; but some pictures show men wearing what could be described as 'national insignia', in this instance consisting of cloth cut in a kind of inverted T-shape and bearing the black cross of Brittany. His armour consists of a visored salet with a plate bevor, the red feather plume attached to a gilded holder at the top of the visor; a full cuirass in Italian style, plus plate arm and leg defences - note decoration with gilded rivets. By this date his horse has no armour. (Main sources: statue of Dunois. c.1450, in situ Castle Chapel. Chateaudun; Cronicques at ystores des Bretons, French manuscript mld-15 cent., Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr. 8266, Paris)

G: INFANTRY 1415·1453 G1: Franc archer from Poitiers, c.1453 Surviving documents indicate that francs archers - 'free archers' - often wore the arms of their own city, though few would have been as spendidly attired as this man. Each archer was to provide his own arms, armour and clothing unless he was so poor that he needed help from neighbours. This longbowman would therefore seem to be from the Increasingly prosperous urban middle class. His salet has a blue cloth covering and much gilded decoration. The arms of Poitiers are applied to his quilted pourpolnt (which is laced down the sides), and the black and yellow colours are repeated in strips on the quilted chausses worn with plate leg

Towards the end of the Hundred Years War firearms begin to appear regularly In French art. This mid-15th century Flemish tapestry entitled the Apocalyptic Siege of Jerusalem shows a twoman team firing a handgun. One soldier holds the pole stock on top of his shoulder with both hands and takes aim, while the other leans In to bring the match to the touchhole - and also seems to be bracing his comrade from behind g Inst the coming recoil. Both have visored salets with extra side plates, and substantial shoulder, upper arm and torso armour. (Castle Museum, Saumurl

defences. He carries an arrow bag behind his right hip, and is armed with a heavy falchion. (Main sources: Life of St Peter, French tapestry, mid-15 cent., Musee de Cluny, Paris; Flemish carvings. mid-15 cent., in situ Hotel de Ville Louvain) G2: Insurgent, c.1440 Here a man in peasant costume (partly tucked up into his sash for ease of movement) is armed with a longbow - a weapon clearly not limited to the English. He also has a sturdy dagger, a leather water flask carried in a leather net, and a sheaf of arrows thrust into the back of his sash. Bagpipes are shown in several French manuscripts. (Main sources: Les Belles Heures de Duc de Berry. French manuscript, c.1405. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Grandes Heures of Anne of BriHany, French manuscript, late 15 cent, Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Lat. 9474, Paris) G3: Flemish mercenary, c.1430 This man is traditionally equipped as a heavily armoured infantryman. He has a massive chapel-de-fer helmet; an early form of scale-lined. canvas-covered jacque, which laced down both sides, worn over a mall haubergeon; and some plate armour for his arms and legs. In addition to a round buckler and relatively short sword he carries a langue-deboeuf polearm. (Main sources: helmet and langue-de-beouf. French 15 cent., Musee de l'Armee. Paris; Crucifixion. panel painting by Jan van Eyck. Flemish c.1425-30, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York) H: A.RTlLLERY 1430-1453 H1: Gunner with ribaudequin, c.1435 Artillery was an aspect of 15th century warfare in which the French outstripped their English opponents. Here a mastergunner prepares to fire a mulH-barrelled ribaudequin. Despite many references to such guns in the 14th and 15th centuries they remain something of a mystery. Originally the term

referred to a light cart, to which a number of small gunbarrels were later added; they were probably fired in rapid succession producing a rippling fire, and were clearly anti-personnel weapons rather than wall-battering pieces. The gunner himself is heavily armoured with mail and plate because of his exposed position, valued status and relative wealth. (Main source: The Three Maries at the Tomb, panel painting by Hubert van Eyck. c.1430, Boymans-van Beuningen Museum, Rotterdam) H2: Gunner's assistant, c.1440 The assistant, pulling the mantlet open to allow the gun to fire, has been given here the costume of a working man since his task was essentially that of a labourer: a doublet and hose laced together over a shirt. canvas leggings, an apron, and a substantial belt knife as his only weapon. His visored salet is his only armour. (Main sources: Les Echecs Amoureux, French manuscript, 15 cent., Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr. 143, Paris; salet, French c.1440, Musee de l'Armee, Paris) H3: Handgunner, c.1450 This gunner wears a deep chapel-de-fer with an eye-slit in the brim. though it is pushed back here for better visibility. Substantial pauldrons protect his shoulders and upper arms while the plackart and fauld from an Italian cuirass cover part of his brigandine, itself worn over a mail haubergeon. The quillons of his sword have a ring fitting to protect his forefinger when fencing in the new 'Italian' manner. He is about to fire his weapon with a length of smouldering slowmatch; his powder flask, bullet bag and scouring stick would lie close by when in combat and would be carried slung when on the march. (Main sources: St Michael, panel painting by Bernardo Martorell, Gatan c.1440, Museu Diocesa. Tarragona; Life of St Sirmin on the Tomb of Bishop Ferry de Beauvolr, French carving, late 15 cent., in situ Cathedral, Amiens)

47

Detail from Flemish illustration of soldiers sacking a captured city, made around 1460. It not only shows their salets, brlgandln s and minimal leg defences, but also that while som are clean-shaven others wear moustaches and short beards. The assorted booty Is being carried off in

baskets, chests, sacks and bundles; It Includes jugs. bottles and cooking utensils. Note the wheelbarrow In the foreground. pushed with the aid of a shoulder rope - see Plate 83. (Chronlques de France, 8ibllotheque Natlonale, Ms. Fr. 2466, Paris)

COMPANION SERIES FROM OSPREY CAMPAIGN C:unl·iw. aUlhurilalil'C 1 Cllunl~ ul hislflr)':- de 'i~il'c miliUJfY cncUUlllcrs, Ea'h 9I\-pa~c nOIl~ cOl1lains over C)O illuslratillns indudinlt map~, Imler, or hallie. ,,,llIur pbt ':-. anti Ihree-dimensinnal hallk maps. WARRIOR l>clinilil'e 11Inly~is IIf Ihl' ;lPP ~lranl'C. lI'e:lpnn:-. equipmenr. laCIlC:-, ·haraelcr. ml eundilillns ur serl'ice nr Ihe individual lighling man Ihrolll!hllUI hi~UJry. 1~;lch 6+-pa~e book il\dude~ rull- 'nillur unirC>ml srudi's in c\"M: derail, ;1I1d seclillnal ,Irtllork urthe snldier's I.:quipmcnt.

48

ELITE [) 'Iailed in ormation n the OIl,.r;tnislIliun, apP~lral1CC and fighting: rccord or Ihe world mo t famous milirary huc.li ':-. This series ol64-page bouks, each c(>nraining sume 50 photOgr, ph. and diagrams and 12 full-colour plates, will hl'Oac.lcn in Sl:Ope t I l:uvcr p'rsonalit;"s, si~l1ifil:ant military leehniqu 'S, ami other aspect or I'h ' hi 'tOry or warfare II'hkh demand 1I ccunprchcn 'jve illuslrnt 'd treatment.

NEW VANGUARD ClIl1lprchemil'e hislllrie:- IIf Ihe design. \'1 '\01 m 'nl and 1I1l'rallUl1al U'l' or Inc \lorld ~ armoured "eni 'Ics and artillery. 1':.leh 41l-p.lg:e hnn~ cnnt:lin:- ·itthl pattes of rull-<:oluur ;1rI\,,)r~ including: a del'liled eUIJllay,

AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES Fueuse 'xdllsivcly on the elite pilurs or major air campaigns. anti includ' unique inrer\'icw lI'ith 'ur\'il'ing :lCC 'ourcetl :-pccifkally for each l'olul11c, Eal:h 6-pa!!;e I ulume l:tlllrain' up to 40 spcdall) cClmmi, si ned all \\ ork , unil lislinb"S. nell' scale pl:ln:- :lnd I'he b,,:-t :lJ'(:hil al phnrogl1lphy alailahh..,

ORDER OF BATTLE The mO:-1 Ikl;lIled inlilr111aliun .;",:r Iubli~hed 1m Ihe IIllil:II hidl lillll'hi hislUry', gmll h.lllks. Each lJ(l-p,lge I oul. (unl,lins (IImpreh 'n:-i\l.: urg:lIliS;lIiol1 dbg .1111 supp"rtcd by uhra-dclniletl cul"ur map:-. Each litle al~u in 'Judcs a lar~c f(.ld-llul ha, e map,

COMBAT AIRCRAFT Tcehni .1 inforl11;llion rum Ihe IIlIrld's 1 :u.ling ali:lliull II rilers un thl.: ('('nl II ry • 1110 'I . ignific nr military aircrall. Ea 'h 96-pagc I UlU111C cOl1[:lins up I 40 :-pel:ially l:"ml11i~ 'i(lI1ed arl\\orb, unil liMing:, new :c,llc plans and the he:-t archil'al photograph) al'ailahle.

RELATED TITLES FROM OSPREY PUBLISHING Men-a.t·Arms 23 I: Fr-ench Medieval Armie 1000-1300

Men-at-Arms 99: Medieval Heraldry

Text by David NIColle. colour plates by Angus McB!ide. Despite Its slow start when compared with neighbours like England. he kingdom of France had. by the I Jih century. risen to become the most powerful state ,n Western Europe.

Text by Terence Wise. colour plates by Richard Hook. This fasdna Ing worl< explores the ongins and appearance of medieval heraldIC devices in an engagingly readable style accompanied by numerous illustrations mcludlng eight full page colour plates.

ISBN I 85532 127 0

ISBN 0 85045 348 8

Men-at-Arms III: The Armies of Crecy and Pol tiers

Warrior II: English longbowman 1330-1515

Text & colour plates by Chlistopher Rothero. When King Philip de ValOIS of France. In order to annoy hiS nval, Instructed hiS Flemish subjects to cease trading with the English. he set In molion events which would finally lead to an InvaSion by English troops in 1338, under the command of Edward III. eager to avenge the unfo'1:otten expulSion of King John from Nonnandy.

Text by Clive Bartlett. colour plates by Gerry Embleton. The English military ascendancy which lasted from the mld14th to the mid-15th century was founded upon defensive tactiCS based on the use of the longbow. This account. by an expert archer. Investigates both the weapon and the men who used it.

ISBN I 85532 491 I

ISBN 0 85045 393 3

Men-at-Arms 317: Henry V and the Conquest of France 1416-53

Campaign 9: Agincourt 1415 Matthew Bennett examines the Agincourt campaign from the siege of Harlleur to the aftermath of the battle a Agincourt itself. Ably using ongmal 15th century eVidence. including the survivmg French battle plan and the accounts of men present in both armies. Bennett discusses the lead-up to the battle, the tactical dispositions of the two forces and the reasons for the ultimate English success.

Text by Paul Knight. colour plates by Graham Turner. The battle of Aglncourt In I t5 was 1'01 the decisive war-winning battle that Shakespeare's vefSlon suggests. This book details the English army that Henry V led back Into France In 1417 to conquer Nonnandy and again lake the war to the French ISBN I 85532 699 X

ISBN I 85S32 132 7

COMPLETE MEDIEVAL WORLD TITLE LISTING MEN·AT.ARMS (MAA) 0850452457 0850451256 0850'153011 0850453062 085(}\53H8 0850453488 0850'I5372U 08500lS3933 0850453'NI 0950454484 085CH54n8 0850455 III OB5()ol5S189 0850455700 08S()olSO'l oe50'1SS4 I 0850'155'180 0850'1560'15 0850'156142 0850456827

0850<1581)1

050 MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN ARMI 5 075 THE CRUSADES 085 SAXON. VI ING & NORMAN 089 BYlANTIN( ARMI 5 88~ II 18 094 SWISS AT WAR IJOO.I soc 09'1 MEDIEVAL I !(MillRY 105 rHE MONGOLS III ARMIES OF CRECY POITIERS 113 ARMIES OF AGINCOURT I ~ ARMIES or ISLAM 7 11TH CENTURY I )6 ITALIAN MEDIEVAl ARMIES I 3()()' ISOO 140 onOMAN rut 1300 I n4 I iol M DI[VAL BURGUNDY I3M- Hn 145 WARS r rHE ROSES Iso,e.G OF CHARlEMAGNE 151 SCOTS AND WELSH WARS 1250·1100 154 ARTHUR ANGLO SAXON ARMIES 155 NIGHTS OF GIRIST 1l>6 MEDIEVAl GERMAN ARMIES 13()().ISOO 171 SALAlJlN & TH MCENS

195 HUNGARY & FAll OF EASTERN EUROPE 1000·1568 0850458'104 200 0. CIO & n IE RECONQUISTA 105(). I 492 0850458991 210 VENET1AN EMPIRE 12()().1670 0850459494 222 AGE OF TAMERLAN 1855321270 231 FRENCH MEDIEVALAAMIES II()().IJOO 1855322242 247 ROMANO·S ZANTINE ARMIES 1855321511 25t CHINESE ARMIES 1250-1520 185532279X 255 ARMIES or MUSUM CONQUEST 1855323 141 259 MAMLUI(5 1855321478 287 BYlANTINES 1118 1461 I85532S993 295 CHINESE ARMIES 590-1260 1855326571 310 MEDIEVAl GEFIMAN ARMIES 1()()().1300 185532699X 317 HENRY V & FRANCE 1116-53 185532n08 320 ARMIES OF THE CALIPHA rES 862-1098 1855328488 333 MEDIEVAl RUSSIAN ARMIES 185532710'l 337 FRENCH ARMIES OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR 1337 1453 ELITE (ELI)

0850'l55650 0850'lsn97

003 THE VIKINGS Illl9 n IE NORMANS

0850-158366 0850<15854'1 0850459-178 1855321319 185532'113X

017 KNIGHTS AT TOURNAMENT 019 CRUSADES 028 MEDIEVAL SIEGE WARfARE 035 EAN-Y SAMUfW 2()().1500AD 058 THEJANIS5ARlES

CAMPAIGN (CAM) 1855321327 18553216'15 1855322846 1855325225 1855325535 I85S327'106 1855329182 185532863 I

009 AGINCOURI 1415

013 HASTINGS 1066 019 HAlTIN 1187 043 FORNOVO 1495 0<16 LAKE PElPUS 1<47 053 GMNADA 1491-92 064 NICOPOUS 1396 066 BOSWORTH 1485

WARRIOR (WAR)

1855322870 1855323184 1855323491 1855324539 1855324911 185532555 I

00 1 NORMAN KNIGHl 003 VIKING HERSIR 793-1066A0 005 A GLO SAXON THEGN 4-19.I066AD 010 SARACEN FARIS 1050-1250 011 ENGUSH LONGBOVllMAN 1250·1513 0 I8 KNIGHT OF OUTREMER , 187-13'\4AO

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MEN-AT-ARMS

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FRENCH ARMIES OF THE HUNDRE'D YEARS WAR 1337-1453 For Englishmen and WeJ hmen the Hundrd Year War repre ent an important chapter in their 'national myth , - nam uch as Cr' Poiti r and gincourt ummon up an enduring knight and image of victorie gained by fearl turd bowm n, t to th v rbal mu i of hakespeare' thrilling word. he read rile likely to be infi rmed about the impre ive Fr nch r 0 ry which a ngli h armie dri en out of France by th mid-15th centur under the leader hip of uch remarkable figures Bertrand du Gue c1jn and Joan of Ar , Thi fa cinating anal is of th organi ati n, appearance and tactics of rench armi co er a p nod mark d b important change.

ME - T-ARMS • An unrivalled source of information on the organisation, uniforms and equipment of the world's military forces, past and present. • The series covers subjects as diverse as the Imperial Roman army and its enemies; the paratroopers and tank crews of our own day; and hundreds of other subjects between, over the whole world and more than 5,000 years of history. • The popular 48-page format includes concise text packed with specific information, some 40 photographs, maps and diagrams, and eight full-colour plates of uniformed figures.

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