Treger A. - Repetytorium. Angielski. Czasy

wydawnictwo LINGO

Spis treści

W s tęp .................................................................... 4 Sprawdź się ........................................................6 1.

Present Simple ..................................................8

2.

Present Continuous.................................... 16

3.

Past Sim ple.......................................................23

4.

Past Continuous ......................................... 28

5.

Present P e rfe c t............................................... 34

6.

Present Perfect Continuous ....................... 43

7.

Past P e rfe c t................................................. 47

8.

Past Perfect Continuous ..............................53

9.

Future S im p le ..................................................58

10.

Be Going To .................................................... 64

11.

Future Continuous.......................................... 69

12.

Future P e rfec t................................................. 74

13.

Future Perfect Continuous........................... 78 Klucz do ćw iczeń..............................................82 Wykaz czasownikównieregularnych . . . . 96

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wstęp

Wstęp

C hcesz skutecznie i szybko opanow ać angielskie czasy? Przygotowujesz się do egzaminu? A może potrzebujesz kom pendium , po które zawsze m ożesz sięgnąć, gdy m asz w ątpliwości, co do popraw nego zastosow ania czasów? Repetytorium Lingo „A ngielski. C zas y ” jest właśnie dla Ciebie.

Książka jest skierowana do uczniów, maturzystów, studentów, osób przygotow u­ jących się do egzam inów językowych, a także wszystkich, którzy potrzebują uporządko­ wania i poszerzenia w iadom ości o czasach angielskich. Uwzględnia materiał wymagany na nowej m aturze oraz egzam inach takich jak First C ertificate in English czy C ertificate in A dvanced English. Składa się z trzynastu rozdziałów, klucza do ćwiczeń, testu spraw dzającego oraz wykazu czasow ników nieregularnych.

Każdy rozdział obejm uje w stępną charakterystykę zagadnień, którym jest poświęcony, część teoretyczną przedstaw iającą odpow iednie reguły gramatyki, zilustrowaną p rzykład am i w ra z z ich tłu m aczen iem na polski oraz zestaw ćwiczeń pozwalających opanować odpow iednie zagadnienia związane z rozwijaniem praktycznej um iejętności posługiwania się angielskim i czasami.

W języku polskim różnica pom iędzy czasem gram atycznym (tense) a czasem fizycznym (time) nie jest ta k rozbudow ana jak w angielszczyźnie, w której mamy np. kilka rodzajów gram atycznych czasu teraźniejszego, w sum ie w podręcznikach w yróżnia się kilkanaście czasów gram atycznych. W języku polskim m am y tylko czas przeszły, teraźniejszy i przyszły, co w zasadzie odpow iada podziałowi czasu rzeczywistego.

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wstęp

To w zględne bogactw o czasów gram atycznych w języku angielskim bierze się stąd, że pełnią m.in. takie role znaczeniowe, które w polszczyźnie m ogą być oddawane przy pom ocy innych środków nie w ystępujących z ko Iei w angielskim , np. zastosowania aspektu niedokonanego czasow nika (czytać) albo aspektu dokonanego (przeczytać, wyczytać, doczytać), użycia czasow ników jednokrotnych (grać, spać, chodzić) bądź w ielokrotnych (grywać, sypiać, chadzać) lub zastosow ania innych w yrazów uszczegóław iających re Iacje czasowe. Repetytorium uw zględnia nawyki językowe czytelnika polskiego i wychodzi naprzeciw problem om , na jakie zwykle natrafiają Po Iacy uczący się posługiw ania czasam i angielskimi. Niniejsza publikacja stanowi w zbogacenie - przede wszystkim o urozm aicony zestaw starannie dobranych ćwiczeń - odpowiednich rozdziałów repetytorium „Angielski. G ram atyka z ćw iczen iam i” w ydaw nictw a Lingo.

Uczmy się czasów! Prawidłowe rozumienie i posługiwanie się czasam i to w aru­ nek konieczny dobrej znaj om ości języka angielskiego.

Z życzeniam i sukcesów

Autorka

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Sprawdź się Rozwiąz test i sprawdź swoją wiedzę. Ten test pomoże Ci ocenie, na czym należy skoncen­ trować się w nauce zagadnień przedstawionych w tej książce.

Sue

T om ______________ paella before he went to Spain.

her coffee white.

a) is liking b) likes

c) was liking

0 1 1 _____ _ to London many times before. a) was b) have been

a) didn’t eat b) hasn’t eaten c) hadn’t eaten 8.| Greg was very tired. He _______________snow all day.

c) had been

a) was shovelling b) had been shovelling c) has been shovelling

W h a t_____________? I am a chemist.

I __________my Internet connection while I __________a reservation.

a) do you do b) are you doing c) are you

a) lost, was making b) was losing, was making c) was losing, made

L y n n __________ It is so annoying! a) always complains b) complained c) is always complaining

10.

a) have been rehearsing b) had been rehearsing c) was rehearsing

I promise I __________ tell anyone.

W e _____________for you since the morning.

a) won’t b) don’t c) won’t have

This time next week we ______________in the warm Caribbean sun. a) will be basking b) are basking c) will have been basking

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The b and ____________ for a few weeks before they set out on the tour.

a) are waiting b) have been waiting c) wait H

I _________

wellrecently.

a) haven’t been doing b) am not doing c) wasn’t doing

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

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13.

J o e l_____________a solution yet.

Beth is tired. S h e _______________ all day.

a) didn’t find b) found c) hasn’t found

a) was working b) worked c) has been working

H e ________ the gate between 3 and 4. 22.

a) repaired b) has repaired c) was repairing 15.

My tr a in

16.

a) rains b) is raining c) has been raining

at 5 o’clock.

a) leaves b) is leaving c) will leave

23.

i f.

W hen I was a child I __________ in Kentucky. a)

have lived

b) lived

25.

a) will get b) get married c) are getting married 19.

By February I ____________off the mortgage.

I ______ ____my home town last week. a) have visited b) visited c) had visited

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Mary was very disappointed because s h e _________________ tickets for the concert.

W arsaw ____________dramatically since I last saw it. a) changed b) had changed c) has changed

26.

a) will have paid b) will pay c) am paying m

Helen since our school

a) hadn’t bought b) didn’t buy c) hasn’t bought

c) had lived

W e __________ married in August. All’s been fixed.

I days.

a) know b) have known c) have been knowing

If only I __________ him seriously! a) took b) have taken c) had taken

I t __________________ all day.

Lord! W e ___________crash! a) will b) are going to c) shall

E .

_ you

me the sugar, please?

a) are, passing b) will, be passing c) will, pass

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1 . Present Simple Tworzenie czasu Present Simple I

Form a tw ierd ząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

® Forma pytająca

Czasownik

sleep

Do/Does

Podmiot

Do

I you he she it we you they

sleeps

Does

sleep

Do

Krótka odpowiedź

■ Krótka odpowiedź

Yes

Podmiot

Do/Does

No

Yes ’

I/we/you/they he/she/it

do does

n0

■ Forma przecząca Podmiot

Do/Does

I You He She It We You They

do

does

Podmiot

’

Do/Does

I/we/you/they don’t he/she/it doesn’t

■ Forma ściągnięta Not

Czasownik

not

sleep

do

I You He She It We You They

don’t

doesn’t

sleep

don’t

Zastosowanie I

Present Simple używamy:

■ Gdy informujemy o trwatym stanie rzeczy, o zdarzeniach mających uniwersalny bądź powtarzający się charakter I study at Silesian University. H e works as a clerk. S h e writes books.

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Studiuję na Uniwersytecie Śląskim. On pracuje jako urzędnik. Ona pisze książki.

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■ Gdy mówimy o zachowaniach rutynowych, czynnościach powtarzających się mniej lub bardziej regularnie. M y neighbours seldom do the washing Moi sąsiedzi rzadko piorą i prasują. and ironing. B en often goes fishing. Ben często chodzi na ryby. The Smiths usually cook the meals. Państwo Smith zazwyczaj gotują posiłki.

■ Opisując czynności zwyczajowe i powtarzające się często używamy w Present Simple przysłówków częstotliwości. always usually often/frequently sometimes occasionally from time to time sporadically seldom /rarely hardly ever never ever every day/every second day once/tw ice a week every now and then

zawsze zazwyczaj często czasami okazjonalnie od czasu do czasu sporadycznie rzadko prawie nigdy nigdy kiedykolwiek codziennie/co drugi dzień raz/dwa razy na tydzień czasami

W angielskim, inaczej niż w języku polskim (np. Ona nigdy niczego nie pożycza), nie stosuje się podwójnego przeczenia, a więc kiedy zdanie zawiera wyraz przeczący, np. never, nothing, nobody, nowhere, a także sugerujący przeczenie np. hardly, wówczas w orzeczeniu zasadniczym nie pojawia się partykuła przecząca not. Ally never goes out alone a fter dark. T im has no opinions o f his own. I have nothing to hide. H is wife hardly notices you.

Ally nigdy nie wychodzi sama po zmroku Tim nie ma własnych poglądów. Nie mam nic do ukrycia. Jego żona ledwo cię zauważa.

Wyjątkiem są pewne dialekty czy gwary środowiskowe, np. African American, East London Cockney. Jedym z najbardziej znanych przykładów zastosowania podwójnej negacji są dwa wersy z piosenki zespołu Pink Floyd „Another Brick in the Wall": We don’t n eed no education. We don’t n eed no thought control.

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Nie trzeba nam szkoły. Nie chcemy kontroli myśli.

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Present

Simple

■ W przypadku formułowania uniwersalnych prawidłowości, np. kiedy przedstawiamy prawa natury. Water freez es at 0°C. Woda zamarza w temperaturze 0°C. Light travels 1 8 6 0 0 0 miles p e r second. Światło pokonuje 186000 mil na sekundę. Oil floats on water. Olej unosi się na powierzchni wody.

■ W odniesieniu do wydarzeń przyszłych związanych z pewnymi ustaleniami (takich jak: rozkład jazdy, repertuar kina czy teatru ..., harmonogram). The The The and

bus departs at 9 .1 5 . film starts at 6 o ’clock. m eeting starts at 8 finishes at 10.

Autobus odjeżdża o 9.15. Film zaczyna się o szóstej. Spotkanie zaczyna się o ósmej, a kończy o dziesiątej.

Kiedy mówimy o zdarzeniach, które na pewno wydarzą się w przyszłości. M y grandfath er turns 9 0 this week. Spring starts on 21 M arch.

Mój dziadek skończy 90 lat w tym tygodniu. Wiosna zaczyna się 21 marca.

■ W odniesieniu do czynności wykonywanych w chwili mówienia. Dotyczy to głównie: - relacji sportowych, np. H e goes past one defender, goes past another, dashes forw ard, flicks on to Deco, Deco shoots, and he hits home from close range! What a finish o f a grea t move by Ronaldinho!!! Mij a jednego obrońcę, mij a następnego, wybiega naprzód, podaj e do Deco, Deco strzela i trafia z bliskiej odległości! Co za wykończenie świetnego podania Ronaldinho!!! - opisywania i przedstawiania eksperymentów w naukach ścisłych, pokazach kulinarnych oraz rozmaitych instrukcjach postępowania, np. ... then I add m elted butter and m ix well. ... wtedy dodaję topione masło i dobrze mieszam. First, I lift the cover and put the p a p er on the glass. Then I select the num ber o f copies and press the red button. Najpierw podnoszę pokrywę i kładę papier na szkle. Potem wybieram ilość kopii i naciskam czerwony przycisk.

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Darmowe ebooki: www.ebook4me.pl

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I put sulphur pow der in a test-tube. Then I heat the sulphur until it slowly m elts to form a golden yellow liquid. I continue to heat m ore until a re d gas appears above the liquid. Wsypuję sproszkowaną siarkę do probówki. Następnie podgrzewam siarkę, aż powoli stopi się i przybierze postać złoto-żółtego płynu. Podgrzewam jeszcze bardziej do momentu, aż czerwony gaz pojawi się nad cieczą. ■ W didaskaliach utworów dramatycznych. Polonius hides behind the curtain. Poloniusz chowa się za kotarą. K ing L e a r enters carrying Cornelia in his arms. (lub: en ter K ing L ea r... ) Wchodzi król Lear niosąc Kornelię w ramionach. ■ Jako środek stylistyczny wzbogacający narrację, który jest alternatywą dla czasu przeszłego. H e takes a p u ff on his ciga r and walks out the door. Zaciąga się papierosem i wychodzi. ■ W zdaniach czasowych i warunkowych. I f you see Paddy, say hello to her. Jeśli spotkasz Paddy, pozdrów ją. I f you want to g et better, stay in bed and take m edicines. Jeśli chcesz wyzdrowieć, leż w łóżku i bierz leki. W hat do you want to be when you grow up? Kim chcesz zostać, kiedy dorośniesz?

Zapamiętaj! Czas Present Simple nie jest w ścisłym znaczeniu czasem teraźniejszym, jest w pewnym sensie ponadczasowy i chociaż bywa niekiedy używany jako czas teraźniejszy opisujący to, co dzieje się w danym momencie albo nawet w miejsce czasu przyszłego, to jego główne zastosowanie polega na określeniu stanów, rutynowych czynności, nawyków, prawd uniwersalnych.

Ćwiczenia Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Simple. 1. He (work) as a web designer. 2. Their housekeeper (not do) do the laundry.

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3. I never (read) recipe books. 4. She always (keep) people at a distance. 5. I (wake) up before the alarm (go) off. 6. His lawyer (charge) a set fee per hour. 7. She always (read) legal documents very carefully. 8. Tim (like) his potatoes mashed with butter. 9. She (not know) how to sew on buttons. 10. Sophie (make) the most delicious cheesecake in the world. 11. Sparrows (not migrate) to Africa for the winter. 12. My computer (take) a long time to load. 13. Vegans (eat) only plant food. 14. Red Bull (give) you wings. 15. He (collect) old envelopes and household items.

Wpisz w wolne miejsce właściwy czasownik. 1. I always r before going to sleep. 2. Their sons don’t c up after meals. 3. My husband always t about politics. 4. We don’t e_______ until we feel hungry. 5. She usually w out in the gym four times a week. 6. They s______ the best steaks in town. 7. He never m______ a mistake. 8. My sister always c_______ about being fat. 9. Tom d a silver BMW. 10. Mrs Jones s when I greet her. 11. My dogs g at everyone who comes to my house. 12. She f______ a calorie-controlled diet. 13. My aunt b milk from dairy farmers. 14. They always t_______ to be friendly and helpful. 15. Their grandson a a French-speaking kindergarten.

Z] Przekształć poniższe zdania na zdania przeczące. 1. I experiment with my recipes. 2. He delivers newspapers to earn some extra money. 3. They eat vegetables and drink milk. 4. My grandmother knits sweaters for us. 5. My sister listens to all sorts of music. 6. We eat three meals a day. 7. My boss smokes Cuban cigars. 8. She wears funny round glasses. 9. My garden overlooks a magnificent waterfall. 10. I take sugar in my coffee. 11. My neighbours gossip about everyone they know.

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

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12. 13. 14. 15.

We cater to birthday parties and wedding receptions. They always fight over everything. My friends throw parties to please themselves. I get angry when people talk behind my back.

4^ Ułóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań. 1. I usually drink orange juice for lunch. 2. She never calls before she comes over. 3. My boss often gesticulates while talking. 4. I read boring articles to send myself to sleep. 5. We seldom go out these days. 6. I study English one to three hours a day. 7. He always spreads butter too thickly on his bread. 8. They live in a remote mountainous area. 9. Polar bears eat seals and other marine mammals. 10. My brother wants to become a TV broadcaster.

Ułóż odpowiedzi wedle podanego wzoru. He is a website designer. What does he do at work? H e designs websites. 1. They are firefighters. What do they do? 2. She is a news presenter. What does she do at work? 3. He is a lorry driver. What does he do? 4. She is a pianist. What does she do? 5. We are fruit pickers. What do we do? 6. He is a film producer. What does he do? 7. He is a deer hunter. What does he do? 8. He is a refuse collector. What does he do at work? 9. They are software developers. What do they do? 10. She is an interior decorator. What does she do at work?

Wybierz prawidłową odpowiedź. 1. Can I get you anything? Tea, coffee? a) No, thank you. I don’t need anything. b) No, thank you. I don’t need nothing. 2. Do you have any experience with animations? a) No, I am sorry. I don’t have no experience with that yet. b) No, I am sorry. I don’t have any experience with that yet. 3. What are your weaknesses? a) I don’t have any glaring weaknesses, however I could improve on my social skills.

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b) I don’t have no glaring weaknesses, however I could improve on my social skills. 4. Do you provide transport to work? a) Unfortunately, we don’t provide any transport. b) Unfortunately, we don’t provide none. 5. Can you tell me more about your previous job? a) I worked as a technical consultant for a small company. I worked seven days a week - I never had time to rest. b) I worked as a technical consultant for a small company. I worked seven days a week - I never didn’t have any time to rest.

Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego niżej przykładu. Newspapers come out every week. No, they don’t. New spapers com e out every day. 1. Horses feed on meat. 2. Penguins live in the Arctic. 3. Water boils at 90°C. 4. Dogs purr when they are pleased. 5. The Sun orbits the Earth. 6. The Vistula enters the Black Sea. 7. Tigers live in the grasslands of Africa. 8. David Beckham plays for Korona Kielce. 9. Coffee grows in Poland. 10. Yeti lives in the waters of Loch Ness. 11. Blackbirds lay their eggs in other birds’ nests. 12. James Bond works for a Russian Secret Service.

8.

|Uzupełnij zdania wstawiając w wolne miejsce if lub when. 1. I will explain everything we meet. 2. I am always carefu l______ I drive a car. 3. Correct m e I am wrong. 4. you like legal thrillers, you will enjoy this one. 5 . ________the sun goes down, it gets dark. 6. Wake me u p it’s time for dinner. 7 . ________you want to lose weight, stay away from sweets. 8 . ________the winter comes, it gets colder and colder. 9 .______ the rice turns golden brown, add some wine to the pan. 10 .______ you have further questions, please feel free to contact us.

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_9l Korzystając ze wskazówki umieszczonej w nawiasie, wpisz w wolne miejsce właściwy przysłówek częstotliwości. Czasami więcej niż jedna odpowiedź jest prawidłowa. 1. I ________ drink coffee with brown sugar. (at all times) 2. H e ________ speaks before he thinks. (on most occasions) 3. S h e ________ wears her hair in a bun. (many times) 4. I ________ shop at Wal-Mart. (on some occasions) 5. H e ______ writes book and film reviews. (not regularly or often) 6. W e watch the same film twice. (almost never) 7. T h e y ________ eat between meals. (not at any time) 8. We go bow ling . (once on each day) 9. Do y o u ________ go bird watching? (at any time) 10. The meeting is h e ld . (the second, then the fourth, then the sixth year)

10.

Uzupełnij dialog wstawiając w wolne miejsce właściwe słowo (jeśli trzeba, dostosuj formę wyrazu) wybrane z poniższej listy: wait, take out, select, make, open, insert, put in, com e, switch off. A: Excuse me, can you show me how you use this washing machine? B: Yes, of course. First, I ________ (1) the right programme for my wash, whether it’s a quick wash, slightly or heavily soiled. Then I ______ (2) the porthole door and ______ (3) my load. I t (4) loading and unloading your laundry easy. Then I (5) the correct money into the slot to start the machine. That’s all. Short and simple. (After some time) B: Now, the washing is done. I (6) for the door to u nlock, (7) the (9) moving it to the dryer. machine and I ______ (8) the laundry. N e x t A: Thanks a lot. I hope I won’t have to take my clothes to the dry-cleaner next time.

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2 . Present Continuous Tworzenie czasu Present Continuous 1 Forma twierdząca Podmiot

A m /A re/Is

I You He She It We You They

am a re

■ Forma pytająca Czasow nik+ing

is

Yes,

Podmiot

Am A re

I you he she It we you they

sleeping

Is

a re

A re

1 Krótka odpowiedź Yes

Am /Are/Is

Am /Are/Is

I we/you/they he/she/it

am a re is

A m /A re/Is

am a re is

No

No,

M

1 Forma przecząca

I You He She It We You They

sleeping?

■ Krótka odpowiedź

Podmiot

Podmiot

Czasownik+ing

Not

not

a re

A m /A re/Is+ not

I we/you/they he/she/it

am not a ren ’t isn’t

Forma ściągnięta

Czasow nik+ing

sleeping

Podmiot

You He She It We You They

nie istnieje a re n ’t isn’t

sleeping

a re n ’t

Zastosowanie ■ Czas Present Continuous stosujemy przede wszystkim, kiedy mówimy o czynnościach, które trwają w chwili mówienia. H e is repairing a washing m achine now. We a re packing o ur suitcases. I am stirring sugar into my coffee.

On teraz naprawia pralkę. Pakujemy nasze walizki. Mieszam cukier w kawie.

■ Czasem Present Continuous posługujemy się opisując czynności, które odbywają się w szeroko rozumianej chwili „teraz".

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

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H e is working as a freela n ce photographer these days. Teraz pracuje jako niezrzeszony fotograf. I am p repa ring fo r my driving test now. Obecnie przygotowuję się do egzaminu z prawa jazdy. S h e is research in g new technologies. Ona prowadzi badanie nad nowymi technologiami. Jeżeli nie użyjemy odpowiedniego wyrażenia (np. at present, th ese days), bądź jeśli kontekst nie jest wyraźny, powyższe zdania mogą oznaczać, że czynności te dzieją się w chwili obecnej. W hat a re you doing now? I am p repa ring fo r my driving test.

Co robisz? Przygotowuję się do egzaminu z prawa jazdy.

ale Do you have a driving licence? No, but I am prepa rin g fo r my driving test.

Masz prawo jazdy? Nie, ale przygotowuję się do egzaminu z prawa jazdy.

■ Czas Present Continuous można również stosować z przysłówkami always, constantly, continually w sytuacjach, kiedy mówimy o czynnościach powtarzających się z mniejszą lub większą częstotliwością, co do których wyrażamy naszą przyganę, negatywny stosunek, zniecierpliwienie, względnie zazdrość, np. Philip is continually complaining. D aniel is always telling naughty jokes. Zoe is always getting what she wants. M y boss is constantly criticising m e. I

Philip stale narzeka. Daniel zawsze opowiada nieprzyz woite dowcipy. Zoe zawsze dostaje to, co chce. Mój szef ciągle mnie krytykuje.

Present Continuous używa się także:

■ Mając na myśli takie zamierzenia i plany na przyszłość, co do których podjęto już pewne działania realizacyjne. I am m eeting Sim on tomorrow. They a re getting m arried in August. W e a re flying to M ad rid next week.

Jutro spotykam się z Simonem. Pobierają się w sierpniu. Lecimy do Madrytu w przyszłym tygodniu.

■ Dla uniknięcia dwuznaczności należy w tego typu zdaniach użyć określenia czasu, ponieważ jego brak może wypaczyć wypowiedź. I am leaving on Monday. I am leaving.

w w w .W y d a w n ic tw o L in g o .p l

Wyjeżdżam w poniedziałek. Wyjeżdżam (teraz).

17

Present

C ontinuous

Kiedy mówimy o czynnościach mających charakter tymczasowy. K elly is working as a trainee teacher. I am living in Moscow now. A ndrew is working overtime this week.

Kelly pracuje jako praktykantka w szkole. Obecnie mieszkam w Moskwie. Andrew pracuje w tym tygodniu w godzinach nadliczbowych.

Do wyrażenia trendów albo tendencji. Television is becom ing m ore interactive. The universe is expanding. The w orld’s population is ageing.

Telewizja staje się bardziej interaktywna. Wszechświat rozszerza się. Populacja starzeje się.

Uwaga! Pewne grupy czasowników zwykle nie występują w czasie Present Continuous - podobnie jak w innych czasach typu Continuous. Należą do nich: ■

Czasowniki postrzegania zmysłowego (np. hear, see, feel, smell, taste). Your goulash tastes great. Twój gulasz jest wyborny (dost. gulasz smakuje wybornie).

ale What a re you doing? I am tasting the goulash. Co robisz? Próbuję gulaszu (taste w czasie Continuous odnosi się do czynności, a nie do stanu). ■ Czasowniki wyrażające odczucia (np. love, hate, like, want) i stany intelektualne (know, think, understand, remember). I am sorry, I don’t understand. Przepraszam, nie rozumiem. ale I don’t think she is fully understanding my problems. Nie sadzę, że ona do końca rozumie moje problemy (understand w czasie Continuous sugeruje, że lepsze zrozumienie jest możliwe). I think it is important. Myślę, że to ważne. ale What a re you thinking about? 0 czym myślisz? (think w czasie Continuous sugeruje proces myślenia, a nie stan trwatego przekonania). 1 hate this job. Nie cierpię tej pracy.

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

ale I am hating every moment o f this journey. Nie mogę ścierpieć każdej chwili tej podróży (hate w czasie Continuous sugeruje, że emocja jest raczej chwilowym odczuciem niż trwatą postawą). H e likes his coffee black. On lubi czarną kawę. ale I am liking it less and less. Coraz mniej mi się to podoba (like w czasie Continuous oznacza odczucie bądź nastawienie zmieniające ciągle swe natężenie). ■ Czasowniki nazywające stosunki między osobami, przedmiotami (np. belong to, co n sist of, have). They have a new car. Mają nowy samochód. ale They a re having lunch now. Jedzą teraz obiad (have w czasie Continuous oznacza - w tym kontekście - czynność jedzenia a nie stan posiadania). Przyktady zastosowania czasów ciągtych z rozmaitymi czasownikami prowadzą do wniosku, że w zasadzie nie da się wydzielić grupy czasowników, które nigdy nie tworzą czasów typu Continuous.

Zapamiętaj! Czas Present Continuous nie służy jedynie do opisywania czynności bądź sytuacji, które trwają w chwili mówienia. Present Continuous opisuje także czynności, które są obecnie w toku, choć nie muszą dziać się w chwili wypowiadania zdania. Present Continuous opisuje także - za pomocą przysłówków always, continually, constantly - czynności powtarzające się. Zdanie wyrażone w taki sposób nie jest jednak neutralnym stwierdzeniem. Jest ono nacechowane emocjonalnie, wyraża dezaprobatę, zazdrość, zniecierpliwienie.

Ćwiczenia " y Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Continuous, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

When you (leave)? What she (try) to do? Why you (wear) this suit? You (do) anything tomorrow evening? Whom you (see) tonight? Where you (hurry) to at this hour?

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Present

C ontinuous

7. Why you (do) this to me? 8. What he (get) at? 9. What she (wait) for? 10. How he (do) as a father? 27] Opisz pracę pielęgniarek w szpitalu. Uzupetnij zdania wstawiając w wolne miejsce wtaściwy czasownik z listy w czasie Present Continuous. take(x2), check, give, perform , operate, talk, feed, help, escort 1. L y n n injections now. 2. A lly _______ medical equipment. 3. A m y _______ a patient’s pulse. 4. Ja c k y ______ to a doctor now. 5. Ju lie t a patient get out of bed. 6. K a ty a child’s temperature. 7. Paddy_______ height and weight now. 8. P au la a baby. 9. S u e _______ laboratory tests at the moment. 10. C hloe a woman to an examining room. Przekształć poniższe zdania na zdania przeczące. 1. My parents are buying new furniture for their house. 2. I am thinking about leaving my job. 3. We are planning to move to the suburbs. 4. She is reading her old diary. 5. Liz is dying her hair green and pink. 6. He is cutting a piece of bread. 7. The workers are striking over unfair labour practices. 8. We are redecorating our guest rooms. 9. The cat is licking its paws. 10. My neighbour is drilling holes in the wall. Dopasuj wyrażenia z kolumny B do wyrażeń z kolumny A. A 1. What languages does she speak? 2. What do you do? 3. Where do you work? 4. Where is Ron? 5. Who is doing the shopping? 6. Where are you working? 7. What language is she speaking? 8. What are you doing? 9. Who does the shopping? 10. Ron is very active, isn’t he?

20

B a) He is playing football. b) Me or my husband. c) Yes, he is. He plays football. d) English and Hungarian. e) I am polishing my shoes. f) I can’t understand a word of it! g) In a cornfield this season. h) In a bike shop i). I am a political analyst. j) Chris. Do you want him to buy you anything?

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Uzupełnij wolne miejsca danymi z kalendarza (planu spotkań) Rona McCave lub Hugh Dextera w czasie Present Continuous K alendarz Rona M cCave Monday 9 - 12 business meeting 1 pm: see an important customer Tuesday 15 - 16:30 have lunch with a sales manager attend a conference on food safety Wednesday Thursday Friday take a business trip to Poland K alendarz H ugh D extera Monday 12 - 17:30 attend vegetarian food fairs Tuesday Wednesday 12 - 14:30 videoconference Thursday day off - moving out to a new house Friday Dexter: Hello. Is that Ron McCave? McCave: Yes, speaking D: Hello, this is Hugh Dexter. We met during a conference on food quality last month. M: Oh, it is you, Hugh. How are you? D: I am very well, thank you. I am wondering if wecould meet to discusssome of the things mentioned in the conference? M: Yes, of course. What about tomorrow at 10 o’clock? No, I am sorry. I am busy all morning tomorrow - I (1) am having a business meeting. Can we meet sometime other than between 9 and 12? D: No, tomorrow afternoon is no good - we ( 2 )_______ . How about Tuesday afternoon? M: Tuesday afternoon? I ( 3 ) at 1 and from 15 to 16:30 I (4 ) _______ . No, Tuesday’s afternoon is no good. Could we possibly meet on Wednesday? D: Yes, I am free after 14:30. M: Umm, Wednesday afternoon isn’t good, either. I ( 5 ) . Thursday would be better for me. What are you doing on Thursday? D: I am taking a day off. I ( 6 ) _______ , but I am available all day on Friday. M: Ah, I ( 7 )_______ . Perhaps we could meet sometime next week. Shall we say Tuesday? y

Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Simple lub Present Continuous, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba. 1. A: B: 2. A: B:

Are you busy? Yes. I (study) the proposals. Where is Amy? She (rehearse) a new play.

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Present

C ontinuous

CO

3. A: Dan (throw) a party next Saturday. B: He always (party)! 4. A: It (get) colder and colder. B: Let’s stay at home until the weather (improve). A: You (go) away this summer? 5. B: Yes, we (go) to Madrid. 6. A: Who (use) this room? B: My son, when he (come) home on holiday. 7. A: What is that smell? B: My mother (bake) bread. 8. A: How it (go) at work these days? B: I (get) tired from working so much. 9. A: What he (do) for a living? B: He is a deputy sheriff. 10. A: Who (do) your hair? B: I (do) it myself.

Utóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań, 1. She is reading a bedtime story to her little son. 2. I am drinking a gin and tonic. 3. The child is getting to sleep now. 4. The teacher is explaining the basics of algebra. 5. We are shopping for a sofa bed. 6. Ted is cleaning the bird cage. 7. Matthew is sailing for Barbuda next month. 8. Andy is translating a faxed document. 9. She is whisking the eggs vigorously. 10. They are basking in the afternoon sun.

8.

|Potącz zdania z tabelki A ze zdaniami z tabelki B,

1. She is so unreliable. 2. Vince was born under a lucky star. 3. Jay never takes responsibility for his actions. 4. Katy is so negative all the time. 5. Winnie the Pooh is a very friendly bear. 6. She is a busybody. 7. Paul is extremely self-centred.

22

B a) He is always helping others. b) She is always poking her nose into other people’s business. c) He is always getting what he wants. d) She is always criticising everyone and everything. e) She is constantly coming late. f) He is always blaming someone else. g) He is always talking about himself.

3 . Past Simple Tworzenie czasu Past Simple ■ Forma twierdząca

■ Forma pytająca

Podmiot

II Forma Czasownika

I You He She It We You They

slept

1 Krótka odpowiedź

U

Did

Did

Podmiot

I Forma Czasownika

I you he she it we you they

sleep?

■ Krótka odpowiedź

Yes

Podmiot

Did

No

Podmiot

D id + n o t

Yes,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

did

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

didn’t

M

Forma przecząca

Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

Did

Not

I Forma Czasownika

did

not

sleep

Forma ściągnięta

I You He She It We You They

did n ’t

sleep

Zastosowanie C zas Past Simple je s t czasem przeszłym prostym. ■ Stosujemy go, kiedy mowa jest o czynnościach bądź stanach, które wydarzyty się w przeszłości i nie sugerujemy ich powiązania z teraźniejszością. Zdania w czasie Past Simple zawierają często dokładny określnik czasu (np. on Wednesday, last week, a year ago). We m et h er on Monday. Spotkaliśmy ją w poniedziałek. I saw th is film th ee tim es in a row. Widziałem ten film trzy razy z rzędu.

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Past Si mpl e

Last w eek we went to a fashion show. W zeszłym tygodniu poszliśmy na pokaz mody. Określnikiem może być również zdanie podrzędne, np. I prepared the salad w hile she was cleaning up. Przygotowałem sałatkę, podczas gdy ona sprzątała. W hen she got hom e, I gave h er the message. Kiedy przyszła do domu, przekazałem jej wiadomość.

■ Past Simple używamy również do opisu zdarzeń, do których doszło w ściśle określonym czasie, chociaż czas ten nie jest bezpośrednio wspomniany. Np. w odniesieniu do czynności bądź stanów, których lokalizacja w przeszłości nie jest sprecyzowana żadnym określeniem czasowym, a która jest wskazana pośrednio okolicznikiem miejsca.

Luke studied English in London. Luke uczył się angielskiego w Londynie. W e bought th is sofa in B erlin . Kupiliśmy tę sofę w Berlinie. I ran into him in a coffee shop. Spotkałem go (dos. wpadłem na niego) w kawiarni. I

Past Simple stosuje się również:

■

Kiedy mówimy o faktach historycznych. M aria Skłodow ska-Curie discovered polonium and radium. Maria Skłodowska-Curie odkryła polon i rad. A leksander Graham B ell invented the telephone. Aleksander Graham Bell wynalazł telefon.

■ Kiedy mówimy o zdarzeniach bądź czynnościach, które następowały bezpośrednio jedne po drugich - w narracji. Chelsea got up, cam e to th e window and pulled up the shade. Chelsea wstała z łóżka, podeszła do okna i podciągnęła roletę. ■

Kiedy chcemy nadać wypowiedzi uprzejmy ton (w miejsce czasu teraźniejszego). I wondered if you could give me some advice.

24

Zastanawiam się, czy nie mógłbyś mi dać paru rad.

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I thought you would want to see them . I wanted to bring it to your atten tion .

Pomyślałem, że mógłbyś chcieć się z nimi spotkać. Chciałem zwrócić ci na to uwagę.

■ Po wyrażeniach takich jak: if only, I wish, it’s (high) time, I’d rather zamiast czasu teraźniejszego lub przyszłego w aspekcie życzeniowym i/lub hipotetycznym, np, It’s high tim e you grew up.

Najwyższy czas, żebyś wydoroślał.

I wish I knew the rig ht words.

Szkoda, że nie znam odpowiednich

I f only she knew the truth .

Gdyby ona tylko znała prawdę.

I’d ra th er he contacted me first.

Wolałbym, żeby on się ze mną skontaktował pierwszy.

słów.

■ W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zależnej w znaczeniu teraźniejszym lub współczesnym (o ile słowo wprowadzające relację jest w czasie przeszłym), I f I had m ore courage, I would ask h er out. Gdybym miał więcej odwagi, umówiłbym się z nią. He responded th at he planned to run for reelection . Odpowiedział, że planuje ubiegać się o reelekcję.

Zapamiętaj! Past Simple stosujemy, aby odnieść się do czynności bądź sytuacji umiejscowionych w przeszłości. Mówiący unaocznia wydarzenia przeszłe i okoliczności ich zaistnienia, nie sugerując ich powiązania z teraźniejszością. Already, yet, just nigdy nie występują w czasie Past Simple.

Ćwiczenia Q| Każdy z ciągów wyrazów 1-10 przekształć w poprawne zdania, nadając występującym tam czasownikom formę Past Simple, 1. The Smiths/sell/their house and/move/ to Vancouver. 2. I/go/to bed, but I/not sleep/ a wink. 3. Philip/study/law at Glasgow University.

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Past Si mpl e

4. How/you/make/your first million? 5. Abraham Lincoln/be born/in 1809. 6. My brother/set up in business/as a confectioner. 7. Martin/sue/the newspaper for libel, and he/win. 8. When/you/last/see/him? 9. Amy/join/the company in 2001. 10. I/want/to be an astronaut when I/be/a child.

2]

Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Simple. 1. I (look) out of the window and (see) a group of people gathered around a car. 2. The vase (fall) over and (break) into tiny pieces. 3. Katy (call) me within minutes of leaving the office. 4. Jack (pay) me what he (owe) me. 5. Sue (bite) her lip when she (hear) the story. 6. She (leave) all the lights on. 7. The child (stand) over the sink eating a tuna sandwich. 8. Tim (grow) up in a family of eight. 9. Last Saturday I (take) my children out shopping. 10. He (pick) up the phone, (listen), and (run) out of the house. 11. William (park) his car, (get) out, and (approach) the house. 12. She (sit) on the bed’s edge and (read) the letter again. 13. Greg (take) off his reading glasses and (wipe) them carefully. 14. I (drop) out of school last year. 15. Let me see if he (call) her before last week.

3.] Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego niżej przykładu. The Rolling Stones sang All you need is love. No, they did n ’t. The Beatles sang A ll you need is love. 1. Harold Pinter won the 2006 Nobel for literature. 2. Columbus discovered India in 1492. 3. Michael Jordan underwent many plastic surgeries. 4. Agatha Christie created Sherlock Holmes. 5. Kraków was the first capital of Poland. 6. The ancient Romans built the pyramids. 7. Catherine the Great reigned over Germany. 8. Alexander Graham Bell invented the printing press in 1456. 9. CS Lewis wrote Harry Potter. 10. Icarus constructed the labyrinth to imprison the Minotaur. 11. Neil Armstrong became the first man in space. 12. Clint Eastwood starred in Saturday Night Fever.

26

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4.] Wpisz w wolne miejsce właściwy czasownik. 1. Carl d ________ his wine to the last drop. 2. He a the phone on the first ring. 3. Dylan l home without saying goodbye to anybody. 4. Jacob b me a far too expensive birthday present. 5. It t me a little under an hour to finish the report. 6. She s us the most interesting places in the city. 7. When I was a child, I d of becoming a fire fighter. 8. Last weekend I w to the casino and w $1000. 9. Sylvia s at the kitchen table reading the paper. 10. They m ______ too many mistakes to win the match.

5 ] Ułóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań. 1. My exams went very well. 2. The child ate a meal with both parents. 3. A thief broke into a locked vehicle and stole a stereo system. 4. The police arrested demonstrators for blocking the runway. 5. Mr Olive studied economics at the London School of Economics. 6. The prime minister opened the industrial park on Monday. 7. Mike installed a trial version of Windows X P . 8. The phone rang a few times before I picked it up. 9. Emma made a terrible mistake and there is no going back. 10. He lost the game because the umpire was biased against him.

6.

|Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Simple. Jane: Chris: Jane: Chris: Jane: Chris:

Have you read the article on the jungles of Peru in National Geographic? No, I haven’t. I am not really into the jungles of South America. Actually, I am not into any jungles. Oh, I 1(be) certain that you would show concern for the plight of many endangered animals there. After all, you once 2(belong) to OIPA. Well, I 3(think) that this article was about trees rather than animals. Of course I will read it. Thanks for telling me. What you 4(do) as a member of OIPA? Well, we 5(learn) about animal welfare, 6(defend) their rights, 7 (protest) against vivisection. Actually, I can’t recall much of what we 8(do). As I 9(say), that m(be) many years ago.

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Past Continuous Tworzenie czasu Past Continuous ■ Forma pytająca

■ Forma twierdząca Podmiot

W as/W ere

I You He She It We You They

was w ere

Czasow nik+ing

W as/W ere

Podmiot

Was W ere

was

Was

sleeping

W ere

w ere

Czasow nik+ing

I you he she it we you they

sleeping?

■ Krótka odpowiedź

■ Krótka odpowiedź Yes

Podmiot

W as/W ere

No

Podmiot

W as/W ere+ n o t

Yes,

I we/you/they he/she/it

was w ere was

No,

I we/you/they he/she/it

wasn’t w eren’t wasn’t

M

W Forma przecząca Podmiot

W as/W ere

I You He She It We You They

was w ere was

w ere

Not

Czasow nik+ing

not

sleeping

Forma ściągnięta

I You He She It We You They

wasn’t w eren’t wasn’t

sleeping

w eren’t

Zastosowanie C zas Past Continuous je s t czasem przeszłym niedokonanym. I

Czasu Past Continuous używamy w następujących przypadkach:

■ Gdy mówimy o czynnościach lub sytuacjach, które trwaty przez pewien czas w przeszłości, i których czas trwania nie jest bliżej znany bądź jest nieistotny The dog was sleeping on the sofa. Pies spał na sofie.

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

■ Gdy mówimy o czynnościach bądź sytuacjach, które rozpoczęły się przed określonym momentem w przeszłości i prawdpopodobnie trwały dalej. H e was working in the filed at 3 p.m. Pracował na polu o trzeciej. Jeśli określenie czasowe wyrazimy w Past Simple, to informujemy, że czynność wyrażona w Past Continuous rozpoczęta się przed czynnością lub sytuacją wyrażoną w Past Simple, i że prawdopodobnie trwata dalej. I was darning a sock when he got home. Cerowałam skarpetę, kiedy on wrócił do domu.

Uwaga! ■ Zdania w Past Continuous zazwyczaj zaczynają się od while - wyraz ten ma znaczenie „podczas gdy". W hile I was darning a sock, he got home. Podczas gdy cerowałam skarpetę, on wrócił do domu. ■ Gdy mówimy o czynnościach bądź sytuacjach, które mieścity się w pewnym określonym przedziale czasowym. I was studying betw een two and five. Uczyłem się między drugą a piątą. ■ Gdy mówimy o dwóch lub kilku czynnościach, które odbywaty się równolegle przez pewien czas. W hile I was lying on the beach, he was sitting in the shade. Kiedy leżałam na plaży, on siedział w cieniu. I

Past Continuous stosuje się również:

■ W narracji, jako tło wydarzenia lub opis sytuacji, w której coś się stało. A student was performing an experim ent when the wind blew the front door open. Student przeprowadzał doświadczenie, kiedy podmuch wiatru otworzył frontowe drzwi. ■ W uprzejmych wypowiedziach. I was thinking i f you would allow m e to interview you. Zastanawiałem się, czy pozwoliłbyś mi przeprowadzić z sobą wywiad. I was w ondering i f you would explain it to me. Zastanawiałem się, czy nie wytłumaczyłbyś mi tego. ■

Po wyrażeniach takich jak: if only, I wish, it’s time w miejsce czasu teraźniejszego. I wish she w eren ’t w earing this dress. Chciałbym, żeby nie nosiła tej sukienki/Szkoda, że ona ma na sobie tę sukienkę. It is high time I was getting home. Najwyższy czas, żebym szedł do domu.

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Past

Continuous

■

Kiedy mowa jest o sytuacjach tymczasowych w przeszłości. Paul was working in th e shoe shop then. Paul pracował wtedy w sklepie z butami. W hen I was ten I was living in the suburbs o f Philadelphia. Kiedy miałem dziesięć lat mieszkałem na przedmieściach Filadelfii.

■

Kiedy mówimy o ustaleniach przyszłych widzianych z perspektywy przeszłej. I was m eeting a new client. Miałem się spotkać z nowym klientem.

■ W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zależnej, najczęściej w znaczeniu teraźniejszym. I f I w eren ’t taking a day off, I would substitute fo r Robert. Gdybym nie brał dnia wolnego, zastąpiłbym Roberta (ale biorę - aspekt nierzeczy­ wisty). S h e said she was leaving (następstwo czasów po she said). Powiedziała, że odchodzi. ■ Aby wyrazić stopniową zmianę sytuacji bądź procesu - występuje wówczas bez określenia czasowego. It was getting windy. Robilo się wietrznie. H e was turning grey. Siwiał.

Zapamiętaj! When i while mogą być użyte zamiennie, jeśli jedna lub dwie czynności przeszłe trwały stosunkowo długo. Jeśli jednak obie czynności byty krótkie, stosujemy when. The phone rang/was ringing w hile/w hen I was washing my hair I bumped into my English teacher w hen I turned a corner.

Ćwiczenia Q| W wyrażeniach 1-12 wstaw czasowniki w odpowiedniej formie, aby powstały poprawnie zbudowane zdania. I/read/a book/when/the power/go down. I was reading a book when the pow er went down.

30

1.

While/the kettle/boil/she/take out a cup/from the cupboard.

2.

The postman/arrive/while/we/pack/ for a trip to Florida.

3.

I/make/my bed/when/I hear/ a cat meowing.

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4.

She/ meet/her future husband/while/she/stay/ in Helsinki.

5.

Tim/chat/online/while/the child/play/ with a toy.

6.

Alice/cut her finger/while/she/chop/a carrot.

7.

A doctor/examine/me/when/a patient/come in.

8.

I/run/into a friend of mine/while/I/shop/at Safeway.

9.

Dorothy/see/a car accident/while/she/queue/ at the Main Post Office.

10.

Jack/hear/the police siren/while/he/go to bed.

11.

It/rain/when/we/leave/the restaurant.

12.

What/you/do/on 2 September?

Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple. 1. Tim (park) the car when a police officer (stop) him for driving without his headlights on. 2. A storm (break) while Jim (bird watch). 3. The miners (demonstrate) while the prime minister (open) a meeting. 4. The telephone (ring) while I (proofread). 5. I (sprain) my ankle while I (get) off the bus. 6. The gardener (whistle) while he (trim) the hedge. 7. While the police (search) the house, they (find) 2 kilos of heroin. 8. The ambulance (arrive) while the fire brigade (put) out the fire. 9. Mike (burn) his hand while he (poke) the fire. 10. I (browse) the net when the light (go) out. 3.

Ułóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The actress was rehearsing her lines. While Martha was locking the door, she heard a gunshot. Tom was paying the bill when a man came up to the table. David was repairing the gate all afternoon. The children were playing on the seashore.

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31

Past

Continuous

6. Ann was trying to remove the stain, but she was unsuccessful. 7. It was raining all night in London. 8. The boys were pitching the tent in the yard. 9. The fans were cheering on their team. 10. The ducks were swimming in the pond. 4.

Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego niżej przykładu: While the players were warming up, someone threw a bottle on the field. (pose for pictures) The players w eren ’t w arm ing up when som eone threw a bottle on the filed. They w ere posing fo r pictures. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Aunt Clarissa burst into my room while I was napping. (tiptoe into my room) While Kim was eating strawberries, Jim came home. (wash strawberries) While I was putting on my running shoes, the lace broke. (take off shoes) Brandon was running up the stairs when his keys fell out of his pocket. (run down the stairs) 5. We were watching a match when the lights went off. (watch a film) 6. When Chris walked into the office, the secretary was filling out some papers. (eat a cake) 7. Beth was peeling potatoes when she heard her husband opening the front door. (mash potatoes) Popraw błąd w każdym z poniższych zdań.

1. 2. 3. 4.

While Sue wrote an essay, Jerry was revising for his exam. He was getting home while I was sleeping. Tim was washing the dishes when a plate was falling off the shelf. Jack was withdrawing money from the ATM machine when his credit card company was charging him the wrong amount. 5. We lay on the beach when a big wave crashed on the shore. 6. I was changing a light bulb when I lost my balance and was falling over. 7. Chris was sleeping when a knock at the door was awakening him. 8. What were you doing when the accident was happening? 9. They were playing darts when a quarrel was breaking out. 10. While I speed down a hill, a hare ran in front of the car.

6.

W wolne miejsca wpisz when lub while. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

32

______ he was talking on the phone, I was typing a message. He was painting the ceilin g ______ the ladder fell backwards. I was overtaking a v a n I heard a loud thump. The nurse was preparing the m edicines______ the patient woke up. I was picking the fruit, a bee stung me on my finger. We were complaining about the w eather______ the sun broke through the clouds. We were watching a film the screen went blank. The President was giving a t a lk a fire alarm went off.

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9. I was taking a show er the water stopped flowing. 10. _______ she was packing the bags, I was looking for our passports. 7.] Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple, It i(b e)________ a fine day. The sun 2(shine) brightly, the birds 3(sing) ______ , and children 4(run)______ about. I 5(take)_________ Alfa - a big greyhound through the - and 6(go)______ for a walk in a forest. W hile we 7(walk) forest, a hare s(jump)________ out from behind a bush and 9(begin) to run. The second my dog io(see) the hare, she ii(start)_______ pulling the leash very hard, so we i2 (w alk)________ faster and faster. I i3(hold)________ onto the leash as tightly as I could. Then Alfa i4(break) loose and i5(start)______ to chase the hare at full speed. Every second she i6(gain)______ on the animal. Finally, she i7(catch) up with it. Never having caught a hare before, Alfa i8(not know )______ what to do with it. She just « (sn iff)________ at it and 2 o(let) ________ it run off. 8. a) Beth i Nick byli w sobotę na pikniku, Ułóż zdania w Past Simple z podanymi poniżej przysłówkami o tym, co para robiła w piątek i sobotę, First, then, next, finally F irst, they chose a location. Friday 9 :3 0 -1 0 :0 0 1 0 :1 5 -1 1 :3 0 12:0 5 -1 3 :1 5 1 5 :0 0 -1 6 :2 0 Saturday 8 :0 0 -1 0 :1 0 1 0 :0 5 -1 0 :3 0 1 0 :4 0 -1 1 :1 5

Choose a location. Invite friends. Plan picnic activities. Do the shopping for the picnic.

Prepare food and beverages. Fill a picnic basket with food and picnic essentials (e.g. flashlights and garbage bags). Go to the picnic site.

b)Co Beth i Nick robili w różnych porach dnia w piątek i sobotę? Zadaj pytania, a następnie na nie odpowiedz używając czasu Past Continuous: What were they doing on Friday at 9:20? They w ere choosing a location. Fr 9 :2 0 11.20 13:00 15:45?

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Sat 8:50 10:20 11:00?

33

5 . Present Perfect Tworzenie czasu Present Perfect ■ Forma twierdząca

I

Podmiot

Have/Has

I You He She It We You They

have

has

I You He She It We You They

III Forma Czasownika

slept

have

Have/Has

I You He She It We You They

have

Not

III Forma Czasownika

not

slept

I You He She It We You They

have

’s

slept

’ve

haven’t

hasn’t

slept

haven’t

■ Krótka odpowiedź

■ Forma pytająca Have/Has

’ve

Forma ściągnięta

Forma przecząca Podmiot

has

Forma ściągnięta

Podmiot

Have

Has

Have

I you he she it we you they

III Forma Czasownika

Yes

Podmiot

Have/Has

Yes,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

have has

slept? 1

Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

H ave/H as+n ot

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

haven’t hasn’t

Zastosowanie Czas Present Perfect jest łącznikiem pomiędzy przeszłością a teraźniejszością. Ma zastosowanie częściowo zbieżne z zasięgiem użycia czasu teraźniejszego jak również przeszłego w polszczyźnie,

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

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Czasu Present Perfect używamy w następujących przypadkach: ■ Aby zaznaczyć, że stan rozpoczęty w przeszłości trwa do chwili obecnej. By podać długość tego okresu, posługujemy się przyimkami sin ce i for. S h e has lived in a small town in M innesota since 1998. Ona mieszka w małym mieście w Minesocie od 1998 roku. We have known each other for ages. Znamy się od lat. Mimo że oba te przyimki tłumaczy się jako od, nie używa się ich wymiennie. Sin ce zaznacza moment rozpoczęcia czynności. since since since since since since

Sunday sum m er Christmas 8 o ’clock m orning I moved out

od niedzieli od lata od Bożego Narodzenia od godziny ósmej od rana od czasu kiedy przeprowadziłem się

For określa długość czynności. fo r an hour fo r years fo r a long time

od godziny od lat od dawna

Jeśli po sin ce występuje nie samo określenie czasowe (np. 2000, last summer, 9 o’clock), ale pełne zdanie, czasownik główny występuje na ogół w czasie Past Simple (np. I haven’t been there since I left school). It has rained twice since I arrived last week. Padało dwukrotnie, odkąd przyjechałem w zeszłym tygodniu. We haven’t spoken to each other since I went overseas. Nie rozmawialiśmy ze sobą, od kiedy wyjechałem zagranicę.

Po sin ce możemy również użyć ponownie czasu Present Perfect. Oznaczać to będzie, że czynność bądź stan wyrażony przez czasownik występujący po przyimku trwa do chwili mówienia. E v er since I have known her, she has always w anted to write. Odkąd ją znam, ona zawsze chciała pisać.

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Present

Perfect

■ Kiedy mówimy o czynności przeszłej, której konsekwencje są istotne w teraźniejszości, kiedy relacjonujemy to, co było, mając na myśli to, co jest, I ’ve sprained my ankle. I have lost my mobile phone. M y ca r has broken down.

Skręciłem nogę w kostce ( i nie mogę tańczyć). Zgubiłem komórkę ( i teraz muszę dzwonić z telefonu stacjonarnego). Zepsuł mi się samochód (i będę musiał pojechać autobusem).

Present Perfect używamy również do opisu: Czynności, które dopiero co się zakończyły - w tym przypadku zazwyczaj używamy just. I have just found a virus on my computer.

Właśnie wykryłem wirusa moim w komputerze.

The plane has just landed.

Samolot właśnie wylądował.

I ha v e ju s t r e c e iv e d my exam ination results.

W łaśn ie otrzym ałem w yniki egzaminu.

Czynności, które nie zostały wykonane, a których realizacji oczekujemy. I haven’t called him yet.

Jeszcze do niego nie zadzwoniłem.

Liz hasn’t made up h e r m ind yet.

Liz jeszcze się nie zdecydowała.

Ryan hasn’t apologised fo r his behaviour yet.

Ryan jeszcze nie przeprosił za swoje zachowanie.

■ Czynności bądź stanów, które trwają lub powtarzają się w nieograniczonym przedziale czasu łączącym przeszłość z teraźniejszością.

36

Chloe has always enjoyed painting portraits.

Chloe zawsze lubiła malować portrety (i nadal lubi).

Bob has never been in trouble with the law.

Bob nigdy nie miał problemów z prawem (i nadal nie ma).

They have always lived in a big city.

Oni zawsze mieszkali w dużym mieście (i nadal mieszkają).

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

■ Aby wyrazić nasilenie danej czynności bądź stanu stosujemy przysłówki częstotliwości (np. always, often, never). Inne spotykane w czasie Present Perfect przysłówki to m.in.: recently/lately ostatnio ju st dopiero co, właśnie already już ev er kiedykolwiek yet jeszcze Have you ever baked bread? I haven’t checked the m essages yet. Has Nick arrived yet? I

Czy kiedykolwiek piekłeś chleb? Jeszcze nie sprawdziłem wiadomości. Czy Nick już przyjechał?

W Present Perfect stosuje się również określenia czasowe. all my life (up) till now/until this very moment so fa r

całe moje życie do chwili obecnej jak dotąd/do tej pory

The baby hasn’t said a word so fa r.

Jak dotąd dziecko nie powiedziało ani słowa.

Toby has w orked hard all his life.

Toby całe życie ciężko pracuje.

Tom has never m ade a single mistake up till now.

Tom nie popełnił dotąd żadnego błędu.

I haven’t m issed an episode o f “F rien d s” so far.

Do tej pory nie przegapiłem żadnego odcinka „Przyjaciół”.

I have been to New York many times.

Byłem w Nowym Jorku wiele razy.

I Present Perfect może również wystąpić z określeniami czasu teraźniejszego, np. this morning/afternoon/evening, today, this week. Jack has called m e this m orning.

Jack zadzwonił do mnie rano (tak mówimy do12-tej w południe).

Jack called m e this m orning .

Jack zadzwonił do mnie rano (tak mówimy popołudniu lub wieczorem).

Mimo że powyższe zdania przekładamy jednakowo na polski, to w języku angielskim mają różne znaczenie. Gdy używamy „has called", to mowa jest o zdarzeniu podczas trwającego jeszcze poranku. Natomiast gdy używamy„called", to mówimy o wydarzeniu minionego poranka.

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Present

Perfect

I Present Perfect stosuje się również, aby wyrazić czynności lub sytuacje, które zdarzyły się w przeszłości, jeżeli zachowane jest powiązanie z teraźniejszością, np, dana czynność może być powtórzona w teraźniejszości, Otylia has won several gold medals so far. Otylia zdobyła kilka złotych medali (już ma kilka, ale może mieć kilkanaście). ale Polish sw im m ers won five gold medals in Budapest this summer. Polscy pływacy zdobyli tego lata pięć złotych medali w Budapeszcie. (tu co prawda mamy do czynienia z okresem czasu, który jeszcze trwa, gdy to mówimy - this summer - ale polscy pływacy już na tych mistrzostwach medalu nie zdobędą, bo te się skończyły).

Zapamiętaj! Present Perfect nie występuje z takimi określeniami czasu jak: yesterday, last year, two days ago, last Monday, when I w as a child, then,

Ćwiczenia Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Present Perfect, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba, 1. Mr Johnson never (travel) out of Nebraska. 2. A: Who is the blonde next to him? B: I don’t know. I never (see) her before. 3. A: Is something wrong? B: I (lose) my credit card. 4. A: How well do you know Ted? B: We (b e) friends for over ten years. 5. You (see) my shoes? 6. A: Where you (b e)______ ? B: In the library. 7. A: Where is Jim? B: He just (leave)_______ . 8. How many times you (try)_______ to quit smoking? 9. What you (do) with your hair? 10. She (lose) seven kilos since the last time I saw her. 11. There ever (b e) any volcano activity in Poland? 12. I think I (m eet)_____ my dream woman. 13. The band (not b e ) particularly successful in Europe. They are famous in Canada, though. 14. I (not sleep) well recently. 15. You ever (skip)______classes?

38

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

2.| Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Present Perfect lub Past Simple. Dear Katy

_

Just a short note to tell you we 1 (return)______ to London safely. We 2 (have) a wonderful stay in your house. I 3(travel)______________ all over the world, and I can say that these two weeks in Rimini 4(be) my highlight. From the moment we 5(arrive)_______ until we 6(leave)_______ , we 7(feel)_______ very special. Everyone 8(have) a fantastictime, and this 9(be) precisely how I had imagined it in my head. The setting w(be) excellent. Close to the beach and within a walking distance to downtown and shopping. Thank you for excellent accommodation and delicious food - your home made waffles with maple syrup are the best I ever n(have) . Can I request you to send me a recipe? Many thanks for everything. We look forward to our next trip to Italy! Cheers, Martha and Steve

3 ] W wolne miejsca wstaw for lub since. 1. We haven’t heard from h e r June. 2. I have been m arried ten years. 3. He hasn’t scored a g o a l the opening of the season. 4. It has been so lo n g I last saw you. 5. Nick has owned a record shop three years. 6. The building has been h e r e 1974. 7. Jay hit the jackpot two years ago a n d then he hasn’t worked at all. 8. I haven’t done the ironing a very long time. 9. Beth hasn’t been on holidays_______ years. 10. Jim has had this annoying habit e v e r I remember.

4 ] Przeksztatc zdania wedtug wzoru. Chad lost job in 2004. Chad has been unem ployed since 2 0 0 4 .

1.

I smoked my last cigarette on May 3rd 2000.

2.

The last time I lost my temper was February.

3.

We stopped talking to each other over a year ago.

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39

Present

5]

Perfect

4.

He last played a match in 2005.

5.

We travelled across Europe last summer.

6.

I stopped using Windows a month ago.

7.

Grace became a business unit manager in 2002.

8.

The last time we were in Madrid was back in 1990.

Rosie i Mike biorą wkrótce ślub, Sporządzili listę rzeczy do wykonania, Napisz w czasie Present Perfect, co narzeczeni już zrobili, a czego jeszcze nie, Sprawy, które załatwili, są zaznaczone, They have m ade a guest list. They h a v en ’t sent out the invitations. To Do! 1. Make a guest list. 2. Send out invitations. 3. Buy a wedding dress and tuxedo 4. Book the church. 5. Choose a reception venue. 6. Select a band. 7. Hire a caterer. 8. Find a professional photographer 9. Arrange transport. 10. Order a wedding cake.

6.

|Ułóż zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu z wytłuszczonym słowem, 1. It is ages since we last heard from you! not W e ______ ages. 2. When did you get married? been How lo n g married? 3. Sue can’t drive a car. learn t S u e to drive a car. 4. I still don’t know what I want to be when I grow up. made I up my m in d when I grow up. 5. I don’t know how it is to study abroad. never I ______ abroad.

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L in G D

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

6. The art gallery bought an early painting by vanGogh two years ago. had The art gallery for two years. 7. Nick spent his childhood in Boston and he still lives there. lived N ic k since his childhood. 8. Bob is still sleeping. not B o b _______ awoken yet. 0 ! Które z pytań bądź uzupełnień (a, b) zdań 1-5 jest prawidłowe? 1. He has worked as an accountant for 4 0 years. a) When is he going to retire? b) W hen did he retire? 2. I have analysed it ______ a) but I don’t understand it. b) and I didn’t understand it. 3. The number I tried to reach ______ a) has been disconnected. b) was unavailable. 4. He hasn’t signed the contract yet. a) He is still debating it. b) There were too many unanswered questions. 5. She went to Florida. a) Where did she stay? b) Where is she staying? 8.

|Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect lub Past Simple, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba. 1. He just (release) a new album. 2. Argentina (win) the World Cup in 1986. 3. You (be) here last week, right? 4. She (teach) philosophy at Southwestern University for 10 years now. 5. He never (vote) before, and he doesn’t intend to vote this time. 6. George (not drink) alcohol before the accident. 7. W ill (live) in Worcester until quite recently. 8. I (work) for Unilever almost all my life. 9. Real Madrid (defeat) Sevilla three times last year. 10. Whom Shakespeare (marry)? 11. Smith (park) the car, (get) out, and (lock) the door. 12. I am sorry that I (not write) for so long! 13. Grace (love) to read science-fiction books when she (live) in Liverpool. 14. Where is Jimmy? He (leave) yesterday evening. 15. Harry (not be) to a baseball game since he (get) married.

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Present

Perfect

Dopasuj wyrażenia z kolumny B do wyrażeń z kolumny A. A 1. I saw him 2. I have seen him 3. We know that Penderecki 4. We know that Chopin 5. How long have you lived here? 6. Have you ever seen Cleopatra? 7. Did you see Cleopatra while abroad? 8. How long did you live there? 9. My great grandfather 10. My son, who is eleven,

B a) Since 1990 b) From about 1990 to 1999 c) didn’t like fishing d) has composed some operas e) has always liked fishing f) recently g) Yes, a couple of years ago h) didn’t compose any operas i) No, never j) two days ago

D0 J a) Ułóż pytania do ankiety szkolnej w czasie Present Perfect, wykorzystując - zgodnie ze wzorem - wyrażenia podane w kolumnie Question. H ave you e v e r fa iled an exam ? Q uestion 1. fail an exam 2. cheat in an exam 3. copy someone else’s work 4. forget your ID tag 5. play truant 6. perform in a school play 7. be late to school 8. lie to a teacher 9. come to class unprepared 10. your parents be contacted

Answer never/in my life never once before once or twice several times this school year not yet three times this school year never four times since school began on a number of occasions

b) Opowiedz na ułożone przez siebie pytania, posługując się wyrażeniami w kolumnie Answer. No, I have never fa iled an exam in my life.

42

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Present Perfect Continuous e czasu Present Perfect Continuous ■ Forma twierdząca Podmiot

Have/Has

I You He She It We You They

have

has

■ Forma ściągnięta Been

Czasow nik+ing

been

sleeping

have

■ Forma przecząca Podmiot

Have/Has

I You He She It We You They

have

has

Been Czasow nik+ing

not

been

Podmiot

Have

I you he she it we you they

Have

I You He She It We You They

sleeping

have

Have/Ha:

’ve

’s

been

sleeping

’ve

■ Forma ściągnięta Not

■ Forma pytająca

Has

I You He She It We You They

haven’t

hasn’t

been

sleeping

haven’t

■ Krótka odpowiedź Been

been

Czasow nik+ing

sleeping?

M

Yes

Podmiot

Have/Has

Yes,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

have has

Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

H ave/H as+n ot

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

haven’t hasn’t

Zastosowanie | I

Present Perfect Continuous stosujemy w następujących przypadkach:

■ Gdy informujemy, że czynność bądź sytuacja rozpoczęta się w przeszłości i trwa (niekoniecznie bez przerwy), aż do chwili obecnej.

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Present

Perfect

C ontinuous

Podobnie jak w Present Perfect do określenia dtugości czasu posługujemy się przyimkami sin ce i for. I have been studying since 9 o ’clock. Uczę się od dziewiątej. M rs Olive has been teaching fo r 1 0 years. Pani Olive naucza od dziesięciu lat. Oscar has been surfing the net fo r an hour. Oscar serfuje w internecie od godziny. ■ Gdy chcemy powiedzieć o jakichś - zakończonych bądź nie - wydarzeniach lub czynnościach rozpoczętych w przeszłości, których skutki czy konsekwencje są oczywiste w chwili obecnej. It has been raining. Padało (ulica jest jeszcze mokra). S h e has been crying. Płakała (ma wciąż zaczerwienione oczy). H e has been repairing his car. Naprawiał (a może i dalej naprawia) samochód (ma zabrudzone smarem ubranie). ■

Kiedy dana czynność lub sytuacja ma charakter przejściowy, I have been living in Germany for a few months. Mieszkam w Niemczech od paru miesięcy (ale na stałe mieszkam gdzie indziej). I have been substituting for Paul since Monday. Zastępuję Paula od poniedziałku.

I

Niekiedy Present Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous można posługiwać się wymiennie. We have lived in Warsaw fo r seven years. lub We have been living in Warsaw fo r seven years. Mieszkamy w Warszawie od siedmiu lat.

Bez określenia czasowego (for seven years) zdanie w Presen Perfect nabiera odmiennego znaczenia: We have lived in Warsaw. Mieszkaliśmy w Warszawie (i znamy to miasto).

Zapamiętaj! Stosując Present Perfect Continuous w pytaniach sugerujemy, że można zobaczyć, poczuć, usłyszeć coś, co jest wynikiem jakiejś czynności. Jeśli zadamy pytanie „Have you been drinking?", dajemy do zrozumienia, że wyczuwamy woń alkoholu. Używając tego czasu niewłaściwie, można obrazić osobę, do której jest kierowane zapytanie.

Ćwiczenia l 7| Dopasuj wyrażenia z kolumny B do wyrażeń z kolumny A.

44

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Her eyes are swollen. You are late again! You look bored. Why are you so scared? Aren’t you tired? Beth seems to be very pleased. Are you hungry?

8. The roads are wet. 9. Your hands are rough. 10. Tom is unwell.

B a) Yes, I have been playing basketball. b) I’ve been gardening all afternoon. c) It’s been raining the whole day. d) She’s been crying. e) I’ve been watching a horror film. f) I’ve been waiting for Adam to come. g) Yes, she’s been shopping and spending money all day. h) Probably because he has been drinking. i) Yes, I have been reading a dull article. j) No, I have been slaving over a hot stove all day.

2J| Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect Continuous lub Present Perfect, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile zachodzi taka konieczność. 1. Now look at what you (do)! 2. It (thunder) and (rain) all day. 3. Liz (horse ride) since the age of eight. 4. He has a massive hangover. He (drink) with friends all day. 5. How long you (be) a fan of Tom Cruise? 6. Jim (jog) since April. 7. I (cook) dinner. Lay the table and I will serve the food. 8. Rob (see) a doctor recently. 9. I feel I (know) her all my life. 10. I (learn) a lot from the course. 11. You (complain) too much lately. 12. We (have) the house for two years. 13. Martha (feel) much better recently. 14. A woman (stand) outside our house since early in the morning. 15. My dog (lose) his hair lately. 3J| W poniższych przykładach, w zależności od czasu użytego w zdaniu wyjściowym, wybierz jako uzupełnienie wypowiedź a lub b. 1. I have been reading your book ______ a) and I am enjoying it. b) from cover to cover. 2. I have been tidying up my office. a) It looks pretty nice now. b) For almost three hours. 3. Who has been eating my vegetables? a) There are none left. b) Soon I will have none left.

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45

Present

Perfect

C ontinuous

4. It has been raining for several days. a) Why can’t it stop? When will the sun come up? b) But today the sky is clear. 5. I have been calling him ______ a) but to no avail. b) I can’t believe how helpful he is! 6. I have been waiting for almost an hour. a) The waiter hasn’t even shown up yet. b) I am getting out of here. 4]

Połącz poniższe zdania w jedno, używając czasu Present Perfect Continuous i przyimków w nawiasach. The government began negotiations with the miners in June. Now, it is December. (for) The governm ent has been negotiating with the m iners fo r h a lf a year. 1.

I am weeding the garden. I started weeding at 10 o’clock. (since)

2.

Helen is dancing professionally. She started dancing in 1997. (since)

3.

We have a new coffee machine. We bought it two months ago. (for)

4.

Roger went down to the shops at 2 o’clock. Now, it is 4:10. (for)

5.

5]

Lynn is about to start reading the fifth chapter of this book. She started reading at noon. (since)

Popraw błąd występujący w każdym z poniższych zdań. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How long do you wear glasses? Steve was in the USA twice so far. I know Tom for ten years. Paul delivers papers since 8 o’clock. A: What’s the matter? B: Someone used my computer without my knowledge. 6. I don’t diet lately. 7. My feet hurt. I walked all day. 8. Annie is sleeping badly recently. 9. The band play together for two years. 10. He is coaching since 1998.

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7 . Past Perfect e czasu Past Perfect Forma twierdząca Podmiot

Forma ściągnięta

Had

III Forma Czasownika

had

slept

i

You He She It We You They

I You He She It We You They

Had

Not

III Forma Czasownika

had

not

slept

H ad

I You He She It We You They

hadn’t

slept

Krótka odpowiedź

Forma pytająca Had

slept

Forma ściągnięta

Forma przecząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

Podmiot

I you he she it we you they

III Forma Czasownika

Yes

Podmiot

Had

Yes,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

had

slept? Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

H ad+not

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

hadn’t

Zastosowanie Czas Past Perfect jest czasem zaprzeszłym. Stosuje się go, aby zaznaczyć uprzedniość danej czynności lub sytuacji przeszłej względem innej czynności lub sytuacji przeszłej. W zdaniach w Past Perfect często występują określenia czasowe takie jak: after, before, already, just, since, until/till, by, by the time.

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Past

I

Perfect

Czas Past Perfect stosujemy w następujących przypadkach:

■ By opisać czynności lub sytuacje, które zdarzyły się przed innymi czynnościami, sytuacjami lub momentami w przeszłości, I had visited many countries before I settled down in Italy. Zwiedziłem wiele krajów, zanim osiadłem we Włoszech. H e did n ’t rem em ber w here he had seen that girl. Nie pamiętał, gdzie ujrzał tę dziewczynę. B ecause we hadn’t booked early enough, we d id n ’t g et a table. Ponieważ nie dokonaliśmy rezerwacji wystarczająco wcześnie, nie dostaliśmy stolika. ■ By opisać czynności lub sytuacje, które trwały już jakiś - najczęściej określony - przed innymi czynnościami, sytuacjami w przeszłości i być może trwały także później, W hen I m et him in 1 9 9 8 he had w orked as an accountant fo r a few years. Kiedy go spotkałem w 1998, pracował jako księgowy od kilku lat (Past Perfect - stan zatrudnienia). dla porównania: I had been chatting online for a n hour when Jay came. Czatowałem w sieci przez godzinę, zanim przyszedł Jay (Past Perfect Continuous - czynność). ■ Wyrażenia w Past Perfect można zastępować wyrażeniami w Past Simple bez jakiejkolwiek różnicy znaczeniowej, kiedy spójniki jasno wskazują na kolejność zdarzeń, A fte r I had clea ned out the attic, I went into my backyard = A fter I cleaned out the attic, I went into my backyard. Kiedy posprzątałem strych, wyszedłem na podwórko. Jeśli zdarzenia opisywane w Past Perfect w ogóle nie wydarzyły się w danym okresie, Past Perfect musi być bezwarunkowo zastosowany, I had never seen a palm tree before I w ent to Florida. POPRAWNE I never saw a palm tree before I went to Florida. NIEPOPRAWNE Nigdy nie widziałem palmy, zanim nie pojechałem na Florydę. ■ Niekiedy zastosowanie Past Perfect zamiast Past Simple powoduje, że czynność opisywana w Past Perfect jawi się jako zakończona jakiś czas przed inną, a nie jako bezpośrednio poprzedzająca, Zdanie a sugeruje natychmiastową sekwencję wydarzeń, natomiast zdanie b, że upłynęło między nimi trochę czasu, a) W hen I d id the shopping, I went to a café. b) W hen I had done the shopping, I w ent to a café.

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

I

Past Perfect stosuje się również:

■ Kiedy chcemy powiedzieć o niezrealizowanym zamiarze, nadziei, życzeniu. Dotyczy to takich czasowników jak: to intend, to hope, to expect, to think, to wish, to want, to suppose, to plan. Pete had wanted to dye his hair, but his m other talked him out o f it. Pete chciał ufarbować włosy, ale jego mama odwiodła go od tego. I had intended to m eet h e r in France, but I couldn’t afford the fare. Chciałem spotkać się z nią we Francji, ale nie mogłem sobie pozwolić na bilet. ■ Po wyrażeniach takich jak: if only, I wish, kiedy mówimy o przeszłości życzeniowo hipotetycznej. I wish I hadn’t lost my temper. Szkoda, że straciłem panowanie nad sobą. I f only they had played better! Gdyby tylko zagrali lepiej! ■ W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zależnej odnośnie przeszłości bądź uprzedniości. I f the ca r hadn’t broken down, things would have gone as planned. Gdyby samochód się nie zepsuł, wszystko poszłoby zgodnie z planem. H e adm itted he had m ade a false statement. Przyznał, że złożył fałszywe zeznanie.

Zapamiętaj! W przeciwieństwie do zdań w Present Perfect, zdania w Past Perfect mogą zawierać konkretne określenia czasu, np. in 1998, on Saturday, when he returned, before she got married. Opisując wydarzenia przeszte o jasnej chronologicznej kolejności używa się czasu Past Simple, a nie Past Perfect.

Ćwiczenia Harry studiuje zagranicą. Wcześniej nie robił sam wielu rzeczy. Uzupetnij poniższe zdanie, wstawiając kolejno w miejsce kropek wyrażenia 1-12 w czasie Past Perfect. Before Harry went to study abroad

be 300 miles from home.

B efo re H arry went to study abroad, he had never been 3 0 0 m iles from home.

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49

Past

Perfect

1.

polish his shoes

2.

wash his clothes

3.

cook a meal in his life

4.

eat anything other than homemade meals

5.

clean the house

6.

make his bed

7.

buy his own clothes

8.

give parties

9.

date a girl

10.

have a mobile phone

Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Perfect bądź Past Simple. 1. James (compose) a waltz, although he never (learn) musical notation. 2. W hen I (get) home, I realised that I (lose) my keys. 3. We (not recognise) each other because we (not meet) since our school days. 4. They (be) amazed. They never (heard) of gumbo before. 5. W hen I last (see) Jay, he (not pay) yet off the loan. 6. Mr Jones (retire) at the age of 72 after he (work) for the company for over 30 years. 7. After I (do) the washing-up, I (take) a short walk in the garden. 8. The show already (start) when we (arrive). 9. I never (eat) sushi before I (go) to Japan. 10. Philip (be) upset because Clair (decline) his invitation to dinner. 11. By that time he (cross) the Atlantic six times. 12. If only she (keep) quiet! 13. I never (hear) of Bigfoot until I (go) to Malaysia. 14. We (have) that car for years before it (act) up. 15. By the time Ron (get) married, he (complete) his university degree.

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

*

Na początku kampanii wyborczej sztab wykonywał prace wyszczególnione poniżej. Kandydat na burmistrza co jakiś czas pojawiał się w sztabie. Uzupełnij zdania (2-6), przekształcając - według wzoru - wyrażenia w nawiasie, tak by opisywały, co w trakcie każdej wizyty kandydata już było, a co jeszcze nie zostało wykonane. 8 :0 0 -9 :0 0 - prepare a campaign calendar 9 :0 0 -1 0 :0 0 - invent a slogan 1 0 :0 0 -1 2 :3 0 - write a campaign song 1 2 :3 0 -1 3 :3 0 - design a campaign logo 1 3 :3 0 -1 4 :0 0 - order bumper stickers, T-shirts and balloons with the logo 1 4 :0 0 -1 5 :0 0 - prepare leaflets and posters 1 5 :0 0 -1 5 :3 0 - have a lunch break 1 5 :3 0 -1 6 :0 0 - pay for TV ads 1 6 :0 0 -1 6 :3 0 - make phone calls to the donors 1 6 :3 0 -1 7 :0 0 - organise a whistle-stop tour 1. The candidate arrived at the campaign office at 9.20. (prepare a campaign calendar/invent a slogan) The cam paign team had already prepared a cam paign calendar, but they hadn’t invented a slogan yet. 2. The candidate went there back at 12.20. (invent a slogan/write a campaign song)

3.

The candidate returned at 13.30. (pay for TV ads/design a campaign logo)

4.

The candidate popped in at 14.50. (prepare leaflets and posters/order bumper stickers, T-shirts and balloons with the logo)

5.

The candidate returned at 16.00. (pay for TV ads/make phone calls to the donors)

6.

The candidate visited the office again at 17.00. (make phone calls to the donors/ organise a whistle-stop tour)

Ułóż zdania zgodnie z wzorem: Philip never saw koala bears. He went to Australia. (before) Philip had n ever seen koala bears before he went to Australia. 1.

I bought a coffee table. Carrie found a similar one at a lower price. (after)

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51

Past

Perfect

2.

He wrote his first novel. He graduated from Oxford University. (by the time)

3.

Alice began to walk. She spoke her first word. (before)

4.

Clair went into the room. She knew she was there before. (as soon as)

5.

The concert began. We arrived at the venue. (by the time)

6.

Charles made a fortune in the stock market. He supported a number of charities. (after)

7. We had that cottage for twenty years. It fell down. (before)

8. I didn’t go to see the movie. I watched it before. (because)

9. He didn’t have a proper house. Simon hit the jackpot. (before)

10. David lived in Cincinnati. He moved to San José. (until)

Używając wytłuszczonego słowa, ułóż drugie zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu co pierwsze. 1. Last year I went to an auction. It was my first time there. been I ___________________________ auction before. 2. After doing the laundry, I hung it out to dry. done A fte r___________________________ out to dry. 3. Lucy watered the houseplant. She got a phone call afterwards. already W h e n ___________________________ watered the houseplant. 4. I read most of the classic horror novels. I turned ten by the time. had By the tim e ___________________________ classic horror novels. 5. That was the only time I wanted to come back to Europe. never I ___________________________ Europe before. 6. Paul graduated from Oxford and then he joined the Labour Party. u n til Paul didn’t jo in ___________________________ from Oxford. 7. I washed my hair before the alarm clock went off. w h e n ___________________________ my hair. 8. Garry arrived at the airport at 5. The plane took off at 5.10. by the time The p la n e___________________________ at the airport.

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8 . Past Perfect Continuous asu Past Perfect Continuous

■ Forma twierdząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

■ Forma ściągnięta

Had

Been

Czasow nik+ing

had

been

sleeping

■ Forma przecząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

H ad

’d been

sleeping

■ Forma ściągnięta

Had

Not

Been

Czasow nik+ing

had

not

been

sleeping

Podmiot

I you he she it we you they

I You He She It We You They

hadn’t been

sleeping

■ Krótka odpowiedź

■ Forma pytająca Had

I You He She It We You They

Been

been

Czasow nik+ing

sleeping?

M

Yes

Podmiot

Had

Yes,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

had

Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

H ad+n ot

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

hadn’t

Zastosowanie Czas Past Perfect Continuous jest czasem zaprzeszłym z wyraźnie zaznaczonym aspektem trwania. Zdania występujące w tym czasie często zawierają określenia czasowe takie jak: for, since, before, until, when.

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Past

I

Perfect

C ontinuous

Czasu Past Perfect Continous używamy w następujących przypadkach:

■ By wyrazić czynności lub sytuacje, które trwały przed innymi wydarzeniami lub sytuacjami w przeszłości. I had been studying F ren ch fo r two y ea rs before I went to France. Uczyłem się francuskiego przez dwa lata, zanim pojechałem do Francji. The children had been quarreling fo r over an hour when their parents came home. Dzieci kłóciły się przez ponad godzinę, zanim rodzice przyszli do domu. ■

By wskazać na przyczynę jakiegoś wydarzenia czy sytuacji. Betty was tired because she had been cleaning the flat. Betty była zmęczona, ponieważ sprzątała mieszkanie. Kathy put on w eight because she had been eating too m uch sugar and fat. Kathy przybrała na wadze, ponieważ jadła za dużo cukru i tłuszczu.

■ W zdaniach warunkowych i mowie zależnej w aspekcie przeszłym i uprzednim. I f it hadn’t been raining, I would have gone fo r a walk. Gdyby nie padało, poszedłbym na spacer. S h e told m e she had been expecting a guest. Powiedziała mi, że (chwilę wcześniej/już jakiś czas) czekała na gościa.

Zapamiętaj! Jeśli nie podajesz czasu trwania danej czynności lub sytuacji (np. for an hour, for ten minutes, for a week, sin ce last Sunday), lepiej użyj czasu Past Continuous zamiast Past Perfect Continuous.

Ćwiczenia l J| a) Napisz, używając czasu Past Perfect Continuous, co uczestnicy przyjęcia robili, zanim przybyła policja. T h e y _______ fo r a few hours before the police arrived. 1.

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drink and eat noisily

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

2. dance wildly

3. play CDs at full volume

4. shout

5. fight

b)

Analogicznie, napisz, co robili policjanci przed interwencją.

The p o licem en _______ fo r some time before they received a noise complaint. 1. check cars

2. issue parking tickets

3. watch for drunk drivers/pedestrians

4. pick up truants

5. monitor traffic

Rozwiń wyrażenia umieszczone w nawiasie do zdania w Past Perfect Continuous według wzoru: My back was sore (sit at the computer for hours). M y back was sore because I had been sitting at the com puter fo r hours. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I got a high grade on my report (study very hard). Jacky was very tired (clean all morning). Sue got sunburnt (lie in the sun too long). The driver fell asleep at the wheel (drive all day long). Ron had a hangover (drink the whole evening). Her eyes were puffy (cry the whole night).

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55

Past

Perfect

C ontinuous

7. Daniel came home hot and sweaty (jog). 8. The roads were impassible (snow heavily all night). 9. My hair was wet (swim for half an hour). 10. Philip had dirt on his hands (repair his car). 11. Pam’s clothes were covered in paint (paint the flat). 12. Lynn was promoted (work hard during her probationary period). 13. We did not hear him come in. (laugh out loud) 14. Tom was fired. (make private phone calls) 15. Mike had a stomach upset. (not eat properly)

*

Drużyna harcerska postanowiła posprzątać plażę. Jak długo harcerze pracowali, zanim doszły osoby spoza drużyny, które obiecały pomoc? 9 :0 0 -9 :3 0 9 .3 0 -1 0 :0 0 1 0 :00 -1 1 :0 0 1 1 :00 -1 3 :3 0 1 3 :30 -1 4 .0 0 1 4 :00 -1 5 :0 0

assign the work hand out bin liners empty litter baskets pick up the litter (bottles, cans, food wrappers, cigar tips, lids) record the litter found take the rubbish to a landfill site

1. Sue arrived at 9.20. W hen S u e arrived there, the scouts had been assigning the work fo r twenty minutes. 2. Jerry got there at 9.45.

3.

Tom and Scott came at 10.20.

4. Grace arrived at 13.00. When she arrived there the scouts’ backs were aching as they...

S.

Mike arrived at 13.40.

6.

Martin and David came at 14.30.

Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Simple bądź Past Perfect Continuous. 1. It (snow) for hours when we (leave) for St. Petersburg. 2. Mark (work) for Ford Motor Company for five years before he (be lay) off. 3. The police (investigate) the case for a year before it (go) to trial.

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

4. By 2000, I (live) in Boston for six years. 5. Amy was angry. She (wait) for them for an hour. 6. The streets were filled with puddles. It (rain) all morning. 7. By 6 o’clock, he (repair) the engine for two hours. 8. Elisabeth (lecture) at the University for two years before she (move) to Poland. 9. Susan (go) down with flu. She (feel) unwell for some time when she got her illness. 10. I (put) on weight because I (eat) too much rich food.

JT| w czasie śledztwa w sprawie rabunku bankowego po Iicja przesłuchiwała podejrzanych - państwa Carringtonów oraz ich służbę. Między innymi pytała ich o to, co robili w przeddzień napadu. Wszyscy mówili nieprawdę. Korzystając z poniższej tabelki, napisz w czasie Past Perfect Continuous, co poszczególne osoby zeznawały, a co rzeczywiście robiły,

przesłuchiwani Mr John Carrington Mr Richard Carrington Mrs Judy Carrington Mrs Elisabeth Carrington Miss Veronica Carrington May Jack Bernie

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to, co zeznali read stock market reports watch wild birds plan a dinner party watch a fireworks display make her own clothes polish silver clean the cellar write a request for a pay rise

prawda examine the robbery plan observe the bank’s security guards plan an escape route prepare explosives cut eyeholes in the masks steal jewellery drink vintage wine in the cellar forge Mr Carrington’s signature

57

9 . Future Simple Tworzenie czasu Future Simple Forma ściągnięta

Forma twierdząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

Will

Czasownik

will

sleep

I You He She It We You They

I You He She It We You They

W ill

Not

Czasownik

will

not

sleep

■ Forma pytająca W ill

I You He She It We You They

I Podmiot

Will

sleep

won’t

sleep

Forma ściągnięta

Forma przecząca Podmiot

’ll

I you he she it we you they

Czasownik

Krótka odpowiedź Yes

Yes,

Podmiot

I/we/you/they he/she/it

W ill

will

sleep? Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

W ill+ n o t

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

won’t

Zastosowanie Ze wszystkich czasów przysztych Future Simple jest podstawowy i najbardziej uniwersalny, Z powodu wielości znaczeń nie zawsze jest oczywiste, które z nich mówiący ma na myśli, Nierzadko wypowiedzi w tym czasie możemy interpretować na różne sposoby.

58

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

I

Czasu Future Simple używamy w następujących przypadkach:

■ By powiedzieć, że coś nastąpi w przyszłości. Informacja wyrażona w taki sposób jest pozbawiona elementów subiektywnych, wynika z okoliczności zewnętrznych, na które nie mamy wpływu. The concert will start any moment now.

Koncert rozpocznie się lada moment.

We will know the election results tomorrow. Jutro poznamy wyniki wyborów. K ate will arrive in a few minutes.

Kate przyj edzie za parę minut.

■ By wyrazić opinie, przypuszczenia, spekulacje odnośnie przyszłości. Posiłkujemy się wówczas takimi czasownikami jak: think, believe, feel sure, doubt, hope, be afraid, expect, know, suppose, wonder, oraz towarzyszącymi im przysłówkami typu: perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, certainly. I am certain he will resign his post.

Jestem pewien, że on odejdzie z posady.

I hope my parents will let m e buy a dog.

Mam nadzieję, że moi rodzice pozwolą mi kupić psa.

The president will probably veto the bill.

Prezydent prawdopodobnie zawetuje ustawę.

■ By opisać czynności lub sytuacje, które jakaś osoba dokonuje z przyzwyczajenia czy innych przyczyn charakterologicznych, niezależnie od okoliczności i nie przejmując się opinią innych. S h e will keep asking stupid questions.

Ona stale zadaj e głupie pytania.

Scott will w ear this silly bow tie.

Scott będzie nosić tę śmieszną muszkę.

I

Future Simple również stosujemy:

■

Kiedy podejmujemy spontaniczną decyzję. This coat is a real bargain. I will buy it.

Ten płaszcz to prawdziwa okazja. Kupię go.

To samo zdanie użyte w innej osobie nie oznacza już spontanicznej decyzji, ale przypuszczenie. S h e will buy this coat. Ona kupi ten płaszcz (tak mi się wydaj e).

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Future

Simple

■ Kiedy coś postanawiamy. Często wspomagamy się wówczas czasownikami takimi jak: promise, swear, guarantee. I prom ise I will g et m ore organised.

Obiecuję, że będę bardziej zorganizowana. I will go to the gym twice a week. Będę chodzić na siłownię dwa razy w tygodniu. I sw ear I will study h a rd er next sem ester. Przyrzekam, że będę więcej pracować w przyszłym semestrze. ■

Kiedy prosimy. Will you lend m e € 2 0 ? Will you do m e a favour?

Pożyczysz mi 20 euro? Zrobisz coś dla mnie?

Kiedy wypowiadamy gotowość. I will g e t you some co ffee. I will help you. I will drive you home.

■

Kiedy obiecujemy lub grozimy. I will do my best. I won’t bother you again. Stop talking o r I will punish you!

■

Przyniosę ci kawy. Pomogę ci. Zawiozę cię do domu.

Zrobię co w moj ej mocy. Nie będę cię więcej kłopotać. Przestań rozmawiać, bo cię ukarzę!

Kiedy wydajemy kategoryczne polecenie. You will not reveal y o u r password to any other person. Nie ujawnisz swoj ego hasła żadnej osobie. You will not discuss the contract, or any o f its terms, with anyone. Nie będziesz rozmawiał z nikim o umowie ani o żadnym z jej warunków.

Kiedy wyrażamy odmowę lub brak chęci (za pomocą won’t). Ja ck won’t see the doctor. M y children won’t eat vegetables.

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Jack nie pójdzie do lekarza. Moje dzieci nie zjedzą warzyw.

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Future Simple można również tworzyć przy pomocy formy shall. Dzisiaj wyraz ten występuje przede wszystkim w 1 osobie liczby pojedyncze i mnogiej. Dzięki niemu można nadać wypowiedzi neutralny charakter. W 3 osobie shall pojawia się w podniostym stylu, w prawnych albo formalnych zobowiązaniach czy gwarancjach. A refu n d shall be granted within seven days o f delivery o f the products. Zwrot kosztów jest gwarantowany w czasie siedmiu dni od dostawy produktów. D elivery shall take place at the a g reed time. Dostawa nastąpi w uzgodnionym czasie. T h e board shall notify shareholders o f its decision in writing. Zarząd powiadomi udziałowców pisemnie o swoj ej decyzji. Shall w zdaniu pytającym (w 1 osobie) stosujemy, by dowiedzieć się o życzenia czy chęci osoby, do której wypowiedź jest skierowana. Zdanie pytające z shall może być również propozycją czy sugestią. What shall I do now? Shall I close the window? Shall we go to the m useum ?

Co mam teraz robić? Czy mam zamknąć okno? Pójdziemy do muzeum?

Zapamiętaj! Jak wszystkie inne formy czasu przysztego, Future Simple nie może być użyty w zdaniach zaczynających się od wyrazów when, while, after, before, by the time, if, unless, provided. Reguta ta obowiązuje, wtedy gdy nie mamy zamiaru nadać wyrażeniu z will znaczenia „zechcieć", np. „I’ll be grateful if you will kindly consider my request." Jeśli masz zamiar dać do zrozumienia, że ktoś nie zrobi czegoś w przyszłości nie dlatego, że nie chce, ale z powodu niezależnych oko Iiczności, unikaj czasu Future Simple (np. „I won’t jo In you."). Aby nie sugerować odmowy lub niechęci, użyj czasu Future Continuous (np. „I won’t be joining you.").

Ćwiczenia Q Zareaguj na opisane w zdaniach 1-13 sytuacje, wypowiadając swoje decyzje w czasie Future Simple. The phone is ringing. I will answ er/pick it up/get it. 1. I don’t understand it. 2. This is a very heavy box. 3. It’s freezing in here.

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Future

Simple

4. I’ve got a splitting headache! 5. I am in a hurry. 6. The garbage is full. 7. The dog needs to go out. 8. I am so sleepy! 9. There isn’t any bread. 10. Your room is a real mess. 11. The smoke alarm doesn’t work. 12. The mailbox is bulging with letters. 13. The grass is too tall.

Do każdego ze zdań 1-10 dopisz odpowiednie postanowienie. I drink too much coffee. I will cut back to one o r two cups a day. 1. I have bad eating habits. 2. I can’t program video. 3. I’m too fat. 4. I’m a heavy smoker. 5. I am in the red. 6. I can’t speak a foreign language. 7. I’m too stressed. 8. I lack confidence. 9. I spend too much money. 10. I go out too often.

E J Zaneguj prognozy wyrażone w zdaniach 1-10, posługując się wyrażeniami zawartymi w nawiasach. The price of petrol will come down in two years’ time. (go up) No, it won’t. It will go up. 1. The world’s population will come to an end by the end of the 21st century. (stop growing) 2. People will travel to exotic planets in sixty years’ time. (travel to the moon) 3. Distance learning will replace traditional methods of education in the future. (support traditional methods of education) 4. In the next sixty years, cars will run on hydrogen. (run on sugar cane) 5. People will live in underground buildings in thirty years’ time. (live in smaller houses) 6. People will eat pills instead of food in 2100. (eat convenience food) 7. In sixty years’ time, people will use sun to produce energy. (use biomass) 8. In fifteen years’ time, Warsaw will have five airports. (have two airports) 9. By the year 2070, people will have several careers. (have shorter careers) 10. The Arctic will be covered in palm trees in the future. (become warmer)

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4.1 Zastąp wytłuszczone słowa odpowiednio wyrazami: will, won’t bądź shall. Jeśli trzeba, dodaj zaimek osobowy, 1.

P lease stop fidgeting!

2.

Jim refu ses to go to a doctor.

3.

When do you want me to arrive?

4.

The director is ready to see you now.

5.

Why don’t we go out tonight?

6.

All payments ought to be made not later than May 31.

7.

I promise to call you tomorrow.

5 1 Ułóż zdania wyrażające ostrzeżenia bądź groźby w Future Simple wykorzystując wskazówki umieszczone w nawiasach. 1. Your neighbour is listening to music at full volume. (turn the volume down/call the police) 2. Your employee is late for work again. (keep to the hours of work/fire you) 3. Your students are talking. (be quiet/punish you) 4. Your boss says no to your request for a pay rise. (give me a pay rise/quit) 5. Your child is doing poorly at school. (improve your grades/ deduct one pound each day from your pocket money) 6. Your camera doesn’t work. The seller doesn’t want to refund your money. (give me a refund/sue you) 7. Your flatmate doesn’t keep his room neat. (pick up your room/ throw away everything that I find on the floor) 8. Your brother doesn’t clean up the table after eating. (clean up the table/not allow you to eat with us) 9. Your little sister is lying to you. (tell the whole truth/lock you in your room until you confess) 10. Your landlord is continually disturbing you at night. (stop harassing me/report you)

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1 0 . Be Going To Be Going To ■ Forma twierdząca Podmiot

A m /A re/Is

I You He She It We You They

am are is

I Going to

Czasownik

going to

sleep

are

■ Forma przecząca Podmiot

Am /Are/Is

I You He She It We You They

am a re is

Going to

Czasownik

not

going to

sleep

Am A re

I you he she it

Is

A re

you they

’m ’re ’s

going to

sleep

’re

I ’m not You a re n ’t He She isn’t It We You a ren ’t They

going to

sleep

■ Krótka odpowiedź

■ Forma pytająca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

■ Forma ściągnięta Not

a re

A m /A re/Is

Forma ściągnięta

Going to

going to

Czasownik

sleep?

Yes

Podmiot

Am /Are/Is

Yes,

I you/we/they he/she/it

am a re is

W Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

A m /A re/Is+ n o t

No,

I you/we/they he/she/it

am not a ren ’t isn’t

Zastosowanie I

Zwrot be going to używamy w następujących przypadkach:

■ By wyrazić intencję zrobienia czegoś w przyszłości. Zamierzona czynność jest z reguły przemyślana i należy się domyślać, że jakieś przygotowania zostały już podjęte. Uważa się, że czynności wyrażone konstrukcją be going to są możl iwe do zrealizowania.

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I am going to study law. Sophie is going to take a day off. H e is going to throw a party.

Zamierzam studiować prawo. Sophie zamierza wziąć dzień wolny. On zamierza urządzić przyj ęcie.

Czasowników to be i to com e nie powinno się raczej używać w konstrukcji be going to. S h e is going to go out o f business. I am not going to com e with you.

Ona zamierza wycofać się z biznesu. Nie zamierzam iść z wami.

Mimo że zdania te są poprawne, lepiej użyć czasu Present Continuous i powiedzieć: S h e is going out o f business. I am not com ing with you.

■ By wyrazić przewidywania wynikające z naocznych obserwacji dotyczących wydarzeń, zdaje się nieuchronnych. S h e is going to have a baby. It is going to rain. They a re going to win the match.

Ona będzie miała dziecko (jest w ciąży). Zanosi się na deszcz (na niebie zebrały się chmury). Oni wygrają mecz (maj ą dużą przewagę nad przeciwnikiem).

Zasadnicze różnice w użyciu be going to i will są następujące: - Zwrot be going to sugeruje, że występują pewne obiektywne znaki, symptomy, przesłanki, że coś się wydarzy, natomiast will sugeruje, że przewidywania są oparte na opinii mówiącego. - Zwrot be going to dotyczy zwykle najbliższej przyszłości, will nie odnosi się do żadnego konkretnego czasu i może dotyczyć nawet da Iekiej przyszłości.

Zapamiętaj! Unikaj stosowania wyrażenia be going to z czasownikami ruchu, zwłaszcza com e i go. W takich przypadkach użyj czasu Present Continuous. Jeśli chcesz posłużyć się jakimś zdarzeniem w przyszłości jako wymówką, unikaj wyrażenia be going to (np. „I’m sorry, I can’t see you tomorrow. I am going to visit my uncle."). Stosując tę konstrukcję sprawiłbyś wrażenie, że nie zrobisz czegoś kierując się subiektywnym wyborem. Użyj czasu Present Continuous (np. „I’m sorry, I can’t see you tomorrow. I am visiting my uncle."), aby dać do zrozumienia, że przyczyną odmowy są wcześniej poczynione plany.

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Be

Going

To

Ćwiczenia Jak Geri zamierza spędzić zbliżający się tydzień? Popatrz na kartkę z jej ka Iendarza. Uzupełnij wolne miejsca informacjami z ramki, stosując Present Continuous (w przypadku terminów już umówionych) albo konstrukcję be going to (w przypadku zamierzeń). Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

4 p.m. go to the dentist’s 2.30 have a job interview study for a math exam go to a passport office take the car to the garage 8 p.m. attend the school reunion stay in and watch Mad TV

Geri can’t go out on Wednesday because she She will be at home on Sunday because she Her car is leaking oil, s o on Friday. On Tuesday . She is looking forward to Saturday because _ She has a toothache, so s h e . She wants to renew her passport, so s h e ___

Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Simple, bądź zastosuj zwrot be going to. 1. A: Where are you going on your honeymoon? B: I don’t know yet. Maybe we (go) to India. 2. Watch out! You (run) into that car. 3. Be careful! You (spill) coffee on the carpet. 4. I (be) a pianist when I grow up. 5. A: Why are you wearing the shoes at home? B: I (stretch) them. 6. A: I’ve left my pencil at home. B: Don’t worry - I (lend) you mine. 7. Quick. We (be) late! 8. I’ve made up my mind. I (apply) to the University of Florida.

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9. My head hurts. I’m coughing. I (be) ill. 10. A: I think the company should launch a new PR campaign. B: That’s a good idea. I (raise) it at the next meeting. 11. A: I’ve got an awful sore throat. B: Oh, dear. I (bring) you an aspirin. 12. A: Your hair needs a cut. B: Oh really? I (go) to the hairdresser’s then. 13. A: Where are you going? B: Home. A: I (give) you a ride.

*

Na podstawie symptomów 1-10 wywnioskuj, co może się wydarzyć. There are black clouds in the sky. It is going to rain. 1. The sun is coming out. 2. The ladder is unstable. 3. Simon is opening a bottle of wine. 4. The cyclist is ahead of his rivals. 5. He is leading in the polls for the presidential election. 6. I’ve missed the bus. 7. He hasn’t studied for the exam. 8. Katy has been lying unprotected in the sun for too long. 9. My computer is infected. 10. Tim has poured himself another glass of whisky.

4.

|Utóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań. 1. I am going to tell you a secret. 2. She is going to break up with her boyfriend. 3. Kim is going to eat brown bread from now on. 4. Jack is not going to say a word about that. 5. My brother is going to get married. 6. Steve is going to settle down one day. 7. We are going to get there by the end of the week. 8. His parents are going to split up in the near future. 9. Alice is going to open her office in Brussels. 10. Beth is going to spend the day cleaning.

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Be

3

Going

To

Po krótkim zaprzeczeniu przekształć zdania (1-10) według poniżej podanego wzoru, dobierając odpowiednie uzupełnienie spośród wyrażeń (a-k). Tina Turner is going to come back on stage. No, she is not. S he is going to write an autobiography. 1. Starbucks is going to open coffee stores in Poland. 2. E-learning is going to replace traditional education. 3. David Beckham is going to act in a film. 4. Michael Jackson is going to move to India. 5. Maybach is going to launch a small family car. 6. Women skij umping is going to become a W inter Olympic Games sport. 7. Britney Spears is going to take some time off from the music industry. 8. The Bold and the Beautiful is going to end soon. 9. Madonna is going to open her own casino. 10. Steven Spielberg is going to make a Bolływood film. a) Shoot a civil war epic about Abraham Lincoln. b) It is going to move into entertainment. c) Do another commercial. d) Release a new album. e) Introduce a new custom-built luxury vehicle. f) Face another trial. g) Give a world tour. h) Grow in popularity. i) Complement traditional education. j) Be made into a movie.

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. Future Continuous asu Future Continuous Forma ściągnięta

Forma twierdząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

Will

Be

Czasow nik+ing

will

be

sleeping

I You He She It We You They

W ill

Not

will not

Be

Czasow nik+ing

be

sleeping

Will

Podmiot

I you he she it we you they

sleeping

I You He She It We You They

won’t

be

sleeping

■ Krótka odpowiedź

■ Forma pytająca W ill

’ll be

■ Forma ściągnięta

■ Forma przecząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

Be

be

Czasow nik+ing

sleeping?

Yes

Podmiot

Will

Yes,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

will

W Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

W ill+ n o t

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

won’t

Zastosowanie I

Czasu Future Continuous używamy w następujących przypadkach:

■ Gdy mamy zamiar powiedzieć, że czynność bądź sytuacja będzie odbywata się w określonym momencie w przyszłości, albo kiedy coś innego wydarzy się i prawdopod obnie będzie trwać da Iej.

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Future

Continuous

This time next week, I will be throwing a party. 0 tej porze w przyszłym tygodniu będę wydawać przyj ęcie. 1 will be waiting fo r you in the library. Będę czekać na ciebie w bibliotece. Tomorrow at eight, we will be sitting on the plane to New York. Jutro o godzinie ósmej będziemy siedzieć w samolocie do Nowego Jorku. ■ Gdy mamy zamiar powiedzieć, że czynność bądź sytuacja, która ma nastąpić w przyszłości, będzie zgodna z usta Ioną koIeją rzeczy, kiedy uważamy ją za coś naturalnego. I will be seein g them soon. Będę się z nimi wkrótce widzieć. You will be picking up children from school, won’t you? Odbierzesz dzieci ze szkoły, prawda? The football team will be staying at the Hilton. Drużyna futbolowa będzie przebywać w Hiltonie. ■

By wyrazić przypuszczenie dotyczące teraźniejszości lub przyszłości. M egan won’t be sleeping now.

Przypuszczam, że Megan teraz nie śpi.

They will be getting home ju st about now. Przypuszczam, że właśnie docierają do domu. H e will be having his breakfast now.

Przypuszczam, że on teraz je śniadanie.

■ Kiedy pytamy kogoś o zamierzenia, zwłaszcza jeśli chcemy prosić o przysługę. Stosując tę konstrukcję unikamy podejrzeń, że chcemy wpłynąć na zamiary osoby, do której jest kie­ rowane zapytanie.

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A: Will you be reading the new spaper? B: No, I ’ve rea d what I wanted. A: Could I borrow it, then?

Czy będziesz czytać tę gazetę? Nie, przeczytałem już to, co chciałem. Mogę w takim razie ją wziąć?

W hen will you be com ing hom e?

Kiedy wrócisz do domu?

Will you be driving to the airport?

Będziesz jechać na lotnisko?

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Zapamiętaj! Jak wszystkie inne formy czasu przyszłego, Future Continuous nie może być użyty w zdaniach zaczynających się od wyrazów: when, while, after, before, by the time, if, unless, provided. Jeśli chcesz dowiedzieć się o czyjeś zamierzenia na przyszłość, unikaj czasu Future Simple. Użycie tego czasu sugerowałoby, że skłaniamy kogoś do pewnej czynności. Użyj czasu Future Continuous, by dać do zrozumienia, że chcesz obiektywnie zapytać o czyjeś plany.

Ćwiczenia Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous albo Future Simple, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba. A: B: A: B: A:

B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A:

Is it Tuesday tomorrow? Yes, why? Oh, I dislike Tuesdays. It is the worst day of the week for me. Most people dislike Mondays. They have to wake up early after a 2-day break. Could you explain why tomorrow is going to be dreadful? Because, as usual, I i(attend) a meeting of the Board, which is as boring as hell. I 2 (report) what our unit is doing and 3(answer) questions afterwards. Just a complete waste of time. Poor you. W hen you are in a meeting, I 4(get) out of town. My days off start tomorrow. That’s great! A few days off work 5(do) you good. I hope so. This 6(be) my first holiday in 4 years. So, whiłe I am discussing routine issues, you 7(relax) and s(have) fun. That is not realły fair. But your days off 9(be) here in no time. Next Sunday when I am dealing with millions of papers, you io(have) a great time with your famiły. True. I wish it were Sunday. By the way, you li(drive) to the centre? Yeah, do you want a lift? Oh yes, please. I am picking up my sister from the railway station. She i2 (arrive) in half an hour.

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Napisz zdania w czasie Future Continuous dobierając do wyrażeń z kolumny A wtaściwe zakończenia z kolumny B. L arry will be diving in the R ed Sea. A Larry/dive Simona/bask Katy/fly back Mark/travel We/redecorate Greg/move out Luis Alberto Perez/defend I/land Philip/testify Alice/explore We/study

B a) to New York. b) his title against Dimitri Kirilov. c) in the Red Sea. d) out of student housing. e) letter writing. f) across Canada. g) in the morning sun. h) the whol e house. i) a coastal lagoon habitat. j) before the Tribunal. k) at Heathrow Airport.

Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba. 1. You (prepare) any food for that occasion? 2. I (check) in on 23 September. 3. Tim (discuss) this issue with the chairman next week. 4. Tomorrow this time we (lie) on the beach. 5. Don’t call me at 6 - I (work) out in the gym. 6. I (drive) to Berlin on Saturday. 7. You (use) this typewriter? 8. This time next week Amy (sit) by the pool. 9. What time you (come) home? 10. Good luck. We (keep) our fingers crossed for you.

4.1 Utoz pytania w czasie Future Continuous, aby uprzejmie zapytac o 1. what time he intends to start 2. how they plan to address the problem 3. when she intends to return the book 4. whether he plans to attend the tea party 5. what time she intends to check out 6. where he plans to stay 7. whether they intend to go to the polls 8. how she plans to get to the seaside 9. whether she intends to use the photocopier 10. when they plan to come home 11. whether he plans to bring his friends to the party

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12. what time she intends to depart 13. whether they intend to dine out Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous, Future Simple albo zastosuj zwrot be going to, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba. 1. Tomorrow at lunchtime I (give) a presentation. 2. When you arrive, I (wait) for you. 3. Take the umbrella. It (rain). 4. What would you like to drink? I (have) green tea, please. 5. It is so hot in here. I (faint). 6. You (come) to my office at once? 7. You (have) some more cake? 8. This time next week, we (admire) the beauty of Dresden. 9. Tonight at 7 p.m., they (give) a press conference. 10. Good luck. We (be) in touch. 11. Good luck. We (cheer) on you. 12. Dennis, you (do) me a favor? 13.W hat do you need it for? I (drill) a hole. 14. Do you have any plans for the long weekend? Yes, we (visit) our friends in Sweden. 15. In the afternoon I (study) for my finals.

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1 2 . Future Perfect Tworzenie czasu Future Perfect Forma twierdząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

Forma ściągnięta

W ill

Have

III Forma Czasownika

will

have

slept

■ Forma przecząca Podmiot

I You He She It We You They

I

W ill

Not

Have

will

not have

III Forma Czasownika

slept

Will

Podmiot

I you he she it we you they

’ll have

slept

Forma ściągnięta

I You He She It We You They

won’t

have

slept

■ Krótka odpowiedź

■ Forma pytająca W ill

I You He She It We You They

Have

have

III Forma Czasownika

slept?

Yes

Podmiot

W ill

Yes,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

will

W Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

W ill+ n o t

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

won’t

Zastosowanie I

Czasu Future Perfect używamy w następujący przypadkach:

■ By stwierdzić, że dana czynność bądź sytuacja zostanie ukończona do określonej chwili w przyszłości.

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J u d e will have com pleted his doctoral thesis by May. Jude skończy swój doktorat przed maj em. T h e actress will have signed the contract by the beginning of Septem ber. Aktorka podpisze kontrakt przed początkiem września. T h e jury will not have d eliv ered the verdict until next week. Ława przysięgłych nie ogłosi werdyktu do następnego tygodnia.

■

By powiedzieć, że dany stan będzie trwał, określając przy tym od jak dawna. I will have been in Warsaw fo r exactly twenty y ea rs by 2 0 0 7 . W 2007 roku upłynie dokładnie dziesięć lat, odkąd jestem w Warszawie. Jim will have worked as a repo rter fo r ten y ea rs by the end o f this year. Pod koniec roku upłynie dziesięć lat, odkąd Jim pracuje jako reporter. I will have studied three foreign languages fo r two y ea rs next semester. W przyszłym semestrze upłyną dwa lata, odkąd uczę się trzech języków obcych.

■

By wyrazić przekonanie, że jakaś czynność została wykonana. The plane will have taken o ff by now, so don’t bother to rush to the airport. Samolot już pewnie odleciał, więc daruj sobie pośpiech na lotnisko.

W zdaniach w Future Perfect często występują takie określenia czasowe jak: by, by the time, before, until/till, by then.

Zapamiętaj! Future Perfect wskazuje na przeszłość w przyszłości.

Ćwiczenia 1 . 1Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect. 1. 2. 3. 4.

By the time I complete my degree, I (gain) expertise in writing protocols. Tom (recover) by then. I (not learn) my lines until tomorrow. Tony (live) in Morocco for a decade by 2007.

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5. We (know) each other for two years next May. 6. By dinner time Rob (finish) packing. 7.Mr Taylor (pay) off his debts by the time he takes out a new loan. 8. Sue (peel) all potatoes in two hours’ time. 9.The plane (land) by 7. 10. Paul (finish) his apprenticeship by the end of the month. 11. I (repair) the tap by 4 p.m. 12. Next year we (be) married for seven years.

Beth urządza przyjęcie urodzinowe w sobotę 27 maja o godzinie 18-tej. Napisz w czasie Future Perfect, co zrobi Beth, aby przygotować urodziny, 1. make a guest list (by Sun 14th) 2. plan a menu (by Mon 15th) 3. make a shopping list (by Fri 19th) 4. plan some activities such as games or karaoke (by Sun 21st) 5. do the shopping (by Mon 22nd) 6. choose the music (by Tue 23rd) 7. bake cakes and cook dishes (by Wed 24th) 8. clean the whoł e house (by Thu 25th) 9. put up decorations (by Fri 26st) 10. borrow extra chairs and tables from a neighbour (by 2 o’clock on Saturday ) 11. order flowers (by 3 o’clock on Saturday) 12. prepare saład dressing and sandwiches (by 4 o’clock on Saturday)

*■ Napisz w czasie Future Perfect zaprzeczenie prognoz wyrażonych w poniższych zdaniach według wzoru, The world’s population will have doubled by 2015. No, the w orld’s population won’t have doubled until 2 0 6 0 . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

People will have constructed flying cars by 2050. Scientists will have discovered a cure for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s by 2009. People will have conquered the solar system by 2050. The Earth’s temperature will have risen by 8°C by the end of this decade. The European Union will have taken in Turkey by 2012. Warsaw will have had 5 subway lines built by 2020. The polar ice cap will have melted by the end of the century. Two-thirds of the world’s plant species will have disappeared by 2020.

4 l Moda na sukces" emitowana jest od poniedziałku do piątku o 16, babcia Petera uwielbia ten serial. Odpowiedz na poniższe pytania w czasie Future Perfect, 1.

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How many episodes will she have watched after a month?

Darmowe ebooki: www.ebook4me.pl

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2. She has been watching the soap every day and records it when she is not at home. Next month she will be away for two weeks. How many episodes will she have recorded by the time she returns home? 3. She drinks two cups of herbal tea while watching each episode. How many cups of tea will she have drunk after a week? She drinks tea only when the soap is being broadcast. 4. Each episode runs for 30 minutes. How many hours will she have spent in front of the TV screen watching the soap after a week?

Twój kolega wkrótce zdaje egzamin z języka angielskiego. Nie czuje się zbyt pewnie. Dodaj mu otuchy. Ułóż zdania 1-8 w czasie Future Perfect według wzoru. Catch up (in two weeks’ time). You will have caught up in two w eeks’ time. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Get acquainted with examination requirements (before you know it). Revise your grammar and vocabulary (by the end of next month). Learn new grammatical structures (by May). Improve your English skills (before the spring comes). Extend your existing knowledge (before you take the exam). Develop your writing skills (by the end of the semester). Consolidate your learning from the previous two years (before the exam).

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13 . Future Perfect Continuous Tworzenie czasu Future Perfect Continuous ■ Forma twierdząca Podmiot W ill

I You He She It We You They

■ Forma ściągnięta

Have

Been

will have

been

sleeping

I You He She It We You They

W ill

Not

Have

Been

will

not have been

Will

Podmiot

I you he she it we you they

I You He She won’t have been sleeping It We You They

Czasow nik+ing

sleeping

■ Forma pytająca W ill

sleeping

■ Forma ściągnięta

■ Forma przecząca Podmiot

I You He She ’ll have been It We You They

Czasow nik+ing

I Have

have

been

been

Czasow nik+ing

sleeping

Krótka odpowiedź Yes

Podmiot

W ill

Yes,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

will

W Krótka odpowiedź No

Podmiot

W ill+ n o t

No,

I/we/you/they he/she/it

won’t

Zastosowanie I

Czasem Future Perfect Continuous posługujemy się by:

■ Zaznaczyć, że jakiś stan będzie trwać przez pewien określony czas w konkretnym momencie w przyszłości, i być może będzie trwać i poźniej.

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We will have been negotiating the contract fo r two months by May. W maju miną dwa miesiące, odkąd negocjujemy kontrakt. Holly will have been delivering letters fo r five hours by 6 o ’clock. 0 szóstej upłynie pięć godzin, odkąd Holly roznosi listy. 1 will have been driving fo r ten hours by the time I g e t home. Zanim dotrę do domu, będę prowadzić od dziesięciu godzin.

■ Stwierdzić, że dana czynność będzie spodziewaną przyczyną sytuacji, którą przewidujemy w przyszłości, H e will be tired when he gets home because he will have been w eeding the flow erbeds fo r a few hours. Będzie zmęczony, kiedy wróci do domu, ponieważ będzie plewić grządki od paru godzin. Zazwyczaj Future Perfect Continuous stosuje się z określeniami czasowymi zaczynającymi się na by,

Zapamiętaj! Jeśli nie podajesz przeciągu trwania danej czynności lub sytuacji (np, for two hours, for an hour, since May), lepiej użyj czasu Future Continuous zamiast Future Perfect Continuous,

Ćwiczenia "U Używając czasów Future Perfect i Future Perfect Continuous przedstaw jak Robbie Williams będzie realizował swój projektowany rozkład dnia, 7 :3 0 -8 :0 0 8 :0 0 -1 0 :0 0 1 1 :0 0 -1 1 :3 0 1 1 :3 0 -1 2 :3 0 1 2 :3 0 -1 3 :0 0 1 3 :0 0 -1 4 :0 0 1 4 :0 0 -1 5 :0 0 1 5 :3 0 -1 7 :0 0 1 7 :0 0 -1 9 :0 0 1 9 :0 0 -2 0 :0 0

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eat breakfast take part in a photographic session sign a new contract give an interview meet fans hold a press conference have lunch play a charity concert appear at the MTV Music Awards have dinner

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By By By By By By By

Perfect

Continuous

7:40 Robbie Wilłiams will have been eating for a few minutes. 1 1 :2 0 _______ . 1 2 :4 5 _______ . 1 3 :3 0 _______ . 1 5 :4 5 _______ . 1 9 :1 0 _______ . 2 0 :1 5 _______ .

Rozbuduj zdania 1-5 wyrażeniami zawartymi w nawiasach. Wszystkie zdania uzupełniające sformułuj w czasie Future Perfect Continuous, aby poinformować, co będzie przyczyną sytuacji, której się spodziewamy w przyszłości, 1. Nick will be exhausted when he gets home. (drive all day) 2. My French will be excellent when I return to Połand. (study French for three years) 3. Sue will feel much better when she leaves hospital. (recover for two weeks) 4. Phiłip will be relaxed when he comes from hołiday. (rej uvenate in Davos for over a month) 5. The soldier will be very sleepy when he returns to camp. (stand guard all night)

*■ Używając wytłuszczonego słowa, ułóż drugie zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu co pierwsze. Zastosuj różne formy czasu przyszłego, 1. What do you want me to get you for dinner? s h a ll______ for dinner? 2. I have arranged to meet Simon tomorrow evening. am tomorrow evening. 3. Mrs Colłette joined the company nearly a month ago, at the end of January. been by the end of February. 4. The baby is due in May. is baby in May. 5. We have decided to get married next summer. are next summer. 6. I will not manage to write the report by 9 o’clock. h a v e ______ until 9 o’clock. 7. She has this annoying habit of wearing mini skirts, which drives me mad. w ear , which drives me mad. 8. He refuses to eat fresh vegetables. n o t ________ fresh vegetables. 9. Where are you planning to stay? b e _______ staying? 10. The president is likely to stop the seal hunt. p o ssib ly ______ the seal hunt.

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4. |Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect lub Future Perfect Continuous. A: What is troubling you? B: Nothing at all. It is just that ... There is so much going on. My wife says that I work too hard. But there is so much competition nowadays that you must stay on top of everything to succeed. If I keep working to the best of my ability, I i(receive) my promotion by December. A: I see. Do you work overtime? B: Oh yes, regularly. I am an assistant to an attorney, so I must work hard to make sure everything is running and up to date. A: How long have you been with the firm? B: Next week, I 2(be) with the firm for five years. A: Do you have a guilty conscience as to the amount you work? B: No. Why should I? I work hard because I have to. Many of my colleagues can’t do what I do. A: And do you happen to work through days and nights consecutively? B: Yes, but only if my boss demands a greater effort. Now, for example, I am preparing a very important contract. By the end of July I 3(work) on it for two months. A: I see. B: And by the time I finish it, I 4(perfect) my legal skills. A: Do you have any interests apart from your job? B: Well, my job leaves no time for anything else. Doctor, is there anything wrong with that?

5. |Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect lub Future Perfect Continuous. 1. He (serve) a two-year sentence for theft by then. 2. Next semester Chris (study) accounting for two years. 3. By then, David (wait) for almost two years for a visa. 4. Vince (repair) the roof for a few hours when Lynn gets home. 5. By the end of this year, he (be) replaced by a younger actor. 6. Peter (be) in the navy for 20 years by the end of next month. 7. If everything goes well, I (write) my doctoral thesis in May. 8. By 2007 we (live) in Nashville for 10 years. 9. I read 30 pages a day. If I keep up the pace, I (read) the book by Monday. 10. I will be back in shape when I return home from holiday. I (jog) for two months.

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Klucz 1-b 2-b 3-a 4-c 5-a 6-a 7-c 8-b 9-a 10-b 11-b 12-a 13-c 14-c

15-a 16-c 17-b 18-c 19-a 20-b 21-c 22-c 23-b 24-a 25-c 26-b 27-c

PRESENT SIMPLE 1-

3­

1. works 2. does not 3. read 4. keeps 5. wake, goes 6. charges 7. reads 8. likes 9. does not know 10. makes 11. do not migrate 12. takes 13. eat 14. gives 15. collects

1. I don’t experiment with my recipes. 2. He doesn’t deliver newspapers to earn some extra money. 3. They don’t eat vegetables and drink milk. 4. My grandmother doesn't knit sweaters for us. 5. My sister doesn’t listen to all sorts of music. 6. We don’t eat three meals a day. 7. My boss doesn't smoke Cuban cigars. 8. She doesn’t wear funny round glasses. 9. My garden doesn’t overlook a magnificent waterfall. 10. I don't take sugar in my coffee. 11. My neighbours don’t gossip about everyone they know. 12. We don’t cater to birthday parties and wedding receptions. 13. They never fight over everything. 14. My friends don’t throw parties to please them­ selves. 15. I don’t get angry when people talk behind my back.

2Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. read/rides 2. clean up 3. talks 4. eat 5. works out 6. serve/sell 7. makes 8. complains 9. drives 10. smiles 11. growl 12. follows 13. buys, brings 14. try 15. attends

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4. 1. What do you usually drink for lunch? 2. What does she never do before she comes over? 3. What does my boss often do while talking? 4. What do you read to send yourself to sleep? 5. What do we seldom do these days? 6. How often do you study English? 7. How does he always spread butter on his bread? 8. Where do they live? 9. What do polar bears eat? 10. What does my brother want to become?

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5-

8­

Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. They fight fire. 2. She presents the news. 3. He drives a lorry. 4. She plays the piano. 5. We pick fruit. 6. He produces films. 7. He hunts deer. 8. He collects refuse. 9. They develop software 10. She decorates the interiors of homes, businesses, hotels, etc.

1. when 2. when 3. if 4. if 5. when 6. when 7. if 8. when 9. when 10. if

9­ B. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. a 7­ 1. No, they don’t. They feed on hay, grass, oats. 2. No, they don’t. Penguins live in the Antarctic. 3. No, it doesn’t. Water boils at 100°C. 4. No, they don’t. Cats purr when they are pleased/ Dogs stick their tongues out. 5. No, it doesn’t. The Earth orbits the Sun. 6. No, it doesn't. The Vistula enters the Baltic Sea. 7. No, they don’t. Tigers live in Asia. 8. No, he doesn’t. David Beckham plays for Real Madrid. 9. No, it doesn’t. Coffee grows in Brazil. 10. No, it doesn't. Yeti lives in the Himalayas. Nessie lives there. 11. No, they don’t. Cuckoos lay their eggs in other birds’ nests. 12. No, he doesn’t. James Bond works for the British Secret Service.

1. always 2. usually 3. often/frequently 4. sometimes 5. occasionally 6. rarely/hardly ever 7. never 8. once a day 9. ever 10. every second year 10­ 1. select 2. open 3. put in 4. makes 5. insert 6. wait 7. switch off 8. take out 9. comes

PRESENT CONTINUOUS i-

2­

1. When are you leaving? 2. What is she trying to do? 3. Why are you wearing this suit? 4. Are you doing anything tomorrow evening? 5. Whom are you seeing tonight? 6. Where are you hurrying to at this hour? 7. Why are you doing this to me? 8. What is he getting at? 9. What is she waiting for? 10. How is he doing as a father?

1. is giving 2. is operating 3. is checking 4. is talking 5. is helping 6. is taking 7. is taking 8. is feeding 9. is performing 10. is escorting

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*■

B.

1. My parents aren’t buying new furniture for their house. 2. I am not thinking about leaving my job. 3. We aren’t planning to move to the suburbs. 4. She isn’t reading her old diary. 5. Liz isn’t dying her hair green and pink. 6. He isn’t cutting a piece of bread. 7. The workers aren't striking over unfair labour practices. 8. We aren’t redecorating our guest rooms. 9. The cat isn’t licking its paws. 10. My neighbour isn’t drilling holes in the wall.

1. am studying 2. is rehearsing 3. is throwing, is always partying 4. is getting, improves 5. Are you going away, are going 6. uses, comes 7. is baking 8. is it going, am getting tired 9. does he do 10. does, do

4-

1. To whom is she reading a bedtime story? 2. What are you drinking? 3. What is the child doing? 4. What is the teacher explaining? 5. What are you shopping for? 6. Who is cleaning the bird cage? 7. When is Matthew sailing for Barbuda? 8. What is Andy translating? 9. How is she whisking the eggs? 10. Where are they basking?

1-d 2-i 3-h 4-a 5-j 6-g 7-f 8-e 9-b 10-c

85­ 1. are attending vegetarian food fairs 2. am seeing an important customer 3. am having lunch with a sales manager 4. am attending a conference on food safety 5. am moving out to a new house 6. am taking a business trip to Poland

1-e 2-c 3-f 4-d 5-a 6-b 7-g

PAST SIMPLE 1.

J.

1. The Smiths sold their house and moved to Vancouver. 2. I went to bed, but I didn’t sleep a wink. 3. Philip studied law at Glasgow University. 4. How did you make your first million? 5. Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809. 6. My brother set up in business as a confectioner. 7. Martin sued the newspaper for libel, and he won. 8. When did you last see him? 9. Amy joined the company in 2001. 10. I wanted to be an astronaut when I was a child.

1. lookes, saw 2. fell, broke 3. called 4. paid, owed 5. bit, heard 6. left 7. stood 8. grew 9. took 10. picked, listened, ran 11. parked, got, approached 12. sat, read 13. took, wiped 14. dropped 15. called

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AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

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5­

1. No, he didn’t. Orhan Pamuk won the 2006 Nobel for literature. 2. No, he didn't. Columbus discovered America. 3. No, he didn't. Michael Jackson underwent many plastic surgeries. 4. No, she didn’t. Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes. 5. No, it wasn't. Gniezno was the first capital of Poland. 6. No, they didn't. The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. 7. No, she didn't. Catherine the Great reigned over Russia. 8. No, he didn't. Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press. 9. No, he didn't. JK Rowling wrote Harry Potter. 10. No, he didn’t. Daedalus constructed the labyrinth. 11. No, he didn't. Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space. 12. No, he didn't. John Travolta starred in Saturday Night Fever.

1. How did your exams go? 2. What did the child eat? 3. What did the thief steal? 4. Who(m) did the police arrest? 5. Where did Mr Olive study economics? 6. When did the Prime Minister open the industrial park? 7. What did Mike install? 8. How many times did the phone ring before I picked it up? 9. Who made a terrible mistake? 10. Why did he lose the game?

4­ 1. drank 2. answered 3. left 4. bought/brought 5. took 6. showed 7. dreamed 8. went, won 9. sat 10. made

B. 1. was 2. belonged 3. thought 4. what did you do 5. learnt 6. defended 7. protested 8. did 9. said 10. was

PAST CONTINUOUS .

i-

2

1. While the kettle was boiling, she was taking out/took out a cup from the cupboard. 2. The postman arrived while we were packing for a trip to Florida. 3. I was making my bed when I heard a cat meowing. 4. She met her future husband while she was staying in Helsinki. 5. Tim was chatting online while the child was playing with a toy. 6. Alice cut her finger while she was chopping a carrot. 7. A doctor was examining me when a patient came in. 8. I ran into a friend of mine while I was shopping at Safeway. 9. Dorothy saw a car accident while she was queuing at the Main Post Office. 10. Jack heard the police siren while he was going to bed. 11. It was raining when we left the restaurant. 12. What were you doing on 2 September?

1. was parking, stopped 2. broke, was bird watching 3. were demonstrating, was opening 4. rang, was proofreading 5. sprained, was getting 6. was whistling, was trimming 7. were searching, found 8. arrived, were putting 9. burned, was poking 10. was browsing, went out

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3­

6­

1. What was the actress rehearsing? 2. What did Martha hear while she was locking the door? 3. What was Tom doing when a man came up to the table? 4. What was David doing all afternoon? 5. Where were the children playing? 6. What was Ann trying to remove? 7. Where was it raining all night? 8. Who was pitching the tent in the yard? 9. Who were the fans cheering on? 10. Who/what was swimming in the pool?

1. While, When 2. when 3. when 4. when 5. While, When 6. when 7. when 8. when 9. when 10. While, When

7­ 4­ 1. Aunt Clarissa didn’t burst into my room while I was napping. She tiptoed into my room. 2. Kim wasn’t eating strawberries when Jim came home. She was washing strawberries. 3. I wasn’t putting on my running shoes when the lace broke. I was taking them off. 4. Brandon wasn’t running up the stairs when his keys fell out of his pocket. He was running down the stairs. 5. We weren’t watching a match when the lights went off. We were watching a film. 6. The secretary wasn’t filling out any papers when Chris walked into the office. She was eating a cake. 7. Beth wasn’t peeling potatoes when she heard her husband opening the front door. She was mashing them.

1. was 2. was shining 3. were singing 4. were running 5. took 6. went 7. were walking 8. jumped 9. began 10. saw 11. started 12. were walking 13. was holding 14. broke 15. started 16. gained 17. caught 18. didn’t know 19. sniffed 20. let

5­

8-

1. While Sue was writing an essay, Jerry was revising for his exam. 2. He got home while I was sleeping. 3. Tim was washing the dishes when a plate fell off the shelf. 4. Jack was withdrawing money from the ATM machine when his credit card company charged him the wrong amount. 5. We were lying on the beach when a big wave crashed on the shore. 6. I was changing a light bulb when I lost my balance and fell over. 7. Chris was sleeping when a knock at the door awoke him. 8. What were you doing when the accident happened? 9. They were playing darts when a quarrel broke out. 10. While I was speeding down a hill, a hare ran in front of the car.

a) Friday

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Then, they invited friends. Next, they planned picnic activities. Finally, they did the shopping for the picnic. Saturday

First, they prepared food. Then, they filled a picnic basket with food and picnic essentials. Finally, they went to the picnic site. b) Friday

They were inviting friends. They were planning picnic activities. They were doing the shopping for the picnic. Saturday

They were preparing food and beverages. They were filling a picnic basket with food and picnic essentials. They were going to the picnic site.

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

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PRESENT PERFECT i-

5­

1. has never travelled 2. have never seen 3. have lost 4. have been 5. Have you seen 6. Where have you been? 7. has just left 8. have you tried 9. have you done 10. has lost 11. Has there ever been 12. have met 13. haven’t been 14. haven’t slept 15. Have you ever skipped

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

2­ 1. have returned 2. had 3. have travelled 4. have been 5. arrived 6. left 7. felt 8. had 9. was 10. was 11. I have ever had

They haven’t bought a wedding dress or tuxedo. They have booked the church. They haven’t chosen a reception venue. They have selected a band. They haven’t hired a caterer. They have found a professional photographer. They haven’t arranged for transport. They haven’t ordered a wedding cake.

B1. We haven’t heard from you for ages. 2. How long have you been married? 3. Sue hasn’t learnt how to drive a car. 4. I still haven’t made up my mind what I want to be when I grow up. 5. I have never studied abroad. 6. The art gallery has had this painting for two years. 7. Nick has lived in Boston since his childhood. 8. Bob hasn’t awoken yet. 71-a 2-a 3-b 4-a 5-a

3.

8­

1. since 2. for 3. since 4. since 5. for 6. since 7. since 8. for 9. for 10. since

1. has just released 2. won 3. were 4. has taught 5. has never voted 6. didn’t drink 7. lived 8. have worked 9. defeated 10. Whom did Shakespeare marry? 11. parked, got out, locked 12. haven’t written 13. loved, lived 14. left 15. hasn’t been, got

4­ 1. I haven’t smoked since May 3rd 2000. 2. I haven’t lost my temper since February last year. 3. We haven’t talked to each other for over a year. 4. He hasn’t played a match since 2005. 5. We haven't travelled across Europe since last summer. 6. I haven’t used Windows for a month. 7. Grace has been a business unit manager since 2002. 8. We haven’t been to Madrid since 1990.

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Klucz

9]

m9

1-j 2-f 3-d 4-h 5-a 6-i 7-g 8-b 9-c 10-e

1. Have you ever cheated in an exam? No, I have never cheated in an exam. 2. Have you ever copied someone else’swork? Yes, I have copied someone else’s work once before. 3. Have you ever forgotten your ID tag? Yes, I have forgotten my ID tag once or twice. 4. Have you ever played truant? Yes, I have played truant several times this school year. 5. Have you ever performed in a school play? No, I haven’t performed in a school play yet. 6. Have you ever been late to school? Yes, I have been late to school three times this school year. 7. Have you ever lied to a teacher? No, I have never lied to a teacher. 8. Have you ever come to class unprepared? Yes, I have come to class unprepared four times since school began. 9. Have your parents ever been contacted? Yes, they have been contacted on a number of occasions.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1-

3-

1-d 2-e 3-i 4-e 5-a 6-g 7-j 8-c 9-b 10-h

1-a 2-b 3-b 4-a 5-a 6-a

2­ 1. have done 2. has been thundering and raining 3. has been horse riding 4. has been drinking 5. have you been 6. has been jogging 7. have cooked 8. has been seeing 9. have known 10. have learnt 11. have been complaining 12. have had 13. has been feeling 14. has been standing 15. has been losing

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4­ 1. I have been weeding the garden since 10 o’clock. 2. Helen has been dancing professionally since 1997. 3. We have had a new coffee machine for two months. 4. Roger has been shopping for over two hours. 5. Lynn has been reading the book since noon. 5­ 1. How long have you been wearing glasses? 2. Steve has been to the USA twice so far. 3. I have known Tom for ten years. 4. Paul has been delivering papers since 8 o’clock. 5. Someone has been using my computer without my knowledge. 6. I haven't been dieting/haven’t dieted lately. 7. My feet hurt. I have been walking all day. 8. Annie has been sleeping badly recently. 9. The band have been playing together for two years. 10. He has been coaching since 1998.

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

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PAST PERFECT i-

4­

1. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never polished his shoes. 2. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never washed his clothes. 3. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never cooked a meal in his life. 4. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never eaten anything other than homemade meals. 5. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never cleaned the house. 6. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never made his bed. 7. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never bought his own clothes. 8. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never given parties. 9. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never dated a girl. 10. Before Harry went to study abroad, he had never had a mobile phone

1. After I had bought a coffee table, Carrie found a similar one at a lower price. 2. He had written his first novel by the time he graduated from Oxford University. 3. Alice began/had begun to walk before she spoke her first word. 4. As soon as Clair went into the room, she knew she had been there before. 5. The concert had begun by the time we arrived at the venue. 6. After Charles (had) made a fortune in the stock market, he supported a number of charities. 7. We had had that cottage for twenty years before it fell down. 8. I didn't go to see the movie because I (had) watched it before. 9. Simon hadn't had/didn't have a proper house before he hit the jackpot. 10. David had lived in Cincinnati until he moved to San José.

A

A

1. composed, had never learnt 2. got, had lost 3. didn’t recognize, hadn’t met 4. were, had never heard 5. saw, hadn’t yet paid off 6. retired, had worked 7. had done, took 8. had already started, arrived 9. had never eaten, went 10. was, had declined 11. had crossed 12. had kept 13. had never heard, went 14. had had, acted 15. got married, had completed

1. I had never been to an auction before. 2. After I had done the laundry, I hung it out to dry. 3. When Lucy got a phone call, she had already watered the houseplant. 4. By the time I turned ten, I had read most of the classic horror novels. 5. I had never wanted to come back to Europe before. 6. Paul didn’t join the Labour Party until he had graduated from Oxford. 7. When the alarm clock went off, I had washed my hair. 8.The plane had taken off by the time Garry arrived at the airport.

3­ 1. The campaign team had invented a slogan, but they hadn’t written a campaign song. 2. The campaign team hadn’t paid for TV ads, but they had designed a campaign logo. 3. The campaign team hadn’t prepared leaflets and posters, but they had ordered bumper stickers, T-shirts and balloons with the logo. 4. The campaign team had paid for TV ads, but they hadn’t made phone calls to the donors. 5. The campaign team had made phone calls to the donors, and they had organised a whistle-stop tour.

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Klucz

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1-

3­

a) 1. They had been drinking and eating noisily for a few hours before the police arrived. 2. They had been dancing wildly for a few hours before the police arrived. 3. They had been playing CDs at full volume for a few hours before the police arrived. 4. They had been shouting for a few hours before the police arrived. 5. They had been fighting for a few hours before the police arrived.

2. When Jerry got there at 9.45, the scouts had been handing out bin liners for fifteen minutes. 3. When Tom and Scott came at 10.20, the scouts had been emptying litter baskets for twenty minutes. 4. When she arrived there the scouts’ backs were aching as they had been picking up the litter (bottles, cans, food wrappers, cigar tips, lids) for two hours. 5. When Mike arrived at 13.40, the scouts had been recording the litter found for ten minutes. 6. When Martin and David came at 14.30, the scouts had been taking the rubbish to a landfill site for half an hour.

b) 1. The policemen had been checking cars for some time before they received a noise complaint. 2. The policemen had been issuing parking tickets for some time before they received a noise complaint. 3. The policemen had been watching for drunk drivers/pedestrians for some time before they received a noise complaint. 4. The policemen had been picking up truants for some time before they received a noise complaint. 5. The policemen had been monitoring traffic for some time before they received a noise complaint. 21........... because I had been studying very hard. 2........... because she had been cleaning all morning. 3........... because she had been lying in the sun too long. 4........... because he had been driving all day long. 5........... because he had been drinking the whole evening. 6........... because she had been crying the whole night. 7........... because he had been jogging. 8........... because it had been snowing heavily all night. 9........... because I had been swimming for half an hour. 10........... because he had been repairing his car. 11........... because she had been painting the flat. 12........... because she had been working hard during her probationary period. 13........... because we had been laughing out loud. 14........... because he had been making private phone calls. 15........... because he had not been eating properly.

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4­ 1. had been snowing, left 2. had been working, was laid 3. had been investigating, went 4. had been living 5. had been waiting 6. had been raining 7. had been repairing 8. had been lecturing, moved 9. went, had been feeling 10. put, had been eating

5­ 1. Mr John Carrington said that he had been reading stock market reports, but actually he had been examining the robbery plan. 2. Mr Richard Carrington said that he had been watching wild birds, but actually he had been observing the bank’s security guards. 3. Mrs Judy Carrington said that she had been planning a dinner party, but actually she had been planning an escape route. 4. Mrs Elisabeth Carrington said that she had been watching a firework display, but actually she had been preparing explosives. 5. Miss Veronica Carrington said that she had been making her own clothes, but actually she had been cutting eyeholes in the masks. 6. May said that she had been polishing silver, but actually she had been stealing jewellery. 7. Jack said that he had been cleaning the cellar, but actually he had been drinking vintage wine in the cellar. 8. Bernie said that he had been writing a request for a pay rise, but actually he had been forging Mr Carrington’s signature.

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

FUTURE SIMPLE i-

4­

Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. I will explain it to you. 2. I will help you to carry it/lend you a hand. 3. I will close the window/turn up the heater. 4. I will get you an aspirin. 5. I will give you a lift. 6. I will take it out. 7. I will take him for a walk. 8. I will get you a coffee. 9. I will buy some. 10. I will tidy it/clean it up. 11. I will repair/fix it. 12. I will go and pick them up/collect them. 13. I will mow/cut it.

1. Will you stop fidgeting! 2. Jim won’t go to a doctor. 3. When shall I arrive? 4. The director will see you now. 5. Shall we go out tonight? 6. All payments shall be made no later than May 31. 7. I will call you tomorrow.

2. Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. I will eat healthy food. 2. I will learn to program it. 3. I will start dieting. 4. I will quit smoking. 5. I will get out of debt/I’ll make it back in the black. 6. I will enrol on a language course. 7. I will enjoy my life more. 8. I will become more assertive. 9. I will plan my expenses carefully. 10. I will stay in more often and read books.

5­ 1.

If you don’t turn the volume down, I will call the police. 2. If you don’t keep to the hours of work, I will fire you. 3. If you aren't quiet, I will punish you. 4. If you don’t give me a pay rise, I will quit. 5. If you don’t improve your grades, I will deductone pound each day from your pocket money. 6. If you don’t give me a refund, I will sue you. 7. If you don’t pick up your room, I will throw away everything that I find on the floor. 8. If you don’t clean up the table, I wont allow you to eat with us. 9. If you don’t tell the whole truth, I will lock you in your room until you confess. 10. If you don’t stop harassing me, I will report you.

3Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. No, it won’t. It will stop growing by the end of the 21st century. 2. No, they won’t. People will travel to the moon. 3. No, it won’t. Distance learning will support traditional methods of education. 4. No, they won’t. Cars will run on sugar cane. 5. No, they won’t. People will live in smaller houses. 6. No, they won’t. People will eat convenience food. 7. No, they won’t. People will use biomass to produce energy. 8. No, it won’t. Warsaw will have two airports. 9. No, they won’t. People will have shorter careers. 10. No, it won’t. The Arctic will become warmer.

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BE GOING TO 4­

i1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

is going to study for a math exam. is going to stay in and watch Mad TV. is going to take the car to the garage. is having a job interview at 2.30. is attending the school reunion at 8 p.m. is going to the dentist’s at 4 p.m. is going to a passport office.

2­ 1. will go 2. are going to run 3. are going to spill 4. am going to be 5. am going to stretch 6. will lend 7. are going to be 8. am going to apply 9. am going to be 10. will raise 11. will bring 12. will go 13. will give 3Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. It is going to be a beautiful day. 2. The ladder is going to collapse. 3. Simon is going to drink wine. 4. The cyclist is going to win. 5. He is going to become president. 6. I am going to be late. 7. He is going to fail the exam. 8. Katy is going to get sunburnt. 9. It is going to crash. 10. He is going to get drunk.

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1. What are you going to tell me? 2. What is she going to do? 3. What is she going to eat from now on? 4. What isn’t he going to say? 5. Who is going to get married? 6. When is he going to settle down? 7. When are we going to get there? 8. What are his parents going to do in the near future? 9. Where is she going to open her office? 10. How is she going to spend the day?

5­ 1. Starbucks is going to open coffee stores in Poland. No, it is not. It is going to move into entertainment. 2. E-learning is going to replace traditional education. No, it is not. It is going to complement traditional education. 3. David Beckham is going to act in a film. No, he is not. He is going to do another commercial. 4. Michael Jackson is going to move to India. No, he is not. He is going to face another trial. 5. Maybach is going to launch a small family car. No, it is not. It is going to introduce a new custom-built luxury vehicle. 6. Women skijumping is going to become a Winter Olympic Games sport. No, it is not. It is going to grow in popularity, though. 7. Britney Spears is going to take some time off from the music industry. No, she is not. She is going to give a world tour. 8. The Bold and the Beautiful is going to end soon. No, it is not. It is going to be made into a movie. 9. Madonna is going to open her own casino. No, she is not. She is going to release a new album. 10. Steven Spielberg is going to make a Bollywood film. No, he is not. He is going to shoot a civil war epic about Abraham Lincoln.

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

FUTURE CONTINUOUS i-

4­

1. will be attending 2. will be reporting 3. (will be) answering 4. will be getting 5. will do 6. will be 7. will be relaxing 8. (will be) having fun 9. will be 10. will be having 11. will you be driving 12. will be arriving

1. What time will you be starting? 2. How will you be addressing the issue? 3. When will you be returning the book? 4. Will you be attending the tea party? 5. What time will you be checking out? 6. Where will you be staying? 7. Will you be going to the polls? 8. How will you be getting to the seaside? 9. Will you be using the photocopier? 10. Will you be coming home? 11. Will you be brining friends to the party? 12. When will you be departing? 13. Will you be dining out?

2­ 1. Simona will be basking in the morning sun. 2. Katy will be flying back to New York. 3. Mark will be travelling across Canada. 4. We will be redecorating the whole house. 5. Greg will be moving out of student housing. 6. Luis Alberto Perez will be defending his title against Dimitri Kirilov. 7. I will be landing at Heathrow Airport. 8. Philip will be testifying before the Tribunal. 9. Alice will be exploring a coastal lagoon habitat. 10. We will be studying letter writing.

3­ 1. Will you be preparing 2. will be checking 3. will be discussing 4. will be lying 5. will be working 6. will be driving 7. Will you be using 8. will be sitting 9. will you be coming 10. will be keeping

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5­ 1. will be giving 2. will be waiting 3. is going to rain 4. will have 5. am going to faint 6. Will you come 7. Will you have 8. will be admiring 9. will be giving 10. will be 11. will be cheering 12. will you do 13. am going to drill 14. are going to visit 15. will be studying

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Klucz

FUTURE PERFECT i-

4­

1. will have gained 2. will have recovered 3. won’t have learnt 4. will have lived 5. will have known 6. will have finished 7. will have paid 8. will have peeled 9. will have landed 10. will have finished 11. will have repaired 12. will have been

1. After a month Peter’s grandma will have watched twenty episodes. 2. By the time she returns home, she will have recorded ten episodes. 3. After a week she will have drunk ten cups of herbal tea. 4. After a week she will have spent 150 minutes in front of the TV screen watching the soap.

2­ 1. She will have made a guest list by Sun 14th. 2. She will have planned a menu by Mon 15th. 3. She will have made a shopping list by Fri 19th. 4. She will have planed some activities such as games or karaoke by Sun 21st. 5. She will have done the shopping by Mon 22nd. 6. She will have chosen the music by Tue 23rd. 7. She will have baked cakes and cooked dishes by Wed 24th. 8. She will have cleaned the whole house by Thu 25th. 9. She will have put up decorations by Fri 26st . 10. She will have borrowed extra chairs and tables from a neighbour by 2 o’clock on Saturday. 11. She will have ordered flowers by 3 o’clock on Saturday. 12. She will have prepared salad dressing and sand­ wiches by 4 o’clock on Saturday.

5­ 1. You will have got acquainted with examination requirements before you know it. 2. You will have revised your grammar and vocabulary by the end of next month. 3. You will have learnt new grammatical structures by May. 4. You will have improved your English skills before the spring comes. 5. You will have extended your existing knowledge before you take the exam. 6. You will have developed your writing skills by the end of the semester. 7. You will have consolidated your learning from the previous two years before the exam.

3Sugerowane odpowiedzi 1. No, they won’t have constructed flying cars until the end of the twenty-second century. 2. No, scientists won’t have discovered a cure for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s until 2010. 3. No, people won’t have conquered the solar system until 3000. 4. No, the Earth’s temperature won’t have risen by 8°C until the end of the century. 5. No, the European Union won’t have taken in Turkey until 2020. 6. No, Warsaw won’t have had 5 subway lines built until 2040. 7. No, the polar ice cap won’t have melted until 2200. 8. No, two-thirds of the world’s plant species won’t have disappeared until 2100.

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Darmowe ebooki: www.ebook4me.pl

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS i-

4­

1. By 11:20 he will have taken part in a photographic session, and he will have been signing a new contract for twenty minutes. 2. By 12:45 he will have given an interview, and he will have been meeting his fans for fifteen minutes. 3. By 13:30 he will have met his fans, and he will have been holding a press conference for half an hour. 4. By 15:45 he will have had lunch, and he will have been playing a charity concert for fifteen minutes. 5. By 19:10 he will have appeared at the MTV Music Awards, and he will have been having dinner for ten minutes. 6. By 20:15 he will have had dinner.

1. will have received 2. will have been 3. will have been working 4. will have perfected

2­ 1. He will have been driving all day. 2. I will have been studying French for three years. 3. She will have been recovering for two weeks. 4. He will have been rejuvenating in Davos for over a month. 5. He will have been standing guard all night.

5­ 1. will have served 2. will have been studying 3. will have been waiting 4. will have been repairing 5. will have been replaced 6. will have been 7. will have written 8. we will have been living 9. will have read 10. will have been jogging

3­ 1. What shall I get you for dinner? 2. I am meeting Simon tomorrow. 3. Mrs Colette will have been working in the company for a month by the end of February. 4. She is going to have a baby in May. 5. We are getting married next summer. 6. I won’t have written the report until 9 o’clock. 7. She will wear mini skirts, which drives me mad. 8. He will not eat vegetables. 9. Where will you be staying? 10. The president will possibly stop the seal hunt.

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Czasowniki nieregularne bezokolicznik

2. forma

3. forma

abide

abided/abode

abided

arise

arose

arisen

awake

awoke/awakened

awoken

be

was/were

been

bear

bore

borne

beat

beat

beaten

become

became

become

befall

befell

befallen

begin

began

begun

behold

beheld

beheld

bend

bent

bent

beset

beset

beset

bestride

bestrode

bestridden

bet

bet

bet

bid

bade/bid

bid/bidden

bind

bound

bound

bite

bit

bitten

bleed

bled

bled

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

breastfeed

breastfed

breastfed

breed

bred

bred

bring

brought

brought

broadcast

broadcast

broadcast

browbeat

browbeat

browbeaten

build

built

built

burn

burnt/burned

burnt/burned

burst

burst

burst

bust

bust (BrE)/busted (esp AmE)

bust (BrE)/busted (esp AmE)

buy

bought

bought

cast

cast

cast

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

cleave

cleft/cleaved

cleft/cleaved

96

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

bezokolicznik

2. f o r m a

3. fo rm a

cling

clung

clung

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

creep

crept

crept

cut

cut

cut

deal

dealt

dealt

dig

dug

dug

dive

dived/dove (AmE)

dived

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

dream

dreamed/dreamt

dreamed/dreamt

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

dwell

dwelt/dwelled

dwelt/dwelled

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

flee

fled

fled

fling

flung

flung

fly

flew

flown

forbid

forbade/forbad

forbidden

forecast

forecast

forecast

forego

forewent

foregone

foresee

foresaw

foreseen

foretell

foretold

foretold

forget

forgot

forgotten

forgive

forgave

forgiven

forsake

forsook

forsaken

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

got/gotten (AmE)

give

gave

given

go

went

gone

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Czasowniki

nieregularne

bezokolicznik

2. forma

3. forma

grind

ground

ground

grow

grew

grown

hang

hung/hanged

hung/hanged

have

had

had

hear

heard

heard

hide

hid

hidden/hid

hit

hit

hit

hold

held

held

hurt

hurt

hurt

inset

inset

inset

interbreed

interbred

interbred

interweave

interwove

interwoven

keep

kept

kept

kneel

knelt/ kneeled (esp AmE)

knelt/kneeled (esp AmE)

knit

knit/knitted

knit/knitted

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

lead

led

led

lean

leant (esp BrE)/leaned

leant (esp BrE)/leaned

leap

leapt/leaped (esp AmE)

leapt/leaped (esp AmE)

learn

learned/learnt

learned/learnt

leave

left

left

lend

lent

lent

let

let

let

lie

lay

lain

light

lit/lighted

lit/lighted

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

mean

meant

meant

meet

met

met

mishear

misheard

misheard

mislay

mislaid

mislaid

mislead

misled

misled

misread

misread

misread

misspell

misspelt (BrE)/misspelled

misspelt (BrE)/misspelled

98

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

bezokolicznik

2. f o r m a

3. fo rm a

mistake

mistook

mistaken

misunderstand

misunderstood

misunderstood

mow

mowed

mown/mowed

outbid

outbid

outbid

outdo

outdid

outdone

outgrow

outgrew

outgrown

outrun

outran

outrun

outsell

outsold

outsold

overcast

overcast

overcast

overcome

overcame

overcome

overdo

overdid

overdone

overdraw

overdrew

overdrawn

overeat

overate

overeaten

overhang

overhung

overhung

overhear

overheard

overheard

overlay

overlaid

overlaid

overpay

overpaid

overpaid

override

overrode

overridden

overrun

overran

overrun

oversee

oversaw

overseen

oversell

oversold

oversold

overshoot

overshot

overshot

oversleep

overslept

overslept

overtake

overtook

overtaken

overthrow

overthrew

overthrown

partake

partook

partaken

pay

paid

paid

plead

pleaded/pled (esp AmE)

pleaded/pled (esp AmE)

proofread

proofread

proofread

prove

proved

proved/(also proven AmE)

put

put

put

quit

quit

quit

read

read

read

rebind

rebound

rebound

rebuild

rebuilt

rebuilt

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99

Czasowniki

nieregularne

bezokolicznik

2. forma

3. forma

recast

recast

recast

redo

redid

redone

remake

remade

remade

rend

rent

rent

repay

repaid

repaid

rerun

reran

rerun

resell

resold

resold

reset

reset

reset

rethink

rethought

rethought

rewind

rewound

rewound

rewrite

rewrote

rewritten

rid

rid

rid

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

run

ran

run

saw

sawed

sawed/sawn

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

set

set

set

sew

sewed

sewn/sewed

shake

shook

shaken

shear

sheared

shorn/sheared

shed

shed

shed

shine

shone/shined

shone/shined

shit

shit/shat

shit/shat

shoot

shot

shot

show

showed

shown/showed

shrink

shrank/shrunk

shrunk

shut

shut

shut

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank/sunk

sunk

100

AN G I E L S K I C Z A S Y

L in G D

bezokolicznik

2. f o r m a

3. fo rm a

sit

sat

sat

slay

slew

slain

sleep

slept

slept

slide

slid

slid

sling

slung

slung

slit

slit

slit

smell

smelt (esp BrE)/smelled

smelt (esp BrE)/smelled

smite

smote

smitten

sow

sowed

sowed/sown

speak

spoke

spoken

speed

sped/speeded

sped/speeded

spell

spelt (esp BrE)/spelled

spelt (esp BrE)/spelled

spend

spent

spent

spill

spilt (esp BrE)/spilled

spilt (esp BrE)/spilled

spin

spun/span

spun

spit

spat/spit (AmE)

spat/spit (AmE)

split

split

split

spoil

spoiled/spoilt

spoiled/spoilt

spoon-feed

spoon-fed

spoon-fed

spread

spread

spread

spring

sprang/sprung (AmE)

sprung

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

stink

stank/stunk

stunk

strew

strewed

strewn/strewed

stride

strode

stridden

strike

struck

struck

string

strung

strung

strive

strove/strived

striven/strived

swear

swore

sworn

sweep

swept

swept

swell

swelled

swollen/swelled

swim

swam

swum

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101

Czasowniki

nieregularne

bezokolicznik

2. forma

3. forma

swing

swung

swung

take

took

taken

teach

taught

taught

tear

tore

torn

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

thrive

thrived/throve

thrived

throw

threw

thrown

thrust

thrust

thrust

tread

trod

trodden/trod

unbind

unbound

unbound

understand

understood

understood

undertake

undertook

undertaken

underwrite

underwrote

underwritten

undo

undid

undone

unwind

unwound

unwound

uphold

upheld

upheld

upset

upset

upset

wake

woke

woken

wear

wore

worn

weave

wove

woven

wed

wed/wedded

wed/wedded

weep

wept

wept

wet

wet/wetted

wet/wetted

win

won

won

wind

wound

wound

withdraw

withdrew

withdrawn

withhold

withheld

withheld

withstand

withstood

withstood

wring

wrung

wrung

write

wrote

written

102