aSTACKPOLEBOOK
...a
behind the dates and battles
robust close-up of how ine Colonist-soldier lived, worked, fought, dressed,
played
-capturing an exciting era detail
for the
in
vigorous, breathing
casual browser or the serious
student
intimate day-by-day life and American Revolution for a full understanding of it nearly two centuries later
-re-creating strife
the
of the
-summoning
that
whole period through rugged, more than 500 of its
authentic drawings of tools,
weapons, personal gear
to
delight the
collector or inquirer about anything Colonial
skillful pen of illustrator-author C. Keith American Revolution comes alive in this panoramic view of the pleasures and privations enjoyed and endured by its soldiers. A pithy, virile text and threedimensional drawings— both in the pen-and-ink fashion of that day and matching the hardihood of the American fighting man himself— picture the Continental soldier as a living man ...the clothes he wore, the gear he carried, his personal effects, the odds he faced, what he made-do with, the food that sustained him, the weapons he took up, the medical supplies that helped him to survive. Using 85 full-page plates of hand-lettered text and meticulously detailed drawings, it offers a lode of
Transfixed by the Wilbur, the
information:
how
it
to load
it
•
close-ups of the musket,
•
pictures showing
•
ammunition
how
tor firearms
works, step by step
and cannon — bar, cannister,
chain, grape, incendiary, and cartridges
(Continued on back
flap)
iro
u
Picture
Book of the
Continental Soldier
Continental Soldier by C. Keith Wilbur
ARCHBISHOP MITTY HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY 5000 MITTY AVENUE SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA 95129
•y«n* urel
Paul Revere be
6/ve ±5o« iStoti. ,
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wan
ale aierleri lights- meant (jo fay "sea." at trftk-cK an ike.
TV Iv^o would
S.
Klo Concord. ic
lower; lantern is called "the Revere 1<
difficult
to
W%
Copyright
1969 by
c
THE STACKPOLE COMPANY STACKPOLE BOOKS
Published by
Cameron and
Kelker Streets
Harrisburg, Pa.
17105
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All rights
reserved, including the right to reproduce this
book or portions thereof
in
any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing
from the publisher.
All inquiries
should be
addressed to Stackpole Books, Cameron and Kelker Streets, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105.
Standard Book Number 8117-1 257-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card
Printed
in
USA
Number: 69-161 51
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Contents Page Foreword
SOLDIERS
7
IN
THE RANKS
Three militiamen in typical dress Raggedly clad soldiers around a cookfire. with
8 kettle
and drinking cups
9
THE HUNTING SHIRT As worn by riflemen
10
Pattern
11
Three soldiers wearing tricornered hats, uniform coats, breeches and spatterdashers Continental light infantryman of 1 780 wearing hard leather, bear fur crested helmet, uniform coat
12
and overalls Closeup views of uniform components, including upper facing uniform coat buttons, cuffs, coat pocket, coat tail flaps, breeches buckle, rear view of breeches, spatterdashers or gaiters, overall buttons, black stock, woolen waistcoat and cockade
13
14
Manufacture of bone buttons Casting of pewter buttons Continental button designs
15 16 17
UNIFORMS
BUTTONS
FOOTWEAR Shoe, shoe buckle
details, ice
creepers and cavalry boot
19
FIREARMS, AMMUNITION AND MILITARY DRILL Continental muskets: militiaman's fowler, Brown Bess and French Closeup view of musket lock, including frizzen, pan, touch hole, cock,
20 flint
and cleaning implements
Molding bullets and cartridge-rolling Cartridge box Waist cartridge box and tin cannister How bullets were used to make fragmentation charges, anesthetic substitutes, weights, lead pencils. dice, fish line and fish net sinkers, buttons, flint sheaths and children's toys
The
exciting tale of the silver bullet British and French bayonets, with closeup views of slotted sockets
Baron von Steuben drilling the troops Steps in loading and firing the musket Rifleman with his weapon and his target Pennsylvania or Kentucky rifle with powder horn Steps in loading the rifle Powder horns
21
22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
32 33
TOMAHAWKS Steps in making the tomahawk, belt ax or iron trade ax Types: round or oval eye, spike pole, pipe, and spontoon-shaped Worn in belt loop and in a double frog together with bayonet, and being thrown
in
34 35 36
contest
KNIVES Sheath or
belt knives, including three types of hunting, fighting or scalping knife Steps in making a rifleman's hunting knife Jack knives, pen knife and fork pocket knives
rifle knife,
two types of dagger, and three types of
37 38 39
CAVALRY Mounted cavalryman
with helmet, uniform, boots, sword, pistol holster and saddle bags Helmets: forage cap. Virginia Light Dragoons, jockey cap with fox tail, bear fur-horse hair-ribbon. leather cap with brass trim and French brass helmet Equipment: saddle bags, stirrups and caltrops
40 41
42
ARTILLERY Artilleryman
in
43
uniform
Cannon, together with gunners implements — sponge, wormer, rammer, linstock, slow match. cannon priming horn and ammunition locker, and ammunition — case or cannister. grape shot. powder bag, fixed ammunition, cannon balls, chain shot and bar shot Steps in loading and firing the cannon Trajectories of field and garrison cannon, howitzers and mortars Cross section of fuse and bomb
FIFE
44 45 46 46
AND DRUMS Drummer
in
47 48
uniform with his instrument
Iron fife
MARKS OF RANK 49 50
Officer with gorget, epaulette, sash, sword and spontoon
Epaulettes
SWORDS Types of sword: hunting sword, small sword and saber Sword carriers: shoulder belt with frog, waist belt with hook or hanger, waist waist belt with leather straps
51 belt with frog
and 51
POLE ARMS Trench
pike, halberd
and spontoons
52
Page
SALUTES For soldiers under arms For soldiers not under arms
53 53
PISTOLS British cavalry.
French cavalry and American
54
PACKS Knapsack and haversack
55
CANTEENS wooden with interlocking wooden straps, wooden with iron straps and wooden with bent wood strip Lathe-turned hard wood water bottles, earthen monkey jug, and canteen
Tin;
wrought
iron straps
and
iron
wire belt holders, and
56
wooden
with
staves.
handle
57
FIRE-STARTING AND LIGHTING IMPLEMENTS Tinder, charred cloth, flint, and jack knife and wrought steel striker for striking Lighting fire from a flash in the pan
flint
Tinderboxes
Candlewood and candle holders Paul Reveres lantern
58 58 58 59 59
COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS Improvised cooking arrangements on the march Iron camp stove, brass tent cooking pot and copper camp kettle Pot hook, pick-up tongs and broiler improvised from iron barrel hoops Soldier's knife, spoon and fork; trencher, and officer's fork and knife
60 61
62 62
LIQUOR CONTAINERS Bottles and officer s carrying case
63
LOG SHELTERS Battalion log
house
64 65 66 67
city
Notching, hauling and pegging logs Splitting shingles, shingling roof and chocking Officers and soldiers huts
between logs
TENTS
Common
tent, sutler s tent,
common
wall tent, officers wall tent
and markee
for
colonels
68
CAMP SLAUGHTER HOUSE BY-PRODUCTS Soap-making operations Cannister sack and drumhead Oxen powder horn
made from
hides
69 69 69
FORTIFICATIONS hook for cutting brush Fascines and gabions Completed breastwork
70 70
Bill
71
WAGONS Conestoga wagon with hanging grease or
bucket
72 72
Doctor treating soldier Plan and drawing of camp hospital Body louse (enlarged) Bloodletting with fleam and basin Vaccinating for smallpox, with closeup view of folding lancet used in vaccination Medical instruments: blistering iron, scales for weighing medicines, ivory medicine dropper. leather medicine wallet and surgical scissors Surgical instruments: cylindrical saw used in trephining and cupped forceps for extracting musket
73
tar
Wooden horse-drawn ammunition wagon MEDICINE,
SURGERY AND HYGIENE 74
75 76 77
78 79
balls
PERSONAL GROOMING
RELIGION
Shaving razor
80
Hairdos: short and tied, long and plaited, short with side locks Scissors, clay hair curler and soldier s comb
81 81
IN
CAMP
Camp
82
preacher
SPARE TIME ACTIVITIES AND THEIR GEAR Reading spectacles with case
Wax
for sealing letters
Pipes and pipe tobacco Scissors, needle and thimble Whittling: cup whittled from ox horn; pocket bullet carrier, officers likeness and powder measure whittled from wood Carving camp wooden ware: rifleman s noggin and drinking mug
83 83 84 84
Multipurpose screwdrivers
85 86 87
Children's playthings made from lead and bullets: marbles, thimble, cast goose, broom, fish hooks, coffee pot. doll s plates, doll s cup and saucer, and buzzer Child's rag doll
88 88
HOLIDAY CELEBRATIONS The Fourth
New Year's AWARDS OF HONOR
of July Day. St
Patrick's Day,
May
Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas and battle celebrations
Service stripes, the purple heart and the medal of the Society of the Cincinnati
Where
to Find
Examples
of Relics Illustrated
in
This
Book
89 90 91
92
References
93
Index
94
,
.
7
FOREWORD
W-01~F- on. VVaskin&ion' s
kat cockade
A moiker and ker Awo sons stood before a museuin display ^case tkat contained relics ot ike Revolt yw*£y War. -*vtid tkere" ske said., ooitttintf matter*- ox -ractiv .toward a wrouokc iron. k\dtetanoid 16 a ikino ike soldiers Used to crack ,
.
N,
N
Tins volume w&s conceived as soon as ike korror of tke momet\l kad parsed. In it one .tnay t\t q
J
4
sources
^.-re ±i.oied.,
FkauW heaven for ikose. wko kad tke foreStiikt to Reserve oar ttcist m tke nation's museums' Ttre rekcis a.re ikere for you. ^nd X to See, &/nci whJi a wider e>^e to visualize tke courageous toldters v/ko carried tkem arid Toudkt tor £
8
MILITIAMEN All able- bodied, men. telwcen 16 and stale milt Via.. PiUinO skorl-term enlistments,
60
members of ike Rev appeared on line, cam scene at irr&outcir intervals Tkey brought With "tHem a. confusing ar drill commands from Ike kome tovm musters, frequently spiced with i mtlui«a.man'.$ own improvements on loa.dinc> ana'trrirKSv/ere
4:
.
i
'
rhese ruaoea,' individualists were ax meir .best vmen skirimsnmtf on tkeir Buili^a rorests. Bui: inuia.uve itiattve in'TRe a standarduecl A^eincan JtoredU. stanaarpu^ecij drill and^ discipline xRe American acessarv kefore ^h^y could* TQintke^ontircentaL soldi v/ere necessar termi-ned
m
own
£
reouire*! its militiamen to IWrnsk ^kemsekes with suck equipment, aS. a ffntlock &ndj bayonet or 5»v/ord or tomahawk. knapsack., (^initio bruiklana pkk,pouck or ^xi^i
Back state
GROWING PAINS IN THE
ARMY
Far more was needed
"U^an 4.he t^mt?orar>r help From 4.he miliViareality. In. 17T6,Q5n6tess proclded WVtashn become a ^° it liberty ^riny treSwved.io raise a^iandtnri vfiiU enlistments.for xhre&jj?ecins pr tl ion, .on, res r.. Each s state hadi its .quota or .soldiers \o ml. duration o Ike war.. inducements included a bounty , wages, unilcrms, and one hundred Seres of private's pay for
A
py
But Congress was,
witjaouj;
.power
lo.
slates En 1
enforce
Such,
requests from the
.
with
notruttc
1.0
cover him.
t^Kom, iiis
tupi
worse, those patriotic Americans v?U ioinect the Continental rankjs tound their Conxmen-ta.1 pay had depreciate d from 1© tnake rnaUers
thirty dollar s p&per trionev to one dollar or Juird coin. Jin like Straits, ^°^ =«fp^ proper food. , and Hunger Seemed to be part ^^at^'kX Sou ^ or the cUiily ca.*nt> routine
^
.
I
'
'
10
CLOTHING THE TROOPS W
Tke knotty problem of clot Kind tke. .troops was partly solved Wasninotons ppSe-rv at ions op his ritlenn >reS^ inclut recommended that rifle sKirts be iVs eaf Order ot -only £% l< Co, ire pointed out the oeneral vjrder tirly his General the \y as mS canToe nor cheaper, more conven practicality or such clothwd, "No dress
.
.
i
'tfie. wearer* may pe cool in wd^m wea-Hter and wiftn in coot wea.tti.er by putting on under ctoalKs vmicrK >*>«J **ot cnan6e trie, outward ^esS^Wimfer' or! ^Summer - -Be sides -which, it is a dress jnstlv Supposed \o carry no small iel~ror to the
die my, wko trunk everv Suclvbet*5on is a complete metric smart,.'' Originally,
huntind
trie
Smrt wa.5 defeaoned as a Substitute for tkoSe witr6erut uniform, coats ,not as a umrorm in, itself. Bui in a short time it vva.s used almost exclusively; arouuA
camp
tke
to
save
wear and
Wtormi And
tear* on.
not £euet*alty
became tke iavoredr dress VYhen the Soldier 5 Tfem
real13ed.it into
Katue. Indeed, it
was
the
onlv Sort of uniform that
or tKe Soldiers owned.
man) .
^
Alt the shirks vrere of the same pattern, and made ol deer leather, kome spun or linen To distinguish between reoimenl They v/ef^* dyedsuch. cqlcVr^ a-6 >K^ -yerlow, blue^Oreen V>\c l>rov/n bTac /f .
,
/
/
11
MAKING THE HUNTING SHIRT Ig-inck strips of cloth are Winded to S.
iKs xnch.
to tVie ed,
and sewed
borders
hy dark
indicatlines.
-Sew oew front
,
i'i tr-Lnoe -to to
Wck
,
at\d
ilee^es after a&sem.
12
UNIFORMITY OF UNIFORMS In addition to huntin.6 jSnirtS, Some could i>oaSt of a ^mtorm cq&i brow*} wa§, cott^gered. Ike official color ift iCCS, some ^late^ e£ On their in olker {\iG camp parage troops outfitted colons. jfrroixtA, h$A afifeady(| trie skades and styles 01 itnifprm& resembled a palckwork q-uj-tI. Jk a *issuM k< ilk an e;ye toward better uniformity, Or cler r of October 2,1779. fh e coat vms gnat General n lacitid
Although
t
yj\
iV,WasWoW
coverittd
13
CONTINENTAL LIGHT INFANTRYMAN-1T80 Pride alriots
filled
t:]^e
,
hearts,
of
all
and
lances wneri
arched W. A.« every soldier and olHcer to be counted anj«5n^ fhei^ nuwibe/r. jSiruzg,
1777
younc
vyere
euben.
town un
^WiiVx & detachment Cavalf and riflemen tliiey marcned or |Ke &S the advanced. 6u 1.
,
w&'m army,
Hi -levs French m-o.sk.ets were pari or \\-\e welt~
ana
'•um(:orined
-equipped Corps-
^r^"
4^_*f.
In 1780, the Marquis de Lafayette commanded the Liom Infantry Corps, Such was his affection tor tnese rneix that he presentee, each with a hard leather, pear lur' crested helmet with a i'led ana-
Black plyme In addition each otucei WdLS ^iveh Q priori 5abre T he distinctive .hf .
.
Gear
added
to the considerable esprti de corbi
.
14
UNIFORM NOTES EV£RGRBGN
were
SPRIGS
,
COCKADES ^ere
tt
sotYvetirnes v>rpr*\. io s-iOT»\fy Ctrntinuecl v-icsoff'
°. ell
*v\
Ihe
army
HAT<3 -were *&* forward over
Vn<
ft
butt cm. ior cold v/ea-ther.
!/>m 5^6\t
,
15
BONE BUTTONS
SOLDIERS' Yankee
found
thrift
things around -for most the camp, i-ncto-diiatf ike Bone lowly meal bone. blanks were first shaved to proper thickness Then -with, a carpenter's brace and special bit, Jouttons were cut These were cover eel
use
^
.
,
with cloth and sewn to
unfor ms
me
By
contrast £me wood- pa.ck.ed bullons were sometimes ii^orted from France £or use by the Continental otiicers, S,
of Silver-plated pi~ Thin l lain pieces, beaxen imo a Were Un &ive a raised design. A paste
Copper or forth to
or
cemem was
applied
to
the Back, fcmd
wood backin wer' or dui <2*-d we loops >pS ol ot cord 01 -urn Aform.^ee below)
ed6eS bent arourvct'tuie
Tne crossed sewn to the
OFFICERS'
FRENCH-MADE BUTTONS i
eaten, vnto
moU
Past.
l
l4ieci1
PP
V\/oocl
back attached
.
.
16
CAST PEWTER BUTTONS The enlisUd men's buttons -were crudely ca.s\ from pewter* or lead. The larger si^e -was for the 'uniWrn. coals The smaller Si7.es were made i or the waist coats. .
The pewter -was
healed, in a
mollen state It was ladle to the I hen poured into .shonU hole to till the button cavity. rre~healinO the mold, helped the metal to {low into all parts oi the Lull its
.
V^hen the metal had
cooled,
a solid state, the handles were opened and the casting removed The excess metal was
to
removed
The
tilino
v*ilh nippers and remetled was tm.vsh.ed by
button
and
t?olishiT\.Q
The small
SiAe
of
the mold v*a,s carried handily in the soldiers' packs. Many buttons
were camp-made,
17
CONTINENTAL BUTTON DESIGNS The style 1,
ofFicens' fine -wood- backed, bunions, wilK ^ he exception of bore Ike same raised de-Siorv as the soldiers' Pewter buttons. 1
2.
3. Conn"^
3.Massachuselis
2.
4 a.. Mass achus ells
3.Peni\sylva,nia.
4b.Ma ssti§ J
1.
2.
NUMERALS NUMERALS
-
4c. Conn^
4d.Cotxn"t
FRENCH MODEL 1762 Imported iiaenbbA lor Conl
-
3.
Conn-
4.
4e.Penn.
officer.
REGIMENTAL
OrigmaUd. wiAh Ike Gener General Orders of November \o,\ ( ( b tor the v;wen iy -se-veix Conl ontmen Ul reoi-men S tS. S
NUMERALS & STATE NAMES IT r7- 1783 olaAes were Quddea. lo r^oi-menAal iruxrubers, 4, NUMERALS WITH SPECIAL DESIGNS a arum...
3.
ao.War- "trophy oF flao5 bone-po-P A he "Bloody 81i h. Skulk & c.Two dolphtn-S in. £orm 01 *C* ior Corx-neclicu-t in honor or French Vauphin, born in 1781. d-*i43 h V ^feifW.' ^>r~ Coteecticut Keoimeni. kduneitV'. e .O is tor oattahon - synonymous torK(
Mss
fi
.
18
S.KKode
Is.
B.Kew^brk
S^NevA-Jersey
S.Dela-wa/re-
5.Marjda-n.d
.
RIR eh,
9a».
10.11 everse
WITHOUT NUMERALS
5.
STATE
6,
WITHOUT STATE OR NUMERALS Regiment
raised in Boston after British evacuation. 17 76. Inimica^^anni^nosule lo tyrants raised i n,Bucks Of America, ~ A Meoro corps 'P< view l^noiand. rig] N< a,.
7.
U.S.A.
177 7- 1782 BUTTONS-most common tyce US( sed W units not connected 1
ot
lie
8.
NAVY
9.
CORPS ARTILLERY -buttons were
Continent at bulton v/ilk state regiments. tS'
usually bronje instead
pev/ter.
^
'8*. Conor ti mortar_^ 1 tt b. "Field Cannon v/itk .Britisk Uiuon •
ot
ei il^'
indicates early use. perhaps 1776. canrton ana' troplny ot ila£S c. Two 10.
BUTTONS NON-MILITARY Widely used where
military' buttons not available. Tkese £iat, Solid Vtutons v/ere plain, or hand ei^o raved- Hsu ally of brass ,tkey Had 'metal loop £ hank 5 braced on tke backs.
.
19
FOOT
WEAR The shoe iop was tnade ofkut two pieces of leather- The
o
or tront hau,was enda broad. ton&ue.The counter, or back Tialt , curved around tke Keel
v-atfvp,
ed
'in
and ended in two straps £or the buckle
Buckle with two pairs at nmoed
prong ronps. Inner strap secured
£°? '
Next, the outer strap ytf-s* pushed throuoH the Wuckle to rest on the inner strap.
\
s
Gave
-rttrc.
tt^\ totg
v/or a fcyT"
lU^uXllfe^d
.The ice -creepers v/ere v/rouOht £r
&«d attached to *e shoe with a leather;
Tke Continental
Army
soldier, ana the civilian for that matter, knew ok
^§5 :-*k
American
no sudk nonsense as a riokt and jett shoe. Both skoes -were,
exactly the same , and. were switched* each oiay to ininitm^e wear. To stand 'inspection the soldier Saw to it that his shoes were well blacked and w
iona lie
.
,
20
MUSKETS USED BY THE CONTINENTALS ^SpeedL of firiuo-tkait v/as tke tkmg into ike' intantry^maX, -uuTytil ke could loaa?
Camp
pounded tkis kis musket f-y^ry 15 seconds .Tit actual combat ,tke 3reat,er tke Kail ot bullets into the close-packed ranks ot tke. enemy, tke nearer -was victory Caret ul aiming \
drills
and shoot
(
.
in. Ike skorb distance between two mas&ed armies was not otu>^ unnecessary hut time~ consuming. The Smooth bore musVel wjas certainly the ^^n ot choice Without rifling, a. kali could he Quickly rammecTaown the bore without needing tke SrWO tit tkat ritte patches Oava. Maxttnum accuracy was bu.t lOt) -yards, and was, all the 'distance^^necessarx to lay dovm a heavy pattern or volley fir mO. Further when meetmb^the Wemy charde tne iriu<>Ret'S kayonet'^waS a^^nust in the hand~tod£and fiohtiiTQ tkat^ollowed .
MILITIAMAN 'S
FOWLER
livery colonist was reguirecf^o ovm .^ ***>* ?k e * Alien servind in. tke state militia. This Semi- military 6un could pass muster inspection and serve as a kuntino piece as vtelk 'Unfortunately, Tney were ^f^eJy fitted with ^ Ibgypnets. hreauently, the muskec was a tkrifty mixture ot pa-rtS from. vvorn out weapons .
-
BROWN BESS MUSKET Tkis standard Bntisk musket, was favored hy
war.WW kostikties began, tke Continentals ea;r4>c lrV t eack state Committee or Oaiety contracted witk local ^tinsmiths io r«eior»oduce :kis fireari^to auoineat those already- in tke colonies. 'As witk -tke Brown. Bess, kne barrel was secwed to tke stock hy pms and Carried tke ^typical brass titUnO^-otker*wise known as * furniture ". 1
^
FRENCH MUSKET
Tke muskets
of
America's new
oun<
o tke d^Most "riViost "of tncreasinO favor as tke wav continued *tk iron rather tlxan kr ass furniture. niuskets we|ed^)t£ and xke karrel removed yor easier cleaning In. contrast to 4jie BrittsVdoose neck'' cock the rrenck Ap^U v/as reintorred to Spare it kom trie constant batterinO o£ the flint HQainst the frioen.
w
.
21
THE LOCK* WORK HORSE OF THE MUSKET
,
22
ROLL THOSE CARTRIDGES! Certainly the proper prep aratior\ of cartridges v/as Sj*i lrnporlant caSfip duty XK tHe heat ot battle, loading the musket rVdm a powder* hortV'coutd be 9i nerve*rack-in6 busi-tie^l* T hereFore a reacLy-^na-ae tube or measured -powder and bail •was a blessing to tke hard- pressed soldier -
.
.
Twist top \p secure powder Cnarde. Enough black, ppwde lor tne ctvaroe plu.& a small arnourol to prime the pan is
3eca\j.se the bar-ret became SOtnev/Kat fouled "witb. burfd powder ailer repeated .tirirvb the
diameter oPthe cartridoe Trie piece, of
twine
closes,
the paper*
below the
tvA.be bail r
was
tnade.
OhlW less, than ihS the b ore
23
CARTRIDGE BOXES
A
Soldier wdkput ready-made ridges tnigKt well be defeated in §5 e,iand a soldier -without a. weatke-r roof cartridge container mi$nt not even
~.Once the ciftridoes useless paper koRTers must be discarded and 'the aowderv dried put on biankets.WitVluckand a stout cartridge box tke British bayonets woutcPnot iitid the Contmentals in such a. lix.
were
weL the
*.n. .elements ?/ock, drilled
witk twenty to thirty noleis, iurtner protected -he ^far tridges .and Separate d thern to prevent tearidd. The wooden. Mock .was removable SO thai upward to twelve fresh tlmtS could be stored in the bottom. UccasionaU/, a .pocket, of was sewn on tfte tront of leatherthe box to carry these extra flint s\ *he ^VSht side "^ r ox -r" UT#> r n pt the soldier iffecms pt a. Hnen or leather Strap. To prevent interirerind with the neki soldi er- in rank ,it ® ""ftl ^V^ sl KliX to tKe rear bud S" till within easy reach for handling. cartridges.
W
w
W
^
^
,
24
WAIST CARTRIDGE BOX
Tike waist carbrtdLtie box was worn by Special troops siuck as tfie Utokt Imaniry', aftcL the cavalrry. It vJs.s sinaller thak iti skoulder cox and v?a£> v/orn at tke iroiu ot trie waist belt.
TIN CANNISTER TKe scarcity o£
iood v/aCer^-
proof cartrid< ii>oxes,
Ik aamiraUe g^^? oV
an Sub bUWie TKe
to
cpmst^r
hin could, carry .
tkirty~svx carirdddeS in laverS or ioat-^uile
^at^^rom tbe 1
Wee
eel
\\trK
ra'uV
loops, solder
to ttve Sides
-
aiidL
bottom, held 6L shoulder jbeit a lu.ll men. ana a nalr wide. tbe box l\Obt ^o ca^-£X amd free from dtempt ti.essj it was^xi-re proot B a^ vrelr? TTrie limbed Cover, opened 3 r it, wou removed, v AMei wai tbe c telt. artrid&e pflLt-T o£ ior< ot tbe ^ei^ainit7<$ cartrid^ieS. ignition shut and. -p-r event iQniV -p-revent
Not
onlv- vrb.s
Tbe.
tm
v/qls*
iap>anned or painted to ^prevent rusting.
25
CAMP NEEDS CHANGE THE BULLET MUTILATED MUSKET BALLS
DICE
Although outlawed by both. Americans, -tney wet'e o<^caLsiot\a.lly made in both tamps ^lK^y wouhi £ra$rpent or*
Ijritish auna te^L-rr
into 'the }«t
•u.-nfo'rtu.tSrS.t.e
target. Rartially halved.
With.
A
a
FISH LINE SINKERS
na.il
NET SINKERS
ar tiaAly Quarterre<
CHEWED BULLET
BUTTON
Abounded soldier Had the Small coimorb ratio ?t rut ryim 01 a ration Or ot and. a ballet to o chew c durinX Surdety, A.
C lot h- c over e d r o und or, a tit flattened'' ball 1
S
HALF BULLET
mecCe
//
\
w
scarci-by.
button
Holds
hem down.
|u.& J
ONE OUNCE Weight ,0
maikeshi£t
UNIFORM WEIGHT
^-ounce weight
wooey was
a.
is flattened
prevent
rolling.
FLINT SHEATH Thin
leo.d street holds flint SnuGb/ betyeen laws ok *xKe cock.
CHILDS
LEAD PENCILS
BUZZER
Teeth set alternately .to ar\d lett to produce a Hiummino or Jbu^Ttno
noht
noise
.
K
l&bp o£ stoat
twine drives
it,.
.
.
26
THE SILVER BULLET October lrr? io y
T^ie
rjide^*
remejd fa nis latnered liorse >roup ot i»en >re
1 or
dia L ly itio
>ut messadefrie ?carrie
Vas
New Wi^ indoor,
tio Aji tae
tor live
Prom tne ittsn. General twp .day< days already, two rS deWe( delayed. haste must be mad>ipn6 iv/er, He m,u^t Vi*vw tfiay Cl^ton kad
M
Henry Clinton was as
4
%Xpp^
1
rebel Jorts of Clinton. erV,. and W.as continuing
.tvrersi tiCxere could
iw<
be lew ol .tke sc tillered American iot»ce£ about to brind 6riet to niS erran4j ,., j j .n it seemed en written into a, j
e
m oniv
were
t/O talL
evidence need „r the. 'present, *muSt. cover Ape in tie $ potne.vfjwfeit jmv* am a friend , ftatie nil/ lie „satd f ee Genera" Clinton.'' One look at tne silver ,
v
would -speed him on bis .^ray. and the o the oeueral Although, the HrijUsn messenger did not Know it, tnere w&s an Atuericaty general tne. nt oi GeorcSe Clinton He had Fallen Torts, and was nov^r escaped while ^ommauamb tke ^f p&tbfermo niS disordered rar my at this place When cphlronted (^linton, tne rider turned a sickly snade Jby .tne .e wron<^, (general '#« i am lost " A n
.
W
.
.
1
[
!
popped ,tKe sikver cotxtamer witk its triessa^ ana' gulped it dow 'n A ./\ tar emetic cnanbel tartar, wt\ direction! ox the bullet, tut on its r< •earance Lltoyr fee once a&ain managed to swai atience was .wear J le
.
v.
.
mouik
tin
oi:'
tw
was Oiyen
e visitor
maiee ot
on
another
a tree at moved b^ a.
.
inio nis
sur<5eon's icniie
a >own went the emetic ^and no came the bullet Ine nollo>>w elliptical Wyes Separated , lor 'one hair titted.on the narrow^ duticult one to in^Ke
>t L>c
,
W m6n Wi 'M^piM*
Shoulder ol the other. Convicted Sucn. evidence , tne Spy. was
an apple
t>Fee.
nad. 'pUslied torca' to in
it
.
in
ineir'
neaVW
..T^Re
invaYiou tp^tliat towiji aj that tne ettemv nac
jbo it vras
exchanoe tor a most unusual
l^ullet.
ttiti6
eturiied
.
.
11
BAYONETS Early in. the devolution, American, black^rritths patterned, ike bayonet after the British .When ihe, French entered the conflict, trie pattern was chanoed in favor ot the new allies. Pattern or not, it was no easy chore to fit a socket to the hodoe-podoe ot barrels in the ConWnWt Arrny. «/ rig ,t ot*«_ the the harrei ^on n_ All bayonets locked in -place to the right Same side £h the lock") out of the v/ay ior T<.oadmO ah. L iiinn58.
BRITISH
34 1.
S. 3.
.
.
i
V
BAYONET
%
a
Blade 16 inches, lo-n.4 Blade sauare a,t batse. Rear -rein tor cin/2. band. with •
notch to allow entry ot^ barrel stud. 4. Zio - xaoX %lot in socket to lock ao sin st. "^barrel stud.
FRENCH BAYONETS
Y Blade 14 ~ 14 k inche s long lotted .sockets
vary accor»dino
to the
year
£irst
made
MODEL 1T1T 4. Slotted
-J £»ha
MODEL
176 4 No socket slot, 5. Kein £ or cing band notchegr to
No reimorcim band or closi-nS' °
5,
4.
b^id^e-
allow
MODEL
1T4 6,
locking
a.
Spring at tacked
4. clot extended "t,o-f" shaupe.. £>,No reinforcing han^l or closing ,
in
and hold
at
trvfe
notch.
»
>ridc
4. Docket slot-*"
sha-ped.
S.Reintprcind .band, placed
MODEL JTG3, Slot Straight
toward center '
wvtnout 5.
Rear
ar.qie£. reiftforc-
ina ba.nd"witk a. bttflse over notch ^k innovation'. A locking rini -with a notch alrowed ^Barrel sU to t?ass>, then rmo twisted
of
SocketLocVino. rind with nolchPholds
4.
)
arrel S.^d above it sec.ure.W-, 7. Bridge vHthout
intorcino; tftnd closes ot slot £oV strength,. ,
re-
end
,
28
DRILL
MASTER STEUBEN
Frederick AASlliain AudasWs refdmand. oar on ^"Q-rt? -teuken. skook off sleep at r
ee
tke
itx
trior
mt^read
tor a spell -witk a pipeiud jpr tobacco, tken -was .read
For£e .nad
kmown onU ike
kum
var^Lety ot hatp
drill
xne scarlere«r *«ii4 4-4*1 traiwno grounds. ike morning £>teut>en v?a^ trot-*)
,
£
^v^lve tftrar^ tWouQn their
soldiers*
.these smaller xm*.ts
mastered .Steuben '£ simpUtied Manual of arms a.W field ^aneiwer ^, tke fci&d
1
bombastic newcomer tnovea on to a rdatoon , to atireless,
—
—
— . atTia/jementAV^^ are rrj y-r-r— n that they "were v^itnesSino' a. revolution withitv a ^cv^lutiolL.. There "was a i-«ieutenant ^General, personally -wpnkiuo with tke r&hk and tile y sljowit^ -an obvious concecrc and deeo record For tne raetx y/kile 'matntaiuinQ strict a is ciptine,. Tine oriiters. became lpss aloof, and Ahe. morale pr the fajsoea underfed, and underpaid troops rose to anew kidk ? jj the otjticer'S were not ±or dot ten. Alter ariuind tke soldiers" -until Six in tke evrenin^jSte^bet^ kelcj. special ^clacsse-s on. J maneu^e^in^ and Command nee ke inyiied number ot voung banauex ot toudh beet steals ^potatoes ~s\ Hone were, to *>e ad kmtted ~witk no one lailea to --• a. ?' cmaltt ud en|s in ave ^otexiDen's mtectiousr enthu si a sn ton tor preciston feciiousr enthusiasm li ^e Continental Army; a new measure ot confidence, "y Lttei stittened hy discipline and ^^SP^cjL £qr atAtkoriW, the reiuuveuated re fceL Is -wefe ready to meei life i3nti&k on eaual terms. •
.
y
'
t
—
.
.
29
LOADING AND FIRING THE MUSKET Comm-a.rx.dLs
-for*
iramino ike -troops
m
ca>mt>
ALFCOCKHRELOCK.
3. PRIME
Shake powder
is bitten, oft
wit.H
4-.SHUT
PAN.
8.RETURN RAMROD-, and.
S. „
CHARGE
WITH
into pa-n.
HANDLE CARTRIDGE.
2.
Top
— 1^ Vort -Steuben
„
CARTRIDGE
"tH^.
a.-n.dL
Ihumb.
covered
DRAW
AMROD
ft
RAM DOWN
7.
CARTRIDGE?
FIRELOCK COCK FIRELOCK.
10.POISE 11.
rnxmedLta-tely^
bring io sKourder
position.
_. TAKE J3.
" I
AIM
FIRE/
^FIRELOCK Loa-ded and read^-
ltn mediately bring /* \ musket io fiV^st ..posi-
tion ready tor halt 'cock.
,
.
.
30
RIFLEMAN Vrotn -tne -western -reaches of the ioutlxern colonies and the Pennsylvoinian 4'prdier Ccime a. new l^eect ot man.
Fne primitive lite molded tnem s tout md hard^ individuals.
in.—
more
:requeir^/
%1aa.iv
six:
feet
in.
rie^M.Tnev^ r contented, themselves -vvAitp sl liatrtetru.1 or parched conn a,nd a.
drink rrom
-when ^cMie
a.
cool forest 5
-wa.S
fougKt tkeHphdian
on nis own terms
men Fiercely independent,
trom years
ot selt-t'eliance, ine 'Title men pjkst naturalivLook un the &£yr f°^ HV e*^X' Trie initial cau tor .ritle comoames krouoht torth so
many
patriotic ^narlcstpen that the captain, tried to
wake
task
the,
oJE
choosi,ncx
easier
ne
was
nailed on a V° eF himdrea and titty Vcirds distant The best Snots were t£> ±>e selected, yie first forty or fifty tut nt 3ij^*° aJfr»° " r y}£ en blew -n%se clea.1? $-wa^^ the t^Cise fiway, and
to oot ojhe
S
mino rttletnen «^de sp iplititcrs" pt the Test board, the cap-' tat. ot the the, boar id himself t^in toun.d nimselt lnihe same Quandary, i
itx
trie
1
7 75 Boston en-^
catnpmentt y the bael&y/oods men became toe backwoods Their lau&oagp Snoopboreci and orn ornerv. A ed sen Sijtiye^ puritan, i^nkee eans, and tbey d iittie u.se for trie authority d ati orticer\ multiplied utitu :er, DesertiopS -Ueser 4
t
/ashiutfton's l&ton's sbrontf strong hatid hand, ot 'discvvlihe 'cUscty lescenSred aed Once Ou reject, tor author* jejune a. way of life, the ritletna took his pla.ee as a. valued part ,
arW
the
Tne nit leman. wore his fame iuntin£ shift, ovei° vuucl\.,v*a. ? Slun ouch a.nd hot^n His hunl :mh ana Kniie A. tqrric?.n.B.yf>^ -corn^navfic Tyere. Yjere nece&sit tot" he lacked the fittings t o^ tr»e a. important ba^oTiet.The mdiv rifleman love tor the conttues ot a snpe.He lasuauy wore tnoccastnS .
(
J
.
.
;
or went
kd^o WefooUa
,
.
31
THE RIFLE - FACTS AND FABLES There
are.
fashion behind unif or ru fed Br;.. retreat from Ley.tn6v.on and Concoru it iust wasn't So'.Perhaos the storied American rifle -would have played a more important role it woodland skirtni^mnO had been the
The rifleman found himself badly short-changed -kXi^H^ slow loadino ot his piece, and the fact iKarne nrcens or attachinQ a bayonet to aefend himself when caught in the, act oE loading It would he a. dist*>essin6 Situation indeed to find a r ush oi" Redcoats bearino down , bayonets aslant , with but a stnele rifle load between
Wno
.
him
ai^
eternity ,Out the rule, py
^pit-alecl grooves, could boast ol accurac^.VvitrCa eye behind eat accixracy. beWnd VVitft a keen, the^i£nt& a taroe. at, the^lOhts a^ar&et Keen ipu yards w
w
s
'
[iy moment. any
'
PENNSYLVANIA OR
KENTUCKY RIFLE
This alt -American -rifle was perfected by.the Pennsylvania gunsmiths' and proved on .the Kentucky frontier^ and the Revolutionary battlegrounds. Ea.ch oun was as indi^id-ko carried it hut all were and deadly accurate The the simole patch, box neld the greased, simple brass .brass patchl th. matches' that £avela 6ave' a tioht fit to the .bait in the rifled 'barret- The ^landsome^ brass and stive*" in u suallv associated with the ri£l e were didded in ost — -R evolutionary period. r t
,
•
]
-.
.
32
LOADING THE RIFLE Primintf korn of £ine
"owder
fills
pan
ine
level.
Measure
o!t
is £>oured
^powder
down
ike barrel
placed over -the center bore. The ball is iken seated ot the on the patck ana rammed home. raxck
is
1
4.6.5. To speed ike stoYf loading a board witk Several bored koles was somehole, containing 3 patched times -used ball,wa& placed over ike bore.Titen the kail wei$ rctmmect in. ,
•
A
33
POWDER HORNS Oxen
andL caAtle
wep
korns
trijnfne.d ( hole bored
3tk ends,tk itdo tke tip to ccjnr^ect w'dk tn^ horjx cavity, At iWr careJu.;tk -proper tkickness wi th the Icmte, anp. cutting iti Ike ckslinct i ve de sion a. pinejpluo WdS whittled to tit tke wjTae end. 1 iki^? was -tacked permanently in pi witk small nails .Tke korn. waL with powder tkrouok ike dritle ,
PO^ring , and lire and waxer- resistant, the pow.debtker ^ranekes oi tke a.r»my. OuLtsijed Supply or ^Nlotker'' korns "were -used to till more conventional horns and "vwfe carried by: tke cannon, crews to prime tkeir pieces. Frequently orticers loaded their pistols from small, easily- carried korns. EVen*tW infantrv were issued regular n.orn6 wketn tke Suppta o£ cartridge koxes w.as exhausted VVken camp duties permitted, tke Horn was Scraped thm and smootkJo tka-t i!ke amount or powder could ke seen -when keta to ike ligkt Then <30t manner o£ desior^ were cut or> engraved into tke sut-ikce. Even tkese cafvit7C?s were practical for the/ servecj, asT roa
I
'
l
*
\
'
.
.
or
'HDerty.
Oxen ,of cours>e, had. rl$ki and le£t riOJn d soldier ysed korns-.A. riokt-kanded -used a riO>kt~
sided kat^n/lor it S^^g^y kis kip well,Tnt ttp pointed forward ror^ loading and upward Y V & to prevent spitUJbe. Tk<
.
.
34
TOMAHAWK, BELT AX, OR IRON TRADE AX
*uan cooKin^ catnp tool served as a. -pcdenl: weapon as -well A-mericati riflemen Kacl no' aUacWrcem for bayonets and. therefore relied on -tliis side arm. rreauemty xne mutiii cariried the tomanawk willi or wiiVioul a, bayonet .
35
TOMAHAWK TYPES ROUND OR OVAL EYE Flat Poll
Easily mscde or repaired by tke ca,rnp ktackstnitk
•we/'e favorites in ike Coniineniat Army. Ana "4 iR.^K^ Indian or enemy camp,
Kese totnakauskjs
,
.
,
J
ear^ 1700 's. SPIKE POLE Few -were 5een tke
Revolutionary
\\
euircuna ca.rup~-
tfrounds, £or tke Spike ka.d poroved douon-trifikt unkarvdy. 'In Bailie, ike soldier or^ 1
Indian could ke kis own vi clitic wken ke reacked foi° kis tomakawk. Therefore, tke spike wa-S| gradual 'skort ened until il "had entirely
W
,
y
disappeared by tke end fp'
PIPE
of
Uae
1700 '&.
^TOMAHAWK wkite Let
soldier seek contentment from kis Tkis multipurDOse side arm. served t he Indian welt around kis encampment, was deadly on ike wa.rpa.th, 6 ave the braves tkrowing iken ike tomakawk keen competition, in
tke
Trajoiie clay
pipe
1
.
l
,
relaxa-tion o( a smoke around tke. camp lira. The iron toma.ka.wk, with, its welded' kowl was an instant success wken introduced in tke earlv lTOO'S. Tke cast bt-ass version appeared around 1750.
SPONTOON- SHAPED TOMAHAWK Tke
„
Indian, nations frowned on ikose ie
tke sbear-sfcaped spontoon
ky commissioned
o'ffjcers
arms
carried
as a symbol
o
.
.
36
CARRYING & THROWING THE TOMAHAWK
l.Take five -steps from. araek At this" distance or Feet, the
\_en
iomakawk
makes t wo t urns and s t r ikes 2. Hold the kuU end of the kandle in the mi dale of the palm of the kand „
3-
Keep
weioW
o'f
apart "with body r>esUno
feet
on %ne rioht Ted not yfte -tomahawk. 5 Thr ow t omahawk. forwaf d s rn at- 1 \y b- Do not jefK the an die kackyWhen throwiuo *his would, brand you ^ .
.
^
.
as
a
i^atMby - pamby -with,
unmistakable ladylike '
Qualities.
A. The Vi
o&W
a
Jt5T I h.e
tor
his
^
-Private of "Ike
a bell loop ^CTJ* 5 kU -tomaUwk^m "wears a shoulder belt v/ith a tomahawk and bayonet. militiamfcux
double iroO °
37
SHEATH OR BELT KNIVES — Rifle pal dies were wrapped akouLJ:ke kail {o seal, ike .barrel. To ccd these snugly against 4he ruled droo^es
RIFLE KNIFE it
m
Smalt. ka,n4y handy kniie pc, km >ed this Small of ciotk me riflemen -used greased: asedpaickeS "whicTu weiS cirri in -ike riCte ba$ or skealk attached to th( t>aO or its slra ^v ;
Handles "were anller, cow horn or wood, -blade lenolh u or
DAGGER
— Tkis rare weapon, was as individt^t as wko carried it, for tHere wereno F e S
-the
~~
Govern xke de;
HUNTING. FIGHTING OR SCALPING KNIFE knue^was
trademark
o? ike fronx^engrrtcn
men.
•Deer antler nan dies were, -favore but there were also many wooden handles Lenmk was about tkree times tkaA
of
ike rifle kniie
- This
and
ritle
T
inckeS.
oFiicer
1
38
CAMP- MADE RIFLEMAN'S HUNTING KNIFE Ordinarily Ihe hunting Unite v/qlS ma.de by the home t:ow:n black smith .After heat.ino 6L 'war of steel red-hot, he would hammer Out anvil. Hut lve &rifletnan an old. old cross cut out £ oive cu.t saw blade, the design on his anvil, a. rujeman toia.de, a "Pew simple Tools, and a spare moment away From, his camp chores, and he'd have Turn&elf a fine hunting kmie in snore order*, ,
.
.
A penciled outline a the'f-uture weapon 0w as Struck smartly ritk
a cold
chisel. title
moved
the
j
a.ws
The
ot
repeatedly the vise as the dents were
piece Could then' be broken along the dents by strikmo it with a hamme-r.
a.de
The edges were smoothed
.
011
B-
t^^^^^lllPf^v*
dstone (p), care being taken to dip the -^>6#yi* t? d in water Freoue-ntlY The -temper would lost if the steel turned &\yp or dark in color. Only the third of the blade nearest the cutting edge was Oently beveled, the last inch® Orouncl into a rounded heveJ Care again was lateen not to overhead npt The, handle section w^s detem.pered "-*-1
^^
t
I
(
^to
1
the exposed tans
Xht.Aiir^^*^ wa s
bui 1 1 abo at 1 , and when the metal reddiot, two
4^ inch' holes were made or nail. Or the metal after cooling to the ai
temper the
1
ano mo The .
with was S oft enoudn
Lhere w /vas no
handle© was
to drill need to re
If a oua-rd.
ma.de Irom a close
maple. Cud slightly grained wood §ucb as, a,pple, hickory or mapi down large*- than the metal d metahjlI 'was shape ace handle v/as screwe/d v!L) or riveted .
i
1
r
Was desired, a
pierced piece 01 brass was' slipped on the lang to r^est t aoams 8
tk<
39
POCKET KNIVES JACK KNIFE
Kis constant companion of Ike American „Iways ready wooden camp ware reaav to whittle Wooden soldier was a.rways ware. enOra enOrave T apowde** korn., or Kack at a tougk oiece of Army he ex. Some states /as New Harnp ski-re ^Nevsr York, and Massackus.etts tkouokt 50 kiokly o[ ike pocket knife tkat tkey reauired tkeir rruktia to carry one 1
-JcLck knives -were always
PEN KNIFE
-
s mole ~k laded
.
Folded, lenotk w
Tkere were always
cUspatckes or letters korne to k_ written This little knife served to cut new auitl pens or skarpen old ones. .
oiixole-bladed -
3 mckes wken
FORK POCKET KNIFE-
folded
Gen- Waskington's
ren
kniie
.
40
CAVALRY men
r>td-in6 'tdi
r oiker^
lar^
Cavalry units J3ut in the r V&&pd CQun ul!X and -rvrr\cric< tke, jpnxisn British ana Ca-VcaLr^vlouncl in trie, f hese i^okl men, Ca.vcaFrv' was found A tcan camps TOT/ on sv^itt npr6.es for mounted or dismounted setrvice ,were lenown as draopons. in this dual role, tkey carried,^ cat-b *nes as well a£ Sabers and
m
1
Pt
tie
<:
.
and speed enemy move-
motility
the liokt dragoons allowed
rkem to
pfay £> u t merits, OaJHop from forest coverto fail on -OriUsrt convoys and. attack, enemy forauSe ~partteS. At camp, Pa.tr ols oPhorsemen tatroltect the outskirts xo <
,i5couraoe deserters or ported, at advanced oo 5it-i ons to -prevent a surprise attack. -V/heix on }^e r march dlxey joined ke tigkl lidardry as an
were
&>attle,
tneiS*
close
cooperation v/itk tke in tan try ot ten meant, tkeaifterence between '
SeteT .out t ke cavalry fared a& r5adlv
in tkeir Su ot we<=cpons'
as
did tke rest of tke army. Lacki-n-p car bme.s,xhey we^re unable to protect them own damps krorn attack. Ther store ^Steuben 1780, Suggested an. interestinc marnaoe between tKe cavaf|*y and the infantry. The m o untded ed. drao d don. ^>
m
now Ccbrry put work outpost work under the Uxe nrotecfion protecxic couldi
their ttieir
ol tke toot' soldier drjacSoonS-
as dismounted
Trie new- reOiwenk called legions .
were
dragoons wear Blue coats faced and
ii^kx
lined with, white, wilk
white buttons
41
CAVALRY
.Horatfe. >£,'
Ca
-Jockey Cap wiln
HELMETS
viroinia LiOhc DrsiOoonS <0
f
o
{ox. ^ail
ir protec protection .Trie hetrr •ts were basicalW for black lat helmets and the: later imported rrert.cK bras: hats could absorb pi 1170m. a saber Slash. 1 He ora-ss mounti-nds and cloi.R or leather turban Ouardecl. the Sides, and the thick bear or llowino .^.ir crests wolf wardea otf blows frovn "ike -top or -the back: of tke neck. ^ horse hair
W
*
.
VVhen not on catnb parade, fQS^QtX t
r
snarlinO
' .
«s-
the.
horse hair crests were brauded to
42
EQUIPPING THE CAVALRY ,
j.
-ranch, ex a^ tb£ cavalry , -a Of costly a.na saddles
one cap
,
otue
carJ>t^Wde opX:S, -* Saddle,
cond .and extended to
scat-c^. bk 17 ( o, WasKitiAtotx replied, no an. •urxie-riV' £MPP eaLl fo^n? *^ ^^ssa^ .-^pistols, ao. Car'ternes wer>e iatvc(
Aa
lT82,,tke SouiHei~n. cavaAvv l-xacl no cantridoe* TSoxesAhe te^r o
laA.e &.S
-pistols were unfit £qr>use,a.i3d ot\e tAviv*d ot tne tnet\ nad.
no seaboards.
wrouobt troa Scattered on tl\e Of ourvd no stow ca^aAny
Stifr'ULpS
.
43
ARTILLERY move ckore cannon
to ike into action from tke I"i was no Sme.ll artillery park and clown. tke rutted trails o.t tke wilderness JTp kaut.eac pou«cte5r Cca.nn.on. wer-e known, ky tke V/eiO kt
witk a kulk of 3E0O Pounds, all oT Because eke need, lor transport,? dependable pendabk and sometimes uiidependakle civilic
l£> horses were annuals was £reai/ Owners Yfere nired
as' drivers krr ike "task fi>ui it tke. American,: moving ikeir pieces, tke IBritisk £ound it near* xtieir dreaily 'superior .artillery, in tke rioM ^)nce~on iHe katUeEielo^lke by ikeir crews ketween retfimenti tme Occasionally tkev were.pl_ on a, nea-rky Kill. Gorid skol'-wa?
iaced
tired)
'^auined.
,
.
.
.
a^arasb tke. advanciuQ Britisi
duiicu.lti.es in,
itnpossikle to place
at tke rioki time. Cannon were marveuyered or battalions on Ike firittO Ldvence oi tke line or used aUo»g *vange line s.VV hen
the enem ene
vy
kad advanced to «skot
or
tke
panmster sprayed ranks. ExVnoclvru jbomk^ from tkec howitzer* .and mortar also took ikevr toll at tkis
Snorter ran0e.
with, coat edomes
and
button, koles^ound witk tiaffow lace or tape
44
AN ARTILLERYMAN'S INVENTORY
LIST
8. Ca.se or c^nnister filled
1.
Spon6e.
3,Rawtner. 4». Linstock ~ kolds slow maWk. -Slow matck - a 3 strand cotton rope soaked m saltpeter; _
then lead 'acetate .^ryi lye t'o Durn slowly -Q-S incke^ an kour. B. Q>.
Rests foK 1,2,3,4. Cannon prirntno korn.
T Ammunition is removed
With lead.
~>alls or scrap. Q. Grape skot ~£dr me d around wood en dowel and w rapped iti canvas. 10.Powu.er kao. 11. Fixed a nun trmti on with cannon
lock^T-
between trails
betore firind>.
kaAl strapped to 12 Ca.unO-.
powdtr
Ipa^O.
CcL5 tirlon.
lo.Ckam
not lor ia,nd use,
14-.
ratker
Bar
snot") snot. J
at.
sea
aOa-mst skip r ¥20fnQ IB Caution kook for kitckmb urasJ^ ° rentes to axletree k AND" last but not least, tke '
-
>
,
-field
cannon] Note
the elevauno
screw lor raismO the tarrel.
.
45
LOADING AND FIRING THE CANNON 1.
Cannon crew
Ka.-u.ls
Lole Detachat
the piece into firmtf position with. <^n^6 ropes. rear 6*ves more acciira.le-ptacem.erOt. handspike
m
f
r-
shows elevaAio re e by plumb line aoainst scale arc. lh'_ elevating screw adjusts barrel to the cjuadraunt
£. Gunner's
^prober at\6le 3. Worm,
cleans Lore o{ embers from -previous iirit^.
4 Wet sheepskin sponge extinguishes Sparks and cleans tne bor-e
b~.
Bao
ot povsrcter
is*
rarntnea down barrel
6.
ball or bao ot Or ape shot to powder. " Q
Cannon
ammed
thrus vent to break
ra.ss pick is
owcter bal
3
r
8.
Powder horn
primes v^ent hole "with -Dov/der Q.Pire'. Slow match on linslocvc lQnites primmO
the
i:
.
46
THE ARTILLERY IN ACTION
R
FIELD
CANNON -flat
trajectory
--%-CT3^: ;
.
•
—
l.Ooltd balls destroy forts and enemy cannon. 2.Grax>e shot and 3r Canister shed ctre used a3a.in.5t roa/bsect troops like a shotgun.
Elevating screw raises barrel. 1on battlefield. .roe Wheels >ive m olnlity .
1 ---
.
1 -
O
GARRISON CANNON~Flat
3
trajectory
-
U
-S
*
*•
-
f^
1--— ^*
l.Hot shot burns slnpS. Z. Solid ball Cham snot and ^.Bar skot from shore v% torts apainst sni 3&*& P -
3.
Elevating -wectae raises barrelSmall cast ironwkeels c\ive limited mobility f^ carriage m tor t (Ship's5 caf wooden "wme^lsy nao< Jhas
.Bomb
t
.
HOWITZER- kic^traiector -3om1b
•*
/ /
/
•
/
o tubby height to
tfa.il >ives Greater, te 4" ' -proj< LtileP
r
MORTAR ~htoVi
trajectory F-use
Hole
wooden fuse is billed witK m^^dj cut to length time
powdef
to
explosion. Pu^e '
U
A EUevatin -wectoe ra.ise5 barrel t^levatwO Woodert^ed i^without vfheels bid easily carried Small mortars are 'CoKorns
Kole
is taptred into ; tkjen' bomb is
bomb
rammed
down barrel ruse
first
r h) by ceinriotx ior i£mlion
^
,
.
.
,
47
DRUM COMMANDS From IKe day
ika.t drij.m xirsl
VviliiELra Diamond's raAUed oul To Arm&"ior U\e
Ucxintfion
tnihlia,,
rnusi^ plcyyea an
tmnortard
Army,
-fc/acl
uneS as The
Wtu
Hessian^ ar«d
i
ke
hree
I
m
^ e T e kioum on Q. LcLOle^Dut elsev/kere in tke
army
.*ke fife
and drums
we-re the music makers. T^ke drumriier weis considered tke more kmpor lant ot tke two for* lie was tke eauivoileni ot „
true flam, r
drum
wats used in march£n ^ix^^i comflHnaS. L^Call it-oti? the€-rKeoLdaua.rter
drummers would ke !re£>ea.v ed ikrouakoui tke entire
army
iti^catnb or
on tke
Dteuben'S reoutations prescribed, the £&rlowin.d
commands
GENERAL - kat
-
as
a
for tke army td^strike tents* and: siona.1
_
Ao the colors
MARCH -
REVEILLErise ai
ard
TATTOO
troop
ike
Soldiers
daykreak
serd-ri'es
io
SolcUers reTurM io re-mam, cmul reveille keatind ~
to ie-nts
-U§xt morn-mc — TO ARMS " alar1?i
PARL^-TeST^ere ence wi Ik ik e enemy
esc
is
io
take
conrer P. desire d.
48
FIFE
AND DRUM
Ike ptayin<6
ot
1
ontmetxtat .rtn
Ike drum cases were wooden, Strruntf witk ropes pn tke sides £-r.cL snetre^ ot keavy Out o,cro5S t,rie bothOiTL kead tor orea^r resonance, Tke Heavy slicks co6Aq. rattle out commanas we!1"aDo^ tke din. ot musketry, rites were sitn/mv- turned wcpde^occasionaUy^ i-ron., hollow tybes with a blow kole and si>t iinOer 5S. Alttjouoh tkese raAker crude and ofkix^ ptt~t?ttcked i-frstrutnetix& could not matck ike quality kreneh koriks Clarinets and bassoons of Tne jDri'tisVi'Dands,*!'ae entkusiabtic American, iaters whistled many a. merry tune for tke- troot>s, ,
'
^
In tke iatierjyears of tke war, tke coats of tke drummed cLna liters kad reversea colors. Ppr example, New Erccdand musicians wore wkite coats wdk oWe taciikos. in tke Contusion >s. In { tkese contrasting uniiomns could, uk. easily spotted to ot battle issne maneuver orders ,
,
^
e
.
49
MARKS OF AN OFFICER GORGET
~
Zl rerrmanl oLfmored or trie 41 trte &*-»-t throat protection, VIS or sityer crescent .wqis " UT ift frotritne neck, hy
coiled ±vie " c ireaaun Me." 'one Tr.eacLOft 'Don't & ttt s naUe, de Si O ti to a, I.-ropnvcot
arms.
£1,aos ^t\ci
e ov a/iopted. pteT& otticialix never Cotvt tal At as rOli wa. d Fn tnct t<^pes,, tkougK
i»o men
rfc
worn
M
occasionally
jryj
ot£icer£ in. \he. ea-riY in
tke
xi€\di \ya.r. tb<
rtavor, ix
'PAULETTE descendant or tne Shoulder strap v/ols ot ^old or silv-er tnis
lace,
ana
tne
officer '§
indiccLted
red cloth, oiten ot &itk, cLnd /was wrapped around trie, waist - fi SWORD , f a. black, or white ot
,'
W snoulder or waist
t>eti
APPNTOON ottieers.
earnLed. by au
$-*^
en toot es of
.ike.
sponiootv K"e
.o
'CT
Six teet .
nd one.e~qu,arter> incites in diatmeter, iron £>art waus to'be one foo^- ion0 .oponioons were preterrea to rnusv^tS tor there
and one
>
TV o
\
.
toadtno x and firing to detract attention trom
s
mt
<
HIGH SCHOOL UBRAtUt
5an Jose,
California,
\d\e
>*as
\
Woop£
50
EPAULETTES AND LEADERSHIP COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
Of ficcirv>'-of
or &eneral-Two Lrene'raA lwo ep ep<3Lulctte#, Maui,ior stores efeicjk wiiK with, two sta^r* -
er ^1^16610.16.1^
Gener General 1
>aullettes, esicn
Colonel—
Two
Lieutenant Colonel c*
Two
silver
^ace
wire-
&>
witn one
epaulettes
Major -T lie satne Caftt^ix-Qlae
-
odd or
same.
-Tin. e
,
e pallet t
sUouitfei ulder
V^k ^i^J
1
S
N0N bCF°F¥®f° NeD Seroo ea.nt eaiat - epaulette epaulette !-r
OTCirighl stiouldeo
iette er, £t~eett-»
LEADERSHIP I5L-U.1 The men, wn.Q wove the lettes' enter e d the ar a aHitu de s.Dome inherit ~ e.oome southea the Bn eru officers i servants and stav^s.wet^e overbearing ,\xor ity ^fesi1^ s ot Y ° £fice* £ Hti the. found raised tic ec|u,ality, nor r«ai emocr tr*orr\ fhe. the north, laealrot th f^ot>\ d r it difficult xo make ake iAieifr in eioKt>or,S obey their* corr)trla.r>dlS\ Soldiery ot of Satutirid disliked tne idea ,o£ 5cL boyhood friends from nea.t-W krwis. Ho w e v e,r WasUtnotcm jwever \/Va sliced through tKese old attitudes by insisting on .;stron& discipline iron* an officer ,,icer wliorA wnotn tne tr\e< Could respect tlnoue;rTionm^' obedience to Orders in. cafrup could .
/
y i
j
.
.
mean victory in tVie 1-^ VOL Von oteuWn agreed wiioieh :kotef\e.c»jrtedly*
-with, strict discipline, tow trie Order and.Discir plme ox the H-oops ot the United *ota.tes that st iir>m hand f^ust rot e that* His be tetTToered jwittt pudenstandtrvo and Concern the orhieer'sj first object should be to ^ain. tne love olr his men, 1
He
Win. every possible Kindness k treating them comptamts and when welt found ?
into their
y
w
a-nd Kun^ni^,i^o/u.ir-
ed, See i«$
them redressed'
51
SWORDS HUNTING SWOK~D~ lonO-more
!£».,
on
combat Carried lik o see mxere st
£1
Atie riave omtnels, ofcten bird heads
animal
te
>rev-e/nte,d
chai-rv.
'om vane
SMALL SWORD 5 t -widely
Eo • oificei'\S\ ,
'
\£
used Because
r
CSLfried toot otticer^ __and S^l Cavaligy men. lrpmmets rattoed. Erom stmple "balls
ttad
•
,
and urns
to lion. and cLo.5 Tke lion head oricfce arrny-,^aS £ His MajesW'S decidedly unpopular arter 17T&An. MTerMca. The ouard was o£ br<3,ss cWitn. pierced
fa.vori.te as°a. dress Sword, 1 he two nn6s, jjas-danes, set above tHeSyrotectWe countercm.cird, were rem-
jn.ea.ds.
,
vT»en frn^ers
R~
sab;
blows or to I he
sWm£
nants ot^-p Danish- fencing styles oFtthe 1600'-^
>VTX(
an
andI
/
I r.om
6t finely wrou.6hl br
was a
two feet
u.nt than. srs n ot
h
.
The
tkarx
less.
efficient
,
I
'/
were
sjptts.
H^Was a
-oh. ;td. -cr>rou.$
lotes.
Sturdy,
ictent -weapon.-
BELTS AND
)
')l
.
SCABBARDS
were either bfa.ck o rorr» >OU'I Ke sKoul Ler by ottt officers ^nd trve cavalry
Svvot-d belts
ie
-wa*si
.
Tke
SHOULDER BELT
carried the scabbard by means of a frog This lcpp ot leather .bore^ & slit throo-oh which was inserted the Scabbard prong i Jkis a style £>elt Vra s'H reter-re A ,
.
b*v the
cavalry
WAIST BELT wdk
a hook or hancer. The meta.1 "hoolc3 Carried the Scabbard by means ot two attacKed Chains
-
WAIST BELT
wifck
two leather straps a^d
snaps to holdL ~*>^ the r in OS of bh« .scabbard-
.
52
POLE ARMS Pole
arms "were edoed weapons
w ith
a handle
longer than, the hlad^p. Xti America, variations -were. a? manv- as the ima£>ma.tive blacksmiths who xna.de
1.
Laroe
TRENCH PIKES"
numbers to
douUe~ecked iron sp ears were used
deiettd or /attack. £ortr?ica,tious
»
in.
_
Cut in oul
h Around the" camp piKes ,
&.HAX(0ERT> slotted &>r a tkin fi.Q't
*~
were put
to use as t,ent p<
double -edp^d sppar /with, elopoateji, shaft ^was
sheet.
combat v/eat seroeants and oiten corporal^ J-t also maae eii'exceueM zaf*&* liont muskets (fusils) ana: Sna^p shoot er-6 and so "^4$, replaced
a.
b *7 o-netg ea/riy
the
irv
"PONTOON
3. spear with
an
W
K evolution.
AAras
a
ru^d
dov
<
cross vax* beh of rice rs as a.
a
syi
cotnoat "w.eatDOn. as vrell
not replaced lot" it
'v\ra|>
fommand
i
h.if>
oadin& his
.
It -wa$
the, fuSll.a.nd
Wp^K
tnat no oikice** cjev-1-oL troops properly while £lin€loc'k.
r
^
a
Punish™ end by tKe halberds consisted o? la^hino two halberds into a.n_"X.'' then spread- e^a&U-ty^ I
t
the offender on it *with a-nCres" .arid wrists tied SecureW. It\ this awkward position, he w^s the butt o± tnuck ridicule a-romnct the camp.
The Sporxtoon Served as an 'a t home " &i&n» "*** in front Oro.und for the 'officer when stuck in the ground tent. At niont, it served as a convenient lantern post.
.
53
SALUTE THAT OFFICER Ttie solclier urider a**mS saluted an oFficer* &x nali~ iud and facing Viinv v
Snouldeir'
I
:shouldei» tireipcl*:*
e butt
"v/a-S
Jield in.
iinelock 7
.
aA^t t&e shou
r der.
left perpendicular
The ottfter okitter under imd^ afps reiut^necV the
mS
tuSirto .o^oen
tineloek" (duU on the ^outiti aticl 3£**-insl tne fight side ot tne boayy. ne hal y^S ^h^ff e ^ moved v*itn tne let t nana ana ja^ouOht &jwa^ i-rom tne left stcTe with, a. sweeo ipotton, Cfowti lowandl
F
boay.
lne soldier not
under arms and wearirxd a,
tric.orn hat. Sa.uj1.teci
£acmd the outcen. then £e tnove. his it*, a. *noticm to ,
,4,
ar
he
boa-y, Th s Dr oudhi g-
^'°°b0.ck Lohtlv
....
\ soldien wearinji
the lvignl lri tardier man on tne ribki, did not re toove his aovetj to saAute 1 tie tnone ela.pofa.tt would head^eser inake thi ditticult , In^tead^n*e or ou his .hand to Ike cap an held it in this -position.
ni
.
54
PISTOLS ° r, Gr Lover<^s
£t
k
&
in leatKer* KolVters Officers ~©.n& infantrymen carVied^e pistol in then-* belts while t,ke sailors used IKe belt. nook, on the -reverse s?a.e o£ tn eir pistols to aAtacH to the belt .
.
.
BRITISH CAVALRY "HORSE" PISTOLS
Old Model \^Jf New 1760 Model Most v^ideW carried Ky tKe Americans
HOLSTER- TKe Wy/, leather
M
black, tlareq^at the both, the top >p to receive botr\ dtt and tKe the pro cock butt t>ro\ectin6 it
O
FRENCH CAVALRY
Model 17*63
Model 17 76
Iron EurniWre.
Iron furniture
AMERICAN PISTOLS
Officer'^
Pistol
Of f icerjS pu.rcKa.sed side 'arms and because rnost -were made in. E-n6land before the, war* they reVemWed tKe BritisU service pistols. They were shorter, lighter, and often with silver* mountmOs. their
own
In
many ways
tl ,Kis
distinctb
Like its
were smaller versions, both^naa similar brass ramrod pipes, and the pistol was Frequently- rifled- It was a!, valued Side arm for American officers.
.
^
KNAPSACKS AND HAVERSACKS
KNAPSACK Worn oti ike t>a.c1s. ^nd held, m place by
butr leavtxef
£tt:a,ps
<
shcmlders, tne linen sslck Held tKe, soldier^
cloim
HAVERSACK
OR WAR BAG ^
Stun£> by a linen. str/So pvet- the
snoulder tne
Wen
y
±>axS KeldL
the. too derations.
.
56
CANTEENS
"Wooden c emie-en witk 'interlocking v/ooden sWspS. Water
not only
cooled one contents
Wooden canteen iron >ti scraps ana wire
expanded the wooden joints i>y
outside evaporation/^,
V\/ooent opcL st^fP pegged, -to SideS.TKe nal Liled leather strips ip{ hold trie Deli
m
for*
a
tioht -^^^
canteen
Y^K belt, saotd e^s. fit,
tut adso
57
MORE CANTEENS
The two lathe -turned
^^bp^
ham
„
wood water bottles were, x
favorites -with the militia They were carried on the.leit. canteens, by a. sid^; as were •
^
leather shoulder stra^oome ot the Smaller versions could be tucked handily* t» a coat pocket.
superficial lathe cuts cm the .veHhe impression ot neinoutside ooa^ .ot the x/vnen true body torcind straps. raps. When to water canleen. was Soahed. in
e
1
;pand the -wood Ahe snuO~£ittind ds were -tapped in pla.ce .Then alter drying Jtihe ends -were well anchored.
P
.
,
^
The earthen
p.ayiiftft
monkey ju£ (rtoht), earned "water ^ arou.Tvd camp
tl#
r
H of f
M
4<
Witt
Ik
1 he somewhat unusual canteen (left) with wooden. J ny. ita.ves.heid sta.ves ; Strap' if on .straps, .
was car ried by "iron ha.nd.le die
. ,
TKe me
the
pourino spout a,nd oided air vent are
irom newter.
58
STARTING THE FIRE £r»om
Shredded
ceda.r baric
Steel 5>lde
oi
slrikin6 tke, Sl'mt catne from ine k^ck jack lctuxe blade or a wrought steel J -sWiker.A-n. old tile also Sparked well.
-for a.
Tk
ftint Y^2>. held at
le a.t*d
struck Smartly
toiece.A shower ox
a 4£~de£*•rfet .
vmh the
fefca'rks
steel
struck the
W
cW^rea cloth, previou<|W ma.de bufn.inrt lih^n then.' SrnpthertnQ the ilatne. As >
the clolk glowed, the tihofef* -yvaS $>etv \v" folded over" the cloth, then. hlowrv oil gently until £ tame Burst lOftk* ^-gggSBBi^
Flint
fe-nct
Here
Steel Tinder box
v*a.s
a
ndv candle
ev^rylhitio^ neededL for
he
ltohtino tfte *^est
candle
a^d charred
.
I
lie _.
linen
trader re-ipai.tj.ed
in the DaseJThe ca.ndte was lit trom tbetn o.nd placed in the
kolder tobjthen. Ike tire was 'smothered 5
\%-«S
8
Tn a t?mck, a Small amount of precious powier c'ould t>e place d. on the tinder', tken landed v/itk a. ?la.sk in the -pan..
.
59
IGHTING CANDLEWOOD
was as near as tke handiest pit ck P}^^
ml
tree. Ofrce sawed blocks, splinters about tke Si7Z 'ot & /^ge tal ,
1
candle could be split off.
Wken
tkru^t
several
d-er^e*,
between Stones
or
the kearT^, tke briokMykurninO Sticks Gaw^grr tolGroLblle ani<5ttnt .pT -reading,
-A.1""
Stnoke V* 515 iou cons'taer 11 e , mos t dis •up the. chimne
S
HISTORIC
LANTERN
Tke top
lajnlerri
was
one
ot*
tke
lyo tkat kuno ttom tke Old Nortk Ckurck. otiouTo. Paul .Revere be capUxred trying to leave Boston to -warn |t\e countryside, patriot s across tke Charles yke River* woulcl still ke alerted lanterns. Tv^ro lirfkts meant tkat tke ritish would &o Sea,, or acnpss on tke -munitions e river to tr££rd tore d at Concord Tke lower lantern is >n en n^ly called the Revere lanie be~ tnd "was actuaUv -made is ween. l8£0~IB50. It tne ditficurt to .imagine ine 11
W
'/
pinpoints
o,
rom
a.
pierced tin clear n kerng seen s across tke
SOLDIERS' CANDLE HOLDERS Easily carried, tkese
W
T&L
witk t'pe 1%
Continentals
B ra5S ron
II
60
MARCH
COOKING ON THE "Utiltfe oE SIX soldiers v^ere pach. tne&s wag^ is&ue/l a caj n an.<
mes^ina^es as
"well
as tent
jnales.
4
*
AA/hen the aRinrpy
at-*.
aim utvappeti
was sSeneralW 3b re were j^t anotnet* >s But. the greatest Gastronomic disire«>s to he found inT^he temporary- camp was the li-re cake. The recipe -was simple. Flour vra^s -placed on a flat; rock and ColcL v/ater added The mixture was pommelled jj-nlo a -paste , then daubed on another lat s£one and. jSet upright near the £ire» Phe tire cake was me-i^eby charred on the out side,, te,a.vjr\& T^-V. oou^h ins.ide Her .
.
was a
di hu-noriest
form a pot hook and. the bar shot,ui£ed a£ a rnake^hiH andiron.
Note the .
old hayemet, bert to
-
'
61
CAMP RATIONS & OFFICERS' COOKWARE Ar
ralions were reasonably tnoulk>
waierun<3 wk.en ike
by a c:i£v Tkere yy< Cortttnen S were iortunate enouok ,to ca.tnt) ? Suck corned beet, pork, f-resk kee£ and fish, tl~Supplied niceties as da^ily as welt a.s rice, Indian, meal, koO's lard, potatoes, peas, beans, onions, turnips, Iresk bread and karct kread,. as tktS
?y
:
.
as poor
v/ere is
oRerino to be tried and well done, ratker tkan broiled as suoqeitecL ky tkeH>££icers. Tkere were so tew ire&k, Me6e.ia.hles available tkat salads were made Worn. \reenS around ca*v*p suck as water ress and lamb's buarier. Soups lelped disguise Ike' iare,b>ub Oenlerally
were diskWed by
xke American, iroops.
One permanent comb iuxurv was tresk-kaUed Dreaa, From ikese trick '
and occasionally monsiera
iron,
erut5fced
Oreat
ouanltties or crisp loaves, He^re vjs,<, a. welcome ckanOc* -from tke Soooy fine cakes in trie t emp orary
encampments!
*
Camp of iron
.
strove, £>r oiler
was kinotd and
upper feel support irytn© pan J '
jra.55 tent cookmci p -witk iron. LcsJS a-n.d kaLndie
Copper iron
le OS
catni
and Wood
ka-ndle
62
FORKS, PLATES, AND INGENUITY
Wooden. "trencker'W plate
.Soldier '£
kmleana wooden
spoor e.£
and
wrjougjkl
iron iork
0££icer'^ fork,
and knife
Unt TROK BARREL HOOPS were oy tnlo ^useful cookitao utcti&iU ike inoemous soldier.
-
63
THAT'S THE SPIRIT! vvaustittfobon took a oe^ciiruceci %y oy ^alcakot atconoL,, Waski only Ly be^diWted firm StanoV\early in -tine warr All Uvems re placed ou c ok Jbpunas to.ttie tr.oop^ and a^riy soldier ousooeyin disobeying ^n< tkts order* pu.ni sK^- v* w aS afey roundly undly punished^ Ah op keepei ^lUroFsuch Llt^Kof'suck 53-leS as. routed! Sale .
it it
and
A
butldtntf used, to Quarter r nis
roopS.
Tke
ttui
sty soldier could, now
even" raiae nts Spirits," at the Suiter's tent. In e*acK bri6ade, tkis.
civilian Store keeper was autkorixed to sell his wanes to the military./ Ltnono his liquid refreshments were
home iin,
we
tfaa<£e
splits,
rum, cordials,
S^rond beer,
common
beer, and 'cyder -royal'' TKitoW or not, the Soldier coula purcn&se no more than halt a pint of Spirits per day. A/Vasntnotqn's firn> l\3nd\ relaxed, kut
St:
idhtw when it came to tly w.heT* diotrliY the issuino ot ti >£ lictuor Detai returned tJie a*: trom om ^he ^^.P^Y" stores, Details '
^t ^^t^ ^ ^ra^" aS lotto marcKe: Guard duW,or T\ea§y- lwoot* werir Given .om
1
11 * 1
rations eifcouoh to
warm
their itmctrds.
&
bulbous bottles
o-f
based tke
revious centu p. were replaced tkose typicalk found caftW tin th e Jf^evolutionary. camnS. mn otntionary W!
y were
tr.ee xbi
a yody and a str^i^ht tapered neck^itk a rim* '
cylindrical :at
ol
near the, top. retained it? Ppntjl, or krok connectio n -with trie blow pipe. They uisua were re -usually olive amber or Oreen. An occasional bottle cotim be. •found that -was blown into a mold drawri in 3 Tkere were also rS lat-sided specimens called case bottles as in 4&5. Officers carried tuese remedies tor cold camp ni&htjs in boxes of twelve. .
»
.
.
64
BATTALION LOG HOUSE CITY Companies or "platoons" of tnfa.nl.ry were composed or lwet\W-ttv Mil A standard number or companies lormed a baltaltoyi or aDOutiwo hunted. soldiers (as sketcned/TJvo JbaHaljoaS Y+^re irnbtned into a. reo^ment Aae bask- intantry unit ot tne Continental Army A br ioaderwas made up of two or* more ^eOttnenis The following BuildinOs were to he rou+xd on a well-drained \\i\lstde: A.nosoiials!?^- $ mall ocntts serrate a l^pm caim>. B, Artftlerv Park - aAl &rn munition issued nere Suirolylrains- food rations i&sued here ever/ tew day,5. ^Kttcrteus ~ ovens tor bata bread1, Officers' Cabins -aaroe, less crowded and varied construction wo or more F, .Soldiers' Huts - identically buiH An Wo caiim ya-?;y.in£ row^and divided oy widths ^oads or
\,o
l*jj£y me.n,
..
G. Color
Line
as weat
>.
tl< Ke&nentgSl eg\m entail tu suceis d tmis" a Alarm" v^as fl
~
(
Jdmin ^rmy forrned
beaten, tlie
Wanted here, Ipod
c
ready
tor acln -i-i-.-Paia^de (irr>ound Uit$ line,
..-:•?
'
9.
3. <»
4. 3.
4;
e* 4A
ts>
..**•»•
•-x>, CABINS OP NOTE 2'.
-
f^e^TVfaior^^^^^" ^^ C °W* 1
«*
3. Cat>ta.yn. 4- Su."baUe,rnsv. lieutena-rds
6.
Colonel
10.
-Sulftr
iroeon.
ll.ASlaudn.ier HoulSc
.
.
and ensigns;
65
THE FELLING AX BUILDS THE SOLDIERS' HUT Oak, wSlWA
a*\cl
chestnul
were favored woods
for
cons^r-uclion,
r
cw
vJentWaskc'vroocllatta tofie gton himself drew the plans for Some yUU
loo Huts at Valley rorj>e
.
HUT CONSTRUCTION
66
«i
was reacnect loos irom L back. Oti these ^esledtke notched eave lotfs. More parallel roofloos were added OS the side legs Gradually andlexl up \o the peak *% ,
.
AHhouOh Some roofs
were, covered with boards or
w^jjite oWxt ..iers were Thatched witrvslraw uently cru crude sh moles -were cut This reOtnred^Trrtore nicety ICC ,kati the edl-pur'pose etlino axe.
Slabs
,
My
,
.
thick trees were lengths of 4 £eet.TheSc ^«^ /feared then Shinotes Sold oil Ihe block ilk a^ondMaded v/edde or troe. lhis tool was sir ucjc vv it U a cluk - like maul as Ike froe twisted th lenmh. ot board free.
Fir si;
sawed
w
,
in
,
w
Tke
/fvvo levers of SninGleS were laid la each row to cover Wvs under joints.
Ike center of efc
were
joined,
and roof beamS.
eave
Tke
inside Stone li*y
was
.
e
si<}e
lay* to the level p\ Ike^-eaveS Ax times tke S were be^un on the stone Se instead of encaSind it. iti6
These
sitiole
chimney was notched into
,
,
67
AND SOLDIERS' HUTS
OFFICERS'
0£ft ticers' i\ut
Soldier Midlers' liui a' 1 ( below)
Officer Ivuts were of individual destOrv and construction, ard oj; two or *nftre doors .and witrdov^s.Two ti-re nlace.3 £t/ ctxi-mrvey5 were at eitner end of th.e nut ,L
!
.Soldiery'
Wo
m
Wts-
tnen tor-tnea a\tness" eat todet tier. Two -uc
JwKked to keSe twelve oil according to Speciiic_
e.feo
wooden Trunks were *n These were elevated <
JJoor to pro\,( toainst tHe Cold and atnptvess Woodeirv,
trie dire
/
.
racK8 y known ia,s 'korses'i were also tnade tor
arms and
eauiptnent, vent'ilatiqr^ »
I
was t
a-
problem
in.
nese /^pwaed one "
room tuits At least wo ^^ovrs; w£,re reouir ea attnoudL tRck/ were rdfe^ .
,
-
-
coa until s-prirM. Better cii~cyta£jfon.
was
possible
when tW.
Soldiers plastered less tnu_.
tween Ine lods, Air was tmriEied tor the toul-smemig .Smoke bi kurnirtO dunpowder. Ike odor of tar was also ,>Utt for tnn§4el^r considered beneficial
,
68
TENTS Common Tent Soldierjs
.
lot* 3iJc
Two tews
would provide
Combine a tor
.Sutler
's
Tent
s net Let"
onteen tnen eig
Common Wati Tent C below) tor Six soldiers measavjed
Six and
a.
natx reet square fi
Officers'
^A
Wall Ten!
S>
on s. The at:niedl
e poles on tne'-ma^dk.
A. ianger
Washington as W Keidquafbers tent
a
69
CAMP SLAUGHTER HOUSE Because
of jthe
t
clisi^nctive
odors &>n 4» difficulties
a sate
ited .
Prpm
livestock thsit met their lat was" edible was re-
that
FROM FAT TO SOAP
with.
n-ule
was
not.
.
The women
,
attached to were issued a ea.cn COmpatw Cask fori l^-makino .This barrel wa^rillea wi£n layers
of straw and wood asn.es;
then boillnO water was pour e d ovW" th e content s .The amber-colored lye dripped.
•from a hole in the "bottom pi the cask
and
a
ir\to
pail,
ready £or the next
'The ration of Cat £rotn the slaughter house 3-^ 1 D Vice l^ *n £• >P-t> ^ e the lye added and thep cattp ke:tle, tnixUure wrought Tip a, brisk boil. Alter Several hours pt back- break ino ?tirrir)6 the jelled Soap was ready or cureino into cakes ior tne soldiervs,
Y
,
FROM HOOVES TO
OIL,
Neat'&-£oot ouwas pmde in cami yeduafcle oil was the only means" ot * Barrel's and locks in comae t with burl-
FROM HIDES TO LEATHER,
boiling animal hooves hooves >y ^boilin^, ,ectin& ni%tat irovn r»usti powtsrer were especially noWyer esp apt
Although sheep and call skins v/ere- prepared tor drum heads or SacVcS £or cannisters,tannino 6t the leather was dimcult and time -consuming it\ camp. It was best left tor civilian tannets,Theretori&
.
the larger cattle
and oxen hides -were sold pr exchanged
ior shoes. <^f~ hides were also carried with every piece ot • ••• artillery to be wet and v*fapp ed aVoUmd the barrel when not trom ttrin6 .thereVy VeEreshino" trie piece
Two
x
FROM HORNS TO POWDER HORNS k
The smooth and /uwy Curved oxen homs,f ree from
t or rings, were hiaKiy priced tor twists .
powder
containers.
.This r-u si.
70
BIRTH OF THE
BREASTWORK
PASCINES
(pronounced f ctskeens) we re sticks, bound firmly; togethei in lengths of five to twelve ± eet ana trimmed SQUSure, ©x trie ena^.
bundles
ot
,
GABIONS (pronounced oa.b~bc.ens) ^knaeps of woveti skeleton of brush. sticks wets driven into the Ground to form & circle two or more teet in yVere
A
aicttneter.
brush was then interwoven Ground the stakes to form a. bottomless basket.
,
71
BREASTWORK COMPLETED Tine kack-We&jWici job o£ eulrerichin6 Jb< dan by ^akind ihe ouxutie oli the Orou^a uene redly t£^B V+&-% ^S^u-V^ ^3 ^-"^
:
tagger ed to close
tne airt tnrovrn. Oticc th
._
were
mes
laid on the ltiside 3-tid outside of Ine «^^
lace, anchored witK £o
V
uf -to oV-1 o *i^
stci'kcs,l'heir^;
covered with
V
esLr th ana.
Sod.
y
.
-
.
.
72
WAGONS yva^onjs were clustered tn, Vke v/a<; age as 1 -park "wket^not carrvirxO suck weve contools ararnuniUon .aMd. rations structed ot slur a/ woods to*» tRe ^uoaed iratnes and £ leaping Atnerican roaAskickory spokes and asn koops rot* wkeeis, atia ^our' Ouwwoooi axles tHat resisted ,
oaW
i
® Pm all -Atnerican. wagon design came Splttlitwi.
.
1
trotn tke inventive, Pe-rK\sylvairrt.a - D<-i tc k.
Settlers atavj
tke scoop v/ken
.iravetinfc
up and down lulls. Trie. Cone stooa yfatfon also coasted ^t)t tk^atsttneUve itiet -skaped v/mte koine -
sp^n ufct covet'. OB interest >/aS -wkeeW and, la^y board'" board''' seat betvyeem tke -wkee Seat brakerAan&^Ma^y t.ke ot q-rivers Mock. The tke bciSvx rxeSv^ woofer* wooden Drake in .front nea^>< tront o£ tne T;ke d orafe block. 2n atxa naa tkeir choice or riding t bad no suck perck,ari< "walking r se 4 tor rear kprse y From, m, the tc^.axleiree danoled in ever ready rease or? t,«Lr bucket. Filled -y/.tttri^S slipt iry concoctron Eoreasc and p'uje sTrHc.tionle.BS resin/it a container Jannon c re also carried this tub
^Uc y
w W
tor tWir lx» ticiu pieced. tield pieces.
T ke. ne.
Wooden. korse-dVa^tt wadon carried ko riSC \^ to^ xne Continental. CBLtinon.
lor<& lojnd
ainrotmif Ltion
73
DISEASE IN CAMP m
The
isolaAed towns America, orevetxled ilmesse& ffotn. Spreaairto. \QvX when, soldiers from stll e x nil Veen states met it\ catnp, e went on tke ranvpaGe. Ma^y the .a.£e a. ixn der r ttie ot Wenlv VeVe taAr erms, while tKose oyer oatne for th etrectiyely'
'
k
tThirty •withsto
ever itnmumW ireviouS contae
them better .
Willi
ha,d acquired
Of J
vmav
rrom
iittl< iittl consolation to t str^ic Ken Soldier was th< taxc that the >nv5iciahs' Knovrieft _ius disease v/as meaner and "YirUo^>o were WCl'O •UliP'H.ymfn -unknoWn 'i* .Bacteria J_->CXV/V*3l *«*• O/H-VJI Jnp ^V" lormaAion or pueH[t\, 'were be ror stenli*cit ton techniques '> expected, a. wound could And "because the primitive indeed. Ana tine causes o £ most dis" nn certain , tne metKodl pi spread wa prevented w'i„ There wers .no diagnostic ands &S sC eUho.sc ope £ Bund the.ri-rvo~ meters. IVittle was^k^Qyn ot .man's inner Wor\cintk6 , and aia£nose3 were Verier ally made hy pimply observroQ the patient. .
*
,
74
CAMP HOSPITALS B= BUNK5
Cpn6ress catted for a. hoSpitar plan For a Awer, Jx thousand soldier army. Carind
feet
-
£or this optimistic wunjber' .
were a. a .directi an< jdirector denerai and chief four dollars daityX
SurOeon^ o«e upolnecary, twentv Sur^eon'i jTnateS, t,vf o /
storekeepers, and one nurse for every ten patients. Women lncamp acted ^.s nurses and received the reOuiar pay. ° ospr coital chatge ^^^ soon made, however; realistic h v we**© provided for every thousand £urdeoir five mates One and/ 1
AmW
«.
E^rty in the war, hospitals he came
a caAch- all for disease /Desperately ill men were stut£ed **»tp small rooms, ^ityi Keel to kea^d .TKey stiareA their 6erms with tlirty clathtr.6, and waited out their; mrsery .on w h< cqu.Ei eave wai\De up cffi r vy-n.o tr^W, Fortunate yvas the Soldier Some nev/ Tree of malady. alive and t^e hoJS>ital £Jy l^^T/tne laroe, over crowded General hp^p teat was replaced loo HosPichtfeked ,lqp; nere. 1I heploosely drawn here. he—loosely chtfcKed txosp^buildin£^draYhis,and tneer fully accepted their cold room and the dirt floor. The typhus^ carrying l/ce could no lpnder spread the dread ia>l fever ~ Cleannhebs became important anoL. sacks were inject with fresh, straws When, a mtan cped or. was discharged the heddtnowas jr/a^hea, at*d aired and the £traw burned DiarHiea caused ^oy iinat'tti^ heddmd ana clothes vfas less ireQuentr -.Cecovery from Tev€,r>s was facilitated and dysenteries "V*ere tnttumixed wnen the patients were moved away trorYf the cold walls v Less crowding meant lev/er couohs and Sneezes to spread ''pleurisy i
4
.
'
t
.
^rMtaLs contained, open tirei TV*->uoh p- hole in the md&e oj the £oot. i
:
werei huruj
SsmoW
in the
sulfur,'
room could purity pitchman or ciuupo^de'r ,
'
75
DOCTORS AND DISEASE disease D
d fat wore torm fpyS*^ 17 76 -for example one
hie than the Red~ ousand Americans Davonet, and' anomer twelve Kindred re~ ana' anoth or havonet ceive_d b&ttierietd -wounds -Six thousand «pre were, interned in -prison c&mpsy white a staoa^rknc ien thousand lost their lives to illness, Fortniwd thexre fence line a&pip&t the. pestilence weire twelve hundred siciaus tkact ^ e/]ved ^^^y^ntf Svitfts *n tn!e war^vears.Thev repres^tad K6 doctors in tHe Of thi4 total of the colonies, yf.^ «out at xhkrd or the pra^tcrh& only hundred received irty-rive Kuindred h&A n&/x thirty-tjve. hundredsionar^wen, riunorea protesstona'r'wen, p schoolgirl New; lor iprlc. n Philadelphia an d New and medTCal .deorees £e[c iot\: knowledge TKe he vast, numtJeT numter p£ physicians .therefore, had. to gain tiv n&ceste-® t hrouoh a three- to s^ urontefi. these deter-mined men of varied ^The diseases t trainmo .were tormia en unknown wet>e the microscopic pacter eria, in
ct3j<*PVt
t
coai,ts cm the tattle Eietd .In re killed Killed hy toy mu&Ketrjr musketry;
,
,
;
.
,
m Wo
Wo
the stifaMet? Rickettsia, ,he JsVili smaller .viral intec.tiotis.Yet, tney ot t,he prophylcocis fiutd treatments did what IJhey .Coufd y q«jL Safpe e< o£
w»e py t?jd .fever
^mii0m.Mmlr^MR
andi abdomen cretnent on iopd Typhxxi, - similar sion^ \eraTi\ed teciual or hemorrhagic
the
bite, oi
Body
Louse T££-'
DYSENTERY OR,im,
v
evei afedpnainal cram»ps, £re.q uent, fever, muci Slo ooL / t>as and mucus Stools
teria spreaS
W
-
^^5hS
ccttit,aminated et^.1 air-tfe
S'
tuber c ulo sis b act ertefir
and other nark of the couching: or aUnd c^taminated food or water) c eat ^ T Pl^EUJRIgY-^Pever^ sha&p ^<>ain. a#tfi a&$ stu stitcnes" in the .chest, cou^h ( pactortaA yi\ umonia cecause oi 1 pkeuir (
-m -rfcpAvl'Spnead
W
:eariunO N> '
#
SMALl^POX^-
Sl^in er-upt iptioriS r^sultin^ in pit^S oLtidL SCctr^, (virus spread iir ortx rasn. heaclacKe and muscle painS.V^ /
r«T tt-F AGrUA
sn p e 3ln^t ol
clothinoj 4 Hsr fc&' ~/^i«s/tnteir*nftten'Uy spikinO ^eve^ tinaUy ,
^vvrith
*1
^-
4
profuse aweatino (mal^ia
oarasi.l.es^rs'pre^
tooscriAho bite^ taen. oweriwji the soldier '& red HLooa cecis) -i n Tr «oCUK,yY-5-iDleedinb ^^P skin ana iriouth, swelling o| le^s.lovf jolood count (lack ot viteumin. C lifrt dexteient in ±resK -truits and veAetaoles )
&
TRHATMEHT —
Jail fever,
dysen.W, white
filaoue^ better prevented tRanxreated by well-cooKed tood, pure water £rom the middle or the sWeana.bui"ninj4 hospital gspitai Straw at atter an illneSS.v/cishim^ &nd
pleurAsy and smanpox
.
v/ei*e
irirg o£ beddijro. Snecitic pecitic treattne. m,treatments inc v <£ -^ood ^ood crowdino and out ,ut /owdin^ tood. Specific tor a&ue vras^tcve. bark'' iooi.
ot the Cinchon-a t^ee VQu^rvine) ripe -fruit. tresh greenS fireenS and rip*
.
^uy
curvy responded promptly to
76
REMEDIES From tke camp medical cliest came rootjs and on Latmnamfe5 ana short on cnring,
lonx}
herbs,
But? tke urvtprWnate ^old*er could count „ t/he folipvfino ^cure-ails" SPSS ?n. one or slII ot o be in flAc ted, thereby incre^jstnji his ^
£orry
lot
consiaeraMy,
CATHARTICS OR, LAXATIVES calomel- iala-p, nitre. Peruvian bark and4 Snake root ) for purdind out sickness. .
/ (
,
,J
EMfjTICS ( tartar emeiic.v^SLrm wate^
and
kone\r) tot* vomiting out the illness
different pathway.
ENEMAS sUU anotker tluskinci out illness. -
p
metkod
V8
a ca/ustic Solution appliejx to the skin to raise blister^ It was thouokt tkat tke irritation drew tke- iwla-tntnatton outride , but, it succeeded o^nT in ckanointf BLISTERING:
was
~
-
th
tke soldier's pa/in? B LQ OD LETT'ING- ~ to rid tke bpody of disease poisons, t\s bad blood A^
y
.
1
triy&tert.o'Ud body- bland Actually, Several -weeks were require cr tor tke bone tnarrQW to' re ~ place tke weakene ,
soldier's
lne
1 ieam,witk its dikt< ditte Size blade s^tqlded into the kan
The
.1
»
77
A POX ON YOU
imaltpQX could thin the \e rahKgj fasten ranks; iaete tkan the. bullet -until
vaccinations becaine routme in i 7 77' wi th the Continental Armysoldier* so lrnmunf^ed knew that nig chances of gy 1*^. feom the pox were srnall~ but oneAn tour hundred Prior to this^iSW out of four hundred would surer/ lose their lives when this dread Si sea.se. struck cernp. Jne say in6 Ptx>QK oh you " no longer held the weaninO that it
A
.
c
s
'
did
pre-ifevdMionary cf£vs * jii H the technique was simple. Youno^Kealthy soldiers, v*ho had con~ tracted a^mitd ca£e pP smallpox, were chosen as dpnot-3 On the twelfth or thirteenth day, when, tne scabs had ariea and become less ^b^ent, the Crusts. were removed. Tne. .pWsictan tnen transferred these of renins s to me left airtn of th«
'in
i
4
was done by a smalt Puncture or a loiro incision from, a, needle or S lancet. To preventithe vaccine rrotn tlovfino awa on beind diluted, no more than a. sinole drop or blood -wks drawn. No plaster or bsaldage. was placed on the puncture site, tor the. ^rakcine Vnioht spread under tne covering and produce *° a%ai.sWe pox.
uninfected Soldiery. This
with, .bone
g
mt,he summer
Looa let to reouiate tne eruptive i ever Brter inoculation Alri.1 bo wake atnendS, the ttsiient ras \y clean, isolated, and Given, fresh toodit was lexical, therefore that tne vaccine be when suppress ie and resist were avail able tugk. 1 resistance TT .
78
MEDICAL
Leather Medicine Wstliel
STRUMENTS
.
'
79
SURGERY'S BIG THREE
1.
TREPHINING Done could be -j?eiease
|it\dbejr
itie
JLne
AMPaTATIOH
- ike only tnSL, 2, oertofinect in the arm ffefeuxiotv. tet^ sev^riig an. a-ran ApA'^ e &t
w
not tair\Tnts njost jpaimci? ^rpced^e c^ute^i^ed the bleedtno "^ and ste**tU*ed tke Wound-
a;*e
•etnoved .otuy ir not £>exotu* retch or tKe "rinOer .Tjke
cuppe
lorcep >ea the lead sphere ^k'speci
ends
oi
»ecW*ely J&&&
the
\r>
T^ra-s
ocateq. It it lodced under* ike 5Kitt/ ap-mcisipn y^as tna.de atad tUe t>ali removed-
d^W" a.
-taouiiice 61 b-.
riWpLe kiood letting, tienlle laxatives, atks and opium v^ive also used »
80
CLEANLINESS IN CAMP
CLEANLINESS Or Benjamin RuSU observed, Too much cannot be said in favor qt clean linens- It it
were
possible to
convert Wervr blade o€ Orass on t,he conitn^nt into an American soloier*, the want of cleanliness would Qeduce them in two or kree camp-ons to a handful of men.' He jne recommenced that the ow daily, and the whole golcUer wa;sh~kis hands ana *ace at least once "vreelcW. two or times "Frequent cbattOes or clean, linen three dy. >oay 1 wwe eauabUy important. .
SHAVING.- Re6
'
Services were, paid, for by the, men. although Sometimes 6ruaomoly O & 3^ lite. those used. ?? .. a less formal £ar samp oay when a sentry coulcl See |i thousand yards little, time for removmo •*i3 early hour houf bavc lit' unci Jatm. 4 nt3 arourtd *& stubble, and, the men w,ere v^structea to have.tneir shaves in the evening, thereby Jseintf ^presentable tor tnom° ° itio parade.
U
^
m
.
c
'
lTHING .- pur< the war-m JiQtxr s of the day , tyreen ,we,en e/tont in tire. i™crnin& and live in. the ev^nin< wasr diacjoura.&ecL Remaining, in toe^atftr wa,i" ,
.
were ^ot
atth.''
to be ^t alee
wfcr«i,l>ut rather aib c o ol Gejuer at ^ly, bat ni ly, batninfc .
was besx done
in
running
water.
'edi
m
by the Pl^ v i°u $iy
moved *v
\%
** €
SOit.Ever^v^lotjtr
days, ana more 6rten in w^trm weather, n
>••
jho-veled. were shove:
.
81
xLMHL
\3.
*****
SHORT & TIED
SHORT & LONG & PLATTED
SIDE LOCKS
uniforms, the soldiers' In contrast to ra&Oed and patched, ranks in camp, cawp, trie men in toe the njMi neat, the rauKS id and neat. r'in was kept .trimmed aw otncl oiiicers daiW", were to be were re qmw hair powder their' to £**e shUt_p»o v^[ ed TOf^u^rd duty- and. &er< hair*
^he First Carolina Ur coLonel vm>te wrote, tnat titeji he "wisti^a to nave tus, th.eir» Colonel, fcus rnen men cut trvei washed,, £0 jpoir short and called on his officer^ to set the. example However some men .^jj^y 4?ril e effeminate length. e>£ hair, snort hair is certainty JDeeter tor* "actual service." oide locks witja either .style were moeH less popular ar than in civilian lite Q*\W ^h e *" oS* .iasudious oHicer had ihe time or patience to bother with, $uch nJeeties.Afler caretbut combing the. side h
'
'
.
.
M: ,
T
each hundred tnerw.
Clay Hair Curler' (Soldier 's co'xnh from sheelhnass
Cissors
82
RELIGION IN
A
rich spirttxxal
life
CAMP
Helped io balance
tj-ie
more material de-
Uc'iencies fe^S/ cloth nirtaund K/zeaponaWasninOtpn etnpnastied *his when ne said, To t,he aYSttno^Jii&he-6l cKp.ro.c1:er>0of &- Patriotic should pe our ntoncsi &\ory to add £ne more dtsVinouiBned character of a of
orcat inter estatfra. V^-T,^ reIWioajls tneasa^e. Prior -to thfe service^iKe tru-LSicianS tna.Whea forward an a^tajcked.^neir ar-utns y otte row on )± tne other. These the jmniBWi used for 1-ii.s cmlpil coasiona ley were Grouped to form 6u n\£n >plaxtorm. on wmcK ihe -minister fni s ^o deliver' Wis message ope a.nd couraoe, itri
.
,
.
.
83
SHORTENING THE LONG CAMP DAY y*
oubine alto we d
READING ^ B00W5 i*\
ome
arvc
read uenee on tne ine dedicated soldier wei~e
oLtXOL
and Lbe veclai-aot lion Independence OFFicial 'news 0$ tine war> and J,ne Jjome rront was pointed on nana mils and oiven out to tne wen. Post ridet^s cayried ***e news in relays via dispal .tcn.es. rists
''
'
t
;
enbai. newg telling!
would only
^
with
61.*>ow £>
SPECTACLES tf*ose available .nntil
a
*>air>
was
iot
best brou^lit objects into tpcus Si^e -was no protiem , for the nose ana ears ^fene not' used toi? support. Ins tea/1, tne arms ot toe it'awd -vA/er>e neld in 'place by tyj^ft ribbons 4kr ouon. trie loops c**ir around Trie bead * **e s i-ratne a.'rms eitner ran6ed or telescoped to r better tit into a case ttiat
>
'
-i
.
WAITING in
As
ciyilian life , a. comp letter wa.s toldedl witn trie ;w^ititg> inside , *nen sealed to£etner> witn. a. bit of not '
wax. Occasion auy a seal 01 jSome design.
wat.s pressed 'into xlxe CoolinjS blob
wax
Because tbere wa.3 no need for enve —
V
84
A RELAXING PIPEFUL was, courilef,.To cotnp
could also
_
e
above
-pipe v/^-s
g»
5 EWING layered umroftng weye -made
&.S
p^esetxta-me as oossiote -witnout
Or JnoUie*-.
° ^ is ope »-\
-
Wpped
85
WHITTLING BONE AND WOOD If tke slojuckter kouse vieiaed an OX kor>n fcow'5 korn was a. Bit Small)
decent
extra.
a Wn cup coukx ke made in a spare! time. He ^t^Sy
Soldier's
'would,
V
cut.
koaa '',^ tke korn, tketx tke future kandie sawed down to like. i"itn cut A.r ter k oiling tor t\ :,wo or tnrce kpi^s,ti*e kcme vfas soft tor wkrttlind.Tke handle -was Xniimea. clown, to aeyont otic t&ktk ot an. jLcrn tkick ana
a
.
trie saw kurfg sinoottieoL .
.
Alter boil-
m,tke
ben
was
about
a stick
ana
tied
i-v pme tmtiL cooled A. t tmtil plu.& v^ a-^ 4 C
, .
sturdy.
IN MANY FQttMS WOQD knite Ike
soldier '3 iack and a limitless supply ot wood c^ave r,is^t° lnaL*iV '^1? a?l*J3 ~tit*e icttca"! Yankee Tke pracl
«)M oe expected to Jaskion us CTtt tuFarticles such, as tke e po<~ ,
.v
t?ock«
bullet carrier (kelow)
or tke
powder
nieabnr.e C"far right,)
rr
^"V V ?ii :
e
^venturous
wkittler raiokt use nisi
arttstrV to
carve kis otttcer movable
an
ati<
86
WOODEN WARE
CARVING CAMP
RIFLEMAN'S NOGGIN- Trees
keaAed old
scar£ hy means of a Onarled 6rowtk, and from tkese burls, a -rifleman cooler carve Famsetf a kandy noooin The belter burls -were £ound on apple, ckeri^mame, _ose birch, and oak trees Tkis action, Was sawed oH clos< a tke projection, left lo tree trunk , walk on one side for tke kandlel Witk ike "wood oreen' and more easily carved, a CtxrvecL in side "was -w kittled out — 'a after pilot ckisel made tkis easier
.
.
me
koleS
were
drilled..
Because tke bark Protected tke outer Surface, it was not removed -until the inside ok tke Cup yvaS
To prevent ckeckir?6 and crackino, tke modern-day VmiUler miokt ^ soak tke notoifr over-
finisked
niom
°
.
in ^linseed oik
Tke kandle was carved and
a leatner
tkonft,
and
^
drilled tor on tke otner end a -woodetx tooole
was knotted
m
pla.ee.
Tkis -was skoved under tke rifleman's kelt, and keld tkere by pressure, ready for tke drink of spring
iirst cool
-water.
.
87
MORE ON SPARE TIME Ttie ^olcjier in searck, of r eiaxatipn nuGht spend an o££ e evening nour fisting, hufdinp^ or &sA.herinci ft few tast>y «" river, skating war weal And, ice was a*§ & iff w*p v r iayinriby.ll aversions wellwenThere were diversions B ^ ttve popular*, and t ic^anawk throwing of a skrCitle h was -well woftn. at in e -winninsi rAaiRkstnan. was -i/feated lo hat*d spirils by. the lp^*?^ lap canrrp -turned out torr important visitors such as dele-ates tp Congress or Indian chieis Vo be hosted by t/:ie armv. he soldiers -viewed with, gr.eat interest trie Britisher essian ana ory prisoners as i^ey passed tnro^h to eontinernenx. Even^ r unerkls were at. chattee ot pace £nom the camp routine (aha tor* Itie onlookers as well! aatnes i^hjuled bacK<5amtnoK and darts Ja^inblttt6 vra,s Scricti^ prohibited Billiards and cards -and even the lavor ite pitth. penny ~ were tor bidden There Yjere few lew. £ornis tor o£ oroanijied ettierdaiutrie-rVl. Oi Forrie bakeh. Sue h was ine theatrical ^eriortnatice^n tne Valley *s ° r T8. oti JFVp April 18,17 ,
.
w
.
J
'
'
I
,
N
.
A
And
if
titne
sWl weighed
the soldier's best
trie*iar, trie
neavilv,one nvusket-
tnibhl,
°
pay attention '
MULTIPURPOSE SCREWDRIVERS Tke lool on tne .ri&nt had o le6s as screwdrivers, lh< third rd pointed feck, had a rewoya
)le le
wor tn .wo
w;
e6 .When removed and ir5bo the tip ot a
in
Sere we ratnro ^ine.v/oi'm.wiv a wrapped around arou cloth, wrabbed piece oF.clo.th. inusket the clean would Jit , bore. The w^orta could also re~ mo tove musket, balls and wet charcies from the barrel. .
-
use as
two
a
.
JTanvmen.
'projeetioips
ine
-upper*
were £erew~
drivers^-tmd the lower curved
point /V^s a piclepr\ to r clear ine. tpiich. bole of
the musket
88
CHILDREN'S PLAYTHINGS he £i$bt f?v UV^ t# ^ftY?' s tten a^atntly anatrrkoldter. with c hilar etV'in catno \xsed. their oU-duty hours 'to toys troiri an extra bullet or
maw
%Wo
.
I
Of cast into these "pay xKinSS
Marbles
r^ ^a ^i
Heavier*,
ko ows
t,Ke
ra£<4f d Continental A-r^nv could SueoW tnaAeriaA eno^dpror a
By. Xwistind
the. Iv/ine
Ihe Buffer, then pulltnd the 'ends like o*f
pra-iy,
a satisfying
wa£'m*ae alternatejy
bvi th< ott set
f
Dolls Plate
BoU-6 oau.cer
Coffee Pot Give the boys a wrou iron KooK^sotne twine a/
branch and the menu ,
M
,
.
89
HOLIDAYS-THE GLORIOUS FOURTH The
FOURTH OF JULY,
^
called the* anniversary ot oiir lndependency he< •an -with a bati6 at one O'clock on thi parade riroumis.The entire drayn army was g-n nau<£ v/i^i the, inlXn eked $x intervals le ratiKS, &£ doubh in lor by artillery detach in en rioht or these impressive lifces were thirteen,
**
','
m
-
Wx
up
^flttWP
more catmon y
opening the festivities wixh
Q"
salute to the otates, Oround - shakind roars •were fotlS^red llowed hy, ripple or hy a nt>] row irv rov fire dpwn fcke *££p£ infantry from *\*Aht to lett. This running diSCn&Lr6e, w'dh. Aeaic^ ^^"^e V **-r * t & ^** turn,was appropriately called a teu ae joye," The e
.
'
artiltetjy alon tWe. Zme punctuated tke constartt r attle by Their heavy crashe's XKe rear ra.t\W ,iJ>en. sturritui it .to the right, This caught UP the fire^returr. ;w£t?l-i,the enthusiasm wa^ repeated three t4tnes.w*th .the same enlh Often a speech followed this display of firepower .Then, the entire army clave &ave thr~ th rpuelinO cheers Surely must .
Georeer's ear
gained tor ai pt rum -to etc, typical toast ok the dhin6 -without heneVit or Scra^chWs %o le
still
America," And there was" ^nofev as Private
e^t-rnies ot
1 uh F«&ier oTOI P v_,otf>mander In ChieJ'S Guard. had jotted down.
^
"At Ni&ht his IJxeeteticy
at^HeoLq^Qua'•with orate rompe/
Luckily these patriots v/ere not on "hand to See later'
fenerations
.
jscfruaAider*
most important, anniversary 01 our
€uis *
Independency; "as* •just another^ holiday trow worlc
q
90
MORE HOLIDAYS camp-weai^y soldier io remember: NEW YEAR'S DAY and a gill of spirit* io start off thejyrear. 5T,. PATRICKS J3AY 7 Ii*A deserters f rom the Kino/S
Dayvs for the
Swelled
jricaus
until,,
2nethir
at one ±K>int y the
ontinetx ien.tai.s,w&.s_otteTt cailesl tti
ForOe, New England Jr >t>S needled, their J^ish friends e
.
scarred veterans
%&S? around, a. POTe. 1 n/\i\ir\puiv iimu DAYTHANKSGIVING lhft tnoot>s troop5 xortiriecL ^m-- The themselves f ortir' ied tnemsei^ the lono against Sermon with trie extr*a, vation or st>***its. cUftncmo
The Sertno.n and extra CHRISTMAS ra SPi£itsAo^etk Oreater titi litert^S made a. welcome hr with n «^nd bounttrul npuntirut. *are "Were unknown x ow ever, and CnrisTtnas "trees Onristtnas trees <^nd * i£ a Soldier hunQ nis stockwO by th t Fireplace At was only -to dry wifvter dampi dampness. ry out tne Wtwer r
BATTLE CELEBRATION 5- For
4J
example, (Wires s AraU-
tnikr Sent thirty hogsheads Ok wine to the bait le~we&£Y fi^hter^ >r'o^anayv/ine Fonoviin^L purtfoyne's SH^^nder, the pleasured shotr sky woKetS malde merry. 6enerauy ma'de atid Generally tvc'KeU atid. £roops tiredX cawon, cawcm, snotr&Ky into well of Frerfcn as arrival Vc£r\ a "Prance's entry the ^ 1
.
Supplies occasioned celebrations ,
JDay^ For the Soldier to forget
we
Vtt ca-tnp-
>
KIWG'£ BIRTHDAY "^ne %& KING ^CORONATION DAY- Or^Kind'^ Damnation DaySept embei- &c.^ r>
,
,
91
.AWARDS OF HONOR The first national dec ot ail on I or unlisted, men was £
.SERVICE .STRIPES..
.
.
Honor e din Tnese orders were Soldiers who served more tKan inree years witn bravery, naive S ^W.and Oood conduct; tor tnis purpose a narrow fidelity ce of white clotK, 0? an angular form,isto be fix^d xo toe left urm y on J^Ke unptj;m. coat .* TKose serving tKe artny^ taitKtully tor more_ttAian six !
ve^tr s vfoulild
wear two
Su"eK ancle eg ofe clotK.
(the^aB^oTOiB^mertt) Waskino ton's order con— its tnpst important lUPil tinued witk
wken any — is stro^larlyr -meritorious
announceraents :'
action,
pen tKe le au .^ortned, autkot° .ot or 1
permitted to
over Kts
left
w
it.
on Kis
>t, tKe b>rea.st,
1 It or clock, edstk,
.
b
snail
£ a-cinos Pi ti&ur e ^>t
a Keart ieai
in_
purple le silk ,ed&ed edLOed with rrroot ol sucl no. Ffroot suck Valorous Bindine../'
tiarrow la lace ce or \ deeds were to tne Qrricers. ot tK| oinmandinO ^tricers be certified hyr tKe commanding r regiment and brigade and presented wilK tKe tacts
o tKe Commander in Cniet It or anted, tKe Soldier's name, kis '
<
*
In addition to tkis .oook o¥ o): Jyienjb IKe .S<^t ntered in tKe we&fer or tKe Harple H Hea-Hv/AL irt^was presented a certificate and was .permitted to pass all guards and Se.ntin.els by vrnotn. officer's "could potsS, -
SOCIETY OF
T^
CINCINNATI
in the spripo of 1 c o3.betore tKe dr; lSDersioh. ociety or tKe victorious (^ntinental Arm v. tKe -So ie Cincinnati was lorrne a Conceived by G tiox and Keartilv a,,1?P£ ove<* by Wasmt^ton ociety embraced alu'qtHcers of 4Ke Kevolu ion .Its ourpose >se.wos was to -perpetuate tKe deep fiend skips .
^i
t
!
tk&t
lTiad,
t|ip^^ye^.r«5 o existed^tkroup)}. existed Jtkroupk tkpsej
surierino
and
pri ciples sacrifice, as well as -tipkold tne democratic principl So recentlv ."won k^nd some." Order" isK 1|Kese o icers" t< * oold* .Suspended by ^deep Klue ripbon two -medalt ot o£ g< wide edoes in white,' descriptive Arn< rica t tie union upton ot fMneric rcriptr/e or .tKe hranee. e. 1eaves tKej oliv-e prancK were opld green enamel y tKe nea.< end tail or tKe ecide gpla and ite enctmet and tKe sUy. in tne center ^mBlem ot Klue enatnet.Tne latter sKowqcrtlxe KeroiC Roman Ciacinnatus eeceivin^ a ^word and Shield xroni tKrce senators. Around ae rim were tKe ^words^Qtrmia reunquit serya^e rc*ppubticanv"or "He abandons every t,Kino to serve Kis country''
A
MrM
.
I
"=*
^te^T^T ,
>
92
Where
to Find Examples of Relics
Illustrated in this (Note: Many of the articles in this list may be found in exhibits other than those mentioned, although those which are designated here contain particularly good examples Most of the drawings in this book show items in the author's collection and have been verified by those seen elsewhere. Relics marked with an asterisk (") are articles which, to the best of the author's knowledge, can only be found in those places indicated in this list but were well known to the Continental soldier.)
Book Page Location
Relic and
Lefthand fighting ca 1780. on p 37
knife,
Where
to Find
Loan by Capt Foster Tallman on display at New Windsor Encampment. New Windsor.
NY Lefthand
rifle
and
knife
center hunting knife on p
Fort Ticonderoga N.Y.
Museum. Ticonderoga,
37
Page Location
Relic and
worn
eagle
'Silver
on
Where
Closed jack knife on p 39 to Find
NY Leather saddle bags on p
Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon, Va
and
1
1
14
Uniform coat on p
New-York Historical Society Museum, Central Park at 77th St., New York. N Y
Leather-covered wooden stirrup on p 42
Bennington Museum. Bennington, Vt
Pattern of the Sixth Massachusetts Conti-
Iron
compiled by George Snook. M D and William Wigham from (a) Detmar H. Finke and H Charles McBarron. Jr., "Continental Army Uniform and Specifications ." Military Collector & Historian. 1 779-1 781 XIV, No. 2 (Summer 1 962). 35-41 and (b) drawings supplied by Eric Manders; tailor's pattern of the Tench Tilghman coat. Maryland Historical Society. Baltimore. Md
Crested leather helmet,
Life-sized
stock, coat, vest, overalls, French musket, waist car-
West
canteen —
light
Point
Museum. West
the
Small model of rifleman field National Park.
pow-
rifle,
Point
rifleman
mannikin
Museum, West
in
the
West
,
Newburgh Museum, Newburgh.
Wooden canteen at
20
p.
with
Life-sized
Point
light
in
on p 56
Museum.
Point
Museum. West
Battlefield National
sheath on
bottles at top of p
rifleman Park,
in
mannikin
Point.
Park
NY.
Point.
Saratoga
on p
jug
57
at
Life-sized rifleman
Hunting bag. knife, and sheath on p 32
Life-sized rifleman
Museum, West rifleman Park,
in
Point,
Saratoga
Washington's Headquarters. Newburgh Museum. Newburgh. NY
'Old North Church lantern on p 59
Concord Antiquarian House. Concord.
West
Saratoga
Iron kettles
on pp
8.
9 and
Copper
kettle
on p 61
West
rifleman Park.
38
in
small model of National
mannikin in West Point N Y small model of
Huts on p 67 and hospital on p 74
Saratoga Battlefield National
Museum, West
rifleman in Saratoga Park, N Y
Tomahawks on pp 34 and 35
rifleman Park,
in
NY;
N Y
,
in West Point small model of Battlefield National
mannikin
Life-sized rifleman
Museum, West
in West Point small model of Battlefield National
mannikin
Point,
Point,
Saratoga
Fort Ticonderoga
Museum.
Ti-
;
1.4.
55
Common
tent
on
p.
68
Markee on p 68
Pattern given by Brigade of American Revolution to Sixth Massachusetts Conti-
Morristown National Park. Morristown. Forge National Park, Valley
N.J.; Valley Forge. Pa.
Diorama of Fort Independence at Fort conderoga Museum. Ticonderoga. N Y
Ti-
Washington's Headquarters, Newburgh Museum. Newburgh. N Y
Conestoga wagon on p 72
Shelburne Museum. Shelburne. Vt
Scissors on p 81
Fort
Regimental barber's razor
Washington's Headquarters. Newburgh Museum. Newburgh. NY
on p 80 Pipes on p
Ticonderoga Museum, Ticonderoga,
NY
Saratoga Battlefield National Park Museum; Essex Institute. Salem. Mass
84
Thimble on p 84
Fort
Ticonderoga Museum. Ticonderoga.
NY
Bennington Museum, Bennington. Vt Washington's Headquarters. Newburgh Museum. Newburgh, N Y
'Carved officer on p 85
Shelburne Museum. Shelburne,
"Pocket bullet carrier on p
Fort
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Fort Ticonderoga Museum. Ticonderoga.
"Wooden powder measure on p 85
N Y
•Silver bullet
Ticonderoga Museum. Ticonderoga
NY
Vt.
.
Muskets on p 20
"Tin cannister
Fort
78
'Medical instruments on p
nentals
14
Morristown National Museum. Momstown.
Washington's headquarters tent. Smithsonian Institution. Washington. D C
NY;
conderoga. NY Valley Forge National Park Museum. Valley Forge. Pa Overalls on pp 10, 13,
Bennington Museum. Bennington. Vt
.
N Y
Life-sized rifleman
Mass
Point
Battlefield
Point.
Ticonderoga Museum. Ticonderoga.
Y.
N.J.
NY
Museum, West
N
60
in West Point small model of Battlefield National
NY;
Deerfield.
'Cast iron candle holder on p 59
NY;
in
Museum. Old
West
Museum
mannikin
Old Deerfield
Mass
Brass tent cooking pot on p. 61
Pennsylvania or Kentucky rifle and powder horn on p 31
Old Deerfield Museum, Old Deerfield, Mass Bennington Museum, Bennington.
Fort
NY
Breeches on p
Ticonderoga Museum. Ticonderoga.
'Brass and wrought iron candle holders on p 59
mannikin
Life-sized rifleman
Museum, West
43, 53. and
Fort
.
Saratoga Battle-
infantry mannikin at West Point, NY.
24
Knife on p
NY
Bennington Museum. Bennington. Vt
bottom of p 57
NY
Life-sized light infantry
37
Water 57
'Monkey
Waist cartridge box on p
in
NY
Old Deerfield Museum, Old Deerfield. Mass Fort Ticonderoga Museum, Ticonderoga, NY, Washington's Headquarters,
Vt
36
Hat and knife
haversack
Point, N.Y.
der horns, hunting bag. and tomahawks — all on p.
p.
Washington's Headquarters. Newburgh Museum, Newburgh, NY; Fort Ticonderoga.
Knapsack and on p 55
handle
NY
50
13
leggings,
French musket on
Saratoga Battlefield National Park Museum,
N Y
Hunting
canteen,
Point,
in
W
NY Epaulettes on p
Tin canteen
Lize-sized
belt,
mannikin
infantry
Hunting shirt, leggings, belt, canteen, rifle, and powder horn — all on p 30 shirt,
on p 48
and
bayonet,
on p
fife
.
.
all
Salem. Mass
Washington's Headquarters, Newburgh Museum, Newburgh, NY; Fort Ticonderoga Museum, Ticonderoga, NY nentals,
tridge box,
Institute.
Lefthand wrought iron on p 42
stirrup
10
Peabody
42
Washington's hat cockade, shown on p 7 Hunting shirts on pp
Saratoga Battlefield National Park Museum.
on p
24
on p 26
Righthand screwdrivers
Museum. West
NY
West
Point
Fort
Ticonderoga Museum. Ticonderoga.
N Y
N
85
Point.
on p 87 Purple heart on p
91
Ticonderoga Museum,
Ticonderoga,
Y.
Essex
Institute.
Salem Mass
New York Historical Society Museum. Central Park at 77th St New York N Y
W
.
Washington's Headquarters. Newburgh Museum. Newburgh N Y
.
.
93
References
Adams, James Truslow,
Album of American 1944
Ed. -in-Chief
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Merkert.
Men and
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The Boy Pioneers-Sons of Daniel Boone.
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New
Boys. Phila-
York: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1932.
Harrison K., Jr "Early American Cavalry Helmets," Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum, Vol V, Serial No. 30 (July 1940).
Bird,
The Private Soldier Under Washington. Port Washington, NY.: Kennikat Press Inc., 1902.
Bolton, Charles Knowles.
Bowles and Carver Military Architecture Describing All Parts of a Fortification (map in possession of Fort Ticonderoga Museum). London: mid-
p.
The Morale of the American Revolutionary Army. Port Washington, NY.: Kennikat Press Inc., 1943 Allen
Brockett, Frank S. "Note on Powder Horns," Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum, IV, Serial No. 22 (May 1937), 93. Calver, William Louis,
and Bolton, Reginald Pelham. History Written with
and Shovel New York: New-York
Pick
Historical Society,
1950
T. J.
Editors of Life. America's Arts
and
Crafts.
New
York: E
P.
Dutton & Co
Detmar
and McBarron, H. Charles,
H.,
"Poll
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Fisher, Margaret. Colonial
"The Gorget," Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum, No. 5 (September 937). 1 26-41
America (2nd
ed.).
UniHistorian,
VIII,
"The Purple Heart." Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga No. 3 (January 1949), 1 13-14. "The
Fideler
Sunday
General Washington's Swords and Campaign Equipment (Catalogue Series No ). Mount Vernon, Va.: The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, 1944 1
and 1947. G. Benjamin Rush, Physician University of Pennsylvania Press, 1934.
Goodman, Nathan Haywood. Arthur
H. Colonial Lighting
New
and
Citizen. Philadelphia:
American Knives New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958.
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Arms and Armor
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Colonial America
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526-1783
The
Age of Firearms. New
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Boston (pamphlet). Winchester, Mass.: Rawding Distributing Co.,
1962.
Forts
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Recreation Structures (1938) Washington, Interior, National Park Service, 1956.
Hume, Edgar
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964.
"American Epaulettes 1775-1820," Military Collector No. 2 (June 1950), 17-21 L.
Thomas. "How 1961, pp. 13-14.
to
Make
a
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Rush, Benjamin. Quotes from his "To the Officers in the Army of the United States: Directions for Preserving the Health of Soldiers," April 22, 1 777, in "Beniamin Rush, Physician, and the Continental Army's Health-1 777," Scope Weekly, IV, No. 26 (published for Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich., by Physicians News Service, Inc., July 1, 1959), 1-3. Russell, Carl P.
Guns on
the Early Frontiers. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
George, Eleanor. The Dolls of Yesterday. Sons. 1948
St.
reprint from Park and D.C.: Department of the
Erskine. Victories of Army Medicine. Philadelphia, London, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1943
and Montreal:
New
York: Charles Scribner's
Scheer. George F.. and Rankin, Hugh F. Rebels and Redcoats. Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Co., 1957. Sloane, Eric.
and Reconstructions. A
Historical Preservations
Harrisburg,
Stackpole Co., 1956.
University of California Press, 1957.
1962.
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Peterson, Harold L American Indian Tomahawks. A publication of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. Gluckstadt, West Germany: J. J. Augustin, 1965.
Pike.
Fleming, Thomas J. "The Golden Door," This Week (the national magazine), February 20, 1966, pp. 2, 4-10, 12-14.
Held. Robert
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No. 22 (May 1937), 94-97.
IV, Serial
Peterson, Mendel
Grand Rapids, Mich.:
IV,
1
,
1962
Co.,
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No. 3 (July 1939), 66-103.
Pa.:
Army
Jr.
1966,
April
Life,
The Book of The Continental Soldier. Harrisburg,
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Finke,
"The Toughest Thing on Wheels," Boys'
Stephen H. P. "Notes on Pipes," Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum, V, No. 4 (January 1940), 125
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Davis, Burke. America's First
New
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York: Dell Publishing Co.,
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eighteenth century.
Bowman,
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Mason, Bernard
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1964
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Jaeger, Ellsworth. Nature Crafts.
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John
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"An Exhibition
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Swords by American
Silver-
smiths of the Colonial, Revolutionary and Federal Periods," Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum, XI, No. 6 (September 1965), 345-52.
"Sword Hilts by Early American Silversmiths." Antiques. February 1965. pp. 196-99. .
M. Uniforms of the American, British, French, and German Armies in the War of the American Revolution, I 775- 1 783 (ed. by Alexander J. Wall, with an introduction by Dorothy C. Barck). A publication
Lefferts. Charles
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1965. .
Co.,
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Webster, Donald B cation of the
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Ages ("National Park Service InterManucy, pretive Series") Washington: U.S. Printing Office, 1949 and 1962. Martin, Joseph Plumb. Private Yankee Doodle (ed. by George F. Scheer). Albert. Artillery
Boston and Toronto:
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Yorston,
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McKearin, George Publishers, 1959.
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Marx, Rudolph. "A Medical Profile of George Washington," The American
Woodward,
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Index 55
Blankets,
Bleeding basin, 76
musket. 20 rifle. 30. 31 (malaria),
Alcohol. 40.
Boston. 59
musket cartridge, how wagon. 72
to
make. 22
Bread, 61. 64 Breastwork. 70, 71 Breeches, 1 2, 14 Brigade, 64
Amusements. 83
60
76
ammunition
Broiler,
44
locker.
60
bomb, 46
Bullet
cannon, general. 43 cohorn. 46
Bullets:
hook. 44 howitzer. 43. 46 mortar. 43. 46 case or cannister shot, 44, chain shot. 44. 46 crew, 45 elevating
46
ammunition, 44
fuse.
46
45
64
doll's toys.
dice.
88
25
46
transport drivers, 43 uniforms. 43 wormer. 44. 45 Awards of honor, general, 91 Purple Heart. 91 service stripes. 91 Society of the Cincinnati. 91 Axe. felling, 65, 66
sheath, 25 half-ounce weight.
25
25 25
26
Colonel. 50 Colonel's hut,
18 numerals French model 1762, 17 numerals, regimental. 17 numerals with special designs. 17 numerals and state names. 1 777-83, 1 7 state markings without numerals, 17 1777-1782. 18 non-military,
USA
wthout
state
imported officers'. molds, 16 pewter.
1
makings 1
B
5
6
65 64
Backgammon. 87 Bacteria, 73 Baggage, 72 Bags, saddle. 42
Cannister, tin, 24 Cannister or case, artillery, Cannon, 43, 44, 46
Bands, British, 48 Bar shot. 44, 46. 60 Barbers. 80. 81 Barrel hoops, use of. 62
80 64 36
militia
requirement. 8
Beef, broiled.
60
Belt
bayonet, 36 sword, 51
tomahawk, 36 34
Belt ax.
Bennington Museum. Bennington. Vermont, 92 hook,
Billiards,
Darts.
mortar.
powder
bag.
70 87
Black Watch. 35 Blacksmith. 34 35. 38
44 44
priming horn. Canteens. 56. 57 militia
57
56. 57 Captain. 50 hut of. 64 Carbines, cavalry. 40 42 Cards. 87 Cartridge, making the. 22 Cartridge box block, drilled,
87 1
7
Desertions, riflemen. 30 Diarrhea. 74. 75 Discipline 28. 30. 50 in
camp. 73 74 75
Doctors 73 75 77 Dragoons. 40
bone buttons. 28 Drum 47 48 Drill,
for
1
5
Drills, daily.
Drum commands. Duties,
47,
68
camp. 33
23
8
23 33 23 substitute, 33 shoulder, strap, 21,
63
Dauphin. French, button design Declaration of Independence. 83 Delegates to Congress 87
Disease
requirement. 8
monkey jug. 57 wooden and tin
militia.
".
Dagger, 37 Dancing, 90
46
46 46 46
83
"Cyder-royal
garrison. howitzer,
earthern,
Bayonet. 27. 60 belt.
field.
7
44
46
cohorn,
1
Congress on hospitals. 74 lacking enforcement power on states, 9 raising standing army. 1776. 9 sending wine to troops, 90 Continental currency depreciation, 9 Cooking on the march, 60 Cookware. officer's. 61 Corporal. 50. 52 Counterguard. 51 Crisis. The American, booklet by Thomas Cup. horn. 85
44
balls.
Artillery)
or numerals,
64 Comb. hair. 81 Comb, musket. 21 Committee of Safety musket. 20 Common Sense, booklet by Thomas Paine 83 Companies, infantry. 64 Concord. Massachusetts. 31, 59 Concord Antiquarian House, Concord. Massachusetts. 92 Conestoga wagon. 72
Paine
59
Candlewood, 59
Balls
Bill
Caltrops. 42 Candle holders.
26
Cock, musket. 21 British gooseneck. 20 French reinforced. 20 Cockade, hat. 12. 14 Cockade. Washington's eagle, 7
Bunks. 67 Burgoyne. Gen John. 26 surrender of. 90 Buttons bone. 1 5
officers'.
Battalion,
Cleanliness, 80 in hospitals, 74 Clinton. Gen George (American). Clinton. Gen Henry (British). 26
flint
Cabins. 64,
wagon. 72
Baths.
Cinchona tree (quinine), 75 Cincmnatus. 91
25
fish line sinkers.
Navy, 18
priming horn, 44, 45 rammer, 44, 45 "refreshing" barrel, 69 slow match, 44 sponge, 44
cannon (see musket, 22 Bandaging, 79
88 88 fishhook. 88 marbles 88 Chocking logs. 66 Christmas. 90 doll. rag.
designs. Continental. 16 artillery corps. 1 8
45 powder bag 44 pick, brass,
Axle,
85
uniform weight. 25
maneuvers. 43
trajectory.
Children's playthings
buzzer 88
silver.
hot shot. inventory list, 44 linstock and rests, 44. loading and firing, 45
42
Chain shot. 44 Charles River, 59
one-ounce weight, 25
45 46
handspike.
42
weapons, 40
pouch, 32
lead pencil, net sinkers,
grape shot. 44. 45 gunner's quadrant. 45
40
42
uniforms, 40,
other uses of: button. 25 buzzer, child's. 25.
wedge, 46
fixed
park.
stirrup,
chewed, 25 making of. 22
46
garrison.
saddle bags.
62
carrier for,
46
field.
40
dragoons.
light
Brush, musket, 21 Buckles, 19 Bucks of America, button, 18
44
bar shot. 44, 46.
legions.
50
Brigadier general,
43
Artillery, general.
balls.
encampment, 1775, 30 63
Bottles, spirit,
Brandywine. 90
Amputation, surgical, 79
jar.
19
stirrup.
cannon. 44. 46. 72 locker, cannon. 44
heavy. 40 helmets: bear fur-horse hair-ribbon. 41 forage cap. 41 French brass helmet, 41 jockey cap with fox tail, 41 leather cap with brass trim. 41 Virginia Light Dragoons, 41
42
Boot. 19.
Ammunition
equipment, 42 shortage of, 42
79
Bloodletting, 76, 77, "Book of Merit". 91
63
Andiron, makeshift. Apothecary, 74
duties.
78
iron.
64 75
40 40
in battle.
76
Blistering,
Adjutant's cabin.
Ague
waist, 13. 24. 42 Cavalry, general. 40
requirement, 8
militia
Accuracy
Eagle, Washington's hat decoration.
Emetics. 26.
76
Engraved powder horns. 33 Enlistments. 1776. 9
Hudson
Ensigns' huts, 64 Epaulettes. 49. 50
Equipment,
Huts: construction,
8
militia.
Esprit de corps.
Medicine dropper, 78 Medicine wallet, 78 Mess, 67 Mess mates, 60 Militia. 8
26
River,
Hunger, 9
3 Essex Institute. Salem. Massachusetts. 1
92
66
officers'.
67
soldiers'.
64. 66.
canteens. 57
67
equipment, 8
powder horns, Militiaman's fowler, Minister, 82
I
Facings, uniform. 12, 14 Fascines, 70, 71
Feu de
joye.
Fever,
74
47,
Fife,
Ice creepers.
Inducements
47
for,
Fire, starting the,
Mold:
musket
Irish,
40
21. 25,
Jack
58
12,14
Mortar,
90
58
Flint
sheath, lead, 25 requirement, 8
Flints, militia
Footwear, 19 Forage cap, 41 Forceps. 79
knife:
use
of.
92
Virginia,
86
drinking,
extraction from, bayonet, use on, 20 ball
78
Brown
Bess. English, French, 13, 20 loading and firing, 29 lock, 21
60, 61
King George
III.
89
King's birthday, 90 King's coronation day,
New
Kingston, Kitchens,
Knives: construction.
Games, 87 Garrison cannon. 46 General drum beat. 47.
68
Namby-pamby tomahawk throwing, 36 Neat's-foot
hunting, fighting or scalping,
York, 92 New Year's Day,
37
Ladle: for pouring bullets, 22 for pouring pewter buttons, Lafayette. Marquis de, 13
Gooseneck cock. 20 Gorget. 49 Grape shot, cannon. 44, 46 Grease bucket, wagon, 72 Greene, Gen Nathanael, 90 Gun flints, militia, 8
"Lazy board" seat, wagon, 72
Hair, 81
flint
firing
secured
47
Opium. 79 Ovens, battalion, 64
city.
Horns, powder construction, 33. 69 engraving, 33 mother, 33 musket, 33
33 33
wearing position, 33 "Horses" for arms. 67
75 74
of,
29 Pan, musket, 21 Paper, brown cartridge.
22
Parade ground, 64
pan. 21 parts of cock on. 21 pick and brush for cleaning, 21 sayings about. 21
Logs, notching. Louse. 75
14
Overalls, uniform.
Oxen, 65
53
21
64 65
Pennsylvania Dutch, 72 Pennsylvania rifleman. 30
M Major, 50, 64 Major general, 50 Maneuvers. 28. 48 Manual of arms. 28 Maps on powder horns.
March drum beat. 47 Marksmen. 87 rifle. 30
Physicians: general. 73.
knowledge pay of. 74
74 75
of.
Pick, entrenching. 71 Pick,
33
musket, 21
Pickering. Timothy. Pipes, smoking, 84 Pistols:
American. 54
May
Day. 90 Medical instruments.
Paradiddle drum rattle, 47 Parley drum beat, 47 Pas-d'anes, 51 Pay. private's. 9 Paymaster's quarters, 64 Peabody Institute, Salem, Massachusetts,
Pen knives, 39
Hook, pot, 62
priming, 32.
symbols of rank, 35
frizzen spring. 21
Log house
85
52
Old Deerfield Museum, Old Deerfield. Massachusetts, 92 Old North Church, Boston. 59
frizzen. 21
Hanger, sword. 50 Hat. uniform. 1 4 Haversack, or war bag, 55 Helmets: cavalry, 41 light infantry, 1 3
epaulettes, 49, 50 figure of, whittled, fusil of,
musket, thirteen steps
in,
90
Officer:
35
Light infantryman. 1780. 13, Lighting, 59 Linstock, cannon, 44
dressing, 81 Halberd, 52
New
16
Leadership, 50 Leather preparation, 69 Legions, 40 Lexington, Massachusetts, 31 Lieutenant colonel, 50 Lieutenant's hut, 64
Loading and Lock:
curler, 81
Windsor,
New-York Historical Society Museum, 92 Newburgh Museum. Newburgh. New York, 92 Noggin, rifleman's, 86 Notching logs, 65, 66
Lancet. 77 Lantern, 59
H
69
New Windsor, New York, 26 New Windsor Encampment, New
Henry, 91
Light infantry. British.
oil,
"Necessaries ". 80
37
39
pen, 39 pocket, 39 sheath or belt,
Germs. 74 Glover's Marblehead Regiment. 54
Gunner's quadrant, 45 Gunsmiths, Pennsylvania, 31
20 N
Gabions. 70. 71 Gaiters (spatterdashers), 14 Gambling, prohibition of, 87
8.
38
62 dagger. 37 handles, 37 eating.
jack,
20
versus rifle. Musters, militia,
55
8
militia.
20
smooth
64
description,
20
militiaman's fowler, semi-military, bore, 20 speed of firing, 20 use by Continentals. 20
90 26
York,
Knapsack:
Knox, Gen
46
76
accuracy, 20
Jockey cap, 41
52
Howitzer,
pestle,
Mug, wooden Music. 47 Musket
requirement, 8. 39 39, 85
75
Jail fever.
Kettle,
Fork, folding pocket. 39 Forks, 62 Former, cartridge. 22 Fort Clinton, 26 Fort Montgomery, 26 Fort Ticonderoga Museum, Fort Ticonderoga. New York. 92 Fourth of July, 89 France, entry into war, 90 French brass helmet, 41 French supplies, 90 Frizzen, 21 spring, 21 Froe, 66 Frog, scabbard, 51 Frontiersmen, knives of, 31
Hospital fever. Hospitals, 64,
46
Moylan's Light Dragoons, 42
60
"Hessians. The", tune, Holidays, 89. 90
New
92
Mortar and
militia
steel tinderbox,
pistol,
28
Mount Vernon,
and
Fusils.
Morale.
57
Mother powder horn, 33
Flint
Flour,
jug,
Jersey,
.
Flint,
22
ball,
Monkey
Morristown National Park. Mornstown.
1
1
uniforms,
89
in the pan, 21 58 Fleam, bloodletting, 76
Flash
to enlist.
10,
shirt,
Fisher. Private Elijah, Fishing, 87, 88 Flam, drum beat, 47
button, 16
8 1776. 9
cooperation with cavalry,
musket. 29
Firing
30
Infantry:
58
61
Fire cake, 59.
of rifleman.
Indian tomahawk. 35 Individualism, American.
48
music
9
1
Independence
89
33 20
cavalry
78
British.
54
87
92
French. 54 "horse pistol". 40, 42 Kentucky, 54 officers'.
holsters for.
Salvage from slaughter house. 69 Saratoga Battlefield National Park. 48. 92 Saratoga Battlefield National Park Museum. 92 Sash, officer's. 49 Scabbard, sword. 51
54 54
62
Plates.
Platoons, 64 "Pleurisy" (pneumonia), 74,
75
spontoon. 52 trench pike. 52 Pommel, sword. 51 Pot. cooking. 61
hook. 62 Pouch, militia, 8
32 79
pattern.
bullet,
22
measure. 85
82
Priming horn, 32
87
Punishment,
sutler.
74
63
45
spike
64
39
U
artillery.
for lighting
light infantry.
Smallpox inoculation, 77 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Smoking. 35
48 officers', 49 riflemen's, 30
87 82
Relaxation. Religion.
Remedies, medical. 76
Rifle.
bag. 32. 37 board with patched balls. 32 facts and fables about. 31
87
furniture. 31
loading. 32.
37 .
powder measure. 32 priming horn, 32, 33 Rifleman's equipment, 30 bullet pouch, 30 knife, 30, 32, 37 making the. 38 moccasins. 30 noggin, 86 powder horn. 30 shirt. 30
58
64 82 Suppiy trains, 64 Surgeon. 74. 79 Surgeon's hut. 64 Sutler. 63. 83. 84 service.
uniforms.
Swords:
and scabbard
for.
51
hunting. 51
8
Rush. Dr Benjamin, 80
Wax
49
Point
Whittling.
bell.
83 Museum. West
bottle, 7
87
47
Wormer. cannon. 44 Writing letters, 83
68
"Yankee Doodle", tune 47 Yorktown. Virginia, 13
68
68 common. 68 wall.
markee. 68
cavalry, 40. 42 light infantry officer's. 13 protection, 41
Saddle, 42 bags. 42 St Patrick's Day. Salads. 61 militia.
53
87
90
officers' wall. sutlers'.
68
68
Thanksgiving Day.
90
Theatre. 87 Thimble, sewing. 84 "Three Camps. The", tune.
"To Arms", drum beat. 47 Tobacco. 84
Tomahawk
1
776. 9
Point
New
85
cavalry.
common Saber
in
"Widow and Orphan Maker"
Worm beat.
40 43
seal, letter.
Wooden drum
2.
"White Cockade, The", tune. 47 White plague 75
saber. 40. 42. 51 small sword, 51
Tattoo Tents
1
on religion. 82 on St Patrick. 90 Valley Forge plans, 65 Water bottles 57
West
35
drum rattle. 47 Rum. 89 Rumors. 83
55
headquarters tent, 68 prodding of Congress
64
officers'.
bag,
Washington, Gen George on alcohol, 63 clothing problem. 1 776. 9 on decorations. 91 on discipline. 50 eagle hat decoration. 7 General Order of Oct 2. 1 779 on
Subaltern, 50 Subaltern's hut
militia.
Waistcoat, uniform. 14 Wallet, medicine, 78
War
4
Swearing, by Von Steuben, 28
Ruff,
Salute.
1
Striker, fire-building.
belts
1 1
W
42
Sutler's hut.
making the. 1 1 tomahawk. 30, 35. 36 Roof, cabin. 66 Royal Highland Regiment.
32
10.
Wagons. 72
Stony Point. 13 Stove, camp, 61
Sunday
patch and patch box. 31
Salem
92
Ventilation. 67 Virginia Light Dragoon helmet. 41 Viruses. 73. 75
73
Stock, uniform. Stockings. 1 2
75
31
"Frolic".
.
Vegetables. 61
14
Sprue, musket ball. 22 Spy. British. 26 Stark's Brigade. 9 State buttons. 17 State enlistment quotas. 9
Stirrups.
Revere. Paul. 59 Rickettsia.
DC
Valley Forge. 28. 87. 90 Valley Forge National Park. Valley Forge. Pennsylvania, 92
Steuben. Baron von. 28. 40. 47. 50
47
Reveille,
3
Uniforms. French shipment of 1778. 12 Uniforms, lack of. 28
63
Sterilization.
1
musicians'.
shirt.
Sprigs, evergreen, for hats.
Regimental huts, 64
43
commissioned and non-commissioned. 50 infantry. 1 2. 14
cannon. 44
Sponge, cannon. 44 Spontoon. 12. 35. 49. 52 Spoons. 62
36
12. 14
cavalry. 40. 41
69
Smallpox. 75
Spirits.
63
Razor. 80 Reading. 83 Regiment. Eleventh Virginia. Regimental buttons. 17
of.
Uniforms
Socket, bayonet. 27 Spatterdashers (gaiters). 14 Spectacles. 83
Rations: food. 60. 61
79
Trephining, surgery. Typhoid. 74. 75 Typhus. 74. 75
Uniform, parts
Soap making, 69
liquor.
Tongs, pick-up. 62 Trade axe, 34 Trench pikes. 52 Trencher. 62
Snipers. 31
Rammer, cannon. 44 Ratamacue drum rattle. 47
35
poll.
spontoon-shaped. 35
65
Sledge.
35
round or oval eye, 35
"Sinks". 80 Skating. 87 Skirmishing. 31 Sky rockets. 90
Slow match
Quartermaster's hut. Quill pens,
pipe.
64
30
.
Slaughter house. 64.
"Putrid"
air.
types:
26
Silver bullet.
horns, construction and use. 33.
Prisoners.
1
35
34. 35 throwing. 36. 87
Shoes. 19 Shovel. 71
Powder:
Prayers,
1
34
poll.
Sewing. 84 Shaving 80 Shelburne Museum. Shelburne. Vermont. 92 Shingles, making, 66 Shirts, hunting or rifle. 9 advantages. 9
63
cartridge.
bit.
eye. round or oval. 34. helve. 34
78
Scouts. 31 Screwdrivers. 87 Scurvy. 75 Sergeant. 50. 52 Sergeant maior's hut.
home" sign, 52 halberd, 52 punishment by. 52 "at
Poultice.
parts
.
surgical,
60
8
militia.
Scales, medical. 78 Scarcity of supplies. 9 Scissors, 81 84
Pocket knives, 39 Pole arms. 49. 52
Pontil. bottle.
carrying the. 36 construction. 34 issued to troops.
47
ARCHBISHOP WITTY HIGH SCH&fll LIBRARY 5000 MITTY AVENUE SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA 95129
rifle.
31
York 92
(Continued from front
flap)
equipment-
• artillery
lookers,
wagons, quadrants, handsponges and worm-
spikes, slow matches, rammers, ers, trajectories
swords, daggers, and polearms such as spontoons and halberds
•
meager
• the
bill-of-fare
and how
stoves and ovens,
spirits,
it
was cooked — rations, tinderboxes,
flints, tinder,
cooking utensils •
everyday creature comforts— pipes, tobacco, reading glasses, razors, hair curlers and dressing, thimbles
•
tedium-relieving card games, tomahawk-throwing con-
hobbies
tests, rifle frolics,
for the sick soldier — about bleeding with its fleams and basins, "purifying" the air, medical thought in the 1770s, diseases, inoculation, surgical tools
•
Rx
•
the pomp and panoply of military ceremonies— salutes, rank designations, cockades, epaulettes, sashes... celebrations, decorations for valor
•
shelters— tents and log huts, with illustrations of notching and chocking logs, shingling roofs
•
many
•
drawings of the
kinds of knives and their fense, eating, whittling
times,
uses
in attack,
and drums, popular tunes
fife
commands
vital
de-
of the
drum
issued by
the essential miscellany for getting through the dayscanteens, wooden bottles, lanterns and candlewood, haversacks, knapsacks, stirrups and other cavalry
•
•
gear uniforms — highlights of components, including upper facing,
pockets,
cuffs,
breeches
buckle,
gaiters,
bone, cast of
pewter;
cockade
waistcoat, and •
buttons — manufactured from button designs
•
footwear — shoe, shoe buckle details, ice creepers, cavalry boot
•
toys, dice,
and useful items ingeniously soldier-made
from bullets •
how discipline was instilled in the individualistic Americans—by Baron von Steuben and Washington himself
In this its
compelling
total recall of
moments through
vital
its
the soldier's
human
trivia,
BOOK OF THE CONTINENTAL SOLDIER man who
life,
from
PICTURE
clothes the
and fought so long ago in striking, startling reality. A full index, a guide to where illustrated relics may be seen, and a bibliography complete this all-inclusive reference and reading
image
of the
lived
treasure.
About the author: M.D.— a busy general medical pracNorthampton, Mass. since 1953 and skipper of a subchaser during World War II— seems as at home in the 1 8th century as the 20th. He is one
C. Keith Wilbur.
titioner in
of the
founders
tinentals,
of the
whose
Sixth Massachusetts Conis the preservation of
intent
Revolutionary history. A vital part of that history was played by his ancestors who came over on the MAYFLOWER to take a prominent place in the settling r :?>e new country. He was the writer and ?> ib Scout "Lexington and Cojicord" supervi a Freedoms Foundation Award. page? is a fortune-smiling .it with a pen His bor a man whose avpeation is keeping a proud p,n this current book he succeeds Admirably. i
.
•
ARCHBISHOP MITTY LIBRARY
T
19541