ykapcxis&EqfupmetAd Counter-Terrorism MICHAEL DEWAR
>\K\PO>S AM)
IPMKM
Ql
I
Ol
COHNTKR-II RKORISM Micliiicl
111
the
I
Vw.ii
nf the terrorist, the Iroiiiline
\s;ir
e\er\\shere -
The modem To ileny him
iciiorist
stores, airline scats.
ruthless
tot;ill\
is
ile|\iiinient
streets.
city
in
his
is
grisly
victories, security forces the worki over army, paramilitary, police and civilian - are
on advanced techreliant book provides a guide to the ama/ingly diverse \vcapt>iis and ciiuipment now availahle. Throughout the world, a bi/arre spectrum of terrorist orgam/aiions maintain campaigns of hatred and violence in pursuit of increasingly
This
nology.
Few
political aims.
now
countries are
free
from attack by i>ne group of fanatics or
Funded
another. societies
target
their
infiltrate
seemingly
strike
to
sources,
clandestine
bv
guerrillas
these
random,
at
making detection of raiders, their bombs and weapons exceedingly diflicuit. The response by the free world has been to
look
to
only
the
measures lhe\
can
only
available
to
counter-
practical
use.
of
short
means states.
totalitarian
Explosives can be detected; bombs can be defused; and technology can be brought to
bear
in
surveillance
operations.
In
more
can be afforded the upholders of law and order by
open
confrontations,
the provision of
protection
body armour,
shields and
crowd-dispersal weapons. Today, the terrorist faces an increasingly
armoury of equipment. Security becoming better trained, experienced and equipped. More and more autoIS producing are companies mobile vehicles; police forces are being equipped with sophisticated equipment; bomb disposal teams now have a wide range of tools to detect, disrupt and disarm every sort of
effective
forces are
explosive
device.
Perimeter protection
becoming big business; and
in
is
the area of
communications, surveillance, monitoring, jamming and interception equipment is constantly being refined. Continued on back flap
ISBN 0-85368-841-9
Vkapms & Equipment of Counter-lkifoirisin Front of jacket: The face of today's security forces.
On
training in close quarter
combat,
ttils
dressed
in
soldier
Is
SAS-style black
overalls over Armourshield
body armour that includes a ceramic insert
for
enhanced
protection from small-arms fire.
He wears an S6
smoke
respirator against the
from weapons and tear gas
and carries a Heckler & Koch
MPS submachine-gun. The black overalls provide good
camouflage
in badly-lit
image
situations; the overall is
aimed
also
to strike
dread
into the hearts of the
terrorists
being confronted.
(Photograph by courtesy of
Armourshield Ltd)
Back
of jacket: Top
centre,
one
methods
and
left
of the safer
bomb
of
disposal,
the Ro-Veh remotely controlled action.
EOD
Top
vehicle
in
perimeter
right,
security maintained by a close-circuit television
surveillance
camera
at the
Palace of Westminster
London. Bottom
left,
in
The
the
Increasingly sophisticated
image
of riot
policemen
anti-riot shields
protective
-
and
garments from
Security Equipment Supplies Ltd.
Bottom
right,
clandestine
surveillance at night; a Pilkington Eagle night
latest
models
of anti-riot
equipment: protective
helmets with visors, shinpads, fire-resistant overalls, riot batons, riot
shields, riot
gun
gas mask and antifor projecting
grenades. (Security
Equipment Supplies observation device.
baton
rounds, rubber bullets or gas
Ltd)
Inteiail secuiity lioops
piaclise theit role in bieaking
a hostage situation One
membef
ol tlic
team has
already entered the house; the others prepare to lollow
as CS gas begins to
till
the
building. (Armourshield LIdl
I
^..-i
Wsj^His
& Equpnent
(tf
Counter-Tbmnrism
MICHAEL DEWAR
»''^:-?^ ARMS AND ARMOUR PRESS
Glossary
AA
Contents
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
Brazil
Czechoslovakia
14
German Federal Republic
10 21
German Federal Republic/
IMTROOUCTION
Introduction
Wmid
Since ihc ciul of the Seeoiul
War,
gi)\ein-
nients throiii;hoiit the wcirki ha\e generalK liad lo internal clissenl.
lace a
iiieater ilejiiec
IriMii a
minority interest, than ever belorc. This has
ot
upen
olten taken the lorin ol
iisiialK
insurrecliDii hy a si/e-
ahle miiiDrity such as in Vietnam. Malaya. Palestine.
Ken\a. Ailen. (Nprns. ami
much smaller Faction,
remaining
recently.
Hader-Meinhot
mmement IRA
activists
the
L;rou|i.
or inileeJ
the
have waged
Iui\\e\er,
Red Army
organizalitins such as ihc
the
Septemher
Aljjeria. usuall\ against a
Mure
aclmmistratii)n.
ciilonial
.'(K)
Black or 40(1
campaign ol sceminuK the ma\hcMi
a
\iolence was the mcllunl In
which ihis was to be sometimes this violence was aimed against imlividuals, sometimes against properly or so-calletl economic" targets: sometimes it was against symbols themselves. In South America, where many regimes were fundamentally unstable anyway, this sort of terrorism had little cliecl. Ivlscwhcre symbolic violence has been more successful. Ihc Palestinian campaign, organi/cil |irmcipally by the Po|-)ular Lr
as
tile
Abu
group, has invoivctl aircrall
Niilal
international terrorism for political enils.
jacking and mass murtler.
unci)nccrnc(.l with the conscc|ucnces ol
of a
they cause.
The
growing
Minister
seen
in
political
prompted remark in
threat
tdward Heath
to
British
1971:
Prime
"We have
the last few years the growth of a cull ol
\iolencc, preached and practised
much between
nt)l
so
sombre war rather than war between nations will be the main danger that we face." How right he was: the Vietnam war spread into Cambodia and Laos: the Northern thought, but
it
states as within them.
may
be that
in
It
is
the IMTOs.
a
civil
Ireland situation worsened: the stability of Dht)far
was
threatened
by
Communist
inhltration;
Zimbabwe
drifted into a state of civil war: troubles Argentina and Chile rumbled on throughout the 70s. while the Soviet Union continues to fight a colonialist war in Afghanistan, the fighting in Central America threatens to grow, the Lebanon sinks deeper into chaos almost daily and the Philipin
pines government struggles to keep the
The rorist
lid
on
revolt.
almost endless. Meanwhile various tergroupings in Europe and elsewhere hijack
list
is
aeroplanes,
plant car
bombs and murder policemen
and VlPs. In fact, terrorism has become a feature of life in democratic Western societies. The terrorism of the
1960s and 197()s had specific objectives. In Latin America it aimed to create festering sores within the authoritarian states, which would grow until the infections took over the body politic. Symbolic 6
It
hi-
servcil to raise the issue
Palestinian homelaiul from the trough into w hich it had sunk after the catastrophic defeat of the Arabs in the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. Few acts of symbolic violence have equalled the taking hostage of the Israeli
Olympic team
at the
Munich Olympics
.September 1972 by the Black September movement. After the international outrage had died in
down, the at
issue of Palestinian nationalism
centre stage to a degree that
impossible had
it
would
remained been
iiave
not been for the use of
lerriir.
A
scries of terrorist atrocities at airports, or against aircraft, by the PLO or associated Arab terrorist groups has continued ever since. The bombing of a airliner in March 1986 as it approached Athens, the bomb attack against a Berlin discotheque frequented by US servicemen and the
TWA
attempted bombing of an El Al aircraft about to London for Tel Aviv, both in April I9
the Basque ETA, and to a much lesser degree the Corsican and Breton nationalists. Terrorism has become competitive. A dead policeman in Madrid is nowhere near so compelling as a hijacked aircraft or a mass shooting at an international airport. Thus violence breeds violence, and one terrorist act feeds
another.
Although
modern times
there
are
few
examples
in
of the use of terror by itself achieving
INTRODUCTION
the objectives for which least to
it
was used,
have accelerated the
Whatever
its
it
can be said
success rate,
all
the signs indicate
and frustrated causes will be driven increasingly towards the use of terrorism to achieve their ends. It is also certain that their methods and technicjues will get more sophisticated and more counter. Certain types of plastic explo-
example, extremely hard to detect with the conventional weapon/metal detector and may even escape detection by X-ray equipment, particularly if secreted on the person. Sophisticated "sniffing" equipment can detect such substances, but these are both expensive for airport authorities to purchase and lime-consuming to use. Such are some of the dilemmas facing security authorities today. Western society has, in fact, made great advances sives are, for
in
the control of conventional terrorism.
terrorists of the
Many
l^TOs arc nov\ dead or
of the
immediate future. Western Europe
ventional terrorism of the
Bader-Meinhof pattern by is open tt)
counter-intelligence and resolute actit)n,
randt)m symbolic terrorist act against society rather than specific military or political
the
large
at
The IRA prolMem in the UK., the Basque problem in Spain and the Corsican anil i)ther problems in France seem intractable. The various Palestinian grt)upings, aided and abetted by Libya and possibly Syria, seem set to continue their targets.
campaigns. Islamic fundamentalists threaten lo export revolution throughout the Middle East. The to disintegrate. And the United which is already suffering terror by crime rather than by political groups, is a possible target
Lebanon continues
States,
fi)r
future terrorists.
prison,
in
generally
More
Security' (IS) operations. In a rural
efficient surveillance
and intelligence mach-
UK
have frustrated many recent IRA actions and uncovered even more spectacular illegal explosives and weapons hauls. Similarly, more effective airport securitv has reduced the likelihood of an effective hijacking campaign. These methods can counteract those
known
or potential terrorists
who
and who cannot do
display a recognizable pattern of behaviour
belong to a recognized group. What it entirely is to control the pure "symbolic" act without a previous pattern of violence, is generally it accepted by most security organizations that the lone assassin or a suicide
squad can breach the most effecmethods and equipment are
tive systems.
The
latest
unlikely
stop
the
to
revolutionary
who
pt)isons
oranges, as an Arab recently claimed to have done, or an individual who implants poison in a wellIsraeli
known brand of headache cure
as
United States
impossible to guard
all
in early 19cS6. It is
the areas or risk in a
happened
modern Western
likely
to
though the social cost of improved security has been high. Computers, especially in West Germany, have advanced the whole process of tracking down terrorists and possibly even predicting future actions. ines in the
is
be a target for terrorists. West Germany, which has destroyed the threat from concontinue
to
that desperate
difficult to
In the
at
political process.
in
the
society.
Whether tions
in a rural
short
of
or an urban environment, opera-
conventional
known
as
'Low
limited
Intensity'
warfare are or "Internal
environment
it
has usually been possible to use soldiers and to adajit
conventional mililarv equipment to meet anv threat
an urban environment, however, most governments have founii it to be both militarilv advantageous and politically expedient to train specialist IS forces and to devek)p or purchase special purpose IS equipment. It is therefore largely in the urban sense that the term "Internal Security' is used in this book. In their widest sense. IS operations include all operations undertaken by government forces against indigenous or infiltrated armed groups that constitute a threat to the stability of the to the security oi the state. In
state.
In
some
countries,
the
army
is
automatically
called upi)n to deal with a terrorist threat.
Else-
where, the police or specialist elements of the police are used: in the United States, various SWAT teams are trained and equipped to deal with terrorist situations; and elite police squads such as Dll of
INTRODUCTION
Li>nJon's Mcliopolit.m I'olicc h;ivo spcci:il cxpcilisc In iu;in\ citunlrios. :i so-ialkil iliml
wiih liicaiins
loav".
\o ileal
(.Il'mj;ik-iI
been
has
siUialioiis.
\Mlh
liiXs
diIki
atui
IS
paia-
arc
IIk'sc
cicaleil.
oigani/alums, as cxcinplirKii In ihe CkS (C\)M)paj;nic Kcpulilicainc ilc Scuuiitc) in liann', the Humlesuiensehul/e i>i lederal Bonier Ciuanl in Cierman\. aiul the (iuaniia (isile in Spain TIktc niililais
are also \arioiis
uiuis.
elite'
Ui
nam's Special
Service, a reuiment ol the Reiiular
awesome
repul.it ion
has lornid.! CiS(i
'*.
West
worklwiilc.
/\ii
Army, enjoys an (iermain
a |iara-mililar\ unit armcii with
small-arms, machinc-mms. helicopters and AI'C's.
although they have, aiul in the
in tact,
the status ol policemen;
United States there are a number of such Delta Force, livery modern
oriiani/atit>ns. includini;
police force
and army does,
degree, retain
some
to a greater or lesser
sort ot specialist anti-terrorist
source the threat
book
will
The reader
will
bias in lavniii acciilcnl
come.
in.iv
encourage the
is
ho|Xii
llic
ili.ii
doubtless perceive a qiianlil.ilivc the Uniteil Kingilom.
ol
r.iillv
It
laini heaiteil.
icllccis the
it
perience ol the author; lo a
I
much
is no and ex-
his
nalionalily
greater ilegree
nKimilaclmc and eqiiipmenl.
in
cally suffered terror
groups,
is
anli-tcirorisi
The United
Stales,
lechni(.|ucs
which has
by crime rather than by
anil
histori-
In the
Wcsicin
have
couiiirics.
become
commercial
politic;il
ment. But the many other countries featured m liiis iiook illustrate the fact that most industrialised countries now manufacture some of their own IS equipmcnt. France, the Federal Republic of (iermany.
business of countering terrorism.
Below: Long-range surveillance. A Modulux image in
Most otter
plete range ol anti-terrorist eeiuipment.
SAS Group
a
tlic
com-
some or
of which they manufacture themselves. there are such organizations elsew here in the majority of the most successful arc and USA. In the UK organizations such Risks specialize in the solution of kidnap
Others, such as the
orgaiii/a-
iinolvcd
increasingly
all
telepholo lens on an
SLR camera. Such
Northern Ireland to photograph IRA
and arrest can follow.
Although the world, in
the
UK
as Control situations.
of Companies,
established as long ago as 19.^2, have concentrated
on providing anti-terrorist equipment. Although SAS do provide training packages to go with much of their equipment, they are primarily in the business of selling equipment. Historically they have concentrated on bomb disposal equipment: but they also supply detection, inspection and disruption equipment for terrorist Improvised Explosive Devices (lED) as well as conventional Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and riot control and surveillance equipment.
This book docs not attempt to analyze, list or describe the many terrorist groupings that have terrorised the Western world since the l%()s. nor those extant today. That is the subject of a separate
book, and many authors have tackled it recently. conclusions of these volumes have often been depressing, pessimistic and offering little hope for the future. The aim of this book is more positive: it is to demonstrate the extent of the civil and military anti-terrorist infrastructure, its techniques and the
The
panoply of sophisticated equipment that is available to combat terrorism successfully from whatever 8
i
l|
also a leailing manufacturer of IS equip-
capability.
tions
it
bnuighl about for the most part by the British experience in Noilhcin Irelaiul since l''(i''. The Hiilish are world leaileis in IS eiiuipmenl leseaicli aiul ilevelopment, m ils lellects the actual situation
A.^-
a system
gunmen
is
intensilier
attached to a
used, tor example,
in
at funerals so that identification
,
I
INTRODUCTION Italy.
Switzerland, Belgium. Spain and the Nether-
lands are
now
signitieant
produeers
in
the IS equip-
ment tield. Coverage in this book eannot possibly be comprehensive. That would require a work stretching to many volumes, which wt)uld be highly repetitive and probably very boring. Such is the speed of development of IS equipment and the rate of expansion of the IS industry that this book can only hope to illustrate
a representative range of different cate-
gories of
equipment from
all
over the world. Nor
does the book aim to illustrate just the latest equipment. Rather it presents a representative cross-section of both the latest technology and well tried equipment that has been in service for some time. No other book to date has brought together such a range of IS equipment.
The West, as this book demonstrates, is well armed and well prepared to deal with the continued onslaught of terrorism. Security forces are becoming better trained, equipped and more experienced. Civilian companies now provide not only equipment but guards, expertise and complete training pack-
More and more automobile companies are producing overt and covert IS vehicles, and police forces are being equipped with sophisticated antiriot and anti-terrorist equipment. Bomb disposal teams now have a wide range of advanced equipment to detect, disrupt and disarm every sort of
ages.
explosive device. Scientists are working on
still
more
equipment for airports. Perimeter protection is becoming big business as security forces, public utilities and industry invest safeguarding their assets. Perhaps the most in interesting area of all is that of communications, where highly sophisticated surveillance, monitoring, jamming and interception equipment is constantly
sensitive
explosives detection
being refined.
The
terrorist
faces an increasingly
and sophisticated armoury of equipment. The effort must and should continue. If. as seems likely, propaganda by the deed becomes the prineffective
ciple
means
of
revolutionary
developed world that attack. tions
The or
will
assault will be
individuals.
Western way of
but
violence,
it
is
the
suffer the brunt of the
not so
on
much on
affluence
institu-
and
the
life.
'V
%^^
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
Internal Security Vehicles
Today imtst tracked
in
aiin(uiic(.l personnel carriers tciul lo be order to iierlorni tlieir priniar\ eross-
in i;eneral war as etiicientiv as possible. However, tracked vehicles are not best suited lo the
eountry role
IS role lor a iliflicult
more
are
number
and expensive noisv
ot
reasons.
to operate
Thev are
olteii
and maintain; they
than wheeled vehicles; they can
cause ilamaiic to road surfaces; and, most important ot all. thev are classed as "tanks'
by the layman and
the media. L'se of "tanks" in an IS situation
is
often
most I.S situations. vehicles are required to operate mainly on roads and in an urban environment, so that wheels arc more unacceptable.
politically
In
arnmured vehicles arc 4 x 4-vvheeled from small-arms fire up and includint; 7.62mm. Some of the heavier IS IS
vehicles affording protection to
vehicles afford protection against 7.fi2mm
armour-
piercing attack. IS vehicles must be provided with
observation blocks so that the crew can see what
is
happening around them. In a conventional rural environment, when a vehicle is likely to be operating in wide open spaces in conjunction with many other vehicles and infantry on the ground, it is not so vital that a vehicle crew has a comprehensive all-round view of the ground. However, in an urban environment, in order to prevent a petrol bomber, for instance, approaching an armoured vehicle via a blind spot, an ideal IS vehicle must have good allround vision. Similarly, tiring ports should be provided so that the crew can, if required, use their small-arms from within the vehicle.
Vulnerable points on the vehicle such as the fuel tank and the radiator should be given special protec-
from petrol bomb attack. The is from attack by anti-tank grenade. Certainly in Northern Ireland, the IRA tion,
particularly
main
other
have used with
threat
RPG-7
limited
armoured
rocket launchers against
success
- APCs are
to prevent penetration
rocket launchers.
However,
in a
APCs
insufficiently
by projectiles from urban environment
the close range at which terrorists are forced to
engage 10
APCs
1
he limited exposure time nl
very
lillle
lire,
acquire
means
,in
armouicd
thai the lirer has
lime to recogni/e the target, prepare lo the target, aim and engage. Often
RP(i-7 projectiles have passed behind their target on some occasions unnoticed by the occupants of the vehicle.
An
must be so designed as to allow and egress by crew and passengers. There are many examples of IS vehicles where this characteristic has been includetl in the design. IS vehicle
rapid access
Clearly, in a confused situation probably involving large
and disorderly crowds, it is only sensible to in an IS vehicle. In a convenwar situation, the enemy is normally expected
have multiple doors
suitable in every respect.
Most
ment.
vehicle |iassmg a lixcti point
mitigates against a successful engage-
tional
from a single direction. In a guerrilla situation, the attack from any quarter. The requirement is therefore to be able to leave the vehicle from
enemy may
the opposite side lo the direction of attack. Side doors also dictate that there should be only four
wheels, an arrangement that interests of simplicity
is
also sensible
and mechanical
in
the
reliability.
IS armoured vehicles can be fitted with a variety of armament installations, including water cannon, tear
Some can even be climbing on to the
gas launchers, and machine-guns. to
electrified
prevent
vehicle. In addition to a
number
rioters
armoured
vehicles, there are
of other types of vehicle that are
monly used
com-
water cannon vehicles, which may or may not be armoured; conventional 'soft skin' vehicles that have been covered in a form in IS situations:
of applique lightweight
armour
as protection against
and low-velocity rounds; and armoured bulldozers for the removal of barricades. Applique armour was first developed for the British Army in blast
an attempt to provide some protection for Land Rover crews against blast, fire and acid bombs and low-velocity small-arms
fire.
GRP
is
a
form of
fibre-
used to cover the body and roof of Land Rovers, while Macralon. a form of strengthened plastic, is used to cover windscreen and windows. Older vehicles can be adapted in many ways for IS purposes. In Northern Ireland, for example, the glass
INTRODUCTION
British Army h;is adapted the long-serving GKN Sankey AT- 104 IS vehicle, commonly known as the 'Pig", by attaching unfolding fenders to each side of the vehicle. Thus the vehicle, if parked in the middle of a relatively narrow road flanked by buildings, can block most of the road off and afford protection against missiles thrt)wn by rioters. The adapted vehicle is known as the 'Flying Pig". Other possible attachments arc roof- or turret-mounted searchlights, loudspeaker systems and a strong device for removing barricades. A self-help device that is fitted to many jeeps and Land Rovers in the IS role is a
and the strong monocoque structure should maximum protection so long as the crew are strapped into their seats. Examples of a shaped hull are the South African Hippo vehicle, the British GKN Sankey Saxon and Italy's I-iat ddUCM APC. IS vehicles should be of simple and rugged construction. They are often in use in less developed countries with limited maintenance resources. A
fence picquet attached vertically to the front of the
automotive parts means that anyone who can maintain a truck can also maintain the Saxon. Similarly, the French Berliet VXB anti-riot vehicle uses "offthe-shelf" Berliet truck spare parts and is both easy and cheap to maintain. Design details are very important. For example, in the Belgian Beherman Demoen BDX. the engine air intake is located below the generous canopy over the driving position and has a moving shutter to provide further protec-
vehicle to cut steel wires stretched across roads, the
intention of which is to cause serious injury to the occupants of open vehicles.
A common
threat to the IS vehicle, particularly in
environment, is the land mine. The design of IS vehicle hulls should ideally be such that, if a mine is triggered off by one of the vehicle"s wheels, the upward slope of the hull should dellect much of the
a rural
Right: The Roland IS vehicle,
one
of a
Mowag is in
range
by
built
of Switzerland,
service with a
countries.
which
number
of
As with many
vehicles built for internal security operations, in
it
comes
various forms: the
customer can specify details such as the armament, turret
arrangement and other specific features.
The
hull
shape shows the special care devoted by designers today to attaining
maximum
protection for the occupants
against not only small fire
but also
obstacles.
arms
mines and road
blast
provide
vehicle that has followed such a design philosophy closely
is
the
GKN
Sankey Saxon. It is powered by Bedford ."^OO 6-cylinder diesel
the widely available
truck engine, and the use of commercially available
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
M»>U>io\
lion iigainsi
cocklaih
pipes run alonu ihc t\so Miles
more
to
ililliciili
on
iliml>
I
Ik-
llic
i>t
to
turn
i.\li.iiisi
root to niakf
it
police forces throuuhoiit the recouni/e that iliscreel operational \ehieles (DOW) slanilanl eoiniueicial vehicles ami Iniuui sines that are arnioineii without appearinu to he so worlil
environments
than
ami nietiium
risk
IS
more heavily armoured,
the
Iheie will conohviouslv militarv warrant the attemiance that situatit>ns tinue to he IS hyhriil vehicles.
of hiuhlv proteeteil military vehicles, hut
DON
in
many
could be more politic ami just as effective, ("onlioiuaiion with Jiiihlly armed terrorists, student dcmonsii.ilioiis .nui tlic carriage and escortini: of govcrnmcnl \ ll's arc examples. incidents the use of
DON
mclude: Land Rover and Range Rover type vehicles for
Ihc current rauiic of
•
s
anti-terrorist
s
operations,
vvitii
a
cross-country
•
IS c\|hii at
wmiM
.idvisi-
spccil
would
end with the death ol the lieail ot stale anyway! Moreover, where the protecteil limousine is for a head of state, the need for protection to this likclv
to
degree can be questioned: sensible piecautions along a route should icduce the opportunities to use a high-powered rille and. where such use is very likclv the VII' should change his route or cancel the .
engagement altogether. A much more likely threat is from the assassin in the crowd armed with a concealed handgun or submachine-gun. All-round protection against
armour only iIk'
liiis
threat, rather than an atlcmiit to
the rear section of a linuuisinc against
unlikely use of a 7.(i2mm
wiser bet. Successful
weapon, would be
DOV design should start trom DOV will be bulletproof, liie
premise that no protection
will
merely buy time.
ilic
the licsi
The armoured
certain categories of rifles;
steel
\'ll'
limousines with all-round protection against
handguns, submachine-guns and grenade fragments: SaU>on cars and Range Rover type vehicles for escort duties, with partial protection against
handguns, submachine-guns and grenade Iragments; Fast patrol cars for immediate response and pursuit,
with
protection
frontal
only
against
hand-guns and submachine-guns. Modern technology is narrowing the gap between what is technically feasible and operationally desirable in terms of both opaque and transparent armour. However, thought does need to be given to the design of a DOV: the answer is not necessarily to cram as much armour on to a given chassis as possible. Users often tend to ask for unrealistic and often unnecessarily high levels of armour, while insisting on minimum changes in vehicle performance and appearance. In reality the two are often irreconcilable. Manufacturers, whose experience is usually confined to automotive engineering, on the other hand, tend to offer a solution that does not take into account sufficiently the operating conditions and protection requirements of the user. If. for instance, a manufacturer decides that the main threat to a rifle
or
its
armoured
head of
state
is
from the 7.62mm
NATO
equivalent, the passenger section of his limousine can be given complete protec-
tion against single shots
from
this
weapon. But.
in
order to avoid significant modifications to the engine and the suspension, the driver's section would need 12
An
or incapacilalcil
Lincoln Continental limousine delivered to the US Secret Service in \'-)M carried two tons of armour
\!P
•
killcil
capahilitv
and all-round prt)tcction against handguns, suhmachine-guns, grenade fragments and
•
a drive!
th.it
be
the vchii-lc.
A growinc luiiuhcr ol
are less provocative lor low
to be Ictt un|Motected.
and bullet-resistant
travelling at 5(lmph with
glass, all
ami was capable of
the tyres shot out.
would have been the first most attractive characteristic was its
1
he
Secret Service
to atlmit
that
aiiilitv
its
to
maintain mobility with all its tyres deflated - the mass of armour could not have protected the
iKcupants from sustained fire from high-power automatic rifles available on the open market. It might have resisted the first few rounds, so giving time for the agents travelling in the back-up vehicles to return fire, or for the chauffeur in the protected limousine to put his foot on the accelerator. Some of the problems that arise in attempting to bring about a compromise of discretion, protection and performance will be apparent from the weapons
and armour
table. This gives the ballistic properties
of a selection of
weapons used by
terrorists
and the
necessary thickness and weight of various armoured materials currently in use. Lighter materials with qualities are under development, but they are not yet widely in use. It can be seen from the table that even all-round protection against a low-velocity 9mm SMG will impose a considerable weight penalty. Such protection
similar or superior resistance
would seem
to
be a sensible
minimum
for
VIP
limousines, with the possible addition of selected points being protected against 7.62mm high-velocity rifle
attack in high-risk areas of the world.
possible to
It
is
compensate for the increased weight by
restricting the
number
of persons in the vehicle or by
modifying the chassis, suspension and engine. are in a position to If the occupants of a return terrorist fire, then there are different options.
DOV
INTRODUCTION
Terrorist
Weapon
weapons and armour materials used
to resist
them
WTEMtAl StCUKiIt «HK;ifS
Above:
Engesa Urutu
Ttie
EE-IL This
is
the anti-riot
driver's hatch. TTie vehicle
BRAZIL
vefsion. fitted with banicade
buadozer blade, searchlights, flashoig lights, wire
mesh
protection over engine louvres, etc. (against hand-
ttvown
missilesi.
grenade
(Sschargers. individual firing ports, siren featijres.
and other special
Engesa EE-II t'nitu .\PC Designed and built b\ Engesa of Sao Paulo. Brazil, this is an armoured amphibious vehicle designed to peiform various roles, and which can be transformed into a family of vehicles. The engine of the L'rutu is at the front on the right of the driver, which leaves the rear of the hull free for a compartment capable of accommodating up to 14 men or carrying 1 .StNikg of cargo. A large door in the rear of the hull and a door on each side provide altemati\e
means of entry or exit. Tliere are four hatches in the rear compartment in addition to the 14
is fitted
with firing
engine air louvres can be closed to eliminate the risk of flames from Molotov cocktails entering the engine compartment, and cooling air is then admitted into the engine from the crew compartment through a ports. TTie
pneumatically operated hatch which allly
is
norm-
closed.
Variants:
The design allows
it
to be trans-
formed into a family of vehicles: in addition to the .APC version, the Urutu can be used as an armoured ambulance, a command and communication vehicle, and an armoured cargo vehicle. Engesa EE-9 Cascavel is an armoured car
variant.
similar, the
The
overall
specification
main differences being
its
is
turret-
BRAZIL/CZECHOSLOVAKIA/EGYPT/EIRE
mounted ')()mm gun
;ind the
amphibious, although bility of one metre.
that
tiict
it
is
not
has a lording capa-
it
Employment: The riot-control version is in Army and Marines. Bolivia. Chile. Colombia. Gabon. Iraq. Libya, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates. Data: length 6m; width 2.59m: hci^iu 2.(Wm (to hull x<.w\y. ground dcuruncc y\.'SAm: wheel-
service with the Brazilian
track 2.1m; n/?c('//7((.s('3.0.'im;
iiW,i,'/»
Libya. Poland. India. Morocco. Sudan. Syria. Uganda. Data: length 7.47m; width 2.52m; height 2.24m; ground clearance ().3Sm; weight 14,5l5kg'(laden); engine Tatra T-928-14 V-S diesel developing 3()()bhp at 2()()()rpm; crew 20; number of wheels cS x S; speed 9(lkph; range 650kni; gradient HY'A,: vertical obstacle (1.5m; swims.
gary,
ll.OOOkg
U.OOOkg (laden); engine Detroit diesel (iv-S3 developing 2l2hp at 22(IOrpm; erew \4; number of wheels h x (r. speed 95kph: (unladen).
rtinge 7.5(lkm; gradient
}
I).
6m;
fording
H)%:
depth
EGYPT
vertical obstacle
amphibious;
radius Idm; niaxiinuin side slope
turning
30"/i>;
anna-
nwnl - cupola lor .SOcal MCi or 2()mm automatic gun and turret or 6(lmm gun mortar and turret or yOmm cannon with coaxial 7.62mm and turret. NATO
MG
Walid
APC
open-top 4x4 vehicle produced in Egypt, and used for both military and police work. Employment: Algeria. [Burundi. Egypt, Israel, Sudan, Yemen (PDR). Data: engine German Deutz air-cooled; irew
An
4x4;
10; number of wheels armament normally Goryunov SGM 7.62mm MG,
CZECHOSLOVAKIA Tatra OT64 APC The OT-64 is based on
EIRE the Tatra SI5 truck,
development of which started passengers, protected by
19.59.
in
lOmm
are situated at the rear of the vehicle
provided with overhead hatches,
doors and
The
of armour,
and are
rear
exit
liring ports.
Model (7.62mm MG in an unprotected mount); Model 2 (12.7mm or 7.62mm MG with curved shield); Model 3 (14.5mm and 7.62mm MGs in an armoured turret); Model 4 (same armament as Model 3 but with with a higher turret); Model 5 (the Model two Sagger anti-tank missiles mounted over the rear of the passenger compartment); and the two command models, the R2 and R3. Employment: Czechoslovakia. Egypt. HunVariants:
I
I
Right: Egypt's Walid vehicle,
which
is
used
for
internal security military
both
and normal
purposes. The
Egyptians have succeeded exporting a
number
in
to
venous friendly governments in
the immediate Middle East
region.
Timoney
BDX
IS Vehicle
Design studies for this vehicle were started in January 1972 by the Irish company Technology Investments Ltd (TIL), primarily to the specifications
of
Defence. The
first
.luly
1973 and two
the
Irish
Department of
prototype was completed
more prototypes were
in
built
by mid-1974. These three prototypes successfully concluded an exhaustive evaluation programme. A production licence was taken out
bv the Belgian company Beherman Demoen Bornem: hence the designation BDX. The vehicle is designed primarily for urban combat, but is also able to perform more conventional militarv duties in a rural environment.
of
MmRNAl KCURITY
Above and above Ireland's vehicle.
VEHICLES
right:
Timoney BDX
The multi-language
labels on the control array in
the cockpit indicate switches for sirens,
smoke
Its
armour
I2.5niiii
other vehicles of tion against tired
at
its
range, yet docs not
excessive weight.
projectors,
forward to
thicker than on most
7.62mm armour-piercing
short
air filters, searchlights, etc.
is
kind and provides protec-
gi\ e
The
driver
him the u
is
bullets
involve
Right: The French Berllet
here
fitted
blade.
vehicle,
with bulldozer
possessing
the
lVICi;or8lnim mortar.
FRANCE Berliet
VXB
'Gendarmerie' IS Vehicle
Designed to meet the particular rcijuiremcnts of police armoured units, this vehicle has been in production at Berliet"s Bourg factory since 1973.
The
characteristics that
make
the
compartment of
1
cubic metres, the excellent
1
with no blind spots (the
\isibility
windows arc
bullet-proof glass reinforced with steel mesh),
blade for clearing barricades; and there are
easy entry and exit (two large doors sides
(unladen),
360
CID
2()()bhp
wheels
at
9.350kg (laden); engine Chrysler V-8 spark ignition, developing 4000rpm; crew 12: number of speed lOOkph: range 640-
c.
4x4:
960km; gradient 607o:
vertical obstacle
0.4m;
VXB
ideal for IS missions include the large crew-
various turret options.
Employment: Argentina. Belgium (Air Force and Gendarmerie). Eire (Arms ). Data: length 4.95m: widlli 2.41m; heighi 2.13m; ground clearance ().38m; wlieeltrack 1.9m: wheelhase 2.85m; weight c. S.25()kg
16
MAG; or twin 7.62mm
idesi possible held of
same strength as the vehicle body, with two smaller side windows of the same material. The provision of these relatively large windows meets the need for good vision from within an armoured vehicle in urban operations. Doors in each side, as well as in the rear of the hull, meet the third requirement for urban operations, namely the provision of multiple means of entry or exit. Production is now complete. Variants: The BDX can be htted \\ilh a dozer glass
14m; inaxiinum stde
armament 7.62mm L37. L7 or L8 (jPMG; or .50 Browning MG; or 7.62mm MG
seated well
view and has a large windscreen of laminated VXB Gendarmerie'
swims: turning radms slope 45"'o;
and one
against
at the rear), effective
small-arms
fire,
in
the
protection
mines and bombs
(engine air intakes can be blocked) and good
manoeuvrability. fitted
the
with the
AMX
One
VXB
prototype was cupola of
TOP7 commanders
30 battle tank, one of the best
observation
cupolas available: its experimental installation illustrates the importance given to vision in the
The
VXB
VXB
anti-riot vehicle.
"Combat" is designed to meet the requirements of modern armoured Variants:
and cun mount a wide range ol armaThe VXB "Gendarmerie" can be equipped with a dozer blade and/or a hydraulic winch. Production is now complete. Employment: France (Gendarmerie). Gabon,
units
ments.
Senegal. Tunisia. Data: Icngili 3.ym: width 2.44m; hciiiht 2.()5ni: i^round clearance ().3Sm; wheelha.se
?>m:
weighi
uiieellnick 2.()4m;
S.yOdkg
(unladen).
I2.()0()kg (laden); eniiine Berliet diesel, devel-
oping I7()bhp; cTciv 15; mimher of wheels 4 x 4; speed
mounted 7.5mni or 7.52mm
MG.
Ford (France) IS Reconnaissance Vehicle Basically a Ford Transit, this vehicle has been riot policemen. It is equipped with radio, a public address system and anti-riot grills. It is used to transport a quick-reaction force in urban areas. Employment: France (CRS); Transit vans are also used bv IS lorccs the world over.
converted to carry nine
Panhard IS Vehicles .VML H60-7 Armoured Car: Development of the
AMI.
series started in
l')5(i.
The wide
WTEWML
SECURITY VEHICLES possihk- .iiiii.inuiiis,
dI
rangi.'
iIk'
fiirniiiiKc ;inil liiw i)pi.i.iliiij; cosl
MKIkm mi
4111) oneiiic ilocs hiiNf
In
AMI
ilic
Miiiili.'
IS
ilcsi(;ncil lot
aiul loi
iiSL'
iiiilii^ii\
been
spci'iiilK
hiis
;iikI ailli-giiciiillM i)pci;ilioiis.
Iniill-up
111
Variants:
AMI
inoiiiilint;
m ''Uiiiiu
;irx';is
a
mm; AMI. ii
()(l/2()
Keeon-
dllniin
imHlai
eMiinon.
21I111111
Ivniploymcnt: 4.(HKI
AMI.s
ol
:ili
heeii pimlueeil. ineliiilinj; 7011
liir
Army
Abu
JMhiopiii.
C'dnuo.
(IukI.
C';inib(iili:i.
Alueii;i.
l)h;ibi.
Israel.
Ir;ii|.
types
li;ive
ihe l-reneli
AMI.
The
(ieiKhiinierie.
;inil
In
iiseil
Vehicle
Kci.()iiii;iiss;iikx-
''II
I
iKiissanee V'ehiele iiiiiuiilini: ;iikI
;ip|)n.n,iiiil
n.'sirn.'ii.-tl
llddO-? vcisioii
IIk-
Iniiljici.
r.iiili.ml
mIxiuI Jd lilus)
p;iriiciil;iil\
ihosi' cDiiiiiiics Willi A
^ooil pci-
(I hi.'
is
:ilsi)
Htiiiiiuii. Ivire,
r.eu;iili)i.
Ivory Coast. Kenya.
Lebanon. Libya. Malaysia. Mauretania. Morocco. Nigeria. Portugal. Rwanda. Sautii Arabia. South .Senegal. Africa. Spain. Tunisia. Upper V'olta. V'ene/uela. Zaire ami Zimbabwe. Data: (to
}.l'-)m: nidfli
Iciiiilli
root);
turret
nlurliidck
4.S00kg; 1
.W7cc yOhp;
.''7iii; licifilil
ilearunce
wlicclhase
2.(l.'^m;
cniiiiic
I
i;riiuii(l
I'anharil
crcn- };
2.7m:
4HI)
..S
I
II.
.Mm;
ncii;lii
4-cylincler
iiumhcr of wheels
4x4;
speed yilkph; niuiie bdOkm; firadieui H\"/n\ fordiiii;
depdt
1
Ini;
luriiim:
radius
l.^.lm;
maximum side slope .iO"c,; unmiinenl one Wlmm CM A llotchkiss Brandt gun/mortar I
breech- or mu/yje-loaded. and two AA-.'i2
NF-L
or 7.(i2mm MACi-,S(l M(i. V'TT AI'C: The M.^ series was designed as a troop transport complement to the towards the end of the 1960s. In relation to the size of its hull the vehicle has an excep-
M3
AML
tional carrying capacity of eleven
driver.
The
M.^ uses
many
men
plus the
of the components
AML.
but has the additional ad\antage amphibious without preparation. Protection for the personnel on board, who can use their individual weapons through six side ports and enter and exit through two of the of
being
is provided by lOmm armour and attention has also been given to
large rear doors, plate
protecting
all
inflammable
apertures against the entry of
liquids.
Variants: M3 VDA A A weapon system, armed with two HS 820 SL (or M693)'2()mm cannon; M3 VTS Ambulance; M3 VPC Command Vehicle, armament as for VTT;
M3 VAT
Recovery Vehicle. Production
is
now complete.
Abu
Dhabi, Angola, Congo, Lebanon, Kenya, Malaysia, Portugal. Saudi Arabia and Spain. Data: lengtli 5.31m; uvVWi 2.5m; heifiht 1.75m;
Employment: Eire,
18
France.
Iraq,
FBANCE Top
left:
The French CRS
transport vehicle, simply a specially adapted Ford
Transit van, like
many
others
worldwide.
Centre
The Panhard
left:
AMLH60-7, some 4,000 which are
of
use around the
in
world.
Bottom
left:
Panhard's
M3
vehicle. This picture illustrates the potential
firepower of this kind of
has three
vehicle in that
it
firing ports for
small-arms on
each side plus two GPMGs.
The rear FN machine-gun (with butt fitted)
designed
to
arc but can be
use on
is in
a cradle
cover the rear
removed
for
foot.
Right: The Panhard Buftolo.
based upon the
M3
but
updated. Note the searchlight, turret vision slots for anti-riot surveillance, the
winch and the wire mesh protection on the engine louvres, etc
Below
right:
The Panhard
VBL high-speed
IS
intervention vehicle, latest of
the Panhard range of vehicles,
which
is
used by
the French police and CRS,
liioiiiul
clciiiiiiicc
whcelhase
2.y5m:
engine Piinhard
().47iii;
weight
4HD
wlucltrack 2.12m 5.
4-cylinder
1
(laden)
.997cc 9()hp
crew \2: number of wheels \ x 4; .
7.62mm MG;
/(((/
armament one
weapon support revolving on semicircular rail for 7.5mm or 7.62mm AA-52 MG or a MAGSO
MG.
Buffolo:
de rcJidic) IS a 4 weighing 6.6 tons, specifically
X
4
armoured
carrying
vehicle
men and
six
designed for IS situations.
It
is
equipped with an Hispano-Suiza Puma turret and is powered by a Peugeot 71 XD3T diesel engine. The hull, which is based on the Panhard M3 APC, has been redesigned to smooth out the sharp edges on the earlier
KW
models.
Employment:
Six units have
been ordered by
the police of an unspecified country.
VBL: The Panhard version
has
just
VBL
been
law enforcement
launched.
Panhard
estimate that the potential market for this
The Panhard Buffolo
MO
(Maintien
type of light armoured vehicle
in its
various ly
WTEmtAL SECURITY VEHICLfS
20
)
FRANCE/GERMANY cmitigurations
is
?-l(l,(l()0 urnits.
Of
this total,
expected to order us many as 3.00(1. It is believed Mexico, Ireland and Nigeria have bought several dozen units, while Saudi Arabia, another Middle Eastern
Army
the French
is
country, several Far East nations and the
Army
are
all
showing
US
Lebanon. Mauritius. Morocco, Oman, Oatar. United Arab Emirates. Data: leitiith 3.9Sm: width 2..'im: hcii^lu 2.0()ni; iiiound
Renault S170 Riot Vehicle
().4m;
wciiihl
whcellrack
2.07ni;
(unladen),
l(),90()kg
12,90O-13,9()()kg (laden): ciiiiine crc'iv \1:
interest.
clearance
wheelbase 3m:
235hp
diesel:
niiinher oj wheels 4 x 4;,v/«'('(/90kph;
range I,3(IOkm; gradient SO"/,,; swims; maximum side slope 35"" arniainenl in ILKi light ;
The SI 70 Riot Vehicle is equipped with a water cannon for crowd dispersion. The (i.OOO-litre water tank and its water-foam cannon allows the vehicle to double as a fire-
manufactured by Creusot-Loire ated centrally and mounting a 7.(i2mm and a 40mm urenadc launcher. turret
situ-
MG
hghting vehicle and to protect security forces on the ground against petrol bombs.
Saviem S95
Command
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC
Vehicle
Developed by Saviem, the S'J.'i command chicle is a good example of the type of police/
\
paramilitary vehicle that
is
ideal for control-
complex urban situations in\olving the deplovment of IS forces throughout a large urban area. The vehicle is equipped with radio telephone and radio communications facilities ling
that permit control of a large stations.
Top
left:
VMO
4x4
vehicle, fitted with a
in
Saviem/Creusot-Loire
bulldozer blade. The turret carries a searchlight,
still
number
of sub-
use, this vehicle
is
smoke
dischargers and a machinegun.
VMO
Saviem in collaboration with Creusot-Loire (the two Companies formed the Societe des Savicm-Creusot-Loire) Materiels Speciaux is produced the VAB, from which the
tendency
to utilize
truck chassis and parts on
which
to
base specialist in this
standard
UNIMOG
Left:
chassis.
The Mercedes-Benz
Water Cannon vehicle.
British
Army
in
Northern
Ireland in the early 1970s,
water cannon are seen
UK as being too for
use
in
in
the
high-profile
not-quelling. In
Northern Ireland, such a
cumbersome and
vulnerable
is
provided by a searchlight that pivots
now
Army.
Rheinstahl UR416 APC (\S Version) Development wcirk on the UR41(i startetl 1965 and
m
it
plate
resistant
to
7.62mm
AP
projec-
which can be very easily removed for mechanical repairs and servicing. The crews
linked to a rcctractable sight (magnification x
are transported sitting back-to-back, facing the observation/firing ports and close to the
3).
weapon mounting, plus observation periscopes. The weight
pivoting with the
four side
of the turret, including
weapons, ammunition
and optics, is 27()kg. An optional item of equipment is a hydraulically controlled dozer blade, which enables the vehicle to breach road barricades, etc.
riot.
is
tiles),
vehicle would be difficult to extricate from a street
vehicle
with the gun mounting. Optional equipment comprises a periscope (magnification x 1
Although adopted by the
this
steel
VMO
case a
vehicles,
service,
VMO
by the French tieneral Staff lor a multi-role
standard
in
still
obsolete.
amphibious w heeled armoured vehicle to till a forward tactical support role. The vehicle was adopted in mid- 1974 by the French Army, which purchased 4, ()()() over a ten-year period. is an IS variant of the VAB and The hrst appeared in 1977. Ilkuiiinalion on the
\9M
RheinstahlUR416, This IS
Though
went into production in I9(i9 with Thyssen Maschinenbau of Witten-Annen ThysscnRheinstahl and now (formerlv Henschel). The UR41(i is a light armoured vehicle produced expressly for IS and frontier patrol work. Although the designers used an existing chassis on which to base their vehicle, the 1.5-tonne Daimler-Benz UNIMOG S-404 light truck, it differs from most other vehicles of its tvpe in having an armoured shell (fimm
VMO
demonstrates
Krcinenbcrg of Hcdel. The vehicle is lifted with two powerful water cannon, and a large quantity of water is carried in the rear.
British
derived, to meet a specilicalion issued in
illustration
con\entional Mercedes-Benz truck completed coachwork by Saval-
a
IS Vehicle
Above: The German
vehicle manufacturers'
IS
chassis with
Employment: West Berlm Police, several state police forces in West Germany, and the
now obsolete. Employment: France (C'RS).
The Saviem/
Creusot-Loire
Though
Mercedes-Benz Water Cannon This
The VAB is also produced in a 6 x 6 and with a variety of armaments, missiles, twin 211mm including HOT or AA MG and 2()mm or 3()mm cannon. Com-
Variants:
version
TOW
mand
and recovery variants are available. Republic. African Central Coast, Ivory (Army), France
Employment: Cyprus,
is good in front, where large windscreens are provided for the commander and driver. The vehicle also mounts a dozer blade and "cow-catcher" for clearing barricades and other obstacles that are likely to be encountered in an urban IS
three large exits. Visibility
situation.
Variants: Turret with either single or twin and three smoke dischargers 7.6mm
MG
mounted on each
side; or
turret
mountmg
2()mm Rh 202 cannon; or turret mounting 9()mm MECAR assault gun; or turret mounting COBRA or TOW guided weapons. 21
SECURm
INTERNAL
Above: The Israeli
Ram
VEHICLES
IFV version of the
V- 11, which
IS
particularly suitable for rural IS situations.
Here
it
equipped with three
Is
7.62mm
Employment: The UR416 has had
suhstantiiil
export success. 300 have gone to Peru. 20 to Venezuela. .lO to Togo. 2(W() to Kenya. 2 to
The Netherlands. 20
El .Salvador.
to
Morocco, and 10
Greece.
.^0
Police.
Interestingly.
to
machine-guns.
with
armoured
have been
shells
produced the Irish
in service in
UR416
The
1972.
UNIMOG
17
also
is
Ethiopia. Spain. Turkey and
Data:
Iciiiiih
ground
1.^
to
to the Cjernian
in
in
chassis
Sweden
Army
since
service
in
Zimbabwe.
!i.2m; width 2.26nv. Iwi^ht
raiii^e
\veit;lu
700km: gradient
70'Vo: vertical obstacle
depth
Im; iiirning radius e.xternalK-mounted
().55m:
fording
12.9m:
armament
nussile svstem; the Infantry Fighting Vehicle;
RAM
and the
V-ll APC'. The
last
two are
suitable for IS operations: both are basic, but
rugged vehicles.
The Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV): This conis equipped with three 7.62mm machine-guns, night vision equipnienl and a
liguratiiin
.24m; 1.62m;
1
0.44m: wlwclinick 4.600kg (unladen). 6..i00kg (laden); eni>iiu' llOhp 6-cylinder Daimler-Benz OM-.32 water-cooled diesel: crew \{): niind^i'r of wheels -X x 4;.v/)('('(/S0kph: clctiranci'
wlieelhasc 2.9m;
TCM-2() 20mm luin Cannon Mount; the Close Range Tank Hunter (Destroyer) carrying a 106mm recoilless gun: the Long Range lank Hunter (Destroyer) mounting a TGW
multi-channel transceiver. V-ll APC: This version carries a total of
RAM
men and
all their personal equipment. Its armour-plate of folding system hatches, which can be fully or partly opened, provide all-round observation while affording protection against small-arms fire. Various
iS-lO
unique
armament combinations
are possible, includ-
machine-guns. ().3in machine-guns and 40mm grenade launcher. In addition it is fitted with night vision equipment and multi-
7.62mm MG.
ing
II.
.^in
channel transceiver/receiver. Both the IFV and APC versions have an exceptional power-
ISRAEL
to-weight ratio, ensuring good acceleration
Ram Light Armoured Vehicles The Ram is manufactured by Ramta Structures and Svstcms. which is a subsidiary of Israel Aircraft
There are 22
five
industries Ltd of Beersheba.
versions
of
the
Ram:
the
and a high top speed. Armour is 8mm thick and provides effective protection against close range small-arms vehicle
is
maximum
10mm
fire.
The underside
steel plate.
V-shaped
protection against mines.
of the
to give a
ISRAEL/JIALY
Above:
Fiat's
here with side
6614, seen firing ports
open. Through these
apertures small-arms or not
guns can be used. The sloped underside of the vehicle
is
intended to aid
protection from
mines by
Employment:
Defence Force. wUiih 2.03m: licii^hi 1.72m (APC 2.2m); ground clearance ().3
Israel
5.()2m;
Iciiiiili
diverting the blast to the
speed 'K)kph; range SOOkm
sides.
gradient
(APC 65%);
7()7<.
(APC
75()km);
vertical obstacle
O.Sm; fording depth Im; turning radius 7.2m; inaxiiniim side slope
ing turret
and
mounting
a
2llmm automatic cannon
MG
7.62mm
coa.xial
plus
variable
a
smoke grenade-launcher, breech loaded from inside the turret, and six fixed-range smoke grenade dischargers. Alternatively.
MILAN
TOW
or
from the turret. development at the
missiles can be fired
In 19iS5 Fiat
6614CM,
announced
a
the 66340.
Employment:
Army), and
(Carabinieri,
Italy
Libya, Peru, Somalia (270 ordered 1977
Korea and Tunisia The vehicle is still in
delivered by 1979), South
35%.
(120 ordered
production
in
1979).
in Italy
and South Korea.
Data: length 5.iS6m; width 2.5m; height 1.78m
ITALY
(to hull roof);
ground clearance ().37m; wheel-
track 1.96m; wheelbase
APC APC and
2.9m; weight 7,()00kg
Fiat 6614CIV1
(unladen),
The 6614C1V1 its companion vehicle, the (idldBM Armoured Car, are the first armoured vehicles to be built in Italy since the end of the Second World War. With a good performance, and using the same mechanical components, these are relatively advanced vehicles without being too sophisticated. The
cylinder diesel developing 160hp at 3,200rpni;
and k)w provided for individual weapons, and exit from the vehicle is reasonably simple through the large rear ramp and two side doors. aim
is
simplicity, reliability, safety
cost. Firing ports are
Variants:
66I6BM Armoured Car
with revolv-
8.5()0kg
(laden);
engine Fiat 6-
4x4;
crew 11; number of wheels lOOkph; range 7()()km; gradient
speed
tiWA,; vertical
obstacle 0.45m; swims; turning radius 7.96m;
maximum
side slope
Browning
M2 Heavy MG, 7.62mm MG.
Fiat 55-13
The
Fiat
30%; armament
12.
7mm
Armoured Bus 55-13
armoured bus
is
specially
such as riot control, surveillance, safe transport of personnel and the patrol of areas where the crew may be exposed to small-arms fire or to designed for police use
in activities
2.^
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
Above: The Japanese
Police
Japanese
Anti-Riol vehicle
noters tend to equip
themselves as well as
their
police opponents', so
It
Important that
IS
is
vehicles
(Press Association)
1
3 Armoured Bus
Fiat
Europe
i>r
stt)nc-lhro\Miig.
Ihc
is
\ehiclc's
and powerful vehicle allows rapid police deployment during riots. The steel armour-plating covered by the body panelling, and the windows in 27mni-thick bulletproof glass, can stand up to pistol or submachine-gun fire. The fuel tank and radiators he two side-doors and are also protected.
historv.
equipmcnl includes powerful water guns and searchlights. Side exits are provideil. It is the only known example of a purposebuilt, Japanese manufactured anti-riot vehicle as opposed to an adapted mass-produced Its formidable armour is police vehicle. reminiscent of an earlier period in Japanese
single rear-door are Htted with safety locks
a
many
1V7I in use in Tokyo in November manned by the Tokyo Police Department and is now thought to be retired from service. The
seen
which helps to a\oitl collision with dcmonslrators when drivinu through dense crowds.
I
It
vehicle typical of in
of
and
demonstrations.
service
55-
for sale
and speedy deployment police at riots
cocktails
This fast
there are well protected.
Above, centre: The
MolotDV
driver has the honctit of excollcni visibihtv.
in
for safe
transit of police personnel.
and
a
limiting device to prevent the doors
being forced open from the outside. Firing ports can be provided to allow the crew to use
weapons and
to eject tear-gas
bombs, there
SOUTH AFRICA
is
an observation hatch on the roof. Options available are a fire-tighting system, which
Armscor \C 200 Mine Protected Armoured Support Vehicle
sprays on to the wheels, engine and fuel tank;
This vehicle is a high-mobility, mine protected armoured support vehicle carrying up to 13
and fuel system; and an air
fireproof coating for electric cables pipes: a tear-gas filtering
conditioning system.
Employment:
men and
suitable for use on IS rural operaThe vehicle has both side and rear exits and its windows and firing points allow the tions.
Italy (Police).
Data: length 5.8m; width 2.1m; height 3m; ground clearance 3m; wheelbase 3m; weight
crew
5.8 tons (gross); engine Fiat 8(M)().()4 diesel. 6-
allow riflemen to look out of the top of the
cylinder developing 13()hp at 3,2()0rpm; crew
vehicle.
1
-I-
10:
number of wheels
gradient over 4()7o;
4x2;
speed lOkph; turning radius 5.5m. 1
JAPAN
to
engage
targets
from
vehicle, while individual hatches
within
the
on the roof
South African security forces have had to contend with mined roads, so the wedge shape of the hull of the vehicle is designed to deflect the force of an explosion upwards and outwards. The relatively high position of the crew compartment in relation to the ground gives added protection.
The vehicle is available in 4x4, 6x6 and 8x8 configurations. The 8x8 version is available as a logistics, recovery and technical Variants:
Police Anti-Riot Vehicle
A
specification of this vehicle
is
not available
from Japanese sources. The vehicle was 24
first
support
or
transporter
vehicle.
The 6x6
JAPAN/SOUTH AFRICA
Above
right:
South African vehicle-
The powerful
AC 200
The danger from
mines on South Africa's
many rough-surfaced roads Is
reflected in the heavily
armoured underside, which IS It
of
shaped
to deflect blast.
can be seen from the use glass
in
the driver's cab,
etc, that this vehicle specifically in
designed
is available in configurations including troop carrier, ambulance, command vehicle
and tr:msporter. Employment: .South African Defence Forces, Data: nciiilii IS tonnes; engine V-S turbocharged intercooled diesel; crew .i+lO; nitmhcr of wheels 4 x 4 or 6 X 6; speed lOcSkph; range l.OOOkm at
1.2m;
is
for
version
use
vertical obstacle ().6m; trench crossing
fording
depth
armanteni one 7,(i2mm M(i. two 7.62mm A A MCi, 1,2m;
urban and not situations.
Right: The South African
Ingwe security vehicle, another rugged machine especially designed to
withstand mine attack.
Sandock-Austral Ingwe Security Vehicle The -Sandock-Austral Ingwe is a high-mobility four-wheel drive IS vehicle suitable for use by companies, police or military. Its hull design offers excellent protection to
civilian security
crew and passengers against land mines and hull lire
its
provides protectit)n against small-arms
up
7.62nim
to
luiimunition.
ball
standard form the interior layout
modate fourteen persons, but ing layouts
optional
various
may be
Miouiuing
are
extras
radio
specified
fits,
points
armour protection,
will
its
different seat-
and a range of including
available,
weapons
searchlights,
and
In
accom-
turrets
and
heavier
lngv\e uses proven,
com-
merciallv a\ailable et|uipinent with ease of
maintenance in mind. The vehicle is a simple and highly practical IS vehicle. Employment: Thought to be about to enter service with the South African Defence forces.
Data:
weight
lO.OllOkg;
engine
b-c\linder
25
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
26
SWITZERLAND developing 124kw at 1.7(l()rpm; crew miiulwr of wheels 4x4: speed KlOkph;
dicsci
2+
12;
range SOOkm;
iiraclienl 60"/..; verlical
O.dm;
crossing
irencli
I.(l4ni;
obstacle
fording depth
crew
niimher of wheels 4 x -i-.speed lOOkph;
S:
range 700km; gradient
maximum
12.6m;
turret for .50
Mowag Roland and
fied
either specifically designed for. or arc suitable
wheeltrack
work. The principal vehicles are detailed below. Mowas Wotan: This was first produced in iy57/cS. and in 1*^5^ twenty were supplied to
weight 4.900kg (laden); engine Chrysler 8cylinder V90; crew 5-6; number of wheels 4 x
IS
German
Frontier
Police,
who
subse-
their
all
Kfz-'M.
This
in Chile,
wide use and
in
in
is
a
South America
Employment: Wotans are still in service with the tierman Frontier Police. West Cierman Police, and in Chile. Data: length 5.Mm: width 2.2m; height 2.22m (to top of turret); ,i,'ro((/)(/ clearance 5m; wheel-
Germany.
track l.^.'Sm; u7(rt'//w,v(' 2.6ni;
Mowag
Above: The
range
latest in the IS
vehicles.
It
Spy. the
of
that the basic design
hardly
changed
years.
Its
crew
speed make
Mowag
can be seen
it
3 and fast
particularly
role in rural areas.
The
Mowag
Piranha.
The remotely controlled turret
machine-gun allows
the
commander
fire
without exposing himself.
to
produce
An impressive amphibious capability
is
R-.^I'J
afforded by the
propellers at the rear.
irW.i,'/i/
6-cylinder
8.600kg; petrol,
developing Uilbhp; crew 7; niiinher of wheels steering on all; speed 85kph; range
4x4.
has
suited to the reconnaissance
Left:
Chrysler
engine
400km; gradient
7.62mm
operated
Mowas
Piranha
armament manually momited externally.
60"/o;
in thirty
of
South
Data: length 4.73m; width 2.05m; height 2.1m (to top of turret); ground clearance 0.42m;
commander; this was designated SW-I Kf/-yi. A number were fitted with a turret mounting a 2(»mm Mk 20-1 (US 820) cannon, and this version was designated S\V-I1
IS utility vehicle in
in
Kreuzlingen have produced a wheeled vehicles, most of which are
with an observation cupola for the vehicle
simple
several
oi
mobile units with it. In 1%2 Hcnschel (now ThysscnHenschcl) produced 26(1 under licence, most of them without armament and lilted only
parade
including
countries,
Mowag
the
on
other respects
America.
quently decided to equip
IS vehicle
smaller, lighter
all
IS Vehicles
for.
Mowag Wotan
in
Mowag family of
The Swiss
A
APC.
In service with several unspeci-
Employment:
left:
4P).
similar to Piranha.
SWITZERLAND
Above
armament x 4D) or remote-
IS Vehicle:
4x4
faster
turning radius
MG (4 MG (4 x
M2
7.62mm
control
1.2m.
70%:
side slope 35"'o;
MG IS
Vehicle:
1
he
Piranha
family of 4 x 4. 6 x 6 and 8 x 8 armoured vehicles are fairly recent Mowag developments. There are three different hull lengths,
with
."^
2.
and
1
1
accommodating 8. respectively. The vehicle
and 4
men
available in
a.xles.
an amphibious
4x4 version
10 is
and
1.67m (front); wheelhase 2.65m;
lOkph; range 570km; gradient 60'/o; 4; speed fording depth Im; turning radius 13.7m; maximum side slope 307(>; armament - turret for I
.50
MG
M2
or remote-control 7.62mm MG; obstacle-remov-
optii)nal ct|uipmcnt includes
equipment and searchlight on turret. The Spy is the latest m the range. It has been specifically tiesigned as a reconnaissance vehicle for all types of terrain and climate; so was the British Ferret and the French Panhard AML H60-7. but both were more widely used on IS duties than any other Western vehicle during the 1950s and 60s and ing
Mowag Spy:
Into the 70s.
The
excellent power-to-weight
27hp/ton gives the Spy exceptionally good acceleration and mobility. Its crew of ratio of
three
makes
it
more
suitable
for
rural
IS
operations, providing escorts for convoys or
VIPs. Data: length 4.5m; width 2.5m; height 1.67m (hull); ground clearance 0.5m; wheeltrack
2.18m
(front);
2.5m;
wheelhase
ivf'(;i,'/i/
7.500kg (laden); engine Detroit diesel 8.2-litre \'-8; crew 3; number of wheels 4x4; speed lOkph; range 700km; gradient 60%; fording depth 1.3m; turning radius 12.6m; maximum side slope 35"'o; armament as Roland, plus 1
option for twm .30 and .50 MGs. Mowag Grenadier: Like the Wotan. this is an older member of the family, but still in service in
many
parts of the world.
It
was developed
the most suitable for IS operations. The front, side and rear armour is capable ot with-
to fulhil several roles including that of an IS variant lacks the propeller drive. vehicle.
from NATO 7.62mm ammunition, the floor is proof against antimines and the roof against personnel
Data: length 4.9m: wulth 2.43m; height 1.75m (to hull roof); ground clearance 4m; wheel-
this
is
standing horizontal
fire
A
2m (rear); wheelhase 5.000kg (unladen). 6.000kg (laden); engine as Roland; crew 8; number of speed lOOkph; range 750km; wheels gradient 70%; swims; turning radius 12.9m; track
2.5m;
splinters.
Employment: Details are not available. version): length Data (non-amphibious 5.39m; width 2.5m; height 1.85m (hull); ground clearance 0.5m; wheelirack 2.18m wheelhase 2.5m; weight 7,75()kg (front);
4x4
(laden); engine Detroit diesci 8.2-litre V-8;
1.99m
(front).
weight
4x4;
maximum
side
slope
30%;
Roland, but can also mount cannon.
armament
25mm
as
Oerlikon
27
INTERNAL SECUKITY VEHIClfS
UNITED KINGDOM/BELGIUM/GERMANY Left:
The Vickers Valkyr
police colours.
In
Developed
for
UNITED KINGDOM/BELGIUM
a wide range of security and military
purposes,
tfiis is
available with various
armament
configurations
Including twin
7.62mm
machine-guns, water cannon, and a number
of
gun/mortar combinations.
Below and below Transaif Multi-Role vehicle.
left:
The
Armoured
Note the one-way
Vickers Valkyr IS Vehicle This is a new versatile wheeled armoured vehicle developed and produced by Vickers Defence Systems in association with Beherman Demoen. Amphibious without preparation and easily air-portable, it is designed to meet the needs of military or police forces anywhere in the world who require fast, dependable, comfortable, and well-protected
armour-piercing ammunition. The engine and transmission are fully enclosed within the hull armour, providing the highest degree of protection for the automotive system, transmission and brakes. The General Motors
453T
diesel engine combines high power-toweight ratio with speed and fuel economy. The option of 2- or 4-wheel drive greatly
increases the range available from the 200-
tank, while the locking differentials
litre fuel
and
independent suspension, coupled with power-assisted steering, give the vehicle fully
available as a purpose-built personnel carrier
an excellent cross-country performance. For the IS role. Valkyr allows a ten-man force
The mulh-exlt capability
or Hrc-support vehicle, or for a variety of
with
permits very rapid debussing
other roles, such as ambulance, mobile command post, or IS vehicle. Valkyr's high-
safely.
glass In the surveillance slots,
with firing ports below.
and deployment for
maximum
shock
effect.
of
personnel
surprise and
transport
over
all
kinds
of
terrain.
It
is
hardness steel monococque hull provides protection against 7.62mm armour-piercing ammunition fired at point-blank range against the frontal arc (including windscreens), all-
round protection against 7.62mm ball fired at point-blank range and 155mm shell splinters. If required, applique armour can be added to give
increased
protection
against
7.62mm
all
equipment to deploy quickly and wide range of specialist equipment is
its
A
available, including searchlights, water can-
non, grenade launchers, and bulldozer blade. excellent visibility for the driver provided by three armoured glass screens greatly sim-
The
plifies
manoeuvring
in
confined spaces.
Data: len^fli 5.6m; width 2.5m; height 2.27m;
ground clearance ().4m
(laden); wheelbase weight 3.1m; ll.5()0kg (laden); engine General Motors 45.3T diesel, developing 7S()hp at 2,(S()0rpm; number of wheels 4 x 2 or 4x4; speed lOOkph; range 7(l()km; gradient
60%; turning radius 8m; swims.
~
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC/ UNITED KINGDOM Transaif Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle Designed and marketed worldwide by Transac
International Ltd of the United Kingdom, this vehicle is manufactured and armoured by Thiele of Bremen. It is a very recent product, and negotiations are under way with various IS organizations; sales are
said to be steel
imminent. The hull
is
constructed of
armour capable of withstanding high-
velocity
point-blank range. The at windows is 'compatible to hull The vehicle has three exits, is
rifles
strength of the protection'.
equipped with bullet-proof run-flat tyres and a fire
extinguisher system.
It
is,
in
short,
a
highly sophisticated vehicle.
Variants: in
It is
intended to market the Transaif
three versions.
Law Enforcement
Vehicle:
intended for riot-control, terrorist activities.
It is
civil
This version
is
unrest and anti-
capable of transporting
equipped men and provides protecagainst small-arms fire, petrol bombs and
14 fully tion
blast or
fragmentation attack. The styling of
the Transaif can be refined so as to provide a 29
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES p-isMM-
Below: The updated Ferret
ik-itiuiii
aiiiiouredcar. Iiere
c.ip.ibic ol coiitiiuioiis
displaying a
full
array ol
specialist internal security
HI
usflul tor
\\.i\s
.i|i|iLMr;incc. liii;li
is
it
niiitui-
ilcploymcnt di «Ikii
liiNt
barricade removal,
grenade launctiers. searchlight, turret
mounted
a
sclf-cont;iiiicil
proicctcti
ami
honili tlispos;il cxjicrts
machine-guns and
Airport Siriirily: This
surveillance equipment.
wave
railio
CtTV tors,
ciniroiiincnt
lor
their cquipincnl
cciiiippcil
is
with
siroil-
systems, railar ami laser seaiiiiers,
systems and noise/movement detec-
I(
can he used as a
siiiiil
;muI is
M-lmk- ll has been ilesigneil to armies lor a cost-elleclive
salisly the neeils ol
re|ilaccment lor the worlil-rcnowneil lerret
Incorporating improscd proequipment levels, crew accommodation and vehicle performance over its
(see Daimler).
This version pioMik's
liiiinh l)isi>i>s(il W'liiclc: lor
miuI
on
carryinj; Diit \'ll* escort ilulics.
features including enlarged
lender
spccil
command
vehicle, for
tection
anil
predecessor, I'crrct ol variants to
offered
S(l is
in a
perlorm reconnaissance,
border control
;iiul
IS roles.
I
he hull
number liaison, is
fabri-
cated from alummiimi alloy armour, welded to provide ballistic integrity
and scaled
for
iioumlaries. or can ileliver a reaction force to
The hull is immune against threats from heavy machine-guns and proves particu-
the scene of an inciilciit.
hiiK cffcclivc against
the
transportation
Data:
/('//_i;//i
of
VI Ps within
7..^mi nidili 2.5ni:
airport
licii;lii
.Vim;
wciiilii
IIUKMIkg (unladen). 14.S00kg (laden);
cniiinc
Mercedes Type ()M.^32A d-cylinder crew 14; niimher of wheels 4 x
dicsei. IdShp; 4;
speed
Id.'^kph; raiii^e
(iSOkm.
fording.
machine-gun and over-
The power |ilanl is a lowerpowered version of that lilted in the Scorpion he:id shell burst.
and Slormer vehicles. An Allison lVir().'>3DR five-speed automatic transmission is litted. with manual selection of first gear. Three limited-slip differentials are
incorporated
in
one in the transfer unit, and each axle. Suspension is fully indepen-
the drive train,
UNITED KINGDOM
one
in
dent.
The
steering
is
power-assisted; run-flat
tyres are used.
Alvis Logistics Ferret 80: This
is
Armoured Vehicles a lightweight, multi-purpose
Variants: These include a
sance,
a
three-man
two-man reconnaisand
reconnaissance
M •?.'
30
UNITED KINGDOM Below: The
British
car.
of
now
life
by
given a Alvis,
new
lease
The vehicle
illustrated carries
mounted picket cutting steel
Army's
armoured
stalwart Saladin
a vertically
iron for
hawsers
or
wires designed to decapitate
commanders, grenade
mesh
protection for the vehicle
commander and equipment.
variants,
the
latter
common
hull.
surveillance
Employment: Negotiations are reported to be continuing with several customers. Data: length 4.23m; width 2.34m; height 2.35m recce). 2.44m (2()mm turret). (three-man recce); ground clearance ().3
: vertical obstacle 0.3Sm; turning radius 7.3m; maximum side
2.52mmm
slope
4()"yo
armament
man
making available reworked vehicles. These have undergone an extensive programme, bringing each
vehicle
close
to
its
original
major assemblies and supporting equipments have been completely stripped and reworked, either by Alvis or the original equipment manufacturer, using specification. All
(two-man
or injure vehicle
launchers, wire
firepower
increased
mounting the Heiio FVTSOO or FVT9()() turrets. These variants are all based upon a
(two-man recce),
7.62mm
MG
35%
(two-
(others);
and
three-
genuine spare parts. The firepower of the vehicle remains the same as the original specification, as docs the ballistic protection of the hull and turret.
Employment: Many countries including Germany, where the Frontier Police use a version (designation 'D") with extra
German
equipment and without the coaxial machinegun;
designation
Its
Is
SW-lll
Kfz-93
Geschiitzer Sonderwagen lU.
Data: length
5.28m (Including gun); width
2.54m; height 2.39m: weight
l(),5()()kg
(un-
Hello FVT90() turret with 2()mm cannon or Hello FV'TSdO with twin
laden). 11.2()()kg (laden); engine Rolls-Royce
MGs.
recce).
Mk
Saladin car
has
world
Owing
BSO
S-cylinder petrol, developing 16(lbhp at
3.750rpni;
2
(FV601): The Saladin armoured
been well proven throughout the defence and policing activities.
for to
its
popularity.
Alvis Logistics
is
7.62mm
MG
coaxial with
main armament.
/
>;<-
31
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
MG for commander, and two 6smoke dischargers. Saracen (FV 603): The first Saracen prototype was built in 1952. and the production run was ended in 1972. The Saracen has been used in the IS role in many parts of the world, and is
Above: Another veteran
one 7.62mm
range 38()km; gradient
vehicle, the Saracen, here
harrelled
().46m; fording depth
fitted
with anti-rocket cage
designed to prematurely detonate hollow-charge RPG7 anti-armour rockets, which
have been
fired
on a number
still
of occasions at security
vehicles
in
Northern Ireland.
Saracens are also in
the role of
still
used
ambulance
in
used by the British
Ireland.
16mm
in
Army
Northern and thickness. As with Saladin, reworked
armour
Its
vehicles are
Northern Ireland but no
Variants:
longer as APCs.
Command
now
FV
varies
604
Command
8mm
smoke
FV
Post,
Ambulance
MG in turret, one 7.62mn at rear of vehicle,
two
3
dischargers.
AMAC IS Vehicles The AMAC Corporation
('Armoured Mobile has developed family of vehicles intended to complement Control
Anti-riot
610
versions are
Unit")
each other.
AMAC
available.
Employment: Brunei. Hong Kong
(Police).
1: This vehicle can be operated eithei independently or as one of a co-ordinatec
Indonesia. Jordan. Kuwait. Libya. Nigeria.
group of vehicles.
Qatar. South Africa. Sudan. Thailand. United
deterrent,
Arab Emirates and United Kingdom.
facilities
Data: length 4.85m; width 2.51m; height 2.44m; wheeltrack 2.08m; nheelbase 1.52m; weight 8.63 tonnes (unladen). 10.16 tonnes (laden); engine Rolls-Royce 880 8-cylinder petrol, developing 160hhp at 3.750rpm; crew 12; number of wheels speed 69kph;
purpose-designed IS vehicles in the world. I' is equipped with a PA system, water cannon
6x6;
32
one 7.62mm or .,30 MG on ring mount barrelled
vertical ohstacli
1.07m; turning radiir side slope 45"/i); armamcn.
in
between
available.
Post and
maximum
14.63m;
42%;
weapon
Its
defensive
place
ports,
it
excellent surveillance
and
among
communicatior
the most advancec
grenade launchers, an bodywork, and a
cally "live" exterior fire
detection
unit.
The
air
electri hostile
conditioninj
system provides a slightly high interior atmo
UNITED KINGDOM
spheric
pressure
noxious
fumes
afforded
against
to
or
prevent
the
entry
of
smoke.
Protection
is
up to NATO equipped with a highly
small-arms
7.62mm. The vehicle
is
system, including
sophisticated surveillance
an
infra-red
video
camera,
internal
TV
monitor, infra-red driving lights and retractable search-
AMAC
2:
and
The
AMAC
2
command
riot control vehicles, in the field.
vehicle
is
AMAC
Its
1
sophisti-
cated communication facilities mean that it can hear and sec (if fitted with video trans-
mission system) what is happening around away. Its 1 from a great distance each communication, recording and transmission
AMAC
AMAC
1
IS vetiicle.
features visible
of the
Special
in this
comprehensively equipped
it to be continuous radio and video contact with
capabilities are considerable, enabling in
each
AMAC
1,
to exercise a central control
over any situation and to
communicate with
vehicle include a retractable
mast-mounted searchlight, weapon racks, water cannon and even an integral chemical
toilet.
1
Variants:
AMAC
3 will be a multiple water-
cannon vehicle with a
9,(»()()-litre
capacity;
4 will be a lighter, smaller, faster
M1I20
yet to enter
(AMAC
4x4;
weapon
Daimler Ferret first
Daimler tinued
Bedford crew 12
number oj wheels 1 ), 5-6 (AMAC 2); speed 88kph; armameni 16 grenade
launchers, 18
The
engine
petrol, or turbocharged diesel;
Mk
1
in 1949;
until
ports.
Mk 5
Scout Car
Ferret
was completed by
production of the
The
1971.
Mk
Ferret was
5 con-
further
developed into the Fox, which started production in 1973. The Ferret has been used in IS situations throughout the world, and was used
Army
by the British
Northern Ireland
in
the late 1970s. Vehicles are
still
until
available from
Alvis Logistics. Variants: Ferret
Mk
1/1
(Scout Car Liaison
Mk 1/2 (Scout Car turret), Mk 2/2 (two-door
open-topped version),
MG
turret),
sance with
Mk
2/3 (Scout
7.62mm
MG
Car Reconnais-
Mk
in a turret),
2/6
(Scout Car Reconnaissance guided weapon).
Armoured Riot Roof showing recessed
Both have
.
3.96m;
whedhase
Data:
Liaison with small
base.
AMAC
AMAC
production.
full
floodlights.
designed to co-ordinate up to ten
Below: A cut-away
version of
rnnlrnl Vehicle
®s£L4^
-JMom,
^^L ^^^
concealed and water cascade pipes
seaichiighl,
antenna,
Bedford Model MU20 ^„„.l or turbocharged diesel
Complement
engmed chassis of 3962n3m
personnel.
wheelbase with single super single rear
front
and
tyres.
selectable 4-wheeldnve. 8 forward, 2 reverse gears. (10 forward gears with turbo-diesel)
Drive
l
driver
commander/observer
Maximum speed
l
vehicle
10 further
(Full
weight
on foam filled tyres): 55 mph (88kph).
33
INTERNAL SECURITY V£HICUS
V
34
UNITED KINGDOM
The
Left:
armoured
old Ferret car; the
Mk
5
machine-
gun has been removed.
Compare with the updated Ferret 80 shown on page 32.
Below and the
many
Sankey
IS vehicle that
resulted from
decade British
have
more than a
of service with the
Army
Ireland. in
Some of GKN
right:
guises of the
in
Below
Northern is
'Flying Pig',
effect a mobile barricade;
this IS
designed
to
be used
parked with the 'wings' open to block
a street and provide
cover for police and troops against missiles. Note also the fender for barricade
removal and the
barbed wire
barrier erection. is
a
coil of
for instant
'Pig' fitted
On the
right
with anti-
rocket protection. Note also the two soldiers providing front
and rear cover.
Mk Mk
3 (modified fi
Mk
1/1).
Mk
4 (rebuilt
Mk
2).
(rebuilds of earlier vehicles).
Employment: Abu Dhabi. Bahrain. Brunei. Burma. Cameroon. Canada. Ceylon. France. Gambia, Ghana. Indonesia, Iran. Iraq. Jamaica. Jordan, Kenya. Kuwait. Libya. Malagasy. Malawi. Malaysia, Muscat and
Oman, New Zealand,
Nigeria. Qatar. Ras-AlRhodesia, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, South Yemen, Sudan, Uganda. United Kingdom. Upper Volta. Zaire and Zambia. Data: length .^.%m; width 2.13m; height 2.0Sm: ground clearance ().41m; wheehrack
Khairnah,
X.l^nv. whcclhase 2.29m; weight 4.98()kg (unladen), ?.
Bedford
truck
civilian
to have been specially designed for work.
The
Variants:
AT-104
has
a
this
type of
number
of
optional items that can be fitted on request, including spotlights, a hydraulic winch, a
loudspeaker system, a barricade remover, flashing beacons and/or sirens. The basic vehicle has been adapted variously, and proa classic example of how a single machine can be modified to meet a multi-
vides
plicity of different roles.
Employment: Brunei. Netherlands (Police); 50(1 uparmoured Humber "Pigs' are still in service with the British Army in Northern
some
Ireland.
3()0km; gradient 46%; vertical obstacle ().4m; fording depth 0.9m.
GKN
according
Sankey IS Vehicles
1-tonne
4x4
armoured
Humber
truck, which
truck chassis
powered
is
the
'Pig"
(FV1611)
Humber FV1601
by a 120hp 6-cylinder
Rolls-Royce B-60 Mk 5A petrol engine on which was mounted an armoured shell produced by GKN Sankey of Telford, Shrop-
and the Royal Ordnance Factories. The AT-100 (4 X 2) and the AT-104 (4 x 4) were produced in 1972 by GKN Sankey to meet the specific requirements of urban anti-guerrilla
shire,
'^*
Utilizing
parts already in production in order to keep down costs, these vehicles are among the hrst
Data: length 5.49m; width 2.44m; height 2.49m (to standard cupola roof); ground clearance ().51m; wheeltrack 1.72m; wheelbase 3.33m; weight 8,074kg (unladen); engine varies
AT-104: This vehicle was developed from the
i
operations.
fittings, to
to petrol or diesel power unit provide power range 100-150bhp,
using standard units from General Motors; speed crew 11; number of wheels 80kph; range 500km; gradietu 50%; fording depth Im- maximum side slope 30% amament in standard form is not fitted, but the cupola can he replaced in manufacture with a spec-
4x4; ;
ially
MGs
designed turret to mount single or twin of
7.62mm
or
5.56mm
calibre; alterna-
MG
can be externally mounted, and grenade launchers can also be fitted.
tively a
35
WTERNAl SECURITY VEHICLES
36
UNITED KINGDOM
Left:
The AT 105 Saxon APC.
•tjeft^-:"--ffl|
Above, a general view of the standard version, which
is
particularly suitable for rural IS
work.
It
was designed as
a
for the 'Pig' in
replacement
Northern Ireland, but financial constraints
delayed It
is
the
its
have
deployment there.
however already used
APC
role
by certain
in
BAOR
UK-based reinforcement brigades.
Below
is
a
specifically anti-riot
adaptation, with barrier
remover, 'wings' for antimissile protection of security force personnel deployed
alongside on foot, etc.
Above
right:
The Simba
FSIOO. Note the
communality the
of turret with
AT 105. Both vehicles are
manufactured by Sankey.
GKN
AT
105 Saxon Designed for anti-riot requirements in urban areas and for eounter-insurgency and guerrilla warfare, the standard vchiele has no fixed armament, although a turret is available if desired. The hull is resistant to 5.56mm and 7.fi2nim
AP
speeially
or ball
shaped
at
point-blank range.
hull
avoids
mine
The blast
pockets and affords maximum proteetion to the crew, engine, gearbox and radiator. Runfiat tyres arc fitted as standard. Accessibility is via two large doors in the rear, which are controlled by the driver, and two
excellent
side doors. ports,
ITiere
are six observation/liring
and the driver has four small windows
with bullet-proof glass giving the same degree of protection as the armour plate. The same optional extra items are available as for the AT 104. The combination of good vision fitted
crew and driver, power steering and small turning circle gives high manoeuvrability in for
built-up areas.
AT
armoured personnel mounting twin 7.62 MGs; AT 1()5-P armoured personnel carrier without MG turret; AT 1()5-A armoured ambulance; AT 1(15-0 command/signals vehicle. Saxon can also be adapted to carrying and firing ATGW and medium mortars and as a Variants:
1()5-E
carrier with turret
recovery vehicle. Employment: Bahrain, Kuwait, Malaysia in service with the
(4(1
Army). Nigeria, Oman,
I67bhp at 2,,S00rpm; crew 2 + S-IO; iiumher of wheels 4x4; speed y6kph; range 4S0km; gradient 66'X. vertical obstacle 4.()m; fording depth 1.12m; turning radius 8.75m; maximum side slope 36 "/o; armumeiu is not ing
;
lifted as
MG
standard, but a pintle-mounted in the command cupola; alterna-
can be htted tively,
a
7.62mm
(jPMG
turret
can
be
mounted.
Simba FSIOO APC: FSIOO is the latest IS vehicle from GKN Sankey. It has two side exits and double rear doors, and comes in two armour options.
A
lightweight hull Option I (High Mohilitvj: design of high-hardness ballistic steel gives
immunitv against 7.62mm
ball
rounds
at
any
angle and any range. The shaped hull ensures survival against close-quarter attacks by
7.62nim AP rounds. Option 2 iHigh Protection): An increased thickness hull provides complete immunity against 7.62mm AP or ball rounds tired from any distance or any angle between -f 40° and -10°. This option gives enhanced protection against rock and shell fragments resulting
from mortar and
artillery attacks.
FS lOO/APC armoured vehicle. FS 100/AA vehicle, FS 100 20mm armoured 100 ATGW vehicle, fighting vehicle, FS FS 10()/90mm armoured fighting vehicle. Employment: The vehicle is now ready for productit)n and several sales are thought to be
Variants:
in
the pipeline.
United Kingdom. Data: length 5.34m; width 2.5m; height 2.S6m (to top of turret); ground clearance 3.3m;
Data: length 5.26m; width 2.54m; height 2. Im; grouiul clearance 0.33m; wheeltrack 2.07m
wheeltrack 2.06m; wheelbase 3.12m; weight
(front),
9,6()0kg (unladen); engine General Motors Bedford Type 500 6-cylinder diesel, develop-
2.12m
(rear);
wheelbase
2.97m;
weight 8.2 tonnes; engine Perkins TV8 540 diesel. developing 21()bhp at 2.5()Orpm; crew 37
INTfRNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
Above
left:
URH armour
applied to the cab of a
standard Bedford truck.
The side windows are covered with Macralon armour, the front screen with a wire Left:
mesh
grill.
GRP armour on a
standard Land Rover; note also the rear hatch on the roof,
standard to
Rovers
in
all
Land
Northern Ireland
service, for mobile
two men
accommodation
of
'riding shotgun'.
Vehicles
such as
this
are
In
wide use
today.
Above
right:
armoured
The Glover
car.
Right: The Hotspur
Armoured Land Rover, here equipped with barncade remover, loudspeaker, searchlight and
CS gas
dischargers on the roof.
UNITED KINGDOM 12;
number of wheels
4x4;
speed lOOkph;
52%; turning slope 35%.
range 64()km; gradienl
maximum
8.25m;
side
radius
Glover Armoured Car Manufactured by Glover vehicle
& Webb
designed to transport
is
Ltd, this nine
men
commander. It is based on the Land Rover 2.77m wheelbase 1ton military chassis. The sides, rear and front of the body are fabricated from 6.4mm special armoured steel plate, proof against 7.62mm and .."^Oin ball ammunition at a range of approximately Him and providing substantial protection against AP rounds. The roof and engine compartment are constructed from 4.7mm armoured steel plate, the double-flap including the driver and
observation hatch
made of The floor can be with 4.7mm aluminium or
in
6.4mm armoured armoured variously
the roof being
steel.
plastic supplied by Bristol Composites. Observation/gun ports are pro-
glass-reinforced
vided
in
the sides
Production
and front and rear doors.
now complete.
is
4.37m; width 1.65m; height wheelbase 2.77m; weight 2,2cS5kg (unladen); engine 6-cylinder petrol, developlength
Data:
2.14m;
ing
GRP
and Macralon Armour Army have developed GRP and Macralon Armour for standard Land Rovers The British
and Bedford 4-ton cargo trucks. GRP is a form of hbreglass and gives some protection against
low-velocity
small-arms
fire,
acid
bombs, and Claymore fragments. GRP is used to cover the body and roof of vehicles, while Macralon, a form of strengthened plastic, is used to cover windscreens and windows. Employment: United Kingdom.
Hotspur Armoured Vehicles Land Rover: An "add-on" kit designed by Trevor Davies Ltd provides protection for Land Rover, Toyota Landcruiser and Willys Jeep vehicles against multi-hits by 7.62mm ball rounds at 4()m. The kit can be
Armoured
fitted
so that the normal appearance of the
vehicle kit
can
is
virtually unaffected,
be
readily
similar vehicle
in
and the same
transferred
to
another
the event of mechanical
breakdown. Included in the kit is a fully welded body unit, complete with seats for six persons, fabricated of 4.76mm Hotspur steel, plus rear doors (also Hotspur steel) and windscreen and side and rear windows made of
29mm
laminated armoured glass. The vehicle and rear is protected by GRP laminates. Air conditioning, heavy duty floor at front
39
INTERNAL
U&mVI
ttiflCUS
Above: The Hotspur Hussar,
sprinus
another variation on the
standard.
standard Land Rover chassis,
Variants:
this
time a rugged, simple
anti-not vehicle with
all
the
usual fitments. This one has the added advantage of six
wheels
for carrying greater
right:
Sandnngham Land Rover
example
The Hotspur 6.
another
The
derivative.
illustrated is
configured for use
in
Middle
East IS situations, and
is
litted
as
The Hotspur Armoured Land Rover same as the Armoured Land Rover, except that it is camouHaged and is
APC
fitted
public
the
is
with
CS
gas dischargers, a spotlamp, a system, and a barricade
address
remover. The overall length
weights.
Above
and shock absorbers are
is
increased by
and
all
vertical
surfaces with overlaps and
slave plates protecting virtually
all
possible
points of ballistic penetration including door
and window apertures, locks, cable ways,
The
original glazing
is
etc.
replaced with trans-
parent armour offering protection to a level
0.76m and the overall height by ()..'S6m. There is also a 6 X 6 variant. Employment: The Hotspur Armoured Land Rover is the basic patrol vehicle of the Royal
consistent with that of the
Ulster Constabulary.
the
at
opaque armour and
the higher protection levels utilizes glass/
polycarbonate composites. The vehicle is retrimmed to be virtually indistinguishable from original
trim.
The same
attention
is
Products Ltd, of Aberdulais in Wales, can supply customized armouring for a range of saloon cars. In many cases, the armouring
devoted to the external appearance of the vehicle to ensure that the vehicle displays no obvious outward signs of having been protected. The protection levels offered range from anti-kidnap through handguns (0.38. 0.45 ACP, 0.357 magnum, 0.44 magnum using
system has been developed
metal-piercing
Data:
length
4.57m:
nittili
1.6
height
particularly suitable for
\.9\m: speed IQOkph.
desert conditons.
Armoured Saloon Cars: Hotspur Armoured
in
conjunction
with the vehicle manufacturer, so that the
general performance of the vehicle can be retained as far as possible. The vehicle is
detrimmed and, depending on the desired level
of
protection,
high-hardness
ceramic, or ballistic nylon
armour
is
steel,
fitted to
the internal skin of the passenger compart-
ment. For most applications an extremely hard steel of low alloy content is used, which will withstand multiple impact and continue to give protection against further attack. Ballistic
protection can be offered
40
rific standard and at the highest level this forms a ballistic cell encompassing floor, roof,
up
to high-velocity
ammunition), machine-gun, shotguns and 0.30
^mm Ml
sub-
carbine,
and 5.56 calibre high-velocity weapons & Koch, Kalashnikov and Colt M16, The range of vehicles which have been protected embraces RollsRoyce, Range Rover, Land Rover and even heavy commercial vehicles. Employment: Hotspur conversions have been supplied to heads of state, government ministers and officials, the diplomatic corps, police and military forces in many countries around the world. to 7.62
such as Enfield. Heckler
UNITED KINGDOM
systems for engine compartment and boot,
loudspeaker microphone and communications between occupants and persons outside the vehicle
concealed
system
allowing
without loss of
ballistic
protection, radio tele-
phone or two-way radio system, smoke or gas public address systems, hostile
dischargers, fire
indicating systems, which through radar
sensors detect and display the direction or directions
from which shots are being
fired at
the vehicle.
Hussar: This
armoured car
a light
is
for IS
provided with single access doors on either side and a double door at the situations.
rear.
It
is
Three gun
slots
and vision blocks are
provided on each side of the vehicle and one in each of the rear doors. The front and side windows are glazed in transparent armour and offer the same degree of protection as the hull, which is proof against 7.(Smm highvelocity ball rounds at 2.'im.
The
vehicle has
an armoured monoeot|ue hull encompassing both crew and engine compartments. A light armoured turret or rotating hatch are mounted on top of the vehicle. Optional
MG
equipment includes
run-flat
driver,
for the
facility
a
launchers,
grcnaile
multiple
a
tyre
system,
night
vision
self-sealing
petrol
a
tank, spot lamps, intercom and siren and a
PA
system. is a 4 x 4 lightly armoured patrol vehicle built on a Land Rover 10 chassis, and is designed for a crew of three. Length is only 4.(ini. The Skirmisher is the same vehicle but without a turret. Employment: Hussar and Skirmisher are now
Variants: Hotspur Borderer
1
in
with
service
Hussar
is
IMAHO Data: (with
5
overseas countries.
The
also built untler licence in Spain by for the Spanish
Icni^ili
5.74nT. widili
hatch);
Army. 1
wheeltnick
.S.Sm; hcisihi
l.4iSm:
2.28m
nhcelhase
3.81m; weight 5,3.S0kg; engine Rover ,3. 5-litre V-8 petrol, developing 114bhp at 4,()()()rpm; crew 14; number of wheels 6 x 6 or 6 X 4.
Sandringham 6 APC armoured form, the S6 can be employed ten-man APC. radio or command vehicle or ambulance. It has the engine at the front, driver and commander are located behind the engine, and the troop compartment is at the rear. The chassis has been modified, reinforced and internally rustproofed. The body comprises a fully welded monocoque hull in In
Above: Beneath the comfortable seats of
Data:
many
saloon vehicles used by VIPs are layers of armour, fitted by
such specialists as Hotspur.
As
protective
of this
armour
undetectable after conversion.
is
usually
;is
the ;irmouring of the vehicle
and glazing, special
fittings
including air conditioning, self-sealing
petrol
tanks,
can be added, explosion-proof/ run-flat
wheel
passenger controlled centralized door locking with anti hijack bolts on each door, engine immobilizing devices, reinforced suspension system, discrecet identification lights alongside or behind the radiator grille, emergency spotlights for use if normal lighting is destroyed, distress siren or two/three-tone driving horns, automatic fire extinguishing inserts,
The presence
well
its
as a
high-hardness armour to defeat multi-impact
from 7.62mm splinters.
The
ball
floor
at 4()m and shell armour protects against
round
mine fragments and grenades and, being an integral part of the hull, offers good blast 41
INTERNAL SECimiTY VEHICLES
The windscreen and
and an undisclosed
Above: The Pyrene Water
deflection characteristics.
Cannon Truck, another
vision blocks arc to a similar ballistic standard
Data:
example
body armour. The radiator grille and engine compartment sides arc also armoured. The commander and driver have side doors which open forward, and are seated on Land Rover de-luxe seats with fitted seat belts. Eight fully equipped infantrymen can be seated, four either side, and enter and leave via two doors at the rear. Locking bars arc provided on all doors of the vehicle, and a
2.()(im:
of
a purpose-built
water cannon designed for the British forces
in
Northern
Ireland In the early 1970s.
Although they have not been
used recently, they remain available for deployment.
as the
grab
rail
floor
is
runs
down
the centre of the roof.
The
non-slip. Six firing ports with vision
blocks, two on each side of the hull and two in the rear doors, allow targets to be
engaged
A
state in the Persian Gulf.
width
4..S9m:
whcc'hrack .^.ISm:
]
.Mm:
ciii;iiic
height
Rover V-S
petrol.
Pyrene Water Cannon Truck Designed for urban riot-control, the Pyrene Water Cannon design can be adapted to fit any suitable vehicle, and is in this case fitted to a Foden 2()/4()ton 6x4 chassis. A clean body design inhibits unauthorized mounting of the vehicle and prevents lodging of missiles, such as petrol bombs, on the structure. General construction is a welded steel framework panelled
in
mild steel sheets, the front of the
lamp guards. and a wide range of optional equipment to meet particular requirements is also avail-
crew compartment in 12 SWG, the remainder 14 SWG. in of the crew compartment Windscreens are in 1mm laminated glass and side windows are in 5mm Macralon. The cannon is controlled by an operator in an 11mm bullet-resistant glass cupola above the crew compartment. Employment: United Kingdom. Data: Performance varies according to tank
able.
capacity and
from
within
Helio roofmounted cupola, with periscope, can be fitted to
the
accommodate
vehicle.
GPMG.
a
Wheels are
fitted
with run-flat bands and on/off road tyres.
Standard equipment includes an 8()-litre explosion-proofed petrol tank with locking fuel cap. fan ventilation system, etc.;
Variants: Several, of which the most suited for
an IS application
is
the
S6E-139
Long Range Remote Area Employment: Finland 42
lengih
(for
XLR
Extra
Patrol Vehicle.
UN).
Sri
Lanka
1
pump. With cannon nozzle size 24mm, water tank capacity of 7,264 litres, water pressure litres
per
is
54.4kg: throughput
minute;
duration
minutes; effective jet
length
approx. approx.
1,246 5.5
30m.
UNITED KINGDOM
Traverse exceeds 180° and elevation/depres-
+45° -15°. Optional equipment includes a tank containing a liquid dye concentrate, connected through suitable valves and an inductor unit to introduce a dye into the water stream en route to the cannon. A searchlight can be mounted coaxially on the cannon, and screen wipers fitted to the cupola. The screen washers can be duplicated to spray both water and paint solvent. sion limits are
Shorland Armoured Vehicles Mk 4 Armoured Car: The origins
of the
Shorland Mk 4 go back to the mid-|y60s when the Royal Ulster Constabulary asked Shorts to study the question of producing a light
Ireland
patrol vehicle,
m
Northern
and elsewhere.
It
represents a simple solution to the patrol
requirement and
utilizes
Ferret turret.
It
based on
the standard
Land Rover
Is
a
chassis, the unusually
shaped rear being used for storage.
ally
The
Mk
I
itself to
The
is
and rotatable through
operated
good manu-
afford
turret
3(i()°.
Searchlights and/or passive night vision equip-
ment can be fitted. Employment: Following initial deployment with the RUC, Mk 3 was issued to the British Army for use in Northern Ireland. To date the vehcle has been exported to some forty countries including Argentina, Brunei, Libya,
many
Data:
,i
in
and has shown
protection against mines.
General
produced (i7hp at 4,l(M)rpm, the Mk 2 77hp, the Mk 9lhp at 4,.S(IOrpm and the Mk 4 yibhp at 3.5(K)rpm. The armoured shell varies in thickness
wide use
vehicle,
Venezuela.
the gear ratios.
Right: Shorts Shorland
covered with an armoured shield fitted with vision slots. A special material based on glassreinforced plastic is used in the floor of the
armoured vehicle suitable for IS and border patrol work. To meet the request for maximum simplicity and lowest possible cost, the Engineering Division of Short Brothers & Harland of Newtownards, Northern Ireland, converted the long wheelbase version of the Land Rover by reinforcing the suspension and axles to take account of the weight of the armour, and by modifying
armoured
between 8.25 and II mm and can withstand 7.62mm NATO ammunition at close range, while the Triplex windscreen can rapidly be
states in the Persian Gulf.
A
Thailand and Mk 4 is the
recent purchaser of
USA. lcn,^(li
4.6ni; widlh 1.78m; Iwiiihl
(to turret roof); whecltnick
2.77m;
nrifihi
2,y3lkg
2.2ym
1.36m; wlicclhiisc
(unladen),
3,36()kg
Rover 4-stroke V-8 petrol, 91bhp at 3,5()()rpm; crew 3;
(laden); ciii^ine
developing
number of wheels 4x4; speed 88kph; 514km (with long-range tank); griidienl
rani^e 6()7o;
Im; liiniiiii; radius 17.75m; cirmiimeni - experience has shown that preference is for the standard NATO 7.62mm fordiiifi
depth
INTEMML SECUniTY VINICLES
V-S, developing 91bhp at 3..5(K)rpm; crew 8; number of wheels 4x4; speed l()4kph; range 368km; gradient 50%; fording depth Im; turning radius 17.75m.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Cadillac Gage .\rinoured Vehicles
Commando V-15() APC: A prototype of the Commando was produced in March 1963 and went into production in 1964. The Comit
mando in
Top: The Shorland SB401
GPMG.
APC. Apart from standard IS
be mounted. SB401 IS APC: Developed from
vehicle fitments, the
SB401 has comprehensive windscreen, firing port
window and
armoured covers.
Above: The Cadillac Gage V150 Commando, here shown in its
police configurafion,
with flashing light and
although a variety of armament can 4. this
is
searchlight clearly visible.
to that of the
7.62mm
at
Mk
4 and
short range.
is
The
the vehicle
is
itself in
when
stationary.
a
men. It offers good protection against inflammable liquids and close-range small-arms fire, and individual weapons can be fired through ports.
Variants: There are four different models of V-l()().
hull:
V-150. V-200 and V-3()0. The
the basic version, while the V-150 has
stronger suspension
ridged to
use
Vietnam, has excellent mobility with
roof
is
in
high lop speed, a good range, and can carry 12
V-lOO
roll off
already
dard axles used in the M-34 series of trucks and the 210hp Chrysler V-8 engine used in the M-113 APC. The Commando, which proved
effective against
ensure that hand-thrown missiles
fitted
sion.
is
and axles and can be
with a different engine and transmis-
The V-200
is
powered by
a
275hp
diesel.
Employment: Netherlands (Airport Police).
All versions are available in a wide range of
United Kingdom (RUC): twenty vehicles have also been ordered by two other coun-
configurations, of which three are suitable for
tries.
turreted version and the fixed superstructure
length 4.29m; width 1.77m; height 2.16m; wheeltrack 1.36m; wheelbase 2.77m; weight 3,545kg (laden); engine Rover 4-stroke
version which can be used as a mortar or
Data:
44
Mk
intended as a practical and cost effective solution to the safe transport of personnel under operational conditions in an IS situation. With the same engine and mechanics of the Mk 4 and a similar performance, SB401 can carry eight men, two of whom travel in the front. Protection is similar vehcle
many components
uses
other vehicles, such as the Rockwell Stan-
IS
duties:
command
the
simple
turretless
APC,
the
vehicle.
Employment: Bolivia, Botswana, Cameroon,
UNITED STATES/USSR 2-3;
number of wheels 500
range
miles;
4x4;
gradient
speed 55mph;
60%;
vertical
obstacle 0.6\m: fording depth 1.17m; turning
maximum
7.8m;
radius
side
slope
30%:
armament twin 7.62mm MG. combination 7. 62mm/. 50 MG or 7.62mm/40mm grenade launcher.
Commando good
Ranger:
low cost,
Designed
to
provide
protection and high mobility
ballistic
this
at
simple, rugged and effective
crew protection against smalland grenade fragments by using Cadillac Gage lightweight Cadloy armour, which holds the vehicle weight to 4.536kg. vehicle offers
arms
fire
Variants:
APC. command
MG
and Ranger with Employment: UA
vehicle,
ambulance
turret.
Air Force. US Navy. Luxembourg. Data: ground clearance 2(lcm; weight 4,536kg; engine petrol V-8 developing I80hp; crew 8 Indonesia,
(APC configuration), Above: The Cadillac Gage
Commando Scout
is
is
cars.
Haiti, Indonesia. Jamaica, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia. Mexico,
It
Muscat and Oman. Panama. Peru,
well suited to IS
equipped with grenade launchers, searchlight twin machine-guns.
and
Saudi
Portugal,
pines, reconnaissance work, being
Gahon,
Ethiopiii,
Cjuatcmala,
latest in the line of
Commando armoured
Republic.
Doniiniciin
the
Arabia.
Philip-
date,
more than
4. ()()() of
3 (turret configuration);
4x4;
speed 1 13kph; range 72kph; gradient 6()7o; vertical obstacle 25cm; maximum side slope 30%; armament 7.62[iim MCJ, twin 7.62mm or one 49()km
7.62
at
mm
with .50 cal turret.
Singapore,
Somalia, Sudan, Turkey (Police). LISA (Air Force. Army and various state police forces).
To
number of wheels
these vehicles
USSR
have been sold. Data: Iciigih .^.f^^m; widili 2.26m; Itelghi
ckanince
(to hull roof); t^roiiml
()..^Sm;
I
.%m
wheel-
track 2.lni; wheelhase 2.8.'im; weii^lit 6.804kg
(unladen). 9.IS.^kg (laden); 361
2l()hp
diesel;
crew
12;
eiii^inc
Chrysler
Cummins V-6
or
petrol
l5,Shp
number of wheels 4x4; speed
90kph; range 75()km; gradient 6()'/i.; vertical obstacle 0.6 im; swims; turning radius 16.7m; maximum side slope .^0"o; arnuimeiu externally
mounted
MG
or manual turret mounting
twin .30 7.62mm/. .^0/. 50 combination
Commando
MGs.
Scout: Designed as a reconnais-
sance vehicle. Scout
is
suitable for both con-
ventional and IS situations.
It is
a highly agile,
low-silhouette vehicle suitable for operations in
open
terrain or.
turning radius,
it
is
with
its
small size and
equally at
home
in
an
urban environment. Variants;
Command
vehicle with
7.62mm
MG
mount; turreted version mounting twin .50 or 7.62mm MG; turreted version with 4()mm/.50 missile system; and MG; Scout with
TOW
20mm
turret.
Employment: Negotiations are
in
hand with
several customers.
Data: length 2.5m; width 2.06m; height 2.16m;
wheelhase 2.67m; weight 6.800kg; engine V-6 diesel.
developing I49bhp
at
3.3O0rpm; crew
BTR-152
APC
first appeared in 1950 and was based on the ZlS-151 truck chassis; later models used the ZlS-157 chassis. It is the
This vehicle
most widely used of Soviet vehicles in IS situations. Although no longer in service with the Soviet Army, the vehicle is still used for IS duties.
BTR-152V (with variable tyre presBTR-I52K (with overhead armour). BTR-152U (command vehicle) and the BTR-152V (with twin 14.5mm guns). Variants:
sure
system).
Employment: Afghanistan. Albania. Algeria. Cambodia. Ceylon. China. Congo. Cuba. East Germany. Egypt. Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Mongolia, North Korea, North Yemen, Palestine Liberation Army, Poland, Romania, Somalia, Soviet Union, Sudan, Syria. Tanzania, Uganda, Yugoslavia. Data: length 6.55m; width 2.31m; height weight 2.01m; ground clearance 0.31m; 8,950kg (laden); engine ZIS-123 6-cylinder inline petrol, developing llObhp at 2,900rpm; crew 17; number of wheels 6; range 644km; gradient 55%; vertical obstacle 0.6m; fording depth 0.8m; armament one 7.62mm SGMB
MG. 45
W THE IS ROU
NEUCOPTIRS
Helicopters in the IS Role
Hclicoplcr> arc
None has hccn virtualK
all
t\pcs ha\e at In a rural
|iaiticiilail> Miilcil to IS
spccitically
operations.
designed for IS work.
Inii
and some civilian helicopter some time taken part in IS operations.
military
environment they arc used tor placing
quiek-reaetion forces in cut-off or
ambush
ptisitions.
Thev are particuiariv suitable for mounting what the British
Army
Northern Ireland call "liagle" patrols swooping dow n on a countrs lane, small party of soldiers and mounting an in
- the technique of
dropping a instant road block for a limited period. The helicopter loiters nearby until the road block party recalls it. In a rural environment, helicopters are particularly useful for sur\eillanee duties, liaison logistic support. In
man\
and
IS situations, security force
bases arc dangerous and diflicult to reach by road.
convoy
If
used for resupply purposes, its route has to be cleared arul piequeted, a timeconsuming and manpower-intensi\e pastime. a
large
is
Clearly the simplest and most efficient
method of
routine supply and liaison for such outposts
and
helicopter,
this
is
the
is
by
method normally used by
Army to resupply its bases in South Northern Ireland. In an urban environment, helicopters are of more limited use but can be used in the crowd sur\eillanee and control roles with searchlights, camera or U)udspeakcr equipment. They can also be used as mobile the
British
Armagh
in
command ticularly
Indeed, there arc occasions, parconfused urban situation, when the
posts.
in
a
INTRODUCTION
onlv
way
a
commander can
of a situation
from the
is
get an overall impression air.
Finally,
and perhaps
most important, helicopters are used in IS situations Many lives have been saved in Northern Ireland and elsewhere by flying griev-
for casualty evacuation.
wounded
ously
soldiers direct to a hospital helipad.
Certainly in Northern Ireland
ail
the
main casualty
have helipads. Helicopters have remained remarkably immune to
hospitals
small-arms
-
fire
their tolerance to several hits
is
some have been forced to land at the first opportunity by damage caused by smallarms fire, few have been "shot down". Where, however, terrorists or guerrillas have managed to
considerable. While
obtain hand-held surface-to-air missile systems, such Left:
A scene from an
terrorist
SAS
exercise
in
anti-
which
troops land from a
hovering helicopter to blast their
way
airliner.
into a hijacked
This particular tactic
might be more suitable
for
follow-on forces. Right: Aerial photography
a
is
vital tool In IS situations.
Suspect
bombs can be
photographed
for
remote
and
analysis by ATO,
illegal
gatherings can be recorded for identification of
ringleaders. This
mounting British
is
Army
camera
designed Air
for
a
Corps
Gazelle helicopter to house a
Zeiss camera.
the Soviet designed SAM-7, helicopters have been successfully engaged. There is photographic evidence of successful engagements of Soviet helicopters in Afghanistan by the Mujahadin. The counter to the SAM-7 is to fly at 50 feet or less, so that the SAM-7 operator does not have sufficient time to acquire his target, fire the missile and as
achieve lock-on with the infra-red heat-seeking system during the brief exposure time of the target. It is not the aim of this short chapter to catalogue all the world's military helicopters; indeed, it is not intended to illustrate any military helicopter per se.
Rather,
it is
to provide
some examples
of specifically
IS attachments to helicopters, so as to illustrate
helicopters have
been adapted
to IS situations.
how
HELICOPTERS
m TNE IS ROLE
Above: An armoured seat for
Puma
fitting in
a
Note
bucket-seat shape,
ttie
helicopter.
affording protection from
three sides.
Above
riglit:
Torso pilot.
of the multi-
to
be more
fully
tends
wrap-around
than conventional body
armour.
number
of bullet strikes to the airframe, but clearly
same cannot be said of the pilot. Armoured helicopter seats are made by most
the
military purposes; ticularly
directional nature of the threat, pilot protection
Helicopters can survive a remarkable
nations, mainly for however, their use is par-
aircraft-manufacturing
protection for helicopter
Because
Pilot Protection
relevant to the
IS
helicopter.
An
example is the range of ceramic/fibre composite armour made by Bristol Composites. The armour, which can be designed to fit inside an existing crew seat or can be bolted on to the seat exterior, is available in a
number of
different grades.
The heaviest is 7.62mm AP
capable of stopping multi-hits of
FN FAL
relatively
compact
homing-in
is
and simple system of needed. The "Pal" range of night landing aids developed by Security Research Ltd provides an example. It consists of an angle of approach indicator and tactical approach lights: the standard system is one indicator and 5 lights. It comes in a carrying case complete with a charger unit. Thermal imaging: The helicopter pilot will need equipment for enhancement of night vision, such as the LT1069 Helicopter Thermal Imaging System developed by Lasergage and Barr & Stroud. Compact and lightweight, this has been specially developed for helicopter use;
is
completely passive,
operates independently of ambient light levels
range. Crew members can also be provided with breast-plates of similar material - the
and sees through mist, smoke and glare from
pilot
is
rifle
vulnerable to a round entering the
front of the aircraft.
The thermal imager is mounted via a gimbal and yoke mechanism, the controls and display being the sun, flares or searchlights.
mounted within
48
it
at 9()m
ammunition from an
the helicopter.
Night Vision and Navigation Aids Night landing aids: To effect a rendezvous
Flares: Unlikely in a conventional
between security forces and
area of ground. However,
a helicopter, a
tion
is
war
situa-
the need to provide illumination of an in
IS operations
HELICOPTERS
illumination of icrrorists
Above: The Lasergage
may he
LTl 069 Helicopter Thermal
This can he achieved hy use of
Imaging system, a remotely
the Schermuly
controlled infa-red night vision device,
which
mounted
is
of
is
Schermuly mounted on a helicopter airframe
simple and basic
-a
means
of
providing instant white light
over a limited target area.
flares,
emergency
such as
flares, twin-
More
high-intensity
durable
One
such Spectrolab's SX-16 Nightsun. Developed hy
illumination requires a searchlight.
the aircraft.
Above right: A pair of 2in Mk 5 emergency flares from
5
to helicopter airframe.
Searchlights:
mounted on the underside
Mk
required.
Spectrolab of California, this
is
a lightweight
high-power searchlight. The Nightsun's brilliant but accurate beam is an ideal aid in an IS situation - it can be directed by the operator to illuminate those areas he wants lighted, without creating secondary disturbances in surrounding areas. The high power of the searchlight allows helicopters to fly at higher altitudes, thus avoiding small-arms fire.
When
equipped with a special IR filter, Nightsun may be used to observe activities at night without
a
terrorist
knowing the beam
is
directed at him.
Employment: Various
US
police forces (fitted
to Bell Jetranger), British (fitted
to
Scout
Army
Helicopter
Air Corps used in
and
Northern Ireland), and other police forces.
Data: dimensions 27.9cm x 45.7cm (remotecontrol
unit
15.2cm
x
lO.lcm
x
7.2cm);
weight 11.34kg (remote-control unit 0.(S5kg); beam spread 4° in search mode, adjustable to 20° in flood
mode; beam
inlensiiy/si:e 5()x
moonlight at l,()()()m for lOOm diameter beam; average beam power 25 ,()()()
bright
Lumens.
Marconi
Elliott Heli-Tele
Systems Division of Marconi Elliott Avionics Systems has developed the remarkable air-to-ground television system reconnaissance and surveillance
The
Electro-Optical
known
as Heli-Tele.
It
consists of a colour
camera mounted on a helicopter, a microwave link with multi-range aerials and a number of display units both in the helicopter television
at base headquarters. Of cardinal importance in the operation of the system is the stabilized platform on which the camera is
and
mounted. The platform stabilizes the camera along its line of aim to better than l/160(lth of a degree and isolates the camera from the 49
HELICOPTERS
50
IN
THE
IS
ROLE
HELICOPTERS
Left: External
and
fitted to
a Scout helicopter.
Above: The sensor
ball
version of Heli-Tele, which
mounted on the side Lynx helicopter
and positional changes of the heliattitude and its zoom lens opter. are controlled from a joystick with a two-axis movement. The camera's field of view extends down to about 1°, which enables the pinpointing of subjects from very considerable distances. Although a monochrome camera may
vibrations
Internal
views of the Heli-Tele system
is
of the
in
Northern Ireland for surveillance purposes.
The camera
be employed, the use of a colour system enhances not only the general monitoring of
mobile ground station with
subjects but also the differentiation between subjects of a similar type. If a low-light
the aerial erected; note that
camera tube
Above
right:
A
Heli-Tele
erection requires supporting stays.
The monitors supply
real-time information to the
commander on
the ground.
starlight
is
fitted,
conditions
is
tages of Heli-Tele are
surveillance
possible.
immense
under
The advanfor recon-
naissance and surveillance in urban, rural and offshore areas. Unit commanders can rapidly
survey and search large areas by operating a number of helicopters simultaneously relaying pictures back to centralized monitors and videotape recorders. They can develop their strategy based on what they can see rather
than what they are told and deploy their
men
and equipment immediately to counter a rapidly changing situation. The short range ground station is transportable and can be unloaded and set up by two men in less than ten minutes in any convenient building or in the open air. It can also be fully mobile in a vehicle such as a Land Rover, either stationary with the antenna erected or on the move with the aerial down. This concept of the short-range ground station
is
complementary
post installations and allows multiple simultaneous reception of the aircraft television transmissions by a number of to the
command
mobile or stationary ground receivers.
Belgium Employment: United Kingdom.
(Gendarmerie),
weighi 150kg; field of view r-20°; elevation -1-25° -60°; transmission link range
Data:
4-6km
(short range station).
40-60km
(long
range station). 51
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
Bomb
Disposal and Detection Equipment One
ol the
|ioml>.
most widely used are
Homliiiii;s
terrorist
aimeil
at
weapons
military
is
the
targets
(\ehieles or sokliers) or eeoiioiiiie targets; or lhe\
ean
he
attaek
indiseriininate. lui
a
The
military target
rationale is
behind
elear enough.
an I
hat
eeonomic target incorporates a longer term strategy and is designed to undermine the ability and determination of the state to carry on the war against terrorism - clearly, the more expensi\e a campaign becomes the more ditlicult it is to justify to against an
democratic state. The IRA in Northern Ireland have quite regularly bombed factories and other eci>nomic targets. Indiscriminate bombing is. perhaps, terrorism in its purest form. By creating an atmosphere of terror indiscriminately it is hoped to so terrify and intimidate the population that the\ will be cowed inlt) submission. Bombing oi aircraft, of shopping precincts, of hotel lobbys and of airport check-in facilities are but a few of the many public places that ha\e been bombed by the Red Army Faction, the Bader-Meinhof group. Palestinian terrorists. Sikh extremists, the IRA and many other terrorist groups in recent years. the taxpayer in
The nature of
a
terrorist explosive devices varies
according to the nature of the planned target and the
may therefore incorporate commercial or home-made explosive materials and be initiated by command detonation, a timing device or target influence. Perhaps the most common method of transporting and placing a bomb is by skill
of the bomber, and
using a car. The so called "car bomb' has become almost commonplace as a method of terrorist attack throughout the world. In the Lebanon in 1983-4
even larger amounts of explosive were packed into lorries and driven by suicidal Palestinians straight at buildings occupied by US and French troops of the four-power peacekeeping force. The method proved horrifically effective when 241 US marines were crushed to death in their collapsed barrack block. A variation of the car
bomb
is
the so-called "proxy"
a technique developed by the IRA in Northern Ireland whereby terrorists intimidate (usually by holding the victim's family hostage under
bomb,
52
threat of death) an Mulisidual to ilrive a car to a
target
and ica\e
it
there.
Proxy"
bomb up
bombs
are
normalK acti\ated by means of a timing mechanism. This is sometimes associated with a telephoned warning, which allovss the securitv forces to e\acuate innocent ci\ilians. This technique causes maximum disruptit)n
and damage while
the impression that
is
it
at the
same time
giving
not the terrorists' wish to
harm anyone.
The Command Wire Improvised Fxplosive Device (CWlIiD) and Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Device (RCIED) are the most difficult to guard against. The lirst requires the indi\idual initiating the bomb to be at the end of a wire and to be able to see the target. The second provides the bomber with great more sophisticated research
going
is
RCIED. The
third
flexibility,
initiation
but
it
also requires
equipment. Much of countering the
ways main category of
into
of an explosive device
is
target influence,
initiation
whereby
the presence of the target initiates a trembler or
good tactics and timely remain the best defence against such a
similar device. Vigilance, intelligence threat.
One of the most horrific examples on the British mainland of command detonation was on 20 July 1982. when, shortly before one o'clock, a bomb exploded underneath the Bandstand in Regent"s Park. London, upon which a military band was playing. Six members of the band were killed instantly and one died later of his wounds. A few hours before, men of the Household Cavalry mounted squadron had been cut down by a car bomb as they rode through Hyde Park on their way to ceremonial duties in Whitehall. Nobody will ever forget the horrific photographs of men and horses lying stricken in the road.
The twin
atrocities of the assassination of Earl
on his boat Mullaghmore in the Republic of Ireland and the Warrenpoint explosion, which killed 12 paratroopers, occurred on 27 August 1979. The former was probably detonated remotely from a vantage point on the shore, the bomb being
Mountbatten
INTRODUCTION
50 pounds of explosives hidden beneath the boat's deeking; the latter, 500 pounds of explosives in milk-
churns hidden just across the
in
hay bales, was detonated by
men
border, as the paratroopers' truck was
park.
The
be placed easily attached to
Another method of delivering high explosive to a target much favoured by the IRA in Northern Ireland is the home-made mortar. Guerrilla movements all over the world have used mortars to attack targets remotelv but have usually been able to acquire properly manufactured mortar systems, either from the international arms market or by acquiring them in action from government troops. In Northern Ireland it has proved too diflicult for the IRA to smuggle such bulky weapons into the country. Moreover, their sophisticated sighting systems make them unnecessarily complicated for the IRA's simple requirement - to lob high-expk)-
enough
a
short distance
Ingeniously,
the
IRA
into
a security
force
base.
has developed a scries of
main category of bomb is the an even smaller device, which can under intlammable materials in a
is
warehouse or shop, with a small timing device
passing.
sive
third
incendiary. This
it.
The device
Bomb
detection and disposal has developed as an
since the early
art
bursts into tlame for long
to start a fire in the target building.
The
1970s.
British
Army,
like
other major armies of the world, already had Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) personnel before the Emergency in Northern Ireland witnessed the intro-
bomb in large numbers in Thev were mostly employed in disposing of Second World War German bombs. These teams, formed from the British Army's Royal Army Ordnance Corps and Royal Engineers, have various
duction of the terrorist 1971.
detection and disposal aids available to them. In particular, remotely controlled vehicles capable of carrying and operating a variety of equipment necessary for the location and disposal of dangerous
home-made mortars, which, although unreliable and unpredictable, have sometimes managed to inflict
objects have been developed. These vehicles enable
casualties inside security force bases.
at a safe
A a
distinction that should be
bomb designed
to cause
made
clear
is
between
maximum damage
to
and one that is targeted against an individual. The former often consists of hundreds of pounds of explosives and can be secreted in a vehicle or large container (a beer keg or milk churn) and placed behind a wall or under a buildings or military vehicles
culvert.
They can be detonated
either remotely or by
mechanism. The second category of bomb is altogether a smaller, and often more sophisticated affair, which can be attached to the underside of a car, to a door or even delivered by means of
post.
It is
a timing
a
common
terrorist tactic to place
bombs
underneath cars or in the engine compartments of cars belonging to members of the security forces during the night, so that when they drive them away next morning a trembler device detonates the explosive. This method was used to murder Airey Neave, a British Member of Parliament, in 1979 as he drove
away from the House of Commons car
the
Ammunition Technical
Officer
(
ATO)
to
remain
distance while he locates, identihes by
TV
suspected bomb. If he decides that the object is too dangerous to be approached, he can attempt to disarm or destroy it by using various aids on the vehicle. Perhaps one of vehicles is the best known of these remote Wheelbarrow, which has been developed and refined since the early days of the Emergency and which continues in use today. It has a wide variety of "add-on' elements so that the system can be adapted
camera and monitors
a
EOD
to deal with different
many
attributes.
with
petrol
types of target.
Wheelbarrow has
tankers,
a
favourite
Among
its
the ability to deal target
of
IRA
bombers. It has a close-circuit TV camera and monitor to allow remote surveillance, lights to illuminate the target and a shotgun to disrupt the firing mechanism of an explosive device. Over the years. Wheelbarrow and other systems like it have saved In sary,
many bomb disposal experts' lives. many instances, a manual approach is neceseither to prevent blast damage or because 53
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT liMcnsic c\iilciicc
\l(>
some
uiM-
llamcs
is
an
«ill wi-.ii
protection
at
mkIi
which
is
will also
It
case ihc
;i
ilosigncil to
ami
liai:incnls. IMasI
ihc ilisannini: ul unpuuiscil
devices (llil)s).
is
provide a measure ol
niaile. the
AK)
will carry
11
an
inspection set consistini; ol prohes. extension rotls. mirrors, maiinets. lock \iewers aiul lu)oks All
these coinpi)nents must be
lerrous \
chicles
metals.
.Mtluniuli
are
safest
explosive
the
made up
remotely
mcthoti
ol
and
line.
of non-
coiitrolleii
dcalini;
with
manual approaches are olten
de\ices.
idenlily ami indicate the presence of gelignite, dvnamite, nilro-glycerine, nitro-benzine, DNI". I'N r. RHX. IM INaiul other explosives,
c\|iIi>m\i.-
ureater ranee auainsi lareer devices.
ap|Moach
a niaiuial
against
|>iolo<.tii>n
liininj;
In
rc\|uircil.
l:()l) suit,
necessary.
I
haiulleis.
carl\
delcctioii
is
prelerahic
disposal later. Although most disposal ec|uipment
maiuitactured
cither the United
in
l'S.\. iletcction ci.|uipmcnt
is
Kingdom
lo is
or the
ilcsiuncd ami maiui-
tactured in Belgium. Canada, [-inland,
Germany,
USA. One of the main and police engaged in IS duties is the checking of vehicles and their occupants at vehicle check points (VCPs). Another frequent task is the searching of houses and waste ground. In the same way. airport security personnel have to keep a constant watch for attempts by terrorists to sinuggic lEDs or weapons on to aeroplanes. Various equipments have been developed to detect metal objects and explosive substances on the person or in luggage. Most explosives 'sniffers' will positively
oidinan
Search technii|ues
it
mind of
is
it
vehicle,
one
a
of
of specialist
miniature vehicles that have
been developed
bomb
to enable
disposal operatives to
examine and
neutralize
explosive devices at a safe distance. This illustration
shows the considerable of special
array
attachments now
available on such machines;
they include disruptors,
shotgun, camera equipment,
TV monitor, telescope, cable and drum
for
extended
remote use. extension arms for
added reach and various
other remote handling devices.
54
in
the
ammunition or explosives. Normally, anyone hiding something in as
couiitrysitle will a
choose
lone tree or a
junction. Often a search
m
llic
"marker" has priuluccd results,
manure or
silage
hcajis
marker, sucli prominent track
a suitable
jiarticularlv
vicmilv ol such a
larm outbuildings,
ami culverts are jiopular
hiding places. In buildings, any attic, lloorboard or the inside of a false wall can
EOD
environment
nccessarv to put onesell
weapons cache.
number
in a rural
the individual hiding the arms,
tasks of troops
Right: The Hunter Remote-
pinji.ihly
not possible to search large areas of count rysiite
is
comiireheiisively.
Switzerland, the I'K and the
Control
soiiliei
largely involve having an eye for the ground. Clearly
tile
In
I'revcnliDii
qiiipmeiil apait. the
aeeounls lor the greatest number ol liiuK In using his eyes and common sense. Major successes have also been achieved by traineil 'sniffer' dogs and their
accommodate an
illegal
This chapter covers a range of equiiiments in the
bomb
disposal and detection field, including remotely controlled bomb disposal vehicles, bomb blankets, inspection sets, explosives 'sniffers', metal (.lelectors and airport X-ray equipment. Conventional mine/metal detectors for use on the ground are not included, although these are used in rural IS situations. HOD suits will be found in the chapter on
Bodv Armour.
BELGIUM/CANADA radioscopy system, with screen and observation eye-shade, and a small motorized mani-
BELGIUM
pulator controlled by the operator.
Employment:
Balteau Detection/Inspection
Equipment Bactobloc X-Ray Equipment:
The Bactobloc
SP07() is a simple and complete radioscopy equipment developed by Balteau of BeyneHensay tor the rapid inspection of objects and packages. The Bactobloc SP07() (and the larger SPOIOO model) are mainly suitable for the examination of light metals, plastics, organic materials, aluminium, electronic components, integrated circuits, wood, rubber, paper, small animals, etc. This equipment is primarily designed for the inspection of packages and mail addressed to ministries, embas-
banks, prisons, etc., although
sies,
it
has other
uses in factories and laboratories.
weight
and
elsewhere
in
70kg;
45cm;
depth itiai!
width
.'i4.6cm;
5cm x
aperture
27.5cm.
CANADA
Leigh Marsland Explosives Detectors Model S201: This equipment is designed to sense vapours from a broad range of civil and military manufactured explosives. Powered by rechargeable
nickel-cadmium
batteries,
the
10kg main unit can be carried by hand or on a
The Bactobloc SPOI2I), 140, IdO models arc designed more specifically the examination of denser materials, such
back
and
provided.
2110
pack.
Audio and
visual
alarms
are
Employment: Canada.
as ceramics, castings, welds, explosives, etc.
Data:
Data: weight 98kg; depth 60cm; width 48cm;
33.2cm; height 15.2cm; probe depth 21.6cm;
height 4()cm; cluimher aperture .'iOcm Postix
Letter
mail,
is
it
Bomb
Detector:
x 32cm.
To examine
onlv necessarv to insert an envelope
through a lateral aperture and then observe radioscopic image on a screen. the
equipment
occupies not writer.
Right:
Data:
50. 6cm; height
Variants:
for
Belgium
Europe.
It
is
When
in
use
placed on a table, where
much more space than
its
it
a type-
comprises a small X-ray generator, a
probe
weiglit
width
11.8kg;
13cm;
depth 43.4em;
probe height
widtli
10. 2cm;
response time 3 seconds; gas supply gives 60
hours continuous use.
Model S301: This device detects explosives hidden on a person's body or clothing. As the individual passes through a doorway, a curtain of air sweeps vapours from the body and into the detectors, anv one of which will detect the
The Leigh Marsland
Explosives Detector Model
S201. Most explosives emit vapour, and equipment such
as this are designed to detect
and analyse them.
55
BOMB OtSPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
To function reliably,
Above: Finland's Outokumpu
presence of explosives.
Metor Weapons Detector.
the individual should pause for three seconds
Outukumpu
in the air curtain. This device requires six seconds to process an individual; a hand held detector requires 2(>-5() seconds.
adept
at
are particularly
making what may
be considered a
sinister
piece of equipment appear
harmless and everyday by clever ergonomic design.
Above
right:
The Metor 118.
a standard metal/weapon detector
In
use
in
many
Employment: Canada. These equipments are no longer in production. Data: weighl 249kg; depth 76.2cm (excluding ramps); width 1.83cm;
!»fl/evvay
width (i8.6cm;
in other roles in Angola, Canada, Denmark. Finland, Greece. Hungary, Iran. Italy. .Jordan. Luxemburg. Malawi. Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Saudi Arabia. Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, the USA. and Venezuela. Over 4.50(1 units have been installed world-
but also
at airports,
Argentina,
wide.
Data: weight 14kg; coil weight 270kg; cabinet 35cm; cabinet width 50cm; cabinet height 18.5cm; maximum coil depth 2.35m;
depth
overcdl height 2.()3cm.
airports throughout the
maximum
vKorld.
coil
width
1.27m;
maximum
coil
height 2.3m.
FINLAND
Metor
improved model inct)rporales programs for different security requirements; the manual sensitivity adjustment is under a lockable 118: This
sixteen switch-selectable timing
Outokumpu Metor Weapons Detector Outokumpu oped
a
Electronics of
highly successful
designed primarily for use
Espoo has develweapons detector
at airports.
When
a
metal object causes an alarm, a red lamp will light up either on the front panel of the cabinet or on a remote visual alarm display unit.
The alarm
signal can also be used to
door locks. The system sensitivity is variable, this determining the minimum size activate
of object to be detected.
Employment: The equipment 56
is
in
use mostly
cover.
A
weather-proof model is available installations; it can be operated with a standard or weather-proof electronics Variants: for
outdoor
unit.
Data:
operating temperature range 0-55°C;
2.18m; gate width 0.87m; gate depth 0.51m; weight 44kg; electronics unit dimensions ().14m x 0.41m x 0.26m; elec-
gale height
tronics unit weight 11kg.
FINLAND/GERMANY
Above and right: The German Ferex 4,021 Search Instrument
m
GERMAN FEDERA L REPUBLIC
use: the
equipment can detect mines
Institut
and bomb-making
Instrument The Ferex 4.021
equipment
in
most
environments including under water. probes
make
Its it
IS applications.
variety ot
valuable for
Dr
Forster Ferex 4.021 Search is
mine detector, and
more than is
a conventional
particularly suitable for
IS conditions. The probe can be used with or without the carrying tube, and also for search-
ing underwater
up
to a depth of 3(lm.
The
device measures the degree of interference
caused by a ferro-magnetic object by means of a differential-held measuring arrangement.
Employment: German Bundeswehr. 1. 11m x 14.5cm x 27cm; power supply iiiiii 9.5cm x 5.5cm x 31.5cm; conirol iinii 9.5cm x 10cm x 26cm: probe lube 60cm long. 4.6cm diameter; carrying lube .035m long; weighi 4.5kg; locating range 6m. Data: carrying case
1
Vallon Bomb/Metal Detectors Electronic Bomb Detector Model MB 1710A: This equipment consists of an oscillator. measuring amplifier, automatic zero compensator, power amplifier, senstivity adjuster. function selector, pilot lamp and audible alarm loudspeaker,
all
integrated into a 1am.^7
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT m.iictl
pliisiK-
NDUiul
il
hii\
ihc
.icouslii.-
llii-
Idler oi
piinvl
sjgiiiil
will
I'ontaiDs
;iny
su^picll>u^ mclal CDniponciils Mich as
copper
wires, strikers, mechanical lime-liisc devices or hallcrics necessary lor llic ilclonalion ul a bonilv Data: sc/iAor zone 22(ln)in x 22((innK \i>ltiit;c 22(tV/5(lcps; 2.5(Klcps,
'*:0'
'*
(ilann
iic/,t;/i^
accouslic
50(1
sii;ii.il
Sku
Metal Detector Models Mil KM, and Mil 16(17: llic Mil |(.(I3 and
MM
1004
\(M were
devciiipcil to provulc sccurilv lorces with a
convcnicnl
Tlicy have heen
hidden walls
1607
deleclor capaltle
inctal
checks on
lorniine
persons
iiseil
to detect antnninilion
hedgerows,
tree-trunks,
in
and other similar is
per-
ol
packages.
anil
used for screening
ol
behind
places.
hilling
MH
envelopes
in
order to locate pieces ol wire, mine ignition
systems and other metal parts.
The concen-
trated electromagnetic field ol the detectors
enables a very exact pin-pointing; even the course of a located metal wire can be dctermincii.
limployment: German I'ederal (Army. Lufthansa and Police). Data:' 1604).
M)an (Mil 3«cm (Mil 1607):
leiiiiih
1603). 0.45kg
power 9V
(MH
Republic
161).^).
4(lcm
(Mil
wrii^hi
((.."Skg
(MH
1604). ().4ikg
(MH
1607);
battery.
Metal Detector Model Ml. 1750: This jeep mounted niiiic detector is included because it is
particularly suitable for IS operations.
It
would largely be irrelevant in conventional warfare, where a more blunt instrument such as a flail or dozer tank would be used; however, in an IS situation, the ML 17.^0 would be ideal
to
clear
tracks
of
metal-based
anti-
vehicle mines.
width
of location 1.60m; weis^ht oj cod 43kg; power supply 12V; current consumption 3 amps. Metal Detector Model MP 1781: Developed lor use in airports this equipment provides a visual alarm signal when any metal object Data:
detecting
passes through the gateway. Variants:
Model
MP
1770 employs the same
gate and footbridge but has a slightly
more
sophisticated electronics cabinet, which indicates the
object
is
body where Model MP 17S3
part of the
secreted.
a
metal
indicates
the type and size of the metal object.
Employment: German Federal Republic (Airport Authority. Lufthansa).
Data: electronic cabinet weight
M.-'ikg; gate
and footbridge weight
:..:^mmm
Top and centre
left:
The
Ferex 4,021 Search
Instrument and
alternative
its
attachments. The variety of
attachments
illustrated
shows the especial adaptability of the Ferex for IS
work: searching for bomb-
making equipment
in
inaccessible locations such
as manholes, sewers and
in
watertight containers on river
beds.
Bottom
left:
Electronic
Model
MB
The Vallon
Bomb
Detector
1710A, The IRA
has mounted spasmodic letter-bomb campaigns against prestige targets the United
in
Kingdom since the
early 1970s,
The
latest of
which, at the time of writing,
was
in April
1987 against top
officials of the British
Government, Equipment such as
this offer
simple and
cheap methods
of detecting
explosive devices
and
m
parcels
letters.
Above and Models
andMH
MH
right: Vallon
1603,
MH
1604
1607, typical of the
many hand-held metal detectors on the market.
Bottom
riglit:
Vallon
ML
1750, the vehicle mounted metal detector. An
equipment such as
this
would be useful against the threat faced by South African security forces.
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT RigM:
Vollon melal deleciix
model
MP
1
770 and
1781 Variants 1
783 piovide
SWITZERLAND
mwe
Kmosa
piecisc inlofmalion
/.11111.I1 ill.
Mi-lal Dclvclors MI)-I2:
MikK-I
wciipons
tins ci|ui|iincnt
iih|f(.ts.
hy
l)cvi.lt)(U'il
loT ilclcctm^;
m
h;is
KiwuN.i
other
nl
inctiii
m)UI in
liiiui-
opciMtcs on ihicc ''V hiiitciKs l-niploymcnt: hiilisli MOD. London Mclio-
iHi.iiitiiics.
It
Home
Ollico. linlish
Atomic [JKTpy Commission.
Uritish I-orcijin
polit^in
I'oliL'L'.
{'ommonwi.:ilth Ollicc. Hiilish
iiiul
mcnt
ol the
MOD.
;iiul
liiiwiin
of
Uiltisli
1
nvironment.
Ii;u|i
lloMu Koim. liKJMii.
(iovernmeiits;
Nigeria.
Oman.
;iiso
l)(.'p;irt-
Army. Kenya l':ikist;in ;inil
the police forces
Harbatlos.
(iibraltar.
Antigua, and Sharjah. and the sections of British Airways. Air
Seychelles, security
Canada.
Right: The Riwosa Metal
Detector
by
EOD
MD-l 2,
in
wide use
personnel, police and
airporl authorities for
bodysearch and checking small packages.
60
Air
Irance.
British
West
Indian
SWITZERUND China
Below: Tig Blcord supply a
Airways.
complete EOD system, which
Airlines, National Airlines.
comes
Zambia Airways, Thai International
in
a specially
equipped van. The display tools
of
shown here Includes
the Garant
EOD
on which the disruptor can fitted,
including one to
hang the apparatus above the suspect
EOD
suits,
directly
object,
under-vehicle
inspection mirrors, tripod-
mounted
lights
disposal tool
Ltd,
Malaysian
Oantas Airways, Airline,
and bomb
package for
civilian
this carries the
or military
bomb, hostage or shoot-out
necessary for a
situation including the Garant-
Data: weighi
vehicle.
1.
76kg; length 4()cm.
Model MD-15: This improved version boasts printed eircuitry,
full
transistorization, light-
weight eonstruction and very low power eonsumption. The size of a detected object can be estimated
by pitch and volume signals received via louspeaker or headset units. Simple to operate, it detects both ferrous and non-ferrous metals. instantaneously
Employment: It European police Data:
The
EOD experts,
complete range of equipment
and Singapore Airlines.
vehicle, a
disrupter and various stands
be
Airlines
in
is
EOD
1
service
with
various
forces.
vehicle (Type
EOD/KFZ)
can be equipment: bomb protection blanket (type BSD-2): 2 bomb protection suits (BPS-I); I portable telephone equipment for the bomb protection suits (TTV-I); portable EOD protection supplied
with
following
the
1
1
kits.
shield
Tig Bicord
EOD
Equipment
Anii-Magnetic Tool Set ASW-1: These tools made of high-grade, anti-magnetic
robot
(PS-l.'^):
bullet-proof
2
vests
(AN-
PO-1); 2 bullet-proof safety helmets (PSH77); 2 mine detection protective suits (BPS-2-
mine detecting
are
L);
Beryllium.
magnetic tools (ASW-I):
(ML); set of antihook and line set
(HLS);
(EG-2):
Armoured
EOD
Van:
A
comprehensive
1
I
unit
defusing unit
~-/J-J
r
1
1
1
defuser
•-
61
BOMB USPOSM. AND DETECTION EOUiPMENT
SWITZERUNO
iSistii.
-i-.TS^m:
^ 63
80M8 OtSPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
UNITED KINGDOM Security i'OI)
A.I.
Itiinili
Disposal \
shop
iiul
:iii
Li|iii|)iin.iil
Iciim cDiisisis of
:i
(|iii|>invn(
I
(lll)\
I:
Ins niDhilo
I
slDfi.-
ils
Ill
work
inosl
large capatily, last
scaling llircc people in
Ihi;
tab.
It is
h;isn.
van,
ciiiiippcil
with sirens and hlue lights; Hoodlighls are
on upw arils from Miiumted aiiMJiary
leleseopic
a
the roof.
generator,
magnelie tools and uiols.
iiays
It is
litted
and racks
a
niasl
Insiile
trallic
exleiuling carries an
barriers,
eomplete
with a
it
non-
set of electric
number of cupboards,
for storing these items.
A
numlier of options can be speeilied.
large
These
iiRhide air coiulitioning, an extra-high rool .iiul
additional sealing in the back of the van.
In addition, a
wide ranging selection
n|
hcmih
disposal equipmenl can be specified.
Model 80: Designed for equipment amplilics sound \\a\es emanating from clockwork-type fuses and similar mechanisms in parcels, luggage, etc. A cable reel permits application from a Elt'clronic Stethoscope
military use. this
distance.
Explosives Defector
Model 85 Entry Stan
II:
A
walk-through explosives detector (or 'sniffing doorway'), this is both a metal detector and an explosives "sniffer'. It has three models; I. Walkthrough - peopleare tested sequentially without having to second generation
UNITED KINGDOM Left:
Another complete,
mobile
EOD package,
time from
Below
A.I,
left:
The
experimental suitable for
this
Security.
Security
A.I.
bomb
trailer,
accommodating
and transporting small explosive devices.
Above right: An alternative method of transporting bomb disposal kit to an emergency can be an estate car
equipment
Is
if
the
small enough.
Here, Ro-Veh, A.l.'s remotely controlled
EOD
vehicle
(described on pages 67-9)
demonstrates how compact It
IS,
fitting Into
the boot with
the control console to the left.
Below
right: Entry
Scan
II
metal detector.
pause
in
comes
the arch; the alarm
seconds, so
it
when people
used ideally in arc detained tor is
iifier six
model
this at
least
6
seconds by a subsequent security (e.g.. documents) check. 2. Fast - red/green lights instruct
people to remain
seconds.
3.
High
sensitivity
in
-
arch
test
for
time
is
six
ten
seconds, with electronic integration of results
Irom
'>
&i
a
KHI-segment trap.
Employment: Airports throughout the world. Data: overall heii^ht 2.15m; jloor space required 1.2m X ().62m; reipo/i«' ///'ic 6 seconds from start of test. 10 seconds in high-sensitivitv mode; false alarm rate less than 2'/o; A/rfif better than
1.0(10
hours.
Designed for model has been configured to make it completely Explosives Detector
Model
70:
use by non-technical personnel, this
field-portable. Model 70 incorporates a small sampling pump, which draws in air via the probe on the front of the hand unit. The detection system continually analyzes the
/
sampled air for the presence of explosives vapour and when explosive is detected the instrument will give an alarm. The twin detectors enable Model 70 to characterize the (i5
BOMB
ItCi-UiJiL
AtO LilUl-M COMOTgin cxpknivc vapnur and to Jiffercniialc il (roi itihcr vapi>ur>. Mhich ha\c hccn known lo gi^ false alarms
The
(Iclc'clors.
(iperalor
i<>
K\
'
!
warned an
from a
<>ienal
i'>
of
tl
illuminate loiM
hoih of which are mounted on tk hjnd unit. A headset is pro\idcd with II equipment which may be used instead of tl loudspeaker if (he operator is working in noiss environment or if the audio signal frO ihc loudspeaker could place the operator risk. A switch is provided lo eliminate tl ludio alarm completely if required. Model s|X'.iKer.
.
v,i\\
TSJ.
delect Dynamite.
Gelignite and
wide range of military plastic explosives.
Employment: Used hv ptilicc. military, ci and postal services in more than for
turns
countries.
Data: .^4.
depth 24.1cm: witi response lime
14kg:
weifjhi
9cm:
.S4.ycm:
heiffhi
second. Explosives Detector .Model 55: Developed as
cheaper alternative to Model 70. this is sped designed for use by police and personnel. The extreme portability and fi
cally
warm-up of .Model
make
.S5
It
the ideal unit
The
use in a "grab and go' situation.
alert
insti
operation two minutes after received and can operate for sev
ment can be is
in
hours before the battery needs rechargir
The
battery
is
operating time
one
in
I
additioi
if
applicatic
Its
packages buildings or aircra
suspect
searching
vehicles,
checking baggage
the field
required.
is
screening
include
and can be changed
plug-in
a fully-charged
checking
at airports,
si
pect persons for explosives or explosives re
dues, protection of military or nuclear inst
and protection of
lations.
vital
personnel
key targets. Data:
weight
.^2cm; heiiihi 3
deptij
8..'ikg: 1
Explosives Detector/Identifier
This consists of a portable unit
wheeled
trolley
15.5cm:
cm: response lime
and
1
wit
second
Model 62.01 mounted oi
hand-held search gun
a
can be operated for over four hours fn built-in
batteries
has two
or
from the of operation -
direct
modes
supply.
It
'search"
mode and the 'identify' mode. In mode it continuously 'sniffs"
'search'
explosives with a two-second response
I
tin
and an alarm is given audibly from the pre or visually from the meter. If a response obtained,
the
unit
is
"sniffed"
again
foi
depending upon the sensitivity quired and the resulting vapour collectec then chromatographed. From the results period
i
r UNITED KINGDOM Left: A.I. Security
Model 70
Portable Explosives Detector,
probe
showing the
(top)
and
In
sniffer
use
right:
explosive used.) Model 55
Explosives Detector, a smaller, lighter,
more
portable version of
easily
Model
70.
Below: Model 35.
Below in
right:
operation.
from explosions,
it
(When is
sifting the
Model 62.000
remains
desirable to obtain as
rapidly as possible information
ibelow).
Above
possible to identify the explosive and non-
explosive materials.
on the type of
The equipment can be used
for checking parcels or suitcases, searching
aeroplanes or houses and road block checks. In some cases, an overall check in the "accumulate" mode of a house, for example, can give an indication that explosives are or have been used; the search' mode is used second in this case to locate them exactly.
Employment:
In
use
in
more than
forty
countries.
Data: weight 30kg: depth 27cm; width .^7cm; height SOcm; response time 2 seconds (search
mode). mode).
test
1
every 3 minutes (identifying
Lightweight Kxplosives Detector Model 35: pocket-sized
equipment
that
only
small radio batteries for operation.
A
requires
Model 35
requires no gas or a radioactive source, which
some explosives detectors need. The equipment will detect very small quantities of explosives and will not give false alarms to
dry-cleaning fluids and similar chemicals.
The
rechargeable battery gives up to one hour's use: alternatively, the operator can use any
12V external supply. Data: wvighl 4(l(lg (hand-hekl operational). 2.W-).5g (with battery charger and rechargeable battery); length o) detector .i4(lmm (with short
probe); ditnensions of whole equipment in case 38()mm x 220mm x lOOmm; response time less
than
I
second.
Remotely Controlled \ehicle Ro-veh: The entire svstem v\orks from either mains electricity or a portable generator and the power
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
68
UNITED KINGDOM
Controlled Vetilcle Ro-Vefi Its
is
Security Remotely
A.I,
in
wheeled configuration
(top
left),
wearing tracks and
mounting a stiotgun and disrupter (below
using a
boom
left)
and
extension with
transmitted
down
multiplexed
the cable at only 65V, All
and operating
the video analog
down
automobile (above). Right,
demonstrating
Its stalr-
cllmbing capability.
The
combination of relatively high but sale power voltage and multiplexing on the co-axial line results in a very thin flexible cable (which is steel reinforced). Since there arc no batteries
disrupter to deal with a
suspect package under an
signals are
a single co-axial line.
at
the vehicle
all.
is
light
and easy to man-
handle; severing of the cable leaves Ro-veh inert
and
totally safe.
Momentary
cuits during the cutting of the cable
the armaments, since that
short cir-
cannot hre
depends on receipt
of digitally coded signals from the control
module. The lightness of Ro-veh and the special attention paid to tread design results in
climbing ground, the wheels can be fitted in a few minutes giving a smoother ride and higher speed. The control console houses a video screen and all other controls: camera, armament (shotgun, a
vehicle
ability.
with
exceptional
When Ro-veh
is
stair
used on
flat
disrupters, charge dropper, etc.). drive
and
The armament is mounted on superstructure. The standard boom the arrangement folds away entirely within the
boom
controls.
length of the vehicle, but the struction
modular con-
using quick-fit connections allows
any lengths or angles of
boom
to be con-
structed.
69
BOMB DISPOSAL AND 0£I£CT10N EQUIPMUII quickly on any suspect item or non-rcadily idcniiliahle ileiu hoili iinpiovcs ihe efleclivc-
ncss ol the search anil speeds ii u|i. More Iliim one person may view the screen simulliuieously, enabling the accumulaled experience of
When
several sccunt\ guanls lo be uiili/ed
lead
llic
pump
closes ovei
shield
reduces the pressure ol
chamber by
1/10 alinosphere.
direciK lo
arr
is feil
,in
explosi\e v;rpom
only seen by Ihe
;in
sinlcase.
llie
a
baggage
ilie
The extracted
explosives deleclor.
If
alarm
is
indrcaleil the
is
operator
Irr-.Scan
who
c;in
request a se;irch of the suspect bag.
Various inlernalional airports.
l:niploynienl:
Data: ina.xiinuin haiii;age dimensions 6
1
cm X
per
76cm x
operational frequency 5 bags /cs/io/isc \pcr(l \ ^ secoiuls.
.'Hhcm:
itliiuile;
Metal Detidiiig l)i)or\>a.\ Modi! S57: his archway provides indication ol lie lypes of 1
I
melal
delects, including coins.
it
Kxplosives Detector
from Al.
a
is
Model
97: This, the latest
fourth generation lightweight
tievice containing a real-time
vapour detection
system, based on gas chromatography, that will
pick up
one part of explosive vapour
in 10
parts of air.
Data: carrying case dimensions
X 16cm; hand
Adams
50cm x
.37cm
unit weight 13.5kg.
Electronics Detection
Equipment Adams F.lectronics
of Crawley. Sussex, prowide range of detection equipment including metal detection archways, hand
duce
a
search probes, ground search detectors, letter
bomb
detectors
systems. currently
Of
weapons
and
location
the fourteen detection systems
manufactured
by Adams Elecequipments have
tronics, the following three
been selected as representative. Top:
A.I.
Security's Tri-Scan
Airport Security System, an
example
of a
standard
().4(im
Advanced Weapons Location System AMD 690: This body scanning system provides visual and audible indication of where metal is being carried. Three bar graphs and two audio
(on tracks, with superstructure folded); reach
tones are used: the centre bar graph (red)
Employment: Various security agencies. Data: U'ni;ih .12m: widili I). 62m; heiiihi ().37m 1
(on
luggage X-Ray and
tracks,
explosives vapour detection
2.()6m
(on
without superstructure). tracks,
with
superstructure
ex-
system.
tended). 2.15m (on wheels, with superstrucAbove: The Adams
AMD
body scanning system, a very simple to operate
weapon
location system.
690
ture extended); 110°
arm movemcnl
180° (upper).
0.65m (using neutral turn); drive motors two 95W (2 x 'shp); speed 26cm/second (tracks). 44cm/ (lower);
turning
radius
the
level
at
An
which
the
alarm
top one (yellow) indicates the level of metal present in the top half of the archway and compares it with the alarm is
set; the
one indicates the bottom half of the
threshold; the lower (green) level of
metal present
in
archway and compares
second (wheels).
the
this
with the alarm
X-ray
threshold. If the yellow bar graph exceeds the
and explosive \apour detector are here com-
alarm level, audio warning 'A' sounds; if the green bar graph exceeds the alarm level, audio warning "B' sounds. If both halves exceed their alarm level, both aydio warnings metal indicating sound simultaneously,
Tri-Scan Airport Security System:
The component parts of a homb may not be all in one bag but may be present bined.
in several bags for subsequent assembly by the terrorist. Use of an overall Xray of the bag plus the ability to zoom-in
separately
70
indicates
threshold
carried at the middle
o*'
the body.
miiiiiiiiiiiilliii
Right:
Adams
ill
Electronics
IPD/4 lightweight metal detector.
width
2.17m:
U.92m;
Data:
height
tiepih
out personal searching of passengers, staff or
0.4(ini;
aperture height 1.98m; aperture width
other persons to detect possible hidden metal
().76m;
power consumption 3()VA; internal 12V DC 3;imp/hour automatically
objects
haiterv
recharged;
ambient
operating
range -1()°C to 55°C; 1(1-95% non condensing.
temperature
relative
humidity
to
for
It is
explosive
physical
by
contact
the
also suitable for screening mail
devices,
and
it
can
be con-
veniently used to detect metal items located
under the surface of walls, floors or other non-
Intimate Personal Detector lPD/4: This equip-
ment has been designed
without
searcher.
meet the need
for a
metallic materials.
Employment:
In service
worldwide.
very lightweight metal detector capable of
Data: length 38cm; weight 34()g; battery stan-
being used for long periods without reducing operator concentration through fatigue. The detector has good sensitivity, a high standard
dard 9V (gives 2-3 months operation); operating temperature -25°C to 60°C. Mail Check Probe LB/2: This detector will
in
toughness and reliability and is simple to It has been specially designed to detect concealed metallic objects, including
locate
operate.
ferrous) metallic objects concealed in letters,
ammunition and explosive The equipment can be used to carry
firearms, knives,
devices.
large
and small
(ferrous
and non-
packages or parcels. When set up in its mode (which takes a few seconds) the gradient of the chute ensures clearance by
operating
71
BOMB OlSroSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
72
UNITED KINGDOM Top
is
Adams Electronics bomb detector, which
left:
letter
based on a simple
slide
principle.
Right: The
Add-On
Electronics IPD-25 metal detector.
Below
left:
Add-On
Electronics B-
100 and IPD-
2L metal detectors
In
use.
gravity ol even
ilic
lightest letters, while
main-
After use the Mail Check Probe can be folded flat to a depth of 5.5cm for easy storage. The LB/2 requires only a very small temporary working area taining
screening sensitivity-
wooden desk/table, for example) and can be conveniently put away when not (corner of a required.
It is
Employment: The IPD/2S is in use in no less than 107 countries. These include Spain, Morocco. Germany. Finland, the Republic of China. Thailand. Holland. Norway. South Africa, Nigeria, India, .lapan and Hong Kong. Data: weight 454g; leiigili Micm, luitteiy life 23 months.
particularly suited for travelling
weight;
W. Allen EOD Equipment EOD Inspection Set: Developed
Add-On
Allen of London, this set is designed to assist operatives in the internal inspection of
VIPs. owing to its compactness and lightit can he carried in a brief case.
Electronics Metal Detectors Electronics of Edenbridgc developed this high sensitivity metal detector for the detection of all ferrous and nonferrous metals. It was designed for airport security and police work, although there are numerous uses in the commercial field. B-lOO:
Add-on
Employment: Germany (Police), Thailand, United Kingdom (Army). Data: diameier 21.6cm; height 10. 2cm; weight IPD/2S: Complementary is
to the
B-lOO hand
suitable for searching for
baggage, walls, floors, etc. metal objects such as arms and ammunition. The IPD/2S is also widely used for screening mail for explosive devices, and is capable of personnel,
detecting very small metal parts,
including
made of stainless and The IPD/2L has a longer stem (51cm) and the weight is increased to 539g. The
those
austenitic steel.
Variant:
longer stem enables the front and back to be searched without either the person being searched or the operator having to turn or move around.
by
P.
W.
EOD
lEDs of
all
kinds including parcels, packages,
and also inside locks, particuwhere forensic evidence is required.
cases, luggage larly
Components
are
made
of non-ferrous metals
and include various light probes, extension rods, round mirrors, a recovery magnet and hook, lock viewers and illuminated inspection mirrors.
Employment: Worldwide. Data: case dimensions
().59kg.
detector, the IPD/2S
P.
total
61cm x 48cm x 7cm;
weight 5kg.
Fluorescent
Hand Lamp Model A33: This
produces a flood of white area and
is
light
over a large
particularly suitable for mobile
The lamp powered by a
search teams operating at night. uses a 22.9cm fluorescent tube
12V dry
battery.
One
battery will give over and well
eight hours continuous operation,
over 30 hours with normal intermittent use. light provided by the lamps is comparable to that from a 40-watt tungsten lamp.
The
Employment: United Kingdom. Hook and Line Set Type HAL: Each sists
of a reel holding
1
00m
of line
set
con-
mounted on 73
aOM8 USfOSM. AND OilLUllUM UUitPMEMT
cr=:^= P
W
Top
Allen left:
EOD Equipment.
The EOD Inspection
Set.
Above: The Hook and Line Set.
Above
right: Inspection of
the interior of a standard British
Army Type 36
grenade with the aid
of
an
Allen safety light probe.
Below
left:
The use
of the
Telescopic Illuminated
Search Mirror.
Below
right:
The Allen
Search Endoscope Set SE30
Mk2.
UNITED KINGDOM
75
BOMB OlSroSAL AND OtILCIlUN tOUIPMENT :i
strong sicci case, which contains a sclccimn
ol hilts. hiHiks. sircips, IkiikIIcs ;iikI
cxlcnsion n)ds. piilhng
siwich blocks. This scl has been
clevehtpeil to assist traineil l-lOR/FiOl) operatives
ill
inosing aml/oi
hllinj;
potenlialK ha/ardous ob|eits. IS
compact so
that
service vehicles.
A
it
may
lI'Ds or other I
he eninpmenl
easily be
earned
carrying handle enables
in it
be transported by one man. Data: case dimensions .'^Icm x 2.'S.5cm x ll.scm; wcikIii I'^kg. Inspvction Mirror Ty|H' ("KM/II.I,: An iliiiniinaled. telescopic inspedion mirror. cMeiulmg to
Iroin .sKlinm to l.'^.'iOmm in
si.x
sections.
The
grooved to prevent rotation during extension, and five optional mirror attachments are available. The mirror is mounted on stem
IS
a tully
Safely
Hexible ball-and-socket joint. I.ighl I'mhe: A hanil held
battery-
operated light source with a l.S.2cm long x 3mm diameter libre optic light probe. The lamp is totally enclosed in the handle, and the light, which is "piped" into the object being inspected by the fibre optic probe, is therefore cold (and safe). Employment: United Kiiigtlom (Army) and many other operators throughout the world. Search Kndoscope SE30 \ik 2: The SE.3() Endoscope (or Periscope) is designed to assist arms/contraband search teams in searching normally inaccessible places. It is made up in seven sections: one ocular (or eyepiece) tube, two objective tubes (one for direct forward viewing and one for lateral viewing) and four extension tubes. Tungsten/halogen lamps are housed in the objective tubes. The equipment is able to focus from a few centimetres to infinity with great depth at any setting. The SE3() is particularly suitable for searching buildings, vehicles or ships without breaking walls, ceilings or floorboards or offloading vehicles or removing panels or container sides from ships. Variants: The Allen Search Endoscope SE737 is an unilluminatcd hand-held endoscope designed for use by infantry patrols searching buildings. With a 65° angle of view and alternative direct forward or 90° viewing, it enables an operator to see the whole of a room through a hole only 20mm in diameter; this includes all the back of the door or wall through which the equipment is placed. No focusing
is
required.
Employment: These equipments are in use with the British Army and in many other countries throughout the world.
Data: length 3.08m (also useable
in
lengths of
0.68m. 1.28m. 1.88m and 2.48m); diameter 3cm; weight 12kg. 76
I
Top
left:
The Allen
SKM
Search Set. Allen are the leading British manufacturer of
EOD hand instruments.
Below
leH:
Search
kit.
Right:
The
The Allen
Allen
VM
SKI
Under-
Vehicle Inspection Mirror.
Below: The Allen
VSM
Under-Vehicle inspection Mirror.
These types
of light/
mirror combinations are
in
wide use at government and military installations,
affording a quick
means
of
and simple
checking vehicles
at entry points.
LLOJiilill
Search Kits SKM and SKT: The SKM is a highly comprehensive search kit with the appearance of conventional hand luggage allowing discreet and unobtrusive handling. It includes the Allen Endoscope, with its atten-
dant
range of
probes,
light
together with
telescopic mirrors to allow searches in containers, ducts, cavities, engine compartments,
The SKT kit contains equipment for searching buildings, vehicles and aircraft. etc.
Under-Vehicle Inspection Mirror Tvpe VM: Inspection of the undersides of motor vehicles, for security or servicing,
is
many
It
applications for this mirror.
one of the
comprises convex mirror and 22.8cm fluorescent tube mounted on a base fitted with a
30. 4cm
thick
A
a detachable handle.
easy manoeuvrability. side use
is
a
12V dry
ball-castor provides
Power source
for out-
battery.
Employment: United Kingdom (widely used, particularly by company security guards). Under-Vehicle Inspection Mirror Type VSM:
A
hand-held mirror for increased manoeuvr-
ability
and
Im and
versatility, with a usable length of
a
powerful
lamp
to
give
bright
illumination.
Avimo Frisker Metal Detector The
Frisker Metal Detector is a hand-held, battery-operated instrument constructed from high-impact polystyrene. Designed especially
to
meet the needs of security
robust
but
lightweight
forces, Frisker's
construction
allows 77
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
Above: The Avimo Frisker Metal Detector. Right: The Bonaventure Electronic Stethoscope, to listen for noise
made
used by
timing mechanisms, thus allowing identify
devices.
78
EOD
operatives to
types of explosive
UNITED KINGDOM searching over long periods without operator fatigue.
Employment:
Kingdom
United
civilian/security
organizations)
other countries. Data: weiglii 1.25kg:
(various
plus
several
through the wall of the area in which hostages have been held. It is very compact, and is powered by its own inbuilt batteries. Postgard: the unit,
Icngili
5.5cm: height 13cm; (continuous use).
battery
When incoming post is placed on immediate warning of any package
4ycm;
width
that contains the type of
10
hours
found
life
is
component normally
the detonator of an explosive device
in
given. Suspect items should then be iso-
lated, prior to investigation
Bonaventure International Security
EOD
Equipment
principle used in
Camera System BIS 65 CCTV: This
low-light
camera has been developed spccilicoupling to a wide range of Hexible and rigid optical probes. The camera is coupled to a monitor screen, and the picture television
cally for
can be recorded by a videotape recorder. device has an obvious application in the
The
EOD
field,
and can be used to inspect the
by experts. Post-
gard employs pulse induction technology, a
interiors
advanced mine detectors.
It
extremely sensitive and immune to normal temperature fluctuations but does not require is
normally capable of 5mm long x 0.3mm diameter contained within a letter. Employment: United Kingdom and USA (widely used by companies in both countries). Data: dimensions 4iScm x 27cm x 16cm. a skilled operator.
It
is
detecting a piece of steel wire
of packages or confined spaces.
Data: dimensions 6.35cm x 2^)cni (camera).
Davin Optical IR-Spect Inspection
35cm X 16.5cm x 14cm
Equipment
cable
15mm
or
lines; sensitivity
7mm
(control unit); control
diameter; resoliiilon
40(1
10^ lux.
Electronic Sti-thoscope: This consists of a pneumatic cavity microphone and a miniature
low-noise, high-gain amplifier.
headrests or carshelis
Originally developed
by the British Police
Development Branch of the Home Office and now manufactured by Davin Optical, the IR-SpecI evolved from a slandard Scientific
A
variety of
may be used. It as a bomb disposal
has
been used successfully aid and more recently in siege situations where the only means of surveillance has been
IR
luminescence
technique
forensic laboratories for tion.
In
suspect light,
the standard
document
is
used
in
most
document examina-
forensic technique
illuminated with
a
blue
which excites weak IR fluorescence. The
Right: Bonaventure's neat
and simple to operate Postgard letter
bomb
detector.
79
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
^vssnwa::?! ^jHk-fr
Above: Hadrian Remotely Controlled Vehicle.
components are
Keyed
(1)
(2) turret, (3) leg, (4) (5)
weapon arm and
chassis.
shotgun, (6)
claw.
small differences Id chemie;il composition of inks that arise
are
made
ferences
in
to
when
additions and erasures
writing can
the
intensity
create
large
of the
IR
dif-
fluor-
escence. These differences are revealed hy
photography using long exposures (up to 30 minutes) with IR-sensitive film. IR-Spect can also give a real-time visible image of the IR luminescence; this means that suspect documents can he inspected very quickly, without the use of photography. The IS application of this equipment to check ID cards is obvious. Employment: United Kingdom (various police forces).
Defence Systems Ltd Hadrian The complete system consists of a remotely controlled vehicle with a range of operating accessories, a
command
console with umbili-
and a power generator. The vehicle's performance comes from a special six-wheel design, which provides easy mancal
cable,
oeuvrability over difficult terrain, long grass
and obstacles. Each wheel has independent motor-gearbox drive for maximum traction and mobility and. unlike many tracked systems, the vehicle will continue to operate in the event of individual wheel or motor damage. Both front and rear axles swivel, and 80
the vehicle can climb obstacles exceeding
own wheel
height.
its
Differential-wheel speed
control on opposite sides allows the vehicle to its own axis. Speed can be controlled from almost imperceptibly slow to 4kph.
turn on
Remote operation: Fitted to the vehicle chassis is a remotely operated arm containing a wrist and claw manipulator. At the end of the arm and wrist
is
a cleverly designed claw capable
left and right hand screwing operations to be undertaken. It has a grip capacity up to 24cm. The claw has the unique capability of being able to pick up and fire a number of purpose-designed disrupters, selecting and connecting them to the firing circuit without any requirement to return to the operator. Three closed circuit television cameras mounted beside the wrist, gun and front axle allow the operator to view and manipulate objects from any direction in complete safety. Accessories: The operating arm is arranged so that a 12-bore semi-automatic shotgun with rangefinder and sights (and floodlights) can be fitted permanently. Terminals are provided for a wide range of purpose-built accessories, including those for radioactive and chemical
of continuous rotation, allowing
handling, fire-fighting, airport security activities,
remote surveillance and defence opera-
UNITED KINGDOM Right:
The EMI Pantax X-
Checker 30 airport baggage screening system, another
example
of
a standard X-Ray
equipment, showing luggage belt for
loading and
TV
monitor screen for inspection.
arm on
tions. In addition to the
are terminals
and
fittings
accessories there
matic
the front axle for
robot.
a large variety of special tools
These
include
picking
up and
operator has a
large
a
clear
EMI Baggage Checking Equipment Pantax X-Checker 30: A combined check-in
view of both
front-
desk, weigh unit and X-ray security screening
of
point.
between the front wheels. Provision is also made for the mounting of a headlamp on the
offers the
Power
axles.
for
all
the
accessories
comes from the vehicle's own power supply. At the rear of the vehicle are attachment points for the fixing of a carrying hod. specially designed umbilical cable control is
A
arm
also fitted to the rear axle. This pivots to
keep the cable clear of the wheels and accessories during vehicle manoeuvring. (The claw can be used to pick up and untangle the cable if
necessary.)
Employment: Negotiations are
in
hand with
several customers.
Data: welghl KSOkg: drive 6 wheels): auxiliary motions 6
DC motors (all DC motors; claw
arm extension 2.4m: arm scoop capacity 75kg; television cameras 3 on board, plus 1 remote: umbilical control cable 225m; power continuous charglift
capacity
swivel 360°:
10kg:
lift
ing sealed batteries:
by
self-installed
The
capable
mounted accessories and of where the vehicle is travelling via a CCTV camera mounted
front
disruptors
and equipment.
shovel
larger objects.
lifting
shotgun;
gim 12-bore semi-auto-
The system has been designed
replace the airline's normal check-in desk.
to It
advantages of electronic weighing
with digital readout, plus simultaneous bag-
gage X-ray examination with the X-30
is
a short
facilities.
Associated
conveyor
belt.
The
counter clerk, after ticketing the baggage, can
main conveyor at the touch of With the X-30 system it is possible for one security man equipped with a single TV monitor to control several X-30 units. Employment: British MOD, British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, Sultan of Oman's Royal Flight Complex; Directors of Civil Aviation Kuwait, Bahrain. Algiers, Kenya, Philippines. Trinidad, Ras-al-Khaimah; Director of Customs Singapore and US, Zambia, People's Republic of China. feed the airport
a button.
Data:
weight
750kg;
length
2.32m;
width
1.07m; height 1.03m; inaximutn baggage size
91cm X 61cm x 35cm. Pantak X-Checker 50: This system is the base model for the variants described below. SI
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT Ihc
Variiiiils:
X-Chcckci
l';im.ik
\-iay
II
liispcclinii SnsIcih. lor hagfiagc aiul ticiuhl. is
an allcii)ali\c \-iay syslom also ik'sclupcii by l\MI. Ii incorporates a conveyor hell to lacilitate
gage I
rapid loading.
si/c iKuuileii
is
,S4cni
he I'antak \-('hcckcr
The ma.xinuini hagx 53.(Kin x 3Scni. designed to X-ray
2tl is
hand haggage nuixinuun
si/e SIcni x dlcni
x
Pantak X-t'hccker systems can also he hmlt into caravans for on site operation.
3(leni.
I'jiiploymcnt:
Data;
As
lriii;ih
|()')cni;
wiilili
I
(12cm:
311.
hcif'lil
nuixinnini iDiiipuninciit size
7.Vm x
maximum
size for
X 33cm;
7(icm
X-C"hecker
for I'antak
')2cnK
complete cnveraf^e MIcm x
h(ii;i;ti^e
.SOcin
x 33cm.
Graseby Dynamics Kxplosivcs Detectors Designed lo meet the needs of industry commerce, the PD2 explosives detector is hascd on the I'Dl military version supplied to the British Army. It has a faster response time IM)2:
im^\
than the
PDl
(only 3.5sec), but
same degree of
the
selectivity.
still
retains
The PD2
is
sensitive to explosive substances containing
nitrated organic molecules. particular explosive
Its
sensitivity to a
governed
is
to
a great
extent by the availability of vapour from that explosive. Nitroglycerine-based explosives, particularly those containing Ethylene Ciylcol
Di-Nitratc
(f^GDN)
give relatively high con-
centrations of delectable vapour and the
PD2
accordingly highly sensitive to these explo-
is
sives.
Other explosives, such as TNT, DNT. etc.. have much lower vapour
RDX. PETN.
pressures. This
means
respond to
will
in practice that the
TNT.
varies with temperature. analytically pure
RDX.
PD2
but to an extent that It
will
not respond to
for example, because
no vapour is present. Employment: British. Swiss. Italian. Bahrain, Maltese. Danish and Kenya Police Forces; UK Home Office and MOD, Government of Saudi Arabia, Sultanate of Muscat and
virtually
Oman, and Governments
of Libya, Brunei.
Romania, and the Philippines: 13 airlines, the BBC and Netherlands Broadcasting Corporation and some seven private companies. Data: weight 10kg; carrying case dimensions 13cm X 45cm x 32cm; dimensions of sensor unit
26cm long x 4.5cm high x 1.2cm
j
\
dia-
meter: continuous operating limit 6 hours.
PD4C: lighter
by
A logical development of PD2, this is a and simpler equipment suitable for use
civilian organizations, the
number of con-
being reduced to one - a weatherproof on/off switch. The unit automatically adjusts to the surrounding environment, alleviating trols
82
]
UNITED KINGDOM
Top
left:
EMI's Pantax X-
Checker 50.
Below
left:
Graseby
Dynamics detectors. From left to right,
they are:
PD2
Explosives Detector,
PD4M
Explosives Detector,
PD4C
Explosives Detector and. In the foreground, GIVI2 Metal Detector.
Right:
The HED Explosives
Detector
Type L3A1
In
operation checking for
explosives hidden
In
the
panelling of a vehicle.
only
HED
about ten seconds, and when the equipment is switched on a continuous sample of air is drawn in via the nozzle. A concentration of explosive vapour in the sampled air exceeding
HED
possible operator error.
Warm-up
time
is
part in Id" by volume will cause the instrument to emit a high-pitched tone. The frequency excursion of the tone is an approximate measure of the concentration of explo1
vapour sampled; the source can be located bv passing the probe across the area from which the response was obtained and
sive
listening to the variations in response.
When
desirable, the tone can be fed through the
earphone so that
A
is
it
audible to the operator
which is visible to the operator but not to the person being searched, also appears when a strong sample is obtained. The PD4C is powered entirely from its own 12V rechargeable battery pack which is connected to the unit by a quick-release, weatherproof connector.
only.
Variants:
red
The
Employment:
light,
military version
Numerous
is
PD4M.
civilian
organiza-
tions.
Data: H'e(^/)/4.1kg (case), 0.75kg (hand unit);
dimensions 43cm
x 32cm x
II cm
(case),
33.7cm X 6.7cm x 5.0cm (hand unit); operating limits 4-5 hours (constant use), 8-12 hours (normal intermittent use).
Explosives Detector Type L3A1 is
a hand-held, battery-operated equip-
ment used
to search vehicles, aircraft, freight
and such for the presence of commercial and other explosives.
containers military,
HED
detect explosive materials within
will
closed metalwork such as car doors and
and
will
also
search
inside
interior
sills,
walls,
and ceilings without the necessity of HED operates by the detection of hydrogenous materials, it can also be used to search for drugs and other commodities of local value. The equipment consists of a hand-held probe connected by a single cable to an electronics unit, which is carried on the person. The probe, mounted on floors,
physical disassembly. Since
a lightweight telescopic
arm, contains a small
radioactive source and a neutron detection chamber. The whole equipment is stored in an
aluminium carrying case, which contains a special polyethylene shield for the probe head and room for a supply of consumable parts such as batteries and probe covers. The radioisotope emits energetic neutrons, which pass through all matter. These energetic neutrons are scattered by hydrogen in their path, reducing their energy considerably. The low energy neutrons are detected
and a
in the
signal sent to the electronics unit,
contains
all
probe,
which
the controls, the input socket from 83
aOM8 DISPOSAL AND OETECTUMi EQUiPM£NT
Above: The Hunter Remotely Controlled Vehicle, its
alternative
showing
wheeled and
tracked configurations. (See also
page
54.)
the detector, a meter display, and an audio output socket for the earphone. The battery is
under a removable hd. Data: dimensions 78.5cm x 38.5cm x (carrying case). 19.5cm x 13.4cm x
34cm 9cm
module); lengili of probe unit 1.23m (extended): weight 35kg (total), 1.6kg (probe unit only). (electronic
(hre
fighting,
anti-hijack.
EOD Vehicle
radio control,
foam
delivery. X-ray
and an
electronic stethoscope. Standard attachments are car hook, scissors grip, grapnel, scoop, tilting arm (mounting shotgunwindow breaker, charge dropper, camera panning unit). The Series 3 includes
nail
gun. and
disrupter,
the
unique
combined
wheel
and
track
(Series 3)
TRAVADS
A
Employment: In use with many military organaround the world. Data: weight 115kg; width 0.65m; length 1.25m; height 1.3m (with boom raised); speed 30m/minute (approx.); range lOOm; endurance c.2 hours; power supply two 24V
Hunting Engineering and SAS Group the remotely controlled Hunter robot was developed by experienced EOD officers to be as flexible and simple to operate as possible. Special features include an exceptional degree of control at slow speeds, joint
venture,
constant
power two
control and
at all
speeds, single fingertip
articulated
arm mountings
system.
izations
batteries.
for
Hobo Remote
several combinations of equipment, including
Kentree
shotguns, disruptors and up to three cameras.
Vehicle Developed from 1976 demand from the Irish
The equipment
is
intended for use
range of operations 84
role
example). Extra capability available includes
fitted
Hunter Remote-Control
EORVEOD
natural disasters and hostage situations, for
in
addition to
wide primary
in a
its
EOD
in
Robotic
resp'onse
Army
to
the
for a remotely
UNITED KINGDOM
Above: The Hobo EOD Robot This
IS
an example of one of
the larger
EOD
remotely
controlled vehicles;
impressive
lifting
it
has an
capability
and can deal with larger devices.
EOD
controlled
vehicle.
Hobo
is
modular
in
length 15(Jm; drive O-wheel
mdependent
elec-
driven traction tyres,
construction to afford ease of maintenance
trically
repair. The six wheels provide good manoeuvrability over difficult terrain, and a torsion system prevents overturning when
Morfax Wheelbarrow Remotely
and
negotiating obstacles exceeding the height of the wheels. The machine is controlled by cable or by radio via a console in a ruggedized
standard explosive ordnance
transit case. All
disposal tools can be used, including shotgun, disruptors.
acoustic
X-ray,
detector,
sniffer,
car
microphone,
towing,
boom, etc. Employment: Marketed by the
telescopic
Controlled EOD V ehicle Wheelbarrow Mk 7: The concept of this vehicle first saw operational service in 1972. It was developed in order to perform many of the functions that previously placed of
IS
forces
at
considerable
members
risk,
and
is
capable of handling a variety of equipment necessary for the locating and disposal of
dangerous objects. The vehicle is powered by two reversible electric motors, potentially
British
Royal
Ordnance.
running off inboard 24 volt batteries. The
Data: length 1.47m; width I). 7m; height 0.88m; reach 1 .5m; weight 22iSkg; hfting capacity 75kg (arm unextended), 3(lkg (arm extended);
vehicle carries vertical
speed 0-4.8kph circle
within
infinitely
its
own
variable;
length;
turning
maximum
gradient 45°; rotation of turret/arm 220° left/ 55 amp-hours batteries: right; pov\er 24V endurance 1-3 hours on batteries alone; cable
DC
for
various
locating
and horizontal booms manipulating
items.
Wheelbarrow has a remotely controlled CCTV camera and panning head, allowing the operator to control his vehicle from a safe position using a TV monitor. Commands are transmitted
to
the
detachable lOOm
1
vehicle by means of a 8-way control cable. The S5
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
W
{ 1 SiN^ Above: Wheelbarrow operating
In
Mk
7
Northern Ireland,
dealing with a suspected car
bomb. The arm mounting a
camera
Is
allowing remote
surveillance of the interior of
the automobile for identification
of the device.
and diagnosis
EOD
operator can now attack virtually any Improvised Explosive Device he encounters,
and if he runs out of time it is a machine that is damaged, not a man killed. However, exper-
Wheelbarrow totally destroyed in an explosion. The application of Wheelbarrow is not limited to EOD work. With the multi-purpose central mount (MPCM) it can carry and automatically fire a variety of weapons used in riot, hostage or "shoot-out" situations. There is a comprehenience has
shown
that rarely
is
a
range of attachments available. Employment: Various US police sive
British
Army.
Data:
weight
195kg;
width
1.22m; height 0.82m
(with
forces,
0.69m;
boom
length
folde.d);
speed 3.^.5m/minute; range lODm (standard cable and drum); endurance 2 hours (mean);
power supply two 12V 50 amp-hour lead/acid batteries; CCTV single lens (240V 50Hz) 86
supplied via an invertor; monitor 9in model
(12V DC or 240V 50Hz). Wheelbarrow Mk 8: This
is
the latest version
improvements
on For instance, the stand-off distance for an EOD operator is now up to 3()0m in an open environment when the vehicle is under radio control. incorporating
earlier
various
marks.
Plessey Radar Metal Detectors The Plessey P6/2 equipment consists of
a
waterproof electronic unit and a set of operator-interchangeable waterproof probes. The operating mode is pulsed induction. Target detection is indicated audibly by a loudspeaker or plug-in earphones. Switched
and response times are provided. from internal batteries or an external source (via an adapter). Four types of probe can be provided as standard, each for a sensitivity
Power
is
UNITED KINGDOM
Above and right: Mk 8 is a much improved version as a result of many years of experience
witfi
Mk
7
in
Northern Ireland. Mobility
and
stair
climbing are better
and the vehicle has a more sophisticated remote search
system.
It
controlled.
is
now
radio
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
Above: The Plessey P6/2
specific purpose.
Metal Detector.
nated
in a quiciv
A
connection cable termi-
release plug
each probe: P6A/2
is
is
integral with
a tubular ferrite probe
suitable for searches in bushes, streams
and
rugged urban and rural environments. P6E/2 Open Loop Probe is a lightweight probe, for
ground search applications. P6F/2 is a short robust probe for general searches in restricted environments. P6G/2 is a light easy-to-use probe designed for the searching of persons. Special probes can be designed for particular applications, e.g.. the P6C/2 sledge probe. Employment: United Kingdom (Army). Data, Electronic Unit P6/2: leni^th 25cm: neighi 2.4kg (without batteries); widlh 8cm; height 25cm. Data, Long Probe P6A/2: length 1.02m overall; diameter 3.2cm overall; point bullet shaped;
weight 1.2kg (including cable).
Data,
Open Loop Probe P6E/2:
length
of
handle 1.143m: inside diameter oj coil 20cm approx.; weight 1.6kg (including cable). Data, Truncheon Probe P6F/2: length 40cm; diameter 3.2cm; point rounded; weight 750g. Data, Personnel Probe P6G/2: length of probe 40cm; diameter of disc 9.6cm; thickness of disc 2cm; weight 500g. 88
EOD
Pye PDl
Equipment
Explosives Detector: In 1972 the
IRA
in
Northern Ireland began using explosives in large quantities to manufacture bombs. The British Army asked the Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment to design a unit that would delect nytroglycerine-
based
which
explosives,
exclusively used by the
were
were then being IRA. Pye Dynamics
develop and produce in quantity the unit designed by RARDE. This invited
became known
PDl. The equipment is one man. It consists of a back-pack mounted on a standard as
carried and used by
hand
unit, a
carrying frame, and an interconnecting cable.
The hand its
unit contains the analysis unit with
associated electronics, and incorporates a
display panel which indicates correct functioning of the equipment by means of light signals. The back-pack contains the control electronics,
Argon
rechargeable
a
battery and
a
light
alloy
gas. In operation the
nickel-cadmium containing
bottle
probe
is
placed
in
areas or against objects suspected of contain-
A sample and analyzed
ing or bearing traces of explosives.
of air for
is
the
i
to
drawn
into the
presence
hand
unit
of explosive
vapour.
A
|
UNITED KINGDOM Sultanate
of
Muscat
Oman,
and
Switzerland, Taiwan, United
United Kingdom, United States. military
ment
Syria,
Arab Emirates, It is
used by
police, private industry, govern-
and
organizations,
airlines
and
airport
authorities. weiglii 17kg: hack pack dimensions X 31.5cm x 45cm; hand iinii dimensions 35cm X 10.5cm x \6. 5cm: continuous operat-
Data:
Ucm
ing limit 6 hours.
Stethoscope: This diagnostic equipment has been developed to facilitate the audible
clockwork-type fuse of active mechanisms, which may be encountered dur-
detection
ing Explosive Ordnance Disposal operations. The equipment has been designed to operate in a temperature range of -3(rC to HfC. It
permits the concurrent monitoring of a known or suspect device by two operators, a search operator and a stand-off operator, either listening to an active clockwork mechanism or warning that a mechanism once stopped has restarted. The equipment has been adapted
and marketed by the panies and is known
of
Com-
SA94
EOD
SAS Group as
the
Stethoscope. Data:
control
unit
dimensions
25.5cm
x
10.5cm; control unit weitihl 2.4kg; headphones weight 0.46kg.
Above: Pye's PDI Explosives Detector,
which has been
in
wide use throughout the world and has seen valuable service with the British in
Northern Ireland.
Army
positive response
causes an audible
to this
sound. The alert
alert to
from a loudspeaker
are
in
several million
ment by International Air Radio Ltd specifically for screening hand baggage, the system uses not only X-ray examination techniques to detect weapons and detonating devices, but also incorporates as an optional additional facility an explosives detector based on the design originated by the Royal Armaments Research and Development Establishment for
is
such as to give
the British
available either
is
back-pack or
in the
Controls
earpiece.
limited
to
in
an
on-off
switches for power, gas and lamp display. There are no operator adjustments and effective use of the equipment requires little training. The detector responds to vapour
concentrations of one part parts of air. This sensitivity positive responses
from hands, clothing and
many hours
containers
after
contact
with
is unaffected by large concentrations of most commonly encountered vapours such as cleaning fluid, petrol and cosmetic sprays. This results in an ex-
explosives.
The detector
tremely low incidence of false alarms. The is supplied with various probes suitable for different search situations. Explosives Employment: The Pye PDI
detector
Detector
is
in
vakia,
use
in
Bahrain, Barbados, Canada, Czechoslo-
Brunei, Denmark, Egypt,
Bangladesh,
Germany,
Iraq,
Italy, Kenya, Korea, Libya, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Philippines, various countries in South America, Saudi
Arabia,
Spain,
South
Rapidex Screening Systems Hand Baggage Screening System: Develop-
Africa,
Sudan,
Army.
Employment:
British
Airways and other
inter-
national airlines.
Data: weight 630kg: length height 1.16m;
l.%m;
maximum baggage
width 99cm; size
81.3cm
X 61cm X 30.5cm. Metal Detection Gateway: The control panel that contains alarm indications, senstivity adjustment meters and power switches is, in the standard version of the gateway, located the overhead span of the unit. The control panel can be sited remote from the gateway if in
required.
Employment: United Kingdom and several other countries. Data: weight 50kg;
depth 45.7cm; width 88.9cm (overall), 68.5cm (gateway); height 2.18m (overall). 89
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EOUIPMENT
90
UNITED KINGDOM Top
The Rapidex
left:
Hand Baggage Screening System, an example of a standard X-Ray equipment.
Below
S&D
left:
Security's
Model 1840 Disrupter. The disrupter
the most
is
common method
of
disarming lEDs without
causmg them aim
to explode.
The
disrupt the
Is to
associated timing
mechanism by means
of a
precisely aimed, controlled
explosion.
Below: A
positive result.
Ray view
of a find,
The X-
showing a
handgun and other metal objects,
all
of
which show up
clearly.
Above
right
and
right:
S&O
Security Inspector X-Ray
system, showing the primary unit (above)
and the
processing unit (below).
S&D
Security (Equipment)
EOD
mains power. The
Equipment
positive radiographs
EOD
white Polaroid
tensile
Disrupter Model 1840: Made of high aluminium. Mmlel 1840 comes in a
lightweight sets.
carrying case with
The Disruptor can be
bags, from
its
own
fired
15
cartridge
from sand-
lightweight stand or from
Wheelbarrow-type systems. Data: weii^hi 3kg (in case), 8kg (stand):
285mm;
birccli diameler
li'Hi;ili
47mm: band
diii-
meler ?iSmm: ainyini; case 40(lmm x 28()mm X H)mm; siaiHlheiiilu 1.15m (fully extended). An advanced portable X-ray Inspector: system for checking suspicious packages, looking through car doors, etc. The system can operate in full sunlight and without any
produces 4in
kit
x
5in
on standard black and
film.
Employment: Inspector
is
use
in
in
many
customs services and private commercial companies. x 175mm x Data: illnwnsions 38()mm II5mm: pulse rate 20 per second: beam angle 40°; weight 9kg (inspector), 15kg (film equipcountries
with
military,
police,
ment).
Scanna Letter
Bomb
Detector
LP 9000M: An
bomb
detector with a
easy-to-operate letter
alarm rate. It can screen packets and parcels up to rates up to 9,000 per hour. It
negligible
false
bundles of
letters,
16 inches thick at will
detect virtually
all
known
letter
bomb
91
BOMB DISroSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT cicloiuiling ilcvicvs.
l>ui
stalioncry items siiih
iiinoios
ii
|i.i|ki
;is
hiirnilcss
dips, sliiplcs,
pins and tags.
Variants: This ci|uipn)cnt the
SAS
(iroiip of
IJcelronic [.cttcr
also tnarkctcil by
is
Companies
Homh
as the
SAI2S
Dciecioi.
SAS Dvvclopmvnis
KOD
i'.quipmcnl
Disruplor SAVI:
S,\'
(.hsmploi ami
I
he
associated cartridges
make
its
use of space tech-
nology and explosive ordnance disposal experience lo produce a really lightweight but effective method of ilealing with most normal types of improvised explosive device. Allliougl) il only weighs 440g and is lilleil with plain water, the SA91. when initiated cither on the ground, or from a remotely controlled
system, has proved to be thoroughly effective against terrorist explosive devices. Data:
Iciii^ih
2.7cm; diameter .^.7cm;
neii;lii
().44kg; wilier cttpcuity lOOcc.
Portable Hatlery-OptTatfd
SA93:
A
compact,
fully
X-Ray Kquipment portable
X-ray
system, this incorporates a novel type of high voltage pulse generator developed by the
United Kingdom Atomic F.nergy Authority. The SA93 is designed for use without the need for an external power source, being powered rechargeable Nickel Cadmium can also be used directly from a mains electrical supply. The supply to the high voltage generator can be selected to provide four different exposures, which give varying degrees of target material penetration. Data: dimensions \1 3cm x 23cm x 38cm (main unit): weight 12.5kg (main unit). 24kg (total); penetration to 5()mm. Portable X-Ray Unit SA59: A compact, fully portable, battery operated pulsed X-ray unit designed for use by security forces, this produces positive radiographs in seconds using a Polaroid system of processors. The SA59 consists of a main X-ray unit, incorporating a battery pack and all controls, a battery charger, a remote control switch with 7m of cable and a separate safety plug to prevent accidental use. This is all packed in a strong carrying case with 4in x 5in Polaroid cassette/ processor. It may be used from a Hunter robot using the Hunter control system. Data: (/;we/!.s/OA;.? 3cm x lOcm x 14cm; weight
by
internal
batteries.
It
240/115V.
50/60Hz; battery 12()-150kV (adjustable); p»/ie duration approx. 50 nanoseconds; flash rate 1.200-1,5(30 per minute; beam angle 45°; exposure controls 0-999 (pre-set. adjust8.9kg;
poiver
NiCad 31V DC;
otilpnt
able); operating temperature range
50°C.
-15°C
to
UNITED KINGDOM Top
left:
The S&D Scanna
Bomb
Letter
Detector Model
LP9000M. Centre
left:
SAS
Developments SA91 Disruptor,
Bottom
left: Ttie
SA93
Portable X-Ray Equipment.
Above
right:
The SA93s
cassette and processor.
Below
right:
The SA59
Portable X-Ray Unit. This smaller,
Is
more compact
alternative to the SA93,
configured so that
it
It
Is
can be
used on EOD remotely controlled vehicles, particularly the Hunter.
a
BOMB DISPOSAL AND OiTECItON EQUIPMENT
94
UNITED KINGDOM
Below: The Security
Security Equipment Supplies Bomb Disposal Equipment Bomb Blanket: Intended to be placed over a
Systems
suspicious object, such as a letter
SAS Developments' Bomb Blanket.
Left:
International
Endoscope. BottOin: Security Systems International's Fibrescope
system. This flexible
is
essentially a
comes with a stand-off with the bomb.
bomb,
this
ring to avoid contact
CCTV
system
remote
to provide
real-time monitoring.
holes
in
terrorist
A
medical fibreuse with radio control remote operation, TV picture
Flexible Fibrescope:
scope
converted
flexible
surveillance
for
transmission and built-in illumination.
Data: size 2.2m"; composition ballistic nylon; weight 7kg.
endoscope
associated with a
keyholes or observation siege operations.
EOD
Security Systems International Optical Equipment Endoscope: For attachment to still cameras, motion picture cameras and video cameras, this supplies the facility to take photographs through small holes in packages, through
Used
examining suspect containers or vehicle boots for explosive devices from a safe distance; also for remote observation from parked vehicles. for
Security Research Broom Broom has been developed by Security Research of Guildford as a non-linear detector designed to locate concealed, active,
remotely activated surveillance and time-controlled and remotely activated lEDs. Such devices must contain at least one semi-conductor, and transistors, diodes and other solid state devices respond to
passive
or
devices
their radio signals or electro-magnetic fields.
Broom is designed to detect components, whether or not the device itself is actually operating, such as: attachments to telephone or mains cables, high impcdence devices, induction
loop systems,
receivers
the
activate devices, transmitters of
recorders, wired
all
that
types, tape
microphone systems, timing
devices and remotely activated receivers.
The
most time-consuming part of a surveillance detection operation or
sweep
is
the physical
search for devices that are not operating at the
time - devices such transmitters,
as
remotely activated
dormant devices operating
at
predetermined times, devices buried in walls, behind panelling, or attached to wiring. There also may be transmitters with batteries that are at the time too low to produce a detectable
RF
signal.
Broom
also
has
uses
in
body
searches and other non-destructive searches.
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DCTECTION EQUIPMENT Below: ItieSecuMlv
r«i
Reseaich Biooin bug'
.lie
deleclw
I
()|) .ipplk.ilions.
Uiiioin
Mispocli'il,
lo\v;irils
Kl -jclivaicil 11 l)s he liisi i;ikin
ciin
ohjcci
suspcti
the
il
on
a
mhi)!.
Right: The Simtec portable
alltumuh recent experience shows that liming
txpiusives Oeteclor
devices arc heconiiiii;
operation
in
ihe ci|uipmciil
is
opcialc. c\cn In
more
liei|iienllv uscil.
liuliiwciiihl
luiii
ami
smi|ile lo
pmlcssional pcisoniicl
Ihc coillrol unit coiil.iins inlegial rcch:iiucahle hatteries.
An
ami
visual aiul atiilihlc indi-
extendahle
anienna-delecior is used to sweep over walls, ceilinjis. Moors and ImniHiie: this is lightweight lo rniiiiiui/c
cators.
opcraioi laligue. Since Hiooiii
is
luii
a mcial
read lo mnocenl oh|ecls such as screws, nails and other mclalwork. The principle Broom uses was originally icsearchcil In Ihe Admiralty Signals l-slali-
deleclor
il
lishiiiciu in
ilocs not
an
ciiliicly tlilleicnl cDiincclion as
ago as l')47; it is iheicroie an cnlirch hiilisli system hut uses very novel and slale ol the art technology. It is quite different from existing non-linear junclion ilelectors. which can now be defeateil In \<\- Hooding. Iniiu
Data: 2-4
I
Iriintli
1cm;
horn
25.?
\\Yii;lii ."^..^kg
KM
I
witttli
7..Scni:
Itcif-hi
(wilh Icalher case).
Simlvc Portable Kxplosivvs
Detector I
he Siintcc I'orlabic L.xpiosivcs Oelector
highly
sensitive
and
spccilic
is
a
man-portable
detector that can detect very small conccntralions of nilroglycerine- and nilrobcn/ciic-
bascd explosives. The iletedor can also be scl up lo delect IN T. It comprises a back-pack unit and a hand-held probe, these being connected by an umbilical cable and sampling
The hand unit supports the sampling probe and includes the primary controls and indicators. The back-pack unit includes sample processing modules, battery, gas supply and secondary controls and indicators. tube.
A
chromatograph
and
electron-capture
detector are used for sample analysis.
The
chromatograph separates the sample vapours into their constituent parts, and these are fed lo the electron-capture detector.
This detector
gated to ignore interfering agents and alarm only to specific vapours, a method that results is
coupled with high low false-alarm rate. Both visible and audible alarms are provided on the hand probe, and the audible alarm can be switched off if required. The only other indicator on the probe is a 'system in
a very high sensitivity
selectivity, providing a very
operational' light.
A
single control, to start
and stop sampling, is mounted on the hand unit. The back pack includes the main case, to which is mounted a small gas cylinder, these being enclosed in a haversack which also houses the NiCad battery power supply. Following extensive
Army,
trials
with
the
British
awarded a Thorn EMI
the Ministry of Defence has
contract worth over £60.000 to
Simtec for production quantities, the first major order for this detector, which was launched at the British Army Equipment Exhibition in June 1984. The company claims it is the world's most sensitive portable explosives detector and that it is at least one order of magnitude better in this respect than other portable equipment on the market. 96
UNITED KINGDOM
97
BOMB OISPQSAL ANO Of TtCTION EQUIPMEMT
Above and
right:
deployment
of Volumatlc's
Bomb
The
Suppression Blanket,
with special frame to prevent the blanket touching or
pressing upon the suspect device.
Opposite page: American
Body Armor's equivalent equipment. The lower Illustration
shows the Safety
Circle device,
which both
prevents contact of blanket with suspected
bomb and
helps to contain low velocity splinter in the
explosion. blast
case
of
an
also deflects
upward
blanket.
98
It
into the
43()mm; dcplh and battery); power I2V NiCad battery (2 hours endurance) or ().3y-htre nitrogen gas cylinder (6 hours endurance); temperiiture operating E)ata:
heiy,ht
width
42()iTim;
I'-'Smm; wvii^hl 12.25kg (with g;is cylinder
range -2()°C to 4()°C.
Volumatic Bomb Suppression Blanket Made ol a specially designed ballistic nylon fire resistant coating, the Volumatic l^omb Suppression Blanket will contain blasts from home made bombs ot varying size and
with
design,
1.5m" of coverage provides
its
protection, yet the blanket
is
light
full
enough
to be carried by one man. In high magnitude explosions, the blanket rises to a
(7kg)
parachute configuration, while the sides drop, so containing the blast.
Employment: Libya, South Africa, Zambia.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
American Body .4rmor
Bomb
Suppression Equipment
Bomb
Suppression Blanket BSB-I: Made of ballistic nylon, this weighs 211b
Kevlar and
and is 4ft x 4ft and provides a
in size.
The BSB-2 weighs
slightly greater
321b
degree of blast
suppression. Safety circle: Safety circles are used in con-
junction
with
The device device.
A
is
bomb placed
blanket
is
suppression
blankets.
around the suspect then placed over the
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT I'iick' :iiul
with .111-
Iminh. (.'Dsuiinu im
ilic ilcviic.
I7iii
I.i'llcr
lloiiil) til
I.Sjh.
iisctl
111
is
niiulo
weigh \>\U
.Sii|>|iri'ssioii
I'oikIu-:
jiul
X 72in.
siiiRlcil ing:
coiil.ici
Siilcly cinlcs
Kt.'\l.ii
Con-
iiyUm. weigh-
X IKin X 5in. ihc I'ouchc
si/c I7iii (.-ikIdsi.'
.iiul hiillislK
:i
Mispcd
Ictlcr;
it
is
is
Ihcn
JLigucil In Ihc Kill nylon hinyiini pioviilcil lo
US (iovcrnmcnl
Icsts have an cxplDsion caused by My/, of explosive was redueed from an average of 'J.dpsi lo an average ol l.dlpsi ami shrapnel was eonlaineil. ,1
siilc
;iro;i.
sluiwii that the hiast frunt
Buriin}>lon Bomb Blunkvl The Burlington Industrial f-abrics_ Co. has developed a bonili blanket constructed of ballistic nylon. It measures 2m x 2m. and weighs 27kg. lUirlinglon claim that the blanket has eflecti\ely suppressed the explo-
100
UNITED STATES Top
left:
American Body
Armor's Letter
Suppression poucii.
Below
Bomb
left:
The Burlington
window is also provided for direct viewing. The control console incorporates features that
using three sticks of 60% dynamite, it has contained the explosion with minimal damage
The crew compartment has been
to the building in
Blanket, another
bomb
of smokeless pistol powder. In further tests,
sive force of a pipe
Bomb
charged with ().33kg
which the
test
took place.
manufacturer's version of the
Bomb
equipment shown on the
Munitions Support Directorate
previous spread.
Disposal Equipment Chem-Devil Hu/.ardou.s IVIunition.s Disposal Vehicle: Designed and first built in the early
Below: The Chem-Devil vehicles.
The photograph
illustrates a novel to
approach
hazardous munihons
disposal, introduced at the
Dallgnay Proving Grounds Utah, USA,
in
the 1970s.
It
parameters. in
used
for
disposing of
dangerous munitions on the ranges.
A
at
now
in daily service
or beyond their design
highly modified commercial
hydraulic loader crane has been
mounted on
air
fitted
with
conditioning and air filtration systems.
Both vehicles have been coated with a highly reflective white urethane paint to reduce crew compartment temperature and to keep the outside surface free of hazardous substances. Radio communication between vehicles and a command post and TV transmission systems are part of the on-board electronics. Employment: Although both vehicles are thought to be
still
employed
at the
Dugwav
IS
thought that the vehicles are still
1970s, these vehicles are
and are operating
permit the crane operator to drive the vehicle.
the inner floor
designed
^Hf
and extends through flexible
The crane has
seal
a specially
mounted
in
the
and a lifting capacity of 226.iSkg. Two TV cameras are provided for continuous viewing of disposal operations by the crew. A ballistic roof.
a reach of S.2ni
Proving Ground, they are available for use by police or
army
units.
Bomb Trailer: In 1976 the Munitions Support Directorate at Picatinny Arsenal delivered a trailer mounted explosive
Total Containment
blast
containment vessel to the FBI
Bomb
Above: The
Data Program. The vessel
Total
Containment
is
spherical to with-
stand explosive forces yet with
Trailer
minimum
wall
alarm in the form of a discreet light, and tone alarm that produces a shrill noise.
a
A
calibrated ctintrol permits adjustment to dif-
developed by the Munitions
thickness and to equalise these forces in
Support Directorate at
directions, so that relatively lightweight sup-
ferent levels of sensitivity.
suspension can be used. The vessel is a 91.4cm diameter steel sphere with approx. 1.9cm wall thickness and includes a 45.7cm diameter opening with externally
tinuous operation. LBD4()() can be operated
Picatinny Arsenal. This
is
port
suitable for removing small
explosive devices to a safe area; the fact that ttiere
is
no
venting of the explosive
and
trailer
forces must, tiowever,
hinged door.
severely limit the size of
is
bomb
the sphere,
ttiat
can be contained.
Right: The SE1 FSL-8 Light.
SWAT
all
A
replaceable centring support
by an individual without previous technical training.
Employment: In use in the US. Africa. Asia and the Middle East.
furnished to position the explosive inside
and a captive net can be used
remotely to place the explosive in the vessel and then remove it remotely at the disposal site. The complete assembly weighs approximatelv 344.3kg.
Employment:
USA
(FBI).
Communications Control Systems Letter
Bomb
LBD400
Detector
LBD4(l(l screens mail electronically. Letters fed
through
presence
of
a
gate
are
explosive
analyzed
materials,
for
the
electrical
triggering devices or any other ferrous ele-
ments used
in
the construction of a letter
bomb. When the magnetic
field
is
disturbed
by the presence of a threatening device, the instrument alerts the operator by two optional warning systems - the LED alert, a silent 102
Designed for con-
Protective Materials Co.
Equipment Bomb Disposal
Bomb
Trailer PA-T-20():
Disposal
The Protec-
Co. of Andover. Massachusetts, has developed this trailer for the transportation of suspected bombs, near-critical volatile substances, or dangerous chemicals. The trailer carries the suspected bomb in a net suspension system. If any explosion should occur, the blast is vented upward and away from the towing vehicle and its crew. The trailer has a remote loading system to place the suspected bomb in the carrying net. Variants: The T-lOO Bomb Disposal Trailer is designed to be towed by almost any car or tive Materials
light truck.
Employment: Various Data:
weight
US
2.631kg
police forces.
(with
sand):
length
UNITED STATES
3.25m;
nidlli
2.13m; height 1.72m;
maximum
safe speed 7()mph; brakes electric or hydraulic;
capacity safely vents 50 sticks of
40% Dyna-
mite; containment vessel double- walled
double bottom, stress-relieved, with
full
and
pene-
tration welds.
Bomb-Handling Sled Bombthret PA -B300: To minimize personnel exposure during the approach and initial handling of suspected explosive devices, this bomb-handling sled has been developed. The shield is designed to deflect the blast and fragmentation likely to be encountered should the suspect device detonate prior to being placed in a secure con-
The
tainer.
sled chassis
is
mounted on locking
and rigid castors in which allows free movement on virtu-
swivel castors in the rear front,
ally all floor surfaces.
The
shield face, sides
and bottom are constructed of PM-1200 armour materials. The large viewpoint is a transparent non-fragmenting composite, designed to equal the shield.
The
ballistic capability of the
shield face
is
curved and severely
canted rearward. "U" slots are provided at the top of the shield face to allow operation of telescoping a prosthetic tool for lifting and
placement of the suspect device. Blanket Bombthret Bomb Suppression PA-600: Made of specially designed ballistic coating, the
Bomb-
thret Blanket will contain explosions
from a
nylon with
fire resistant
large variety of bombs. Sixteen square feet of coverage provides substantial protection, yet the Bombthret Blanket is light enough
(11.3kg) to be carried by one man. In high magnitude explosions, the blanket rises to a parachute configuration while the sides drop to contain the blast. In the event of an overmatch, the Bombthret Blanket will fail safe" that
is.
it
will
not contribute any additional
hazard.
SEl Inspection System The FSL-8 SWAT light was developed by SEl of Fullerton. California, for the inspection of
dark
areas.
It
is
particularly
looking under vehicles.
With
suitable its
for
70,000 or
candlepower spotlight and I2V the equipment provides a powerful light for one hour (or 30 minutes in the case of the 110,000 candlepower spotllO.dOO
pack,
battery
light).
The 65001 Inspector is 762mm long and weighs only 0.56kg. It is designed for use Variants:
in
confined spaces.
Employment: Various US police forces. Data: length 1.37m (collapsed), 2.44m (extended); weight l.I4kg (excluding battery); battery
pack weight 4.53kg. 103
ANTI-RIOT
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
Weapons and
Anti-Riot
Equipment This book
is
concerned primariK with ilic Imlu ami tlic (.(.|iiipnn.iii aiul weapons the cleteal ol the gunman ami honihei
aiiainst icrrorisin.
neeessai\ for
However,
terrorist situations often arise out of (or
are associated with) ei\il unrest. violent eri)wds are
are also incUuied in this section. (Vehicles are. of
course, often in\()l\eil in a riot situation, ami specific aiiaplalions of \ehicles such as water
covered
Large and often
now eoninionplaee
alnn)st every-
in
the section
In a riot situation iir
it
cannon are
on vehicles.)
is
usually iireferable for troops
police to maintain a reasonable distance
between
where in the world. In liastern Lurope. the C/ech, Hungarian, Polish and Last German authorities have all had to contend with serious rioting. The race riots of the l%(ts and since in the L'SA have posed a serii>us threat to law and order. Belgium.
themselves and the crowd. This prevents the security forces being overwhelmed or outllanked. and tempers tend to remain cooler if a sensible distance lietwcen the two sides is maintained. This is not always possible and. when close ctintact is unavoid-
Holland. France (in particular the student riots of i%S). West Germany and e\en Switzerland have all
able, the
of crowd control
the
It is
experienced serious street violence during the IMTOs
cover batons
and 198()s. In South America, India and in parts of South East Asia it is almost endemic. In South Africa black protest on the streets has, ever since Sharpeville, continued relentlessly. The Japanese
development of the baton, the shockstick, which gives an uncomfortable, though not dangerous, electric shock. Resembling a rolled-up umbrella in appearance, when the cover is removed and the stick switched on, it emits a loud crackling noise. At the same time blue static sparks flash up and down the
take their riots very seriously - students manage to equip themselves very nearly as well as the police, which leads to pitched and prolonged battles over relatively minor issues, such as the siting of an
Great Britain recently there have been the Bristol, Toxteth and Brixton race riots and the miners' strike of 1984/5; and in Northern Ireland riots and street violence of varying intensity has continued since 1969. It is of course the right of every citizen in a democratic society to protest peacefully and by means of organized marches and meetings; sometimes, however, such gatherings get out of hand and have to be controlled by the police. There is no suggestion that such disturbances in any way equate to terrorist activity. Anti-riot weapons and equipment, however, are manufactured by the same companies that produce other types of IS equipment. They should, therefore, be included in this book. Anti-riot weapons and equipment include "tear" (CS) gas grenades and launchers, PVC rubber airport or the closure of a road. In
projectiles, tear gas generators, various aerosol
gas dispensers, riot shotguns, sniper
rifles,
CS
batons
and shocksticks. The use of CS gas by security forces wearing of gas masks, a selection of which
entails the 104
most common means wooden baton or truncheon.
spiral
in
this
is
not intended to
chapter except for a recent
element.
CS grenades
can be thrown by hand or lired from weapons, including shotguns, grenade launchers and conventional rifles. Many of a variety of anti-riot
these anti-riot
weapons can also fire anti-riot proand materials. Both rubber
jectiles of various sizes
PVC projectiles are available and are designed counter petrol bombers or stone-throwing crowds up to a range of about 60m and to cause no more than bruising or shock. They should not be used at very close range. Baton rounds do have the advantage of being selective, while CS smoke is not: in extreme situations. CS gas is a very effective crowd and to
and children and (if they are not equipped with gas masks) rioters and security forces alike. Crowds all over the world have become adept at wearing wet hankerchiefs over their faces to combat the effects of the gas. and have learned to throw or kick the grenades back at the security forces. Nevertheless, CS gas is an extremely effective way of dispersing a crowd. The gas causes extreme discomfort to the eyes, nose and breathing disperser. but affects bystanders, adults
passages, yet has
no serious or
lasting effects.
It
can
INTRODUCTION
Right: Today's policeman
is
formidably equipped for antioperations. Beneatti
riot
overalls
fie
fiis
wears body
armour; shins and forearms are additionally armoured,
and
his
helmet
designed
specially
is
withstand impact
to
from missiles and
bullets. His
visor protects the face,
mask
a gas
and
allows him to
continue operations while the opposition are handicapped
CS
by
or
CN gas One
of the
more spectacular aspects
of
what looks
at
his
armoury
is
glance
like
first
pistol.
This
multi-shot It
of
can
fire
is
a large toy
Excalibur, a
riot
gun from SES.
the complete range
37/38mm
anti-riot
munitions and the chamber holds 5 cartridges The gun
weighs 4kg and long.
300
of
is
76.5cm
these have been
sold to Malaysia
and
negotiations are
in
hand with
several other countries.
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
AMTI-RIOT
he dispensed from a grenade. In means oi an aerosDl (II liom a vehiele-moimteil oi liaiul-held
countless manuals providing comprehensive cover-
peneratui
age of
spruy
Altliouj;!)
not
.in
.mii
iii>I
slim or distraction j;renailc chajilcr.
I
.iitcniion
when iiig
he stun grenaile in
the
Octoher
wc.ipoii as such,
lils
lirst
llic
most
easily into this
came
to the puhhc's
l^^77
Mogadishu
hijacl^
the S.AS pri>\idcd technical assistance (incluit-
stun grenades) to the Ciennan anti-terrorist lorcc
GSCi
*).
They were
also used in
May
I'Wd by the
SAS
iluring the storming ol the Iranian Inihassy. The i^urpose ol the grenailes is to shock the icrioiist into temporary inactivity and to distract him while entry is gained to the building or aircraft in which hostages arc being held. Che grenades produce one
more loud detonatii>ns and a blinding Hash. The grenade body is usually made from card or rubber and contains llash-powder oi varying types. Although stun grenades are designed to be nonlethal, the premature detonation of some types could severely injure the thrower. They are much like the British ,\rm\'s training grenade, the Thundertlash. which can blow a hand off if the thrower does not get rid of the device the second he has ignited it. Many manufacturers in the UK. France. Germany and the USA now produce stun grenades. The British Army stun grenade used by the SAS is a classified item of equipment and is therefore not illustrated in this volume. or
In
some
crowd
situations, for instance
when
snipers use a
from which to ffre at troops or police, securitv forces have no alternative but to use rifles or
106
as cover
shi)lguns
this
all
book
carelully
,ii
small-arms, and
incident,
Some
it
is
laigels.
it
may be
to
sniper
a\oiil rillcs
in a
Ihcic are
not the intention of
to iluplicate that iletail.
circumstances, such as
weapons
scleclcil
However,
in
some
hijacking or kiilnapjiing
necessary to use highly accurate injury
to
innocent bystaiulers.
especially designed tor this pur-
pose are therefore included in this section. Shotguns are also used in some riot situations to hre lightweight polyellnlcne pellets, which at about 2.'^m are not aiijc to |icnclrate a sheet of
newspaper but
at
.'^-
have an impressive deterrent effect. The Metropolitan Police in London have invested in expensive anti-riot et|uipment in recent years. The Home OKice has three public order surveillance vehicles nicknamed "hoolivans", which are Ford Transit vans, each containing two television cameras and a .^.^mm photographic system mounted on a periscope and backed up by a pair of video monitors. The vans have been used for monitoring football crowds and arc useful for VIP escort and security duties. It has also developed evidence-gathering cameras, which are mounted on tripods and capable of providing both still photographs and videos. They have proved to be an effective deterrent against football violence. The cameras (of which the Home Office has two at present) arc especially designed to produce high-quality pictures even in poor light. The London Metropolitan Police also have three helicopters equipped with television cameras, which l.'im
they can
use
against
rioters
if
necessary,
while
INTRODUCTION
window Communi-
protected vans with reinforced corners and carry officers to the scene of a riot.
grills
cation during riots
is
a
major problem and the 'Met"
has 10, ()()() two-way radios to enable police units to
keep
touch. Powerful searchlights are also neces-
in
photographs and enabling happening. (See separate sections dealing with vehicles, surveillance systems and communication systems.) Police forces around the world use varying degrees of force to disperse a riot. In some countries the army is automatically called upon; elsewhere, as in the UK, the Police are used and the Army is only called in as a last resort. Many countries have sary after dark for taking
see what
to
officers
is
formed special so-called
'third force" organizations,
and other IS problems. Examples are the Compagnie Rcpublicaine de Securite (CRS) in France and the Federal Border Guard in West Germany. (Had such an impartial and well-disciplined force existed in Northern Ireland in 1969, would it have been necessary to call specifically to deal with riots
in the is
Army?) The philosophy
of the
CRS
in
France
diametrically opposed to the British approach o{
force. In France, maximum force is used an early stage to demonstrate to the rioter that the authorities 'mean business", and this is intended to
minimum at
deter further misbehaviour.
May
1968 student
German
use
police
riots
in
much
The
CRS
Paris
the
put
down
ruthlessly.
same
tactics.
the
The The
on the other hand, have always used only degree of force to meet a given situation, and have escalated their reaction as British,
necessary
the
Left:
MPRG
anti-riot
83, a typical
gun capable
of firing
baton rounds and other cartridges such as those
displayed below. right,
From
left to
a rubber bullet and
cartridge; a baton
its
round and
cartridge; smoke/signal
shotgun cartridges.
and
Among
the latter types are cartridges filled
with a lightweight type
of shot intended to deter rioters
without
inflicting
serious injury.
Right and far right:
Handcuffs old and new. Nickel-plated steel, doublelocking cuffs from T. Elliott;
cuffs,
and
L.
'instant' plastic
a useful lightweight,
easy-to-use alternative for
temporary application situations.
in riot
necessary. There are arguments in terms of pure efficiency for both approaches.
The Japanese riot squad, the Kidotai, are the most armoured riot police in the world. They are also the toughest and have to be fit enough to heavily
operate inside a 14'/2lb uniform while carrying a I2lb aluminium shield. Their equipment includes wooden truncheons, polycarbonate helmets, wicker-andmetal shields, tear-gas guns, truck-mounted smoke dispensers, water cannon, extending towers that can fill
occupied buildings with tear gas and nets strung
on long poles
for intercepting missiles.
America's anti-riot squads vary from state to state. In Washington, specially trained police are organized in ten-man civil disturbance units, and these are armed with helmet, visor, .38 revolver, tear gas, 3ft-long riot sticks and crowd-dispersing grenades. The National Guard, which reinforces the police, carries rifies, shotguns and riot batons. In France, both Gendarmerie and CRS carry transparent shields and are armed with rubber truncheons, 9mm submachine-guns, 9mm automatic pistols, 7.5mm carbines and tear gas grenades. Whatever methods are used by troops or police in riot situations,
they will to
some extent
rely
on the
type of equipment illustrated in this chapter.
No
attempt has been made to provide comprehensive cover of anti-riot equipment in service throughout the world - one gas mask or CS grenade looks much like another.
Rather, a representative cross-section
of the main categories of anti-riot equipment has
been chosen.
ANTI-RIOT
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
Above: The Steyr AUG Police Universal Semi-Aulomalic RItle.
It
pi)liccman to avoid any hand to
AUSTRIA
has a shorter barrel
than the standard military
ment of Ste>T IS
hand struggle
while ensuring a rapid though short disable-
Weapons
his
types.
cipal
opponent. FN produce two prinAide is scarcely larger than a
version.
Al'(;
Police
Duhhcd the
;is
Semi-Automatic 5.56inm
Rifle:
"the police ;irscn;il in a suitcase',
AUG-P
offers a choice of four barrel
and converts from submachine-gun to assault rifle with a twist of the wrist. 30- and 42-round magazines are available and the rate of fire can be adjusted from I?() rounds per minute to 680. The magazine is transparent and the gas blow-back operating system minilengths
mizes recoil. Data: calibre
5.56mm x 45mm:
weight 3.3kg:
ovcndl length 6.9m: height 2.Sm. SSG 7.62nim Sniping Rifle: With a hooded blade fore-sight and slanted leaf rear sight, the SSG is a bolt-action rifle to which a ten-round magazine can be fitted. Optional features include a double-set trigger for rapid-reaction fire,
and a Kahles ZF69 scope.
Data: calibre
7.62mm x 51mm;
weight 4.5kg
(loaded), 4.95kg (with scope): overall length 1.
pencil and. fitted with a stylo clip, to
the
inside
efficient
larger
CN
is
of a
pocket.
It
it
is
ht)oked
disperses an
gas cloud at short range. Slightly
the
Deputy,
which
provides
an
effective gas cloud against several individuals. Its
capacity
is
70
alioul
jets
of one second
each. Variants:
FN produce
variants that can send
out an accurate jet to a distance of hve metres,
and can be inserted
in
doors
individuals
to
dislodge
locks or underneath
entrenched
inside a building.
CS Gas Grenades: FN developed a family of CS tear gas grenades for use by police forces. The
short time in which they ignite
intensity of the cloud of gas
make
it
and the virtually
impossible for these grenades to be thrown
back by demonstrators. In addition the grenades are made of plastic, the danger of being burned by the melting plastic during the emission of gas providing a further deterrent
13m.
demonstrator. LAC Ml weighs 230g and can be launched by hand, by rifle, or even from certain machine pistols. Its ma.ximum range is to the
Grenade
BELGIUM Fabrique Nationale Anti-Riot
Equipment
CN Gas
Aerosols:
The
tear
gas
aerosol,
carried in a container fixed to a waist belt or
hidden under a garment, replace
the
conventional
is
now
tending to
truncheon.
Such
aerosols have been designed for use by police forces tion.
108
and also by individuals for
The
self protec-
use of a tear gas aerosol allows the
lOOm. It is the only grenade that can be launched by a rifle, including the Riot Shotgun, without using any special launcher. The
dimensions of the percussion shaft and the type of grenade cartridge are varied according to the launcher.
Grenade LAC M2 weighs approximately 475g and is designed to be fired from a rifle fitted with a grenade launcher. Its maximum range
AUSTRIA/BELGIUM Right:
A
selection of
FN gas
grenades and dispensers.
Below: FN's Antl-Rlot Shotgun, a
pump
action 12-
bore.
Bottom: The FN Sharpshooter's
7.62mm
Rifle,
sniper's
rifle
a with
adjustable telescopic sight
and reinovable bipod.
C)
"
""'
=
iil«t9t»tlll»-
109
ANTMUOT WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT Top gas
rtghl: Alsatex 2tg-2ag gti'ii.idt's
These have a
chai.tcleiistic, |«fky
(taiectory
make
difficult tor rioters to
pick
them up and throw them
hy 1
I.
AC M4
m
I.m
iv
can
4IKIu anil
wciiilis
Ix-
In a nllc oi urcnaili'
lirfil
ol persistent effect
grenades,
3 and 4 are the hand-thrown
bomb and
tear
Below: Alsatex Gendarmerie
CS gas grenades Numbers 2 and 3 are Model 4
rifle
hand proiected; the head
separates from the base
Number 4
practice grenade
is
a
in
anil
12.'i;
i>
ignitcil
on the top eover. make two tear gas grenailes
inei.il
(.as
Mask
i
M)l:
lor
I
lie
CNI7
IN hy
giving
(ias
Mask
Pirelli.
for
good protection
it
It
is
nianu-
has
been
IS purposes: while
pnnidcs
a lick! of
view of \ision of ISO". It is lilted with an acoustic nienihrane lo gise a speech lacil-
ol
m
is
uilli
.!l(lm
a
parliciilai the
capable of
in
not situa-
liring llie I-'N
Ml tear gas grenade to a range of KHIin. and is provided with an ellicieni anti-recoil jiail and a luminescent loresight. allowing easier aiming in the twilight or badly
Data:
lit
luinri Ifufiih .S2em; weif'lu ()
li-tifiih
2.'>.'>kg;
Im;
nuifiazlm-
cartridges.
SharpshooliT's siiuaiions
streets.
overall
12-borc;
calihir
111
Ridi-:
\iIik1i
developed
I"N
highly
this for
accurate
lire
is
moderate weight and an adjustable telescopic sight, a good shot can hit rci|uireii.
Willi
its
a small target at 6(M)m.
adjustable sling and
and
is
normally
lilled
;i
The weapon has an variable butt length,
with the Zeiss Diavari
D
telescopic sight.
it\.
Anti-Kiol Police Shotgun:
i
his
pump
action
shotgun was developed by FN cspeciallv tor urban oper;itions. and can hit a target of one
t:
Data: weiiihl
'Jn.
^
»<
1
ciilihrc
4.9kg
7.()2mm; hurivl (excluding
capacity 4 rounds.
^
110
dislaiicc
a
The weapon
caiuiciiv
containers.
ilesigneii speeitically
grenade
traiectory.
vMiglis
Iinpl(i\nu'ni: Hiluian anil other police lorces.
lactureii
gas
LAt M5
at
Dispersante' cartridge lor use tions.
strikini: thi- lighter
Variants: I'N also III
and nlleproiected versions
.
ami
45(1^.
laiiiulu'i
and 2 are the hand-thrown
1
wcij-hs
melic
si|iiaie
x.irietyol 12-bore cartridges,
unci!.
at security forces.
Below right: Alsatex Gcndamiene grenades
or
\;mcJ
is
<.;irirKlf;c
weapon
M3
In haiul
Circnailc
flash
the
li>
ihrDwini: In hanct unlv. (irciiadc lliiiiwii
tuck
grciuiilc
I'Ik-
iicconliiii;
Clrenadc I.AC"
and lunip about on
the ground in ofdei lo It
IWIm.
is
5
h'iii;ili
sight);
<)lcm:
magazine
BELGIUM/FRANCE
FRANCE
Alsatex Gas Grenade Equipment Gendarmerie Tear Gas Grenades Persistent Effect Grenades: These grenades,
56mm
in
diameter,
200mm
two
in iengtti
and weighing 285g (hand grenade) and 250g (rifle grenade), are either thrown or can be projected by rifle up to 100m. They produce a persistent and invisible tear gas cloud. Flash or Stun Bomb: This grenade contains a pyrotechnic composition creating a flash effect on detonation. It can be used to achieve surprise and shock action in a hostage situation.
It is
56mm
in
diameter.
120mm
in
length
and weighs approx. 19()g. Offensive Tear Grenade: 51mm x 14t)mm and weighing approx. 120g, this grenade does not discharge
in
trajectory.
It
has a 2.5-second
when thrown and produces an explosion on impact without fragmentation. The tear delay
gas emission
is
instantaneous.
Model F4 Grenades: The Alsatex model F4 grenades are 56mm x 160mm and weigh 160g, 125g and 175g. They are rifle or hand instantaneous CS tear grenades, composed of two interlocking parts, the head separating from the base during trajectory. Employment: French Army, Gendarmerie and CRS and several other overseas armies and police forces. Gendarmerie Zig-Zag Grenade: The Zig-Zag grenades are 56mm in diameter, up to 252mm in length and weigh up to 320g. They are tear gas grenades designed for use in urban areas,
main characteristic being a cylindrical including a nozzle, which produces jerky propulsion in the air and random jumping on the ground, making the grenade unpredictable and uncatchable. One grenade their
jacket
covers a surface area of 100m~.
Tear Gas Dispensers Individual Tear Gas
35mm,
height
Dispenser:
100mm and
Diameter
weight 50g, the
individual tear gas dispenser delivers a jet of tear gas to a range of
4m. Various container
sizes are available as well as different
concen-
trations of tear gas. 1
Litre or 2 Litre Dispenser:
dispensers deliver a
CS
The
1
and
2 litre
gas solution to a range
The 1 litre dispenser has a diameter of 80mm, a length of 400mm and a weight of 2.5kg. The 2 litre dispenser had a
of 12 metres.
1
diameter of 100mm, a length of 460mm and a weight of 3.8kg. The 2 litre dispenser differs from the 1 litre version in that it has a carrying handle and an additional safety pin. Ill
112
FRANCE/GERMANY Left:
The Alsatex grenade
launcher
MAS36
is fitted
to ttie
used by the
rifle,
CRS.
Below
left:
Alsatex tear gas
dispensers.
On the
individual tear
left is
the
gas dispenser,
Alsatex's version of an item often carried in
women's USA to deter
handbags
in
the
muggers.
In
the centre are
and
2-litre tear
-
1
gas
dispensers and on the right
is
the back pack unit.
Right: The Alsatex Grenade projector
This
Armoured Cowling.
is fitted
to the exterior of
an armoured vehicle, allovi/ing
gas grenades to be
discharged from within.
Back Pack Dispenser: With u lOm minimiiiii range, tliis has a diameter of 37()mm, a length of 75()mm and a weight of 18kg (powder loaded). 21. 5kg (liquid loaded) or Ui-ZOkg
Employment: France (Ciendarmerie).
(gel loaded).
±50° (azimuth); weight 75kg; range 200m.
annament shortened MAS 36-51 rifle F4 grenades; rate of fire 6 rounds per
Data: firing
minute;
/zW/i.is'
angle
-1-25° to -1-55°
(elevation),
Tear Gas Grenade Launchers: Alsatex manufacture a variety of Tear Gas Grenade launchers to project their various types of grenade. These include sleeves mounted on
5.56mm and 7.(i2mm
calibre rifles to project a
grenades are
fitted
device based on the
MAS
grenade lOOm or 20()m with plastic
tins).
A
(if
can hre grenades l()()-35()ni at a rate of 6 rounds per minute. The total weight of this device is 21kg. A grenade launcher based on 73 revolver can launch grenades 100the 36
rifle
MR
350m
at a rate of 12
weight
is
rounds per minute. Total
can also be
fitted to
other IS vehicles.
Developed by Mauser this
is
persistent
armoured
welded to
the
cowling,
Berliet
Gend-
which can be armerie's forward right hatch. Port-holes can be fixed to the cowling if desired for observation and aiming purposes. The cowling and its mounting device are a watertight assembly. fixed
CS
CRS,
by the
for use
persistent
and non-
gas grenades to a
range of
designed to
fire
approximately lOOm. Employment: French CRS. Data: calibre
7.62mm
0.9Sm
(rifle),
(including
57mm
(grenade);
launcher);
weight
3.5kg (excluding grenade); range lOOm.
It
allows troops to launch CS grenades from within an armoured vehicle by engaging a grenade launcher in the device. It consists of a
mechanically
Mauser Grenade Launcher
length
17kg.
Grenade Projector Armoured Cowling: Developed for the Berliet Gendarmerie IS vehicle, it
FRANCE/GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC Kurt Matter Gas
Mask
This gas mask was developed by Kurt Matter in Germany for IS use. It provides a
GmbH good
field
of vision and the microphone, built mask with a plug-in
into the side of the gas
connection to the amplifier unit, allows the 113
ANTI-RIOT
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
Above: The Mauser SP66
wciirer to cdmnuiiiiciiic
Sniping
speakcr without loss of speech volume or distortion and without any extraneous noise. If the microphone is not required, a closure cap supplici.1 with the mask can be used to seal off
the
Rifle, fairly typical of
many
rifles
specialist sniping
on sale
armies and
to ttie
world's
IS organizations.
Centre right: Luigi Franchi's
the
\ i;i
the amplilicr/lDiid-
microphone openiim.
in
the range. With the stock ^d. the
gun can
It
is
Mauser $P66 Sniping
narrow
streets
groups of and alleys.
method of CS gas
has a range of 15m
It
weighs
It
able.
agencies
Armed
in
for use against
anil will neutralize in live
Rifle Designed specifically to aid law enforcement
easily
be hidden under clothing.
weapon
a highly effective
pensation.
hre.
shotgun, the smallest gun
a
violent agitators in
in
still
disair.
seconds any person
within three metres either side ol the line of
PA3/215 pump action
remc
Co. as
sniper/counter-sniper situations,
Mauser SPdd Rifle is equipped with a muzzle brake and Hash hider. and various telescopic sight mountings are available (standard is the Zeiss Davari Z with a variable
less
than Vkg anil
Employment: Believed
to
be
in
is
recharge-
use with Israeli
Forces.
the
Below right: The Franchi SPAS 15. a gun more military looking than one might
expect of a shotgun.
with a
x
Each SP66 is fitted movable spring loaded cheek piece and
magnification of
1.5-6).
ITALY
an adjustable recoil pad. Passive or infra-red night vision devices can be fitted for use
Luigi Franchi IS Shotguns
during the hours of darkness
six
in
lieu of tele-
and internal security
scopic sights.
Employment:
Gunmaker Luigi Franchi has designed new shotguns especially for use by military
Italian
German
Federal
Reublic
SPAS
is
Italian Ministry of
Data: calibre 7.62mm: barrel length 68cm.
troops.
One
of them, the
Defence
for issue to special
The others are experimental protofar removed from the sporting weapon
whose image is usually conjured up by the word 'shotgun' or even from ruggedized versions in police and military inventories.
ISRAEL
CS Fog
Projector This tear gas generator was developed in Israel by the Ispra-Israel Product Research Projectojet
forces.
currently being evaluated by the
(Frontier Police. GSG-9).
types,
114
15,
Data: calibre 12-bore; operations gas semiautomatic and manual slide; lock rotating block;
length
92()mm
(overall).
4()0mm
(barrel); weight 3i.Hkg, feed box, 6-1(1 rounds.
ISRAEUITALY/UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED KINGDOM Hilton Multi-Purpose Riot Gun (MPRG) 83 Several different sizes and types of ammunition can be fired
from
with
25mm
4()/38mm,
this
gun.
and
long and short for
barrels,
It
is
supplied
12-gauge
bore
and
pistol
rifle
versions, which are readily interchangeable.
The gun can be used with baton rounds and gas cartridges by security forces for dispersing
With CS smoke, signalling flares or gun can be used by armed forces in combat and training, coastguards and similar organizations. Buckshot or slug round (to kill escaped dangerous animals and for similar purposes) can also be used. The gun can be used in rifle form with the long barrel and shoulder stock; if the range, velocity and accuracy of the gun in this form is not required, it can be used in pistol form with the short barrel and without the shoulder stock. The company is currently working on a 5.56mm design, which will enable the weapon to be used as a short rifle. The advantage of riots.
illumination flares, the
this sort
of firearm
is
that
it
eliminates the cost
of purchasing, and the necessity of carrying, several firearms to suit different calibres
and
types of ammunition.
Data:
oreriill
length
827.5mm
(as
rifle),
284mm (as pistol): weight 2.5kg (38mm rifle), 1.5kg (38mm pistol), 1.7kg (25mm pistol): 2.8kg (12-bore).
Leyland and Birmingliam Rubber Co. S6 Anti-Riot Respirator The S6 respirator protects the wearer against known respiratory hazards, whether all nuclear fall-out, biological or chemical warfare agents in the particulate, aerosol or
vapour phase, or used for
smokes and gases The wearer is able to
irritant
riot control.
ANTI-RiOT
WEAPONS AND EOUIPMtNT
u u 116
UNITED KINGDOM Left:
The
Israeli Projectojet
CS Fog
lightweight
Dispenser.
Below 83,
left:
The
Hilton
MPRG
assembled and broken
down
into its
parts. Also
component
shown
are
some
of the cartridges available for this
weapon.
Right: The Leyland and
Birmingham Rubber
Company's S6 Anti-Riot Respirator, here modelled military use.
It
with the British
is in
armed forces
and equally suited to operahons.
in
service
IS
ANTI-RIOT
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
Above: The EARP Baton
Round
Projector,
mounted vehicle.
In
shown here
an armoured
These are
inside ttie vehicle.
fired
from
operate vigorously and effectively without any risk
to the face seal being
tamination resulting. of the
mask
moulds
is its
itself to
broken and con-
The outstanding
without
distortion
peripheral air cushion, which
MOD Anti-Riot
the contours of the face and
EARP
and protection than many other respirators. Only three sizes are needed to suit all facial variations. The shaped eye-pieces provide a wide and undistorted field of vision and allow binoculars and other sighting instruments to
ment Anti-Riot. Projector) forces
four pintle-mounted barrels, each of which
MBSD
An air ducting system is incorporated channel the incoming air over the eyepieces and avoid any condensation on the inside of the eyepieces. Special provision is made to is
very low.
The
resistance
integral speech
EARP (Equipis
to
to
to breathing
agents.
used by the provide barrage fire capability for 1.5in baton rounds in riot situations. Mounted in an APC. EARP consists of British
be used.
The
misting;
Equipment
Baton Round Projector:
mated to a 1.5in signal pistol. Employment: British Army.
enable spectacles to be worn.
or
NBC
all
feature
gives considerably greater comfort
Smoke Discharger: The Smoke Discharger (MBSD) is
is
Multi-Barrel a fixed four-
equipment used to fire discharger and the L5 smoke discharger. The co-alignment and
barrel vehicle-mounted
the Lll
A
I
Al
Bursting
CS
transmission unit ensures that normal voice
close grouping of the barrels permit the laying
communication is possible. All components are non-magnetic and non-reflecting. The S6
down
is
light, small,
and rapidly after use.
readily decontaminated and under normal storage condi-
Employment:
Armed
British
Forces
and
several other armies.
Data:
weight
of a rapid and dense
Employment:
British
CS
barrage.
Army.
tough, durable, easily carried
fitted. It is
tions has a shelf life of 25 years.
Royal Small Arms Factory Anti-Riot Weapons RSAF Grenade Launcher: Designed specifically as a portable
Bursting
0.83kg
(haversack and spare 118
70%
vision
protection factor \i? against
(respirator).
filter);
().57kg
volume 700cm';
launcher for the British LI
CS Grenade,
the Royal Small
Factory (Enfield) weapon handle.
Power
is
1
Arms
is light and easy to provided by two standard
UNITED KINGDOM
Above
right:
MBSD
The
Smoke Discharger shown being loaded. These have
been on
in
use
British
for
many
years
and other
armoured vehicles. They are one-shot w/eapons which
produce a fixed pattern
smoke
or
of
CS gas and are
electrically fired
from within
the vehicle by pressing a button.
When
loaded with
smoke grenades, they can produce an instant
smokescreen, providing cover
for
a vehicle to
extricate itself
from a
difficult
situation.
Below
right:
The RSAF
Grenade Launcher Model
PlOO MS. This earlier,
is
one
of the
very basic grenade
launchers - nevertheless an effective
weapon.
119
ANTI-RIOT
t
t
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
I
1.
t liiftllvA>11
:r\'!im\v\umu\iw^
1.1
^A/RIOT
V
120
UNITED KINGDOM Left:
SAS Developments's
torch
SA121 Shockstick, an interesting anti-riot Ttiis sort of
weapon.
equipment
is
not
considered suitable for use Bntain, but
is in
service
in
in
other parts of the world Including the USA.
Below
left:
The rubber
bullet
and baton round, shown
and
batteries,
large
a
number
of
on,
Employment:
surface area that
makes
the
designed
British
Army.
Data: length 69.5cm (overall); weight 2.7kg (launcher), 550g (grenade);
cartridges
maximum
range
lOOm. riot
The Arwen Ace
gun
is
anti-
a highly versatile
weapon capable
of firing a
vanety of ammunition.
It
was
designed by the Royal Small
Arms Factory
at Enfield.
it
emits a
amp rating (a maximum of 8.3mA) and a wiring system localizes the shock - the recipient does not get a
and the shock
is
through-body current,
entirely confined to the small
actual contact with
in
and out of their respective
Right:
When switched powerful charge of 6,0007,000V. However, it does not burn, or cause an injury. This is due to the very low milliever, the resemblance ends.
grenades can be fired before replacement is necessary. The CS bursting grenade distributes approximately 23 smoke pellets over an area of approximately 25m diameter just before impact with the ground, providing a number of gas sources rather than a single plume.
to emit a loud crackling noise accompanied by blue static sparks flashing up and down the spiral elestick.
It
is
Arwen Ace Anti-Riot Weapon: This singleshot weapon hrcs the complete range of purpose-designed Arwen ammunition: ARI. which deals a non-lethal blow; AR2, which lays down a carpet of irritant smoke; AR3,
ment. This warns an assailant that he is confronted by something less innocuous than it appears. If he ignores this warning and grasps
which combines a body blow with a 'discreet" dose of irritant; AR4, which dispenses screening smoke; and AR5, a barricade penetrator. Loading is achieved through a single aperture, eliminating the need for a break action.
without suffering any harm or damage. Data: length 57.8cm; weight 0.54kg (including
37mm; rifling 5 groove; weight 69cm-77cm adjustable (6 posi-
I.5in Anti-Riot Baton and Rubber Rounds: The round was developed to deter individual petrol bombers or stone-throwing rioters at
Data: calibre 2.1kg; length tions);
rate
of
fire
12
rounds per minute;
normal (ARI),
sighting
operating
self-illuminated
ranges
optical;
2(t-l()0m
(
SAS Developments Shockstick SA121 The Shockstick, or
protective staff, resembles
a rolled umbrella in appearance. There,
how-
the stick,
or
is
touched by
it,
he
will
be
instantly repelled by the electric shock, but
batteries).
Schermuly Anti-Riot Equipment
ranges of up to 60m.
When
such
as
the
used
at the
recom-
chambered weapon Weblcy-Schermuly Anti-Riot
mended ranges from
a
Gun, a direct shot and not a ricochet is recommended to ensure selectivity and accuracy. Severe shock and bruising are then the maxi-
mum 38mm
injuries
likely
to
be sustained.
Anti-Riot Rubber Batton
Round
The has
ANTI-RIOT
WEAPONS AMD EQUIPMENT
Above: A close-up
of a so-
called rubber bullet being
loaded into an early model Bntish
Army not gun.
showing the
sinnple shotgun-
liccn
designed as a cheaper alternati\e to the
L.M1/L5A2
Baton Rounds supplied to the British MOD. The rubber round (bullet) equates in performance with the plastic Plastic
rounds, and. although designed specifically
type break action.
tor
Above l,5in
right:
The Schermuly
Anti-RiotGunand
Signal pistol. Note the
communality
Below
right:
of parts.
Schermuly
l.Sin Anti-Riot Irritant
Cartndges L3A1
use with
the
Webley-Schermuly multi-
purpose gun, it can be fired from any 38mm riot gun or pistol. The round consists of a hardened rubber cylindrical projectile sealed in an aluminium cartridge case to make it waterproof.
Employment:
British
Army.
Royal
Ulster
Constabulary.
when
charge
10.
1cm (projec-
it
is
closing.
The design
engaged before the Although principally used as a shoulder-fired weapon, the gun can be used from a fixed mounting on armoured the muzzle catch
weapon can be
The
components
fully
is
fired.
Signal Pistol uses the
same
of the butt, and use of a shorter barrel.
(projectile).
pistol, primarily
l.Sin Anti-Riot Gun and Signal Pistol: This Webley-Schermuly lightweight smooth bore high-quality gun is a purpose-designed weapon incorporating experience and tech-
niques gained give
in
service.
It
is
constructed to
optimum performance with
38mm
the variety of
and rounds now in service with, or under development for, the British Army. These include baton rounds and irritant cartridges. A major advantage of this gun in that the barrel is chambered to improve muzzle velocity and to give greater accuracy compared with other unchambered guns.
anti-riot cartridges
It
is
built
principally of high
tensile
basic
as the gun, but with the exclusion
tile);
diameter of projectile 3.7cm: weight 135g 170g (round complete): muzzle velocity lOOm/second; range 6()m.
also
incorporates a safety interlock to ensure that
vehicles.
Data: length 12cm (round),
122
aluminium alloy, giving excellent durability, and is a highly developed conventional singleshot, break-open weapon. The firing mechanism is of the double action type requiring a firm, long trigger pull, and the striker has an automatic rebound to avoid accidental dis-
The
used to fire smoke cartridges and signal flares, can also be used to fire baton rounds at closer ranges than the gun. Employment: British Army. Royal Ulster Constabulary. Data: length 82.8cm (gun). 25.4cm (pistol); weight 3.18kg (gun). 1.14kg (pistol); effective
range 12()m (gun. 38cm
CS
cartridge).
75m
(pistol).
L3A1: The round carries a payload of CS smoke-producing composition and can be Sin pistols and riot guns. fired from standard An aluminium canister projectile holds the CS smoke-producing composition and delay unit. This canister is contained within an aluminium l.Sin Anti-Riot Irritant Cartridge
L3A1
irritant
1
UNITED KINGDOM
cartridge case, which incorporates the percussion cap in the base
and
a propellant charge.
For shorter ranges, an alternative round, having a reduced propellant charge, is available. When fired, a delay composition is ignited by the propellant. and emission of CS
smoke begins Variants:
A
a
few seconds after firing. round" of a rather
"confusion
different nature, being akin to a long-range
thunderflash.
is
also available. This
non-fragmenting round brilliant flash
is
and report
75m-range
used to produce a centre of a
in the
is based on same principle as the stun grenade. United Kingdom (Army). Employment:
crowd, leading to
its
dispersal.
It
the
RUC. Data: length 12cm; weight
2()()g;
range lOOm; 10-25
delay time 1.5 seconds; burning time
OS
2/7^ ,.l>'
lii
seconds; muzzle velocity lOOm/second.
CS Grenade Model L1A3: Developed to provide a dense cloud of CS smoke for crowd control and dispersal, this grenade has a rein-
forced baseplate enabling
from suitable
rifle
and
it
to be launched
AFV
dischargers
if
required.
Employment:
British
Army.
14cm; diameter 6.4cm; weight 454g; effective rcmge 30m; burning time 10-40 Data: length
seconds; delay 1-5 seconds.
Lightweight Respirator S/61: The Schermuly S/61 protective respirator differs
from most 123
ANTI-RIOT
WiAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
>
respirators in
tliiit
the
filter is
situated to the
where it is least in the way and allows the wearer a clear field of vision, left
side of the face
when using an anti-riot gun. An mask prevents the vision glass misting over. The S/61 weighs 575g. Mini CS Grenade: The compact weight and particularly
inner
size of the
mini grenade give
it
several advant-
ages over the LI A3 Grenade.
The top cap of unscrewed to expose the ignition ring, which is unfolded and pulled vertically away from the grenade body, thus cocking and firing the grenade in one movement. The grenade is thrown immediately, and in .5-3 seconds a plug is ejected and CS the
grenade
is
1
smoke
is
emitted. .5. 4cm: weight 50-60m; burning time 5-
Data: length 9.2cm; diameter 185g; effective range
15 seconds; delay 1.5-3 seconds.
SPAD CR
Aerosol: Currently
based solution Protection
is
CR
in a
water-
the active element in the Self
Aid Device (SPAD) hand-held
aerosol manufactured by Schermuly and supplied to British
armed
may
supplied
also
be
The chemical pre-packed and
services. in
measured quantities for use with watercannon equipment to dispel riot crowds. CR in this form is not a gas but a chemical additive, so there is no possibility of contami124
,
UNITED KINGDOM Top
The Schermuly CS
left:
Grenade L1A3 shown here its
in
waterproof container.
Note also the individual container
is
opened
same manner as a tin;
in
the
sardine
ensures as near as
this
possible to ideal storage conditions. Left:
Schermuly's
Lightweight Respirator S61 typical of the
more basic
respirators:
though simple,
is effective,
and eminently
it
Below CS ran
left:
H/lini
of
OTECnj
Grenade, the outer
which
is
opened
is
like a
No
itself,
HEU CS
activated by
unscrewing the top
grenade
SPAI
'
The Schermuly
soft-drinks can. Note that the
grenade
SPl
,^^T
suitable for police worl<.
of the
which
exposes the trigger
mechanism. Right: Schermuly's
99-961
SPAD
Aerosol.
nation of neighbouring buildings
if
it
is
used
in
urban areas.
lenses
Employment:
British
Army.
Data: length
11.4cm; diameter 3cm; weight 93.39g; effective range 4m.
Equipment Supplies Anti-Riot Equipment Anti-Riot Shields: Two models are available,
Security
made from
transparent polycarbonate sheet to
hand-thrown objects and certain shotgun cartridges. Data: dimensions 1655mm x 6()()mm x 4mm (Full Body Shield). yOOmm x 6()0mm x 3mm (Snatch Squad Shield); weight 6,4kg (Full offer protection against
Body
with twin polycarbonate by anodized aluminium frames. A speech diaphragm is standard and the filters afford four hours of continuous use; an inlet valve ducts air over the eyepieces to prevent misting. Weight is ().6kg. Pyrotechnics: SES also make 37/2Smm Baton rounds, CS rounds, hand grenades, hand-held illuminating rockets, hand-held screening and signalling smokes, stun grenades, trip flares and Dartcord, a chevron linear explosive cutting charge contained in a lead sheath; this respirator
Shield),
1.8kg (Snatch Squad Shield);
25mm soft cushion (Full Body 15mm Plastazote (Snatch Squad
is
is
fitted
retained
intended for specialist demolitions,
EOD
operations and rapid access to buildings. cutting charge cuts both metallic
The
and non-
metallic materials.
trauma section Shield), Shield),
Riot Helmet
SES
ARH 84:
moulded polycarbonate, with brushed nylon and
Manufactured from this
is
helmet
fitted
Tannoy Waist Hailer ALS25 The ALS25 has been designed personnel wearing respirators and
is
lined
larly useful for
with a
3mm
riots
which withstands the impact of a 6.5mm metres per second. On each side of the helmet are hearing apertures, and a protective neck guard is fitted. Total weight is 1.4kg. Respirator Model NR 82: Giving protection against CS gas, this soft, flexible rubber visor,
steel ball travelling at a velocity of 119
for use is
by
particu-
command and control during etc., may have to be
when CS smoke,
released. It consists of two parts: a loudspeaker with self-contained batteries (weight 1.8kg), which can be clipped to a web belt, and a microphone that can be stowed inside the loudspeaker assembly. The microphone clips on to the respirator on a swivel mounting, which doubles as an on/off switch. When 125
ANTIRIOT WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
126
UNITED KINGDOM
Lett:
The two models
of
Security Equipment Supplies Anti-Riot Shields. is
On
ttie left
the Full Body Shield; on the
right the
Snatch Squad
Shield.
Above: SES baton rounds.
On the
right IS a three-
section variant.
Above
right:
The SES ARH
Anti-Riot Helmet, here
seen
with visor and neck protector.
Above
SES NR
far right: The
82 Respirator, an
anti-riot
respirator supplied by similar to the illustrated
Below
SES
Schermuly type
on page 124.
right: Pyrotechnic
equipment from SES; included
in this line
up are
baton rounds, CS rounds,
hand-held and launched illuminating rockets, hand-
held and proiectable
smoke
grenades, stun grenades and trip flares.
AffTI-RIOT
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
t
FOR CIVIL
NON- LETHAL DISTURBANCE CONTROL
i
Iw
STING RAG
c»
SOFT RAG
I 128
UNITED KINGDOM/UNITED STATES The Webley Greener
.eft: liot
Shotgun GP
jse
in
Mk
II.
still In
certain Third World
lountries,
Centre ^iot
wearer
the
is
using a
radio or
telephone
handset, the microphone can be pivoted out of the way.
Using the ALS25. clear speech can
Edgewood Arsenal Soft/Sting Ring Grenades Soft and Sting ring airfoil grenades (RAG)
be transmitted up to I8()m.
left:
The Mossberg
Employment:
British
Army.
Airfoil
Shotgun Model 500-
Webley Greener Riot Shotgun
\TP-65 Enforcement, a ihoigun typical of service with
jWAT
US
many
police
in
and
forces,
Sottom
left
and below:
Edgewood Arsenal's
Airfoil
Srenade, which has two i/ariants. Soft
Rag contains a
locales gas concentration,
which Sting
IS
released on impact;
Rag
is
a straight-
orward impact
projectile,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The Greener
GP
GP Mk II
12-bore was designed
at the
have been developed by Edgewood Arsenal's weapons systems concepts office at Aberdeen
Army
W. W. Greener, and is development from the Martini-Henry rifle. Its design has remained essentially unchanged
out close-up confrontation.
since then. In use, an underlever lowers the
tiles
Ground
turn of the century by
Proving
a
means of controlling are fired
spent cartridge, allows
standard
pushed home, cocks the gun and puts the safety catch on - all in one action. It is a conventional shotgun and has been used by police throughout the world,
tions are
falling block, ejects the
a
new
cartridge to be
mostly
some
.'^.'^
in
the
British
Commonwealth,
Employment: The Greener has been used few cases, is still in use by the Army. South African Police. Egyptian Malaysian Police, Kenyan Police, Police, and other Commonwealth in
for
years.
a
or.
but with
Police.
injury.
police
forces.
Data: calibre i2-bore: weights/ barrels
Z.^.'Skg/
71cm. .Ug/76cm. .V06kg/81cm. ."^.^kg/Sficm; overall lengthslbarrels I13cm/7lcm. llScm/ 76cm, l2.\-m/Slcm, 128cm/«bcm.
military police as a
disturbances with-
civil
The two projecfrom a launcher attached to a
M-16
rifle.
The
projectile configura-
developed from a thick one-piece body of soft rubber material, shaped like an aerofoil and rolled into a ring. Both Soft and Sting projectiles have been developed to hit an individual at ranges varying from pointblank to approximately 50m. or to hit small groups at twice that distance, producing pain
British
Cyprus
for
little
probability of causing serious
Both projectiles, having the same weights and dimensions, are launched spinning at 5.()()0rpm. this providing gyroscopic stability
during
brought
about
A
flight.
by
this
relatively flat flight
path
'line-of-sighf
enables the user to aim directly and expect to hit the target. The low-drag shaping of the projectile allows its
it
to retain a
energy during
kinetic
major portion of
flight,
ing effective at long ranges.
The
identical to Sting, except that
small quantity of
Employment:
thus remainSoft it
RAG
is
contains a
CS powder.
USA
(National
Guard
and
various Police departments).
Mossberg Riot Shotguns
& Sons of North Haven, Connectihave developed a line of 12-bore riot guns for law enforcement. The guns are based on the Model 500 system, except that guns are Mossberg
cut,
now
available
capacity.
duced
in
either
The Model
in
January
.500
197b.
six-
or
eight-shot
ATP8SP was
intro-
Barrel lengths are
and standard bead sights A bayonet lug is supplied to allow the US M-7 Bayonet to be
either 20in or 18'/:in
or
rifle
fitted
sights can be supplied.
if
required.
Variants: 500
ATP6: 6 Shot,
18i/:in
barrel,
500 ATP6S; 6 Shot, I8'/:in barrel, rifle sight; 500 ATP8: 8 Shot, 20in barrel, bead sight; 500 ATP8S: 8 Shot, 20in barrel,
bead
sight;
rifle sight.
Employment: Various
US
police forces.
Remington Police Gun Model 870P folding stock has been developed by Remington of Bridgeport. Connecticut, for the Remington Model 870P, to meet the need
A
129
AMTI-RIOT
r
130
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
UNITED STATES
.eft:
for better close-quarter handling character-
The Remington Police
shown
5un Model 870P,
with
he butt folded and extended.
Jelow
left:
Smith
& Wesson
^/lace
dispensers. From
right, idk IX.
they are
Mk
III
up
of
Anti-Riot
MkV.Mk
III,
Professional and
The Smith & Wesson
shotgun Tear Gas
;n gas grenades.
The
stock
is
held
in
CS and
length
Willi hull
72cm (45.8cm
folded
77cm (50.8cm
barrel),
barrel); calibre 12-bore.
the folded or extended position by an operat-
pellets are not able to penetrate a sheet of
& Wesson Anti-Riot Equipment Chemical Mace Non-Lethal Weapons: In 1965 these were made available to police forces in the US by Smith & Wesson. Now over 400.000 Chemical Mace Non-lethal Weapons are in service with 4.000 police departments in the US. All types are easily reloaded with a
newspaper. However
spare cartridge.
when depressed, swings
the
stock to the desired position. Conventional or
ammunition can be used. The plastic ammunition designated Modipac. is designed as a deterrent for use at ranges of 3-15m. At ranges of
2((-2.'>m the
lightweight polyethylene
at
3-15m
the
ammuni-
tion has an impressive deterrent effect. Since
Kit
jrovides a variety of
in carrying.
plastic
left
i/lklV.
light:
and ease
ing button that,
A truncheon
lelps decorate this line
istics
the shells are intended as a deterrent only,
they are designed for use below knee-level, and can even be bounced off the ground: plastic pellets
weapon
is
Variants:
could cause eye injuries
if
the
fired horizontally.
Model 870 has a conventional
stock.
Employment: Police Departments throughout the US, British Army. Data: hWij/h .3.4kg (with 50.8cm barrel); with hull extended 102cm overall leiiiitli (50.8cm barrel), 97cm (45.8cm barrel); overall
Smith
Employment: Various US police forces. Data: length from lO.lcm (Mk III) to 16.5cm (Mk V); diameter from 23mm (Mk ill) to 58mm (Mk IX): range (in still air) from 3—4m (Mk III) to 8m (Mk \X): conienis from 20 (Mk III) to 611 (Mk IX) one-second bursts; /or/«Hlation CN; weights from 4()g (Mk III) to 300g
(Mk
IX).
and CS Gas Grenades: Smith & Wesson have developed a comprehensive range of grenades using both CN and CS. In particular, the Rubber Ball Grenade is worthy of special
CN
131
ANTI-RIOT
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
r '.lit:
I
riH i
ihG P RO J£GTIU
projectile fs
132
1
UNITED STATES
Top
The Smith &
left:
Wesson
37mm
Gas and Flare
Pistol,
Below
left:
Wesson
The Smith &
37mm
projectile, a
design that emits tear gas 2
seconds riot
after firing
gun;
allows
its
to penetrate
it
windows
or doors tiefore
emitting gas:
range
is
Above
from a
streamlined shape
maximum
300m,
right:
Wesson's
Smith &
37mm
Shoulder
Gas Gun Right: Smith
& Wesson
Continuous Discharge
Grenades Numbers 2 and
3.
133
ANTI-RIOT
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT Micnlion.
Tins
inno\.ili\c
gn.-n.nli.'
ilimin.ilcs
llif
possihilily ol
Miiiiimi/cs
ihf
chance
l-jnpliiynicn(: VariDiis
Data:
No. 2);
(ivciiill Iciifilh
I.S)
US
Ironi
I
Irorn
charge No.
?•)
police forces. i.Scin (UuIiIk-i liall
(idiiiiu
Discharge No. liall
M)m (Mighty Midget No.
hurninfi
itnic
between No.
(Blast Dispersion
.S
1."^
Dis-
(C'oiitiiuious
(Kuhher
to S4iinn
:iiul
injury.
lo J.S.Jcin (( onlinuoiis
tlianit'lrr
raiii;c
ol
\iiiii;illy
throwhiick
and
No.
I.S);
9K. 5()in); .SO
seconds
instantaneous only):
1-2 seconds (Blast Dispersion No. Mighty Miilgel No. ')S. .^ secoiuls).
(It'ldY
.S
ami
(jas (iuns uiul (irenudi' l.uuiuht'rs.
37inm Gas and designed to projectiles
tire
l-Tarc all
(except
Pistol:
Smith loi
&
Ihis
pistol
is
Wesson 37mm
rrii-llile
penetrating
projectiles).
37mm .'^Vrnm
Shoulder (ias Ciun: This gun will lire all projectiles. The barrel is detachable,
the weight
is
under 2.7kg and the length
is
73.7cm.
^ I
134
UNITED STATES 12-Bore Launcher for Continuous Discharge
Police
12-bore shotgun
Tru-Flite12-BoreCN
heavy duty launcher is designed for use on Smith & Wesson and other 12-bore police shotguns for launching
Proiectlle No. 23.
continuous discharge grenades.
Left:
Smith & Wesson's
Rubber
Below
Ball No.
left:
15 Grenade.
Smith & Wesson
Belpw: Smith & Wesson's Pepper Fog Tear
Smoke some
Grenades:
This
12-Bore Launcher for Rubber Ball Grenades:
This launcher has been specifically designed to
Shotgun Model 916: This plain barrelled is
a repeater suitable for riot
and is used widely by various police forces in the United States. CN and CS Projectiles and Shells: These are situations,
designed to provide a stand-off capability. The 12-bore projectile will penetrate and
Projector pictured with
launch Smith
& Wesson
of the firm's other anti-not
ades, and
12-bore shotguns. Other laun-
weapons and equipment.
chers are the 12-Bore Launching Cartridges
jectiles are available
Mighty Midget Grenades; .38 Special Mighty Midget Grenade Launcher. Employment: Various US police forces,
smoke. Employment: Various Police forces
fits
Rubber
Ball gren-
for
disseminate agent vapour behind 2(lmm ply-
wood
at
15m or window
glass at
80m. All pro-
with either
CS
or in
CN US,
Indian Police.
Indian Police.
Data: leniith from 6..'icm (Tru-Flite 12-bore) to
Pepper Fog Tear Smoke Generator: This tear smoke generator provides the effective output of thousands of cubic feet of CS and CN wherever it is required. Powered by a pulse jet engine, the unit weighs less than 8.17kg and has the fuel capacity for 4.S minutes of con-
22cm
tinuous operation.
on model (Short Range
Employment: Various
US
police forces.
(Tru-Flitc
.37mm);
diameter
37mm
lOOm 37mm), LSOm (Long Range 37mm and 37mm Rubber Projectile), 8()m (Tru-Flite 12-bore) and lOm (Short Range 37mm); (Tru-Flite,
12-bore);
effective
range
(Tru-Flite
burning time from 15 to 30 seconds depending 12-bore,
37mm
and Tru-Flite
instantaneous); dekiv 2-3 seconds
135
(except Short
Range
37mm
and Tru-Flite
12-
bore. which are instantaneous). Riot Control Kits.
Shotgun Tear Gas Kit: The addition of a chemical munitions capahihty makes the 12bore shotgun a highly effective non-lethal weapons system. This Smith & Wesson shotgun Tear Gas kit contains a variety of CS or CN Tear Gas grenades, a 12-hore grenade launcher, and 2(t Tru-flite Barricade projectiles.
Mighty Midget Grenade Kit: This is a lightweight composite kit which contains 12 Mighty Midget grenades, either CS or CN. 12 Mighty Midget .38 special launching cartridges and a universal revolver launcher to fit any .38 Special or .337 Magnum revolver. The kit. which measures 19.2cm x 29.2cm x 9cm, weighs just 2.27kg. Portable Riot Control Emergency Kit: This kit weighs 13.61kg. is 84.2cm long. 35.5cm wide and 14cm deep. The kit contains a Smith &
Wesson 136
37mm
aas sun. 4 Tru-Flite
37mm
UNITED STATES
penetrating pro-
37mm 37mm
projectiles. 6 short-range
Above
left:
The Smith &
Wesson Portable Emergency Lett:
6 long-range
jectiles.
Riot Control
Kit.
The Mighty Midget
Grenade
Above
Kit
right:
Training
The Anti-Riot
shells
and 4
continuous discharge grenades. All grenades and projectiles are available in CN or CSgas. Riot Training Kit: This kit is housed in the
same container as the Portable Riot Control Emergency Kit. but does not contain a 37mm
tiles, a Chemical Mace aerosol, and two Chemical "Wand" CS disseminators. There are also CS and CN capsules for training purposes, and spare grenade pins so that the practice continuous discharge grenades can be reused. In ail. this kit makes an extremely
this equipment is used for control of riots in outdoor areas. Its payload of 11.4 litres of 0.1% CS in a mixture of propylene glycol and water is dispersed through the gun nozzle by a compressed-air supply. A four-port rotatable nozzle on the end of the gun provides both spray and stream liquid agent capabilities up to 20m range with a discharge time of 25 seconds in either continuous or intermittent bursts. The disperser can be readily converted to dry-powder agent use by substituting the
useful aid for training police forces.
four-part rotatable nozzle with a single-port
gas gun.
tinuous
Instead
discharge
Kit.
grenades, practice
it
contains practice con-
grenades,
37mm
Employment: All these various
US
live
smoke
long-range projec-
kits are in
use with
and are thought
to
have been purchased by some police forces South America and the Far East.
in
police forces,
and replacing the agent container assembly with an agitator assembly. 3-4kg of CS can be dispersed up to 15m range with a discharge time of 60-120 nozzle
check
seconds
Tecom M33A1
Riot Control Agent Dispenser
Developed
in
1974 by
Tecom
Engineering.
valve
in either
continuous or intermittent
Modular construction permits rapid turn-round using pre-filled agent and air bursts.
containers. 137
BOOT ARMOUR, SHItLOS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
Body Armour, Shields and
Bomb Body Ainunii
is
Disposal Suits
iummkiIK iksiuiKil in |iroiccl only
the mosi MiliK-iiiblo parts ul
chest ami the back.
It
is
llic
not
liotly. iiaincly llic
Icasihlc
to
prosidc
microphones ami
cai
phones connected
Some
portable railio set.
two-way
to a
arc designed to allow the
use of respirators uiuler an
armoured
visor, while
head, except for the special case of bomli disposal, in which case every attempt is made to provide maxinumi protection for
others permit the attachment of night vision aids to
all parts of the body. The more comprehensive, but cumbersome, bomb disposal suits inevitably affect vision. Arnn>ur can be provided for the arms and legs, but this inevitably slows down movement. A wide range of body armour is now on the market, it varies from lightweight concealabic
aircraft. In short, IS
adci|uutc protection
I'oi
tlie
under\'ests. designed to provide protection against
low-velocity ammunition lired from submachineguns and handguns, to heavier vests designed to stop high-velocity rounds. Nowhere has the art of manufacturing bullet-proof vests reached the level of the United States, where virtually every policeman (and even some private citizens) wear them. Special vests have even been developed for women. It is due mainly to the Emergency in Northern Ireland that there are also many UK manufacturers of body manufacturers in Belgium, armour. Other Germany. Israel and Switzerland have since produced their own versions. Conventional military helmets have proved inadequate in IS situations. They were too heavy, offered
protection and, in some cases, were keep securely on the head in situations when the wearer was being jostled in a crowd, acting as a member of a "snatch" squad, jumping in and out of vehicles or was involved in a number of demanding IS situations. Various manufacturers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium and other Western countries, have therefore produced a range of helmets to offer insufficient
difficult to
the helmet itself, thus keeping the
holding a
vehicle,
ilriving a
hands
weapon
t)r
free for
Hying an
helmets are highly sophisticated and a long way removed from the conventional infantryman's 'battle bowler'.
There are basically two types of shield: one is designed to be used in a riot situation and must therefore cope with stones, bricks and bottles; the other is proof against bullets. Most riot shickis are constructed of polycarbonate and are both shatter-
proof and Rheinstahl
MICV),
fire
for
also
resistant.
instance
make
The German company of (who make the Marder
a variety of bullet-proof shields
and vision ports. There are more cumbersome casemates for use in hijack or shoot-out situations; these are on wheels and offer that incorporate pistol
complete protection against 7.62mm rounds while remaining towable and manoeuvrable by the men they are protecting. Other ingenious ideas include bullet-proof clipboards. Though only proof against handguns, such a device affords a chance of survival for a gate security man who is, for example, checking a vehicle when the occupant produces a handgun at close range and without warning in order to force an entry. This section of the book also covers shatterresistant
film,
resistant glass,
bullet-resistant
bomb Bombs
laminate,
bullet-
curtains and other types of
they are constructed of high-quality Titanium metal;
cause flying glass which can It is possible to apply a form of adhesive to glass that holds shattered glass together. Similarly, a laminate can be applied to car or house windows to withstand strikes by 7.62mm rounds from a range of 10m. Cars are in particular
most have visors of some sort to provide at least protection against stones, and some provide protec-
security vehicles are increasing in frequency
a
much higher degree
tion
against
of protection. In
low-velocity
rounds.
All
some
are
cases
much
and secured by ehinstraps; some, parthose designed for ATOs, have built-in
body armour.
cause widespread injury.
need of protection; violent attacks on VIP cars and and ferocity all over the world. Here, the glass is of importance.
Road
vehicles,
especially
closer-fitting
crucial
ticularly
saloons, must have adequate visibility; unprotected
138
INTRODUCTION
Right:
were
When
first
British troops
deployed
Northern Ireland
in
In
1969,
they had no special purpose
equipment. One
riot first
measures
was
to attach
of the
be taken
to
a visor to the
existing standard helmet.
This proved to be
uncomfortable and
ways for
many
had
In
other
unsuitable; however,
to
years British troops
make do
with this
equipment. Over the
last
two
decades, the protection afforded to military and police personnel
and
In anti-riot
internal security
activities
has improved
enormously, with the Introduction of new,
lightweight
armour materials,
such as Kevlar, Equipment
and garment designers have also benefitted from the
great
amount
IS forces
this time.
of
experience
have gained during
BODY ARMOUR, SMELOS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
windows caUM-
.1
\
II'
i\iss(.iieti lo
necessarily vulnerahlc.
Iv
hiuiilv .nul
im
However, car winiiows can
be manufacturcil to otter
a
hieh ileeree ol protec-
tion against liant.lj;uns. shotjiiins anil other \\eapons
and can be ciir\cd ihev
are
ordinary
when
litteil.
inilistin_mnshable
Ironi
anil Iranied so thai,
\iMiall\
ijuite
\er\ sniiple prciaulioiis in (io\ eminent biiiKI which are vulnerable to terrorist attack, can be achieved. Clearly it is not possible, except at enormous expense, to tit bullel-|">rool i;lass to every
yosernment building. A far hang anti-bomb curtains - a simiile mesh curtain that is weighteil at the bottom to catcii am glass that is blown inwarils by the lorcc ot explosion from a bomb placed outside the building. Body armour additional to helmets, shields, bulletproof vests. "Ilak" jackets and COD suits is also available - indeed in theory there is no limit to the amount of armour that can be provided for the in
a
is
to
.1
and
tectors
this
is
protectors
leg
.Another options
I
in
Northern
Ireland.
so calletl "variable" boily armour:
is
basically a light protective jacket with large
and rear into which hca\ y metal according to the degree ol pioieelion leiiuiieil. Weight considerations make it likeb that such equipment would be more usiialK worn by vehicle-borne troops 01 those deployed in a semi-static role, such as iiiamiing a cheek imint. pockets
the front
at
are
inserted
In general, there
large
cheaper solution
140.
lia\e
|ilatcs
i;lass.
ings.
window
not siiu.ilinn piilKem.iii m lie Hiilish used fragmentation collars, abdominal pro-
solilier 01
tion that can
policeman
be
who
a limit to the
is
amount
ol |irotec-
achieved for a soldier or expected to be mobile, agile and
realistically is
able to react to a variety of situations, in the final analysis,
it
is
not possible to guarantee immunity
from a high-velocity is
rille in
eompelent hands. But
it
possible to provide complete protection against
many
threats
and
to
increase
chance of survival against most others.
the
overall
BELGIUM Below, from
more conventional
left to right:
FN'sBullet-ProofVestsPlOO,
BELGIUM
design.
P200 and P400. These are late
1970s vintage but
use
in
Belgium.
still in
of
shield
square
flat,
Both are designed for use
in
shoot-out
situations as protection against small-arms fire
Fabrique Nationale Protective Garments
rather than in riot situations, for which they
and Equipment
would be too heavy. Employment: Belgian
Bullet-Proof Vests PlOO and P200: type of hullet-proof vest
made
FN
favour a
with synthetic
material and fitted with steel plates, which suffer only a slight
deformation
at
the
moment
Variants:
P4()().
3mm
No
specification
is
available.
Employment: Belgian and other police forces. Data, PlOO: weight, with 2nim thick armour plate 4.2kg; with 2..^mm thick armour plate 5.1kg: with .^mm thick armour plate (ikg. Data, P200: weight, with 2mm thick armour plate 6.,'Skg; with .^mm thick armour plate lOkg. Bullet-Resistant Shields B500 and P400: These shields are designed to withstand a strike by a 7.62mm round. The B.'SOd is curved and can
(weight
10.
3kg).
Data, P400: height 6()cm; width 50cm; thickness
of impact.
2.5mm; weight
cSkg.
Casemates P700 and P800:
FN
have developed
6.5mm. weight 370kg) and 6.5mm, weight 59()kg) Case-
the P7()0 (thickness
P800 (thickness mates for use in hijack or shoot-out situations. Both versions offer complete protection against
NATO 7.62mm
rounds. They are tow-
and have axle brakes, and in operation they are manoeuvrable by the man or men able
they are protecting.
They can, of course,
be used to approach an
also be used for long periods by
inspect
legs
Employment: Belgian
deploying the on the bottom of the shield. The P4()0 is a
police.
Data, B500: thickness 2rnm (weight 7kg), or
lED
in
also
order to
it.
police.
6.5mm; weight 370kg. Data, P800: thickness 6.5mm; weight 590kg. Cromwell Helmet: The FN Cromwell Helmet Data, P700: thickness
is
constructed of reinforced polyester, fully
foam and set in a shock-proof The helmet has an adjustable chinpiece and a visor made from shockproof plexiglass 5mm thick. The FN gas mask can be worn lined with aired
rim.
with the helmet. Employment: Belgian Police. Riot Siiield BIO: is
proof against
encountered variant
is
The weight
all
of this is 3.2kg. It types of missiles likely to be
in a riot situation.
The
circular
slightly lighter.
Employment: Belgian
police.
Glaverbel-Mecanivcr
VHR Glass
Laminated high-resistance glass, as developed by Glaverbel-Mecaniver of Brussels, consists of two or more sheets of drawn or float glass. This combination offers a high mechanical and thcrmo-mechanical resistance, and is assembled with an interlayer of plastic known butyval.
as polyvinyl
The thickness of
the
must be appropriate to the type of arms and calibres against which protection is required and to the number of shots the glass is expected to have to withstand. When the
glass
appropriate thickness of glass tests
penetration of in
is
provided,
VHR glass can prevent bullets. Tests with VHR glass
have shown that
Sweden
in
1975 showed that one
7.62mm
metres at glass did not achieve 35mm thickness penetration, although there was a degree of spalling. Lower velocity weapons achieved no
round from a
rifle
fired
from
five
VHR
penetration and caused no spalling. 141
BODY ARMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
142
GERMANY/ISRAEUSWITZERUND
(top)
VHR Glass
FN Casemates P700
Employment: Glaverbel
and P800 (below).
various high-ristc buildings in
Left:
Several manufacturers
make
casemates, but FN perhaps
make
is
used
in
The Netherlands
Sweden and Belgium, and by on armoured cars in The Netherlands.
Switzerland, police
protection against an Uzi sub machine-gun
from a distance of lOm. Employment: Israeli Armed Forces. fired
more comprehensive
a
range than most.
SWITZERLAND
Below: The FN Cromwell Helmet. This
many in
is
typical of
of the earlier versions
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC
Tig Bicord Protective Garments and
which converted crash
helmets simply had a
Berka IWKA Armoured Vests Made of synthetic textile fibre, IWKA
perspex visor added.
Below centre
right: FfJ
insertion far right:
Armour
Vest,
The Hagor
which has seen
valuable service over
years with Israel's forces
in
many
armed
conventional and
internal security situations in
urban
Israel,
vests
are extremely light. All models allow for the
Riot Shield.
Below
Equipment Bomb Disposal
of
steel
carried out in
high degree
Exhaustive
plates.
Germany have shown
of protection
is
tests
that a
afforded:
for
9mm
was not able to penetrate the vest from lOm. The result was a dent diameter lOmm and maximum depth 1mm. Employment: German Border Police, police
example an
MP.'i
forces of several
German
states, several Swiss
Cantonal police forces, and some
German and
Suit: Consisting of a protective
helmet with wide-angle visor, front section, back protector panel and leg and foot pro-
bomb disposal suit is made of extremely resistant material, which largely eliminates potential injuries while permitting good mobility. The front section incorporates an additional two-section metal armour plate of special ballistic material designed to tectors, this
deflect
the
explodes.
shock wave
The high
in
case
bomb
the
collar provides protection
against neck injuries, while the back section
foreign banks.
has a pocket for a radio transceiver and
Data: weight with steel plate bJg (Model A), 7kg (Model B); weight of groin protector 2.5kg
disposal tools.
(with steel plate); (front
steel
plate
weight of Model C 9kg 2.5kg, rear steel plate
bomb
safety helmet can
be equipped with earphones and a micro-
phone so
that contact with the
EOD specialist
can be maintained. Safety
3.5kg).
The titanium
Helmet PSH-77: Made of titanium, in one size, with interior
PSH-77 comes adjustment.
ISRAEL
bomb
offers protection against
Variants: Visor
angled
Hagor Armour Vest is
constructed of
Kevlar, five times stronger by weight than The outer shell consists of two layers of
steel.
nylon.
The
vest
eye
is
designed to give
VS-K-77 incorporates
guard;
visor
VS-K-NV
equipment NV-2;
a
wide-
carries
12mm-thick and this can be locked in raised or lowered positions. Facilities are inbuilt for the helmet to take headphones and a microphone. night vision
The Hagor Armour Vest
ballistic
It
and grenade splinters and claims proof against 9mm Uzi submachine-gun rounds.
transparent visor
is
a
also available,
143
BOOT AAMOUR. SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
/
144
SWITZERUND Tig Bicord protective
equipment. Far
left:
Bomb
Left: Safety
Disposal Suit.
helmet PSH-77,
Top, the basic helmet, visibly
demoristrating
its
effectiveness against
9mm
rounds; centre, the military Iversion with chin strap;
bottom, the matching 'titanium 'visier' VS-K-77,
which out
is
9mm
also claimed to keep Uzi rounds.
Above: Night
vision
equipment NV-2 mounted visor
complete protection face,
in
VS-K-NV. This offers
and the outer
to the
shell of
the helmet can be
manufactured that
of material
absorbs infra-red rays.
Lett:
The gas mask
can also be worn beneath the helmet. Tig Bicord are confident
enough
to offer
guarantee with
a ten-year their
helmets.
145
BODY ARMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
UNITED KINGDOM Armourshield Protective Garments and
Equipment Armourshield Ltd of Manchester produce a range of body armour, screens and shields, structural protection for buildings and protection for vehicles and aircraft, the Company has introduced the patented 'Blunt Trauma Shield' which is incorporated in all their body armour. Armourshield products arc currently in use by 40 British police forces, British and Commonwealth armies and the Royal Navy. The FW 25 TF Body Armour has 40,000 units in worldwide operational use. Armoured Clip-Board: Handily inconspicuous lightweight this as a normal clip-board, (1.4kg) item affords a 38cm x 25.5cm protective area and claims to stop 9mm x 19mm British Mk 2Z, .375mm and .44 Magnum JSP fired from a 25.5cm barrel Thompson/ Contender at 3m. Body Armour: Armourshield supply a variety of
garments,
Trauma
all
with
the
built-in
Shield' protection, including
'Blunt
Model
body soft armour, which has the ability to stop a .44 Magnum from a lOin barrel from 3 metres; with ceramic plate this can be upgraded to stop 7.62mm 777/25 wrap-round upper
high-velocity
rifle
rounds.
Model 777/UL is concealable soft wrap-round upper body armour; FW25, which Variants:
is
146
covered
in
fire-resistant,
water-repellant
Far
UNITED KINGDOM at 5 metres; uparmouring is improve stopping capability; other
(sniper)
Ball
possible to
attributes include infra-red signature protection (777/FL17).
Armorshield makes in
Shields
Protective
Ballistic
a
and
Screens:
hand-held shield for use
confined spaces, where the user has no
window or windows
alternative but to enter through a
door. This shield will
Two
and doors.
fit
most
aircraft
self-supporting screens are
also available for use in surveillance opera-
The Lightweight Flexible Screen is mounted on a portable frame;
tions, etc.
of soft material
a Rigid Portable High Velocity Screen affords enhanced protection from armour-piercing high-velocity rifle fire and consists of two separate screens on a steel frame. Employment: In operational use by major government departments worldwide. Data: dimensions 6()cm x 48cm (Shield), 2m X Im (Lightweight Flexible), 2m x 1.25m weights 4.98kg (Shield), 6.80kg (Rigid);
power short
(Lightweight Flexible); stopping (Shield), ing
9mm
submachine-gun 7.62mm Kalashnikov armour-pierc-
from
bursts
round
at
British
3m
(Rigid).
Bristol Composite Materials Armoured Garments and Equipment Bristol Armour: Bristol Armour is formed
from
a fibre reinforced plastics
composite to
provide protection at varying levels (Grade
25-Grade 86) against low-velocity weapons. A hard-faced armour made of ceramic reinforced plastics left:
Tig Bicord's
length
body
shield.
Above
left:
Modern body
25
armour
sufficient to stop low-
i/elocity
rounds can easily be
worn Inconspicuously; beneath normal clothing
is
Vmourshield's Model 777 Concealable Armour.
Above
right:
Model 555/ armour garments
cotton, has extra side wrap-over;
full
Many
and 555/UL are
soft
without side protection;
FW20.G
has extra
wrap-over plus a drop-down groin protector. FW2() and FW25 can be fitted with extra protective zones including shoulders, side and neck protection, extra under-arm covering and a rear seat protector. Fragmenside
tation
Cape 25
is
a lightweight
side ventilation permitting the
bomb
suit with
garment
to
be
UV/14
manufacturers offer
worn with comfort
armoured clip-boards, which
the latest in the range, a concealable ultralight
can function as a very
undervest with front and rear protection. Employment: Model 777/25 has been sold
discreet form of ballistic protection. This
Armourshield's.
is
the United
for long periods.
Kingdom
forces, also to the
to the
US
Army and
is
in
police
Federal Forces and Cape 25 is in
police in 1986. Fragmentation
operational use with London's Metropolitan Police
Bomb
Squad.
Model 777/25 2.26kg, FW25 UV/14 1.13kg; stopping capability of FW25 5.56mm ball M-16 and Armalite, 7.62mm ball Kalashnikov. NATO and Soviet Data: weights. 2.72kg,
available to provide protec-
is
tion against armour-piercing
and high-velocity
bullets.
Data: Grade 25 (max. weight 5.31kg, front,
designed to stop 9mm from Sterling L2A3 subat 23m. Grade 30 (max. weight 5.46kg, front, back and pelvic) is designed to stop 9mm parabellum ammunition fired from Browning automatic pistol at point-blank range. Grade 36 (max. weight 7.41kg, front, back and pelvic) is designed to stop .44 Magnum ammunition fired from 4in barrel revolver at 2.7m. Grade 50 (max. weight 10.11kg, front, back and pelvic) is designed to stop .30 calibre ammunition fired from US Ml carbine at 32m. Grade 64 (max. weight 13.80kg, front back and pelvic) is designed to stop 9mm armour-piercing steel cased ammunition fired from standard submachineguns at 5m. Grade 86 (max. weight 11.41kg, front and back only) is a hard-faced armour
back and pelvic)
ammunition machine-gun
designed to stop fired
from
is
fired
7.62mm
FN FAL
rifle at
ball
ammunition
91m. 147
BODY ARMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
148
I
UNITED KINGDOM Armourshield protective
garments and equipment.
Top
Model BG777
left:
Concealable Undershirt Vest, ultra-soft
body armour.
Upper Body Wrap-
Left:
Round Vest
FW
25 TF
in
camouflage format with capacity for front and back
ceramic plate inserts; more than 40,000 of these vests are
service around the
in
world.
Below body
far
full
left:
FW20 upper
wrap-round vest
with groin protector.
Below Cape
Fragmentation
left:
25.
Right: Ballistic Protective Shield
Type BPS/A. Note
that
the rear of the shield at the grip
IS
covered with
Armourshield's Blunt Trauma Shield material, protect the
shock
in
order to
arm against the
of bullet strikes
on the
face of the shield.
Below: Demonstration
of
Armourshield's Blunt Trauma Shield, here plasticine.
shown
in
The 'back face
signature', the effect of the
shock from a
bullet strike,
dramatically reduced the shield
is in
is
when
place (upper
photo).
Right: The Rigid High Velocity Screen.
149
!? IIILOS AND BOMB QlSPQSAliUJTS SEa^aEaEi
UNITED KINGDOM Left:
The
Materials
Bristol
Composite
Armoured
Clip-
Board. demonstrating the sort of situation in
such a piece
of
which
equipment
is
expected to perform.
Below
left: Bristol
stopping power.
Below:
Bristol
grade
KI6DS
concealed
Type
12:
teams. against
against low-velocity rounds.
Below
right:
The
police
version of the Bristol Hard
Armour
Suit.
armour
and
traumatic
This forms the basis of the
new
pro-
tection system devised by Bristol for search
under clothing, easily
providing basic protection
required, although this will be
attenuation plates can be inserted.
armour, designed to be worn
concealable while yet
if
Ceramic
heavier.
Transparent Armour proves its
Type 10: This garment has been designed to be worn unobtrusively under a jacket so that it is suitable for use by VIPs and plain clothes police. Normally suited to armour grade KiSDS, the Type 10 can be provided with
It
provides 360°
ballistic
protection
ceramic panels weigh 1.1kg, 2.2kg or 3.0kg each, depending upon the level of prothe
tection
afforded.
The panels
increase
the
protection to the level of 7.62 ammunition.
Bomb
Disposal Suit: Bristol manufacture a weighing 28kg. A third generation suit is now under development. Hard Armour Suit: Bristol have developed the Hard Armour Suit for wear by police or troops. The suit provides protection against
suit
NATO
7.62riim rounds, and consists of rear, and front lower hard-armour plates. It is
rounds and, with the insertion of a ceramic plate, against high-
front
velocity rounds.
road-blocks, guarding vulnerable points, or
low-velocity
Armoured Clip-Board: The Armoured board
is
designed to give
ballistic
Clip-
protection
handguns at vehicle check points. Concealed Armour: The armour consists of a Kevlar composite jacket weighing basic 1.55kg. It is claimed that the vest stops .22. .38 Special, 357 Magnum, 9mni handguns and No. 5 shot from 12-bore shotguns. Flexible Armour: This is designed for overuniform wear and consists of a Kevlar composite jacket covering front, back and sides. Ceramic plates can be added to increase protection. The standard jacket weighs 3.9kg and against
particularly suitable for static tasks such as
for
wear
in a
shoot-out.
Helmet: This helmet is constructed in two grades of composites to give differing levels of protection. The Grade 9 Lightweight
helmet stops a 158 grain lead bullet fired from a Smith & Wesson .38 Special revolver at 5m at 260m/second. The Grade 17 stops 17 grain fragments at 42()m/second. The Grade 9 weighs 0.75kg; the Grade 17 1.25kg. Transparent Armour: For use in military vehicles, and designed to stop low-velocity ammunition. Bristol Transparent Armour weiahs 43ku/nr
at a
thickness of
28mm.
BODY ARMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
Aniiudillo Kvsislunl l.umiiialc
( iirli-tttii Kiissi-ll
A
li;!lilwi.ii:lil
111 II
linek.
(v^niin
ID
rii|iiiri.il
aiul
is
hiiili
up
layers
sianclard
in
live layers lo a niaxinuiiii
Only
layers.
is iiiailuliii.'Iiiicil id
each layer being a|ipri)xi!nalely
inatciial.
ilKremciiIs
Inilkt usisl.inl
o|i.u|iii-,
.
Annaililio
laiiui);)!).'.
Itiillct-
iit
''.JSnini Iliiekness Arinailiilo resist
haiulgun
IidIii a
Ihiekness
is
three
by
strikes
a
f)(l
is
'>mm
range dI .^ni. whereas 3Sinin It) withstand three strikes lOm. rille from a range of
required
by a 7.()2mm Armadillo can be used for olliee or shop wiiulows and police or \'ll' car windows.
Employment: Netherlands.
LIniteil
GauK Glass Laminates KOI) Since
trials
with the British
Kingilom.
Suit Vlk 2
Army
in 1974. the
Laminates COD Suit Mk 2 has entered production and further details have been made available. The suit, which weighs l'>.2kg. comprises llexible-armour trousers and loot extensions, llexible-armour jacket with high collar and back apron with two tool (iault CJIass
pockets is
the skirt.
in
appended
a rigid
integral deflector to
and
face,
To
the front of the jacket
armour breastplate, with direct blast away from the
a rigid pelvic plate.
Worn
with the
heavyweight EOD helmet with armoured visor, developed by Amplivox. (See
suit
is
a special
MOD
Body Armour). Employment: 35 countries including United Kingdom. Weights: Jiickel 7.2kg; trousers 3.8kg; hack apron 3.6kg; breast and pelvic plates 4.6kg. also
Helmets Ltd. Cromwell Argus Protective Headgear Helmets Ltd. of St Albans, produce the Cromwell Argus range of helmets, which are in extensive use with police forces throughout the It is
UK. The Argus comes
in several versions.
constructed from a lightweight glass-fibre
and polyester resin lamination with an energy absorbing liner. The visor is made from 3mm shatterproof polycarbonate and is capable of withstanding the impact of a 6.5mm steel ball travelling at a velocity of 1 19m/second without fracture or significant deformation. Argus has hearing apparatus and a 'neck curtain' for additional protection.
Employment: Anti-riot helmets have been use with the British
Army
in
for a considerable
period.
Data: 4 head sizes are available; weight 1.4kg (average); protection to 16.59kgf with less
than 19.6kN. 152
UNITED KINGDOM Left:
Lightweight Body
Armour's
Top
EOD
right:
Suit,
The Cromwell
Argus SP5 Helmet with Neck Curtain
3mm
PNCl and
polycarbonate Visor SP\/2, This version has Injection-
moulded thermoplastic and gauze hearing apertures.
Top
far right:
The
9mmAPH6
ammunition-proof
helmet from Lightweight
Body Armour.
Below
right: Lightweight
Body Armour's large
Armoured Clip-Board.
Below
far right:
Lightweight Body
The
Armour
Siege Shield, here seen folded configuration;
be extended to
full
it
in its
can
body
height.
Lightweight Body
Armour Garments and armour system laminated materials.
All products use the Tetranike
consisting
of resistive
EOD
Products range from protective vests, helmets and shields to composite suits,
armour materials for vehicles, boats,
aircraft
Clip-Board:
An
ordinary
clip-
board that doubles as a mini-shield. A rigid handle is fitted to the back. Data: weight 1.2kg; dimensions 385mm x
310mm. Helmets: Model
fragments;
shell
nets.
Weights:
APH4
1kg;
APH4
provides protection
APH6
1.4kg;
PPH
1.4kg; standard visor 250g; ballistic visor 1kg;
neck protector 500g
and equipment.
Armoured
APH6 defeats up to ammunition, as does the Police Helmet PPH. Various chinstraps can be fitted, as well as visors, neck guards and camouflage from
9mm NATO
Equipment
Siege Shield: This
with
carrying
window
in
is
(APH4
320g).
a body-length shield fitted
handles and
an observation
bullet-resistant nil-spall
glass.
It
can be folded for use in restricted spaces. Data: weight 12kg; height 1.83m (extended). 1.15m (folded); width ().58m. 153
BODY ARMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
Armour
IVIinisIn or Di-fciici- lUtdy
KOI)
Mk
Siiil
2:
li'clioii .ig.iinsi
I
his
is
ink-iulcci lo i!ivc pro-
hhisl
lr;itiiiiL'iits.
and
llaiiK' to
pcrMiniK'l involved in the disiirmin}: of small ll!l)s. at
also proviilcs a nicasiiri: of protection
It
ranges from larger tieviees.
jirealiT
helieveil that
the suit
is
minimum
tlie
that
at
The
a
consists ol
cape, each containing a tective
with
textile
a
a distance of (1.9m.
jacket,
ballistic tillers are
moisture,
in
all
of a ballistic pro-
lire
retardanl
removable
three
trousers and
tiller
textile
and cape,
cover. In the case of the jacket ing, and encased
is
shuiiUI willislaiul a 25l)gm
it
nail-bomh exploding suit
It
rei|iiiremeni for
the
to aid launder-
items
the
are
lillers
PVC" envelopes to exclude which degrades ballistic perfor-
in
mance. The jacket has a high collar providing protection for the neck and lower face and is pro\ ided
al liie front
with Iwii large pockets to
breast and pelvic which give added protection to the vital organs of the body. Pockets are provided on both the back of the suit and the cape to accept a radio and tools required in disposal operations. The jacket and trousers provide ballistic protection only al the front; the cape provides back protection if required. The helmet has a textile laminate shell and incorporates a sound-excluding communications
accept
reinforced
plastic
plates,
headset. The visor screen system with intervening Gaull Glass Laminates.)
Employment: Weights:
British
a two-part plastic
gap.
air
(See also
Army.
14.6kg;
suit
is
helmet 4.5kg; plates
4.6kg.
Fragmentation Vest, Collar and Abdominal Protector: This fragmentation protective vest is a development from an original US Army item and is intended to provide protection against fragmenting munitions for the neck, thorax and upper abdomen. The two pockets have been enlarged to accommodate a personal
communication
patches are
attached
radio, to
each
and
non-slip
shoulder
to
prevent rifle-butt slippage. The vest consists of an outer cover of textile, which fastens at the front with a touch and close fastener and
;
down
the sides with adjustable lacing.
filling
consists
of
16
piles
of textile
The sewn
together and stiffened with plastic sheeting. Total weight of the jacket is 4.11kg. The Fragmentation Protective Collar
>'
is
intended to be worn in conjunction with the fragmentation protective vest to give greater protection to the neck and lower part of the
head against fragments from lEDs. It was developed specifically for the use of members of teams searching for such devices. The 154
UNITED KINGDOM
Abdominal Protector
commercial crash helmets, but has a
the
protective shell
Fragmentation Vest, which
is a compulsory item to Fragmentation Vest and Collar and is intended to protect the lower abdomen and pelvic areas against fragments from fragmenting munitions and lEDs and afford some pro-
has long been
tection against blast.
Left:
The
Defence
British Ministry of
'Suit Explosive
Ordnance Disposal Mk2'. Below: The
MOD in
service with
the British Army,
Below
right:
MOD
The
helmet, here seen prototype. This
is
operatives.
in
for
teams as opposed
lED
to
Employment: The Vest and Collar are in and US Armies, and the Abdominal Protector with the British
service with the British
search
Army
EDO
Helmet, Anti-Riot Transport (HART): A commercial crash helmet to which has been added
only.
it to be used as an anti-riot helmet. The visor and helmet shell will give protection against hand thrown missiles but are not intended to provide ballistic protection. The helmet in addition provides a level of crash protection
equivalent to that specified in BS1869 (protec-
helmets for racing motor cyclists) for the
protection of vehicle occupants.
Employment:
British
Army.
The helmet
is
ballistic
nylon or Kevlar
Ballistic
protective
and
audio gear for interfacing with communications systems and detection devices is fitted. Removable plugs over the ears aid hearing when audio gear is not required.
Employment:
Army
Army. Combat Helmet: The
British
British
developed a type of internal security helmet known as the IS Combat Helmet. The helmet, which is made of composite material and incorporates a visor plus a has
new type of chinstrap
liner,
is
lighter,
more
comfortable, more secure and gives a higher
degree of issue
Mk
ballistic
protection than the general
4 steel helmet.
The wearer can
also
hear a great deal more easily than with the enclosed type
HART currently in service.
The
readily detachable,
and
polycarbonate visor
is
helmet cover can be added for operations a rural environment. a
Helmet, lED Search Teams: The helmet is intended to provide ballistic protection to members of teams searching for lEDs and explosives.
laminate.
in a
visors of various thicknesses are provided
Internal Security
a transparent plastic visor to enable
tive
textils/resin
moulded
similar in design to
Employment:
British
in
Army.
Weight: helmet 1.41kg; visor 0.41kg. Protector, Leg, Anti-Riot:
The equipment
is
PROTOTYPE I.E.D SEARCH HELMET. 155
BODY ARMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS Balow: The
MOD
Internal
Below |(K|
right:
MOD Ann
lumis
inlciuloil to prtHoct tlic
Secutity ConitHi holniol
lri>tn intp.k'ts ol h;iiul Riot
piotccto(s These aio nol
The piolcctors sheets
aiiiMsl
hackeil
by
the
enerjiy
nl iIk- Iowci Ic^s
iliiown missiles in iiols. i>l
ihin inDiiliicil
pt)lymer
fo;iin
impact.
pliislii;
sheet
ti)
The same
intended tu stop bullets and
ilissipiiie
are merely intended to
p.illerii IS iiseii
prevent miury liom bucks
fastening to the legs is h\ means ol two wehhing straps passing hehimi the leg ami seeiireil In loueh and close fasteners. Hmpluymcnt: Though still available for use. this item has not been worn in Northern
missiles They are
and
otiier
still
available lor issue but
are not currently popular with
personnel
Opposite page, top
left:
The
moulded pattern not shield
Shield.
body .irmouc This
is
a very flexible modular
system
into
which ditterent
ceramic plates can be inserted tor
vanous
levels of
protection.
Far right: The PDI Protector Riot Shield.
In
ilic
iiulit .iiul lett le^is
Hiiiish .\rm\ lor
Anii-Kitit
iMouUkd
some
anil
years.
The
I'altirn):
been ilcvclopcil to altoril protection against hand thrown missiles in riot situations without interfering in any way with the user's shiekl has
Opposite page, bottom: Vaiutbie
lici.iiul
nl
on hoth
lield
of view.
parent
plastic
consists of a
It
sheet
with
moulded curled
to
use. the centre of gravity of the item falls
inside the user's
III
known
jacket
Armour.
simply
Offering
a
Ainu
Variable
as
has
armoured
considerably
liody greater
degree of protection against 7.ti2mm highvelocity rounds than the oKl 'llakiacket'. the
VHA
consists ol a light protective lacket with
pockets metal
Iront
aiul
plates are
rear,
into
which
inserted according
heavy to
the
degree of protection required. Weight con-
make it likely that the suit is more worn by vehicle-borne troops or those
siderations usually
deployeil
in a
semi-static role. Ciross weight
equipment is a modification of Army equipment. Employment: US Army. British Army. 12kg. liic
a
is
US
arm and thus prevents any
PDI Protector Shields Maiuilaclurcil b\
Lexan Shield
I'Dl
polycarbonate, is
tinteil
to
tlexilije
of
Birmingham from
the
I'roteelor
Riot
lightweight ^^. ISkg). transparent and
to
reduce
dazzle,
deflect
missiles.
and
The
suflicienlly
peripheral
gutter helps to disperse liquids hurled at the face.
PDI
also
torque being exerted on the arm. I'he equip-
helmets.
ment weighs 2.7kg. Employment: British Army.
by the British
manufacture visors for
anti-riot
Employment: PD! Anli-Riot Visors are used
Army.
gidTM' 156
lie Hiitisli
I
limited ijiiantities an
trans-
edge
promote greater rigiility and formed centre to provide a measure of side protection. The arm band has a touch and close fastening to enable quick release, and the forearm is protected by a foam sheet to absorb impact energy. When in
\ iirlabli- KimI> .\riiioiir:
adopted
n
UNITED KINGDOM
IS?
BODY ARMOUR. SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
Kacal Amplitox lOI)
lli-liiu-l
MMiuil.K'diic'il lioin .Mill h.illislk iii.ilciKil. Illc
pioviik-s
Ik'Iiik'I
and
frugmcnls
pidk-cliiin
Iidiii
hl;isl
acoustic valves to protect
transKiit
agaiiisl
explosive noises, lull coiiiiiuinications are
ties
also
a
iiKliidiii^
in.
Iniill
;iiul
SoiuivmIu
with
liltcil
is
hicili
specially
ilcveJDpcil inicrophonc with miuiuI coiiveyeil \i.i
an acoustic luhe incorporatin); a sibilant
and
lilicr
detachahic
.iiienualor, such
the hazards of
m
niicrt)phone
inuunlnm IronI ol
Kmployment:
Hrilish
Data;
4.7kg;
)i<7i,'/»
liackjiiound s\sieni
Ihc
Ihai
a
noise
cliniinates
Cdnveiilional
llic
boom
wearer's lace.
Army. Jii.\
head lengths
Irorn
U) 2ll7inni.
IcSdiiini
Royal Ordnance Kio( Shields Two shield models are iin oiler, both iiuule of polycarbonate. The Squad I.eailer Shielil is of
3mm
clear material
and lined with an AHS-
faeed foam pad for impact absorption.
The Snatch Variant Shield is lightweight (less than 2kg) and circular. 6()()inm in diameter. Variants: Alternatives are available in sizes up
metres long and from .3mm to 6mm flat or curved, and quick-release handle is also available. to 2
thickness; they can be
SAS Developments SA12
in
a
Series Riot
Helmets, Visors and Shields SAI2 Riot Helmet: The standard helmet plied specilically for riot squads
tured from polycarbonate, which
sup-
manufac-
is is
of high-
impact grade and offers a high degree of impact protection and penetration resistance,
coupled with an exceptionally
The helmet
light
weight.
by a
shell will resist penetration
spiked cylindrical steel striker weighing 1.8kg dropped from a height of two metres; it will also resist at least six blows of 90ft-lb impact
(the
equivalent
of ().46kg weight
dropped
from 27.6m).
Made from 3mm
Visor:
these are designed to
Helmet, British
as
Mk
well
IV
as
tit
thick polycarbonate,
the latest
NATO
SA12
Riot
and standard
Steel Helmets, although fittings
suitable for any type of helmet can be pro-
vided. All visors are supplied with a hinge,
allowing them to be raised away from the wearer's face
when
not
in action.
The
clear-
ance of the visor from the wearer's face is such that the visor cannot come into contact with his skin even if it is hit with a wooden or iron bar. A 'stop" can be provided so that the visor can be maintained in one or two alternative
raised positions.
SA12
Shields:
These are available in several and designs. The standard
different shapes 158
UNITED KINGDOM Top
left:
The Racal Amplivox
EOD Helmet. Note the
inbuilt
microphone so that the operative can with his
Below
EOD
communicate
back-up team.
left:
SAS
Development's SA1 2 Riot
Helmet (pictured here with the Shockstick;
see page
121).
Right: Royal
Ordnance
Shields. Lett, the l/ariant; right,
the
Riot
Snatch
Squad
Leader,
is 913mm long, and 508mm wide, and weighs 2.25kg. It has a shock-absorbing foamrubber arm pad. The shield is constructed of 3mm thick polycarbonate.
shield
Employment: These equipments are in use various armies and police forces. In
with
particular,
Army on this
helmet
new
SAS
the is
infantry
visors are used by the British
Mk in
IV Steel Helmet; however,
process of being replaced by a
combat helmet.
features overboots that protect the feet
and groin area and a fully air-cooled helmet with integral visor and built-in microphone and earphones. Data: weiiihis 7kg (jacket), 2.5kg (trousers and overboots), 4.5kg (chest and groin), 1kg chest
ballistic
(cooling fan),
Body
(trousers,
Armour Like
many
Andover,
SES
other
manufacturers, Hampshire, use Kevlar
in
garments, building layers to increase protection, and ceramic
tile
inserts
increase effectiveness. Customized
of
their
ballistic
further
armour
is
1.5kg (cooling fan
battery),
4.5kg (helmet); cooling fan running time 8 hours; cool air flow 180 litres per minute; ballistic
Security Equipment Supplies
and
ankles, a blast deflection plate covering the
from 360m/second V50 arms and overboots) to 700m/
levels
second V5() (visor). Ambassador Model: Designed to he worn over uniform by police and military personnel, this
garment protects groin
protector
back and sides, and a be fitted. More than
front,
can
14,000 of these jackets are in service.
available in addition to the basic patterns,
Assault Jacket: Offers total protection to the
which include the following.
upper area of the body, with large adjustable and collar adjustment; magazine sides pouches come as an optional extra.
EOD
Suit
Middle
Mk
East
4:
and
In service in
the
Far
Europe, the
East,
this
suit
159
BOOY ARMOUR, SHIEIDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
160
UNITED KIN&OOM ody Armour from Security
quipment Supplies
arleft:E0DSuitMk4. eft:
The Ambassador
lodel.
lelow
left:
The Assault
acket
op
right:
The SES Flak
acket,
op far
right:
The
SWAT
lodel.
ielow right: The Diplomat
oncealed armour. lelow far right: The rotective Waistcoat.
BODY AAMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
162
Security
Equipment Supplies
lody armour. Here are rersions of the
Immediate
lesponse Jacket worn with iaiaclava helmets (useful for
)sychological effect as well IS
camouflage
'wildings).
nuch
in
dimly-lit
The jacket
is
and more
lighter
than the old webbing
lexible
fquivalents
and affords rapid
iccess to the
weaponry and
itores being carried. This
;an be /vith
worn
in
conjunction
body armour. The
Aieapons depicted here are a iilenced Sterling
submachine-gun and a iilenced
9mm
automatic
Browning
pistol.
163
BODY ARMOUR. SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
'^
•^?11MMB»^lif..^iJC»-f». Above: The Anti-Knile Jacket
Flak Jacket: Prim;irilv clcsinncd for the mili-
Irom Security Equipment
tar\
Supplies.
patehes
use. this jiiLkcI tcaturcs patterned stop
SWAT offers
shoulders to aid weapons grasp. Model: A lully adjustable jacket that at the
maximum
ing unrestricted
Diplomat: This
protection area while allow-
movement.
is
able such as Triplex Hyvi/ electro-conductive film
for
whose work puts them and Vll's vsho have
vehicles
designed to be uorn under a
and offers good protection for the user while concealing the fact that body armour is
de-misting, de-icing and
rapid
lor
alarm systems. Special tints are also available offering varying degrees of colour density. Thus, the crews of payroll \ans or military violent attack,
at
of
risk
to travel in
shirt
sensiti\e areas, can be protected.
being worn.
Employment: A variety of private customers in South America and the Middle East employ Triplex glass on private motor cars. In
Anti-Knife Jacket:
model,
this offers
Based on the Diplomat protection against stiletto
addition
the
knife attack; the anti-knife insert has a light-
Armoured
weight
Constabulary
lamellar
Kevlar packs
at
metal
fronting
section
the
the front and back of the
glass
fitted
is
by
used
car
and
armoured patrol
to
the the
to
the
Royal
GKN
Shorts Ulster
AT- 04 1
vehicles.
jacket.
Waistcoat: This looks identical to a normal
Trojan Protective Garments and
cloth garment.
Equipment
Immediate Response Jacket: specialized forces, this
is
Designed
for
a lightweight (1.5kg)
garment that makes use of nylon netting material to remain cool in tropical climates.
Triplex Bullet-Resistant Glass Triplex produce a range of tailored resistant
products
designed
specifications with additional
164
to
bullet-
customers'
features avail-
Manufactured by HPP(UK) Ltd.. of Birmingham, this is a range of protective accessories including helmets, leg and arm guards (weights 720g and 52()g per pair respectively), shields and horse boots. The latter are of hard rubber and are claimed to last S-IO times longer than a conventional steel shoe. shields
4mm
are
in
clear,
The
shatter-proof .^mm or
polycarbonate and
come
in
three sizes:
UNITED KINGDOM Below: Volumatic's
Bomb
Anti-
Curtain, Ttiistype of
curtain can be found
government and
military
the weighted base ensures curtain retains flying
tfie
glass from a
smashed
right:
of
how
fully
armoured glass
remains
shattered glass was held together by the film.
and glass fragments were restrained. Employment: Camsafe is in use in the Dnited Kingdom, and several other countries.
Vacuum Research Camsafe Shatter Resistant Film
An
increasingly used
the
problem
intact
bomb
Him, which,
A
demonstration treated
(4. .5kg)
terrorist
window.
Below
X (idem (2.5kg). ISOcm x (idem
.5
;i
in
buildings throughout the UK,
that
yilcni
;ind
under blast
of is
ol
eomliating
caused
by
a
the use ot shatter resistant
when applied
to a
window, holds
Volumatic Anti-Bomb Curtains Developed by Volumatie Filigree Textiles Ltd.. of
curtaining
and restricts the scatter of glass fragments. Camsafe. developed by Vacuum Research
tection of
virtually undetectable and,
shower
adhesive has set
is
once the
in approximately 14 davs, forms a strong glass-to-tilm laminate. Camsafe is based on Melinex polyester lilm supplied bv
ICI.
It
has been tested under explosions ol
different magnitudes,
and
in all
these tests the
in
conjunction with
Nottingham, the net
designed to the specification laid UK Department of the Environment's Property Services Agency for the pro-
down by
Ltd..
fragments.
glass
the particles ot glass together alter breaking
instead of breaking into a of lethal
method
Hying
is
the
its
the curtains
is
own to
buildings.
The purpose
explosion causing serious injury. of the curtain
is
of
prevent flying glass from an
weighted
The bottom
at 4()()g
per metre
width.
Employment: Llnited Kingdom Department of Environment.
the
Uo
BODY ARMOUR. SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS Below: American Body garments lelt IS
lor
ladies
model, on the
Coverage vests
On
right the Side
style
made by
model
HiuK
AiiKiK.in
ballistic
SinvSin'shok' plate
which can be contoured
AiMioi
I
i)iii|iiiKMl
lin.ni
piojeetiles.
Taelical .laeki-l:
with
>;ood
A
eonvenlional
pioleetion
against
llak
jaeket
low-veloeily
to
Iniula. pio-
rounds and shrapnel, lo upgrade the jaeket, a
coniprchciiMNL' range ot hody arnunir.
eeramie plate ean be inserted into the Iront anil/or rear pockets of the vest, and this will provide protection against projectiles up to anil ineluiling 7.(i2nini and .S.^hmm.
|>i>r;ilcil
viilc
ii
1)1
rt.'iiiaiuliii.i
lk-.n.li.
i
laccniasks, helmets, shields, barrier blankets anil
lion
suits.
They also nianufaeliire
haniliinu equipnienl anil letter
bomb
bomb
suppres-
sion pouehes Vests:
Tuclicai
Two lemale
\ests are a\ailable.
the
Assault
Vest:
The
Taelieal
Assault
Vest offers simihii |ir(iteetion to the laelieal
bulky and can be worn more
Contour Style and Side Coverage Style. They provide proteetion up to and ineluding ynini ealibre rounds. Two male vests are available,
Jacket hut
with proteetion similar to the female vests. Armitron Hody .\rmor: ,\rinilron provides
HiRh Coverage Tactical Armor: This armour provides comprehensi\e protection against handguns, shotguns, and submachine-guns
onc-pieee
166
M.igiiuni
a
this
with a removable
bust size
is
All
manulacturci arc provided
steel
American Body Armor Iquipmi-nt Inc. Protecthr Garments and Iquipmcnl
AA
most impressive perlormanee, smee no metal plates aie ineorporated. It is most suitable lor poliee on undereover work. This
the
the Contour Style
'Jmm and
against
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Afnioi pioleclive undot
solt
body
armour'
proteetion
is
less
easily with load-bearing
equipment. Ceramic
plates can also be inserted.
UNITED STATES
and, with the addition of the 'ceramic throw over", against
rifles.
Model AK-47 Lightweight Military Body Armor: This armour is designed for military use and is one of the lightest vests available with ceramic plates, can defeat highvelocity rifles. It weighs 2.65kg. The 25cm X 3()cm ceramic plate weighs another that,
3.63kg.
TAC-IOOR
Facemask, TAC-22R and TAC-300R Tactical Protective shield: The Facemask protects the face from most handguns, shotguns and suhTactical
Tactical Helmet
machine-guns, providing valuable protection and a strong psychological advantage. The mask is constructed of Kevlar. If a round hits the mask, the amount of energy transferred to the head and neck is claimed to be comparable to the impact received from a good punch Right: American Body Armor protective vests for
the
left is
men. On
the Contour Style
model; on the
right,
the Side
Coverage Style model.
to the head. It weighs 0.57kg. It is best worn with the Kevlar TAC-200R helmet, weighing
1.71kg, and the tive shield,
Riot
Vest:
TAC-300R
Tactical Protec-
83cm x 48.5cm, weight 5.45kg. This comes in three versions.
Model 210
for protection against handguns and weighing 3.63kg; Model 310 for better protection against handguns and weighing 4.54kg; and Model 620 for protection against up to .30 calibre rifles and weighing 8.18kg. Barrier Blanket: The Barrier Blanket is a
lightweight
bullet-resistant
against handguns, shotguns
barrier,
proof
and submachine-
It can be used in a variety of siege or hostage situations to create safe zones.
guns.
BBS-3 EOD Suit: This is a well designed and engineered EOD suit that is thought to provide a high grade of protection for EOD operations.
BOOy AfiMOUa. SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
Top
left:
Above
The Tactical Jacket.
left:
Tactical
High Coverage
Armour Model A1
-
ESU-1.
Below
far left: Armitron
IIIA,
with ABA'S patented 'Black
Magic' technology.
Below
left:
protection
is
Low
profile
afforded by
ABA'S Executive Vest. As with other garments, the levels of protection vary according to
the grade of material used.
168
UNITED STATES
Above: aK-47 Light Weight
Body Armour,
Military
claimed
be the world's
to
lightest unit of military
armour.
Above
right:
Tactical
made
The TAG- 100R
Facemask, which
is
of Kevlar.
Right: The Riot Vest, which
comes
In
three levels of
protection, with weights from
3.63kg to
Below
8.
18kg.
far right:
The
American Body Armor Barrier
down to 61cm X 46cm x 25.4cm. Blanket; this folds
BODY ARMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
UNITED STATES Far
left:
The American Body
Armor EOD 3,
Model BBS-
Suit
which boasts armadillo-
type overlap arms, a
removable chest protector, inner leg artery protection, anti-static
and flame-
resistant material. Left:
The Armor
of
America
Tactical Vest.
Below
left:
The Armor
America Sacramento
of
Vest.
AiTOor of America Protective Garments Sacramento Vest: Developed by Armor of America of Beverly Hills, California, the Sacramento Vest is designed for use by police and SWAT teams. It is designed to hold chest and back panels of any grade of hard armour. A sleeveless garment, reinforced with ballistic nylon felt that acts as a shock absorber when hit by rocks and bottles, it is also ideal for crowd control. Without an insert, the Sacramento Vest can stop 9mm submachine-gun fire at 8m and weighs 4.()8kg (SAC AHP Version). A Sacramento Armour Shield insert weighing an additional 2.88kg will stop a 7.62mm NATO round at 8m. The garment also protects the neck, spine and groin. Employment: Various US SWAT teams and police forces.
Without a hard armour insert, can stop a 9mm submachine-gun
Tactical Vest: this
Right:
Armor
of
vest
round
at 8m. With an insert of Bristol Armour, the Tactical Vest can stop up to 30.06 AP. The vest is available in two versions, the AJ weighing 4.54kg, and the
AHP
weighing 2.72kg.
Employment: Various Undershirt
US
Armoured
America has developed
police forces.
Vest:
Armor
of
a range of lightweight
These provide promost handguns and include Armour-Hide (1.1kg), Super Armour-Hide (1.7kg), Super Armour-Hide Contour (1.81kg). Armour-Hide Super Contour + P (1.5kg) and Ultra-thin (0.89kg). The ArmourHide range offers slightly differing levels of vests for undershirt wear.
tection
against
protection,
but
all
are
of the same
basic
design.
Employment: Various US police forces. Vest: Designed for policewomen, this vest can stop virtually all handgun rounds.
Woman's
America's
protective vest for
women.
171
BOOV ARMOUR, SNIELOS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
/
'^
i£l^Above: The Burlington Jacket This
is
Riot
a standard
flak lacket: note the Velcro
fastening,
common
on such
garments.
Above
right:
.3S
Magnum. sizes
c;ilibrc.
9mm HP
weighs 0. VI kg, and 32. 34. 3fi and .\S.
Variants:
It
The woniens
vest
is
is
;ind
.41
available
in
Second II
protection body
weighing
against
in
a
9mm FMJ (USA)
Second Chance Body Armour
US
Hardcorps Bod\ Armour, developed by Second Chance Body Armour, claims to ha\c sa\ed the lives of 351 US policemen up to
police forces.
Burlington Body .\rmour Riot Jacket: Designed lor protection during
ballistic
.38
and
Burlington Riot Jacket
nylon.
It
is
made
of
provides protection against
.45 (lead nose) projectiles.
The
jacket
weighs appro.ximateiy 5.5kg. This provides full coverage of the front, back and sides of the upper torso, as
TAC Jacket:
well as the shoulders,
all
at
high protection
The jacket is constructed of Kevlar and PM-I3(H). a specially treated material devellevels.
oped by Protective Materials Co. to reduce blunt trauma. These materials allow the TAC Jacket to defeat all handguns, shotguns and submachine-guns up to and including the .44 Magnum, and most 9mm ammunition. A front pouch is provided to accommodate an Assault Plate, which protects the vital organs from frontal attack up to and including the 30.06 armour-piercing projectile. 172
Employment: New Orleans. Philadelphia and Chicago police departments.
and
1.1 kg.
Employment: Various
riots, the
Bulk-l-KesistanI \'esls: These are designed for wear underneath clothing. The 7.S40 is made
of ballistic inlon.
axailahle
version providing a slightly higher degree ol
Chance's Hardcorps armour.
including
31
December
Command
I9S5.
Jac Assault Vest: Provides com-
plete torso protection against .30
and plate
US
carbine
known handgun rounds. An armour
all is
an
AP
against
and Hardcorps
police
optional
rifle lire.
insert
The
for
jacket
is
protection suitable for
SWAT II:
team wear. Hardcorps II is available in one 32cm x 3Xcm. The soft ballistic
standard size, panels (without metal inserts) offer protection from shell fragments, handguns and shotgun parabellum. Also available is a contoured
25cm X 33cm arm.our vides
protection
rounds.
The same
plate assembly that pro-
against
high-velocity
AP
plate can be inserted for
back protection. Hardcorps II (without the plate) weighs l..Skg; the insert is 4.9kg. Hardcorps III: An all-purpose body armour system offering the wearer 80.4cm- front and
UNITED STATES Right: The Second
Body Armour
Chance
Command
Jac
Tactical Vest.
173
BODY ARMOUR, SHIELDS AND BOMB DISPOSAL SUITS
.eft:
UNITED STATES Second Chance
lardcorps light:
III
body armour.
Hardcorps
IV
lelow right: Second Chance loncealable Armour.
back protection from shell fragmentation, handguns and shotguns. There are three inserts and an optional back guard These provide protection against highvelocity rounds. Hardcorps III without the
frontal insert.
plate weighs 2.47kg; with frontal plates total
weight
is
8.38kg.
Hardcorps IV: A logical development of Hardcorps III. with an extra front panel. It has the same level of ballistic performance. Concealable Armour: For use by VIPs and police, this affords protection against handguns; with the additional
K30
plate inserted, there
protection
against
is
high-velocity
weapons. Employment: Second Chance Body Armour is used by some 50 police departments in the USA, including the San Francisco. Detroit and Chicago Police, the Texas. Ohio. Massachusetts Police Departments, the Michigan State Police, and the FBI.
Sierra Protective Garments Ballistic Helmet Model SD357: Weighing 1.91kg, SD3.57 has been developed by the Sierra Engineering Co., of Sierra Madre, for use by police and anti-terrorist personnel to provide protection against .357 calibre handguns fired from a range of three metres. The helmet is provided with a chinstrap and visor. Ballistic Helmet Model GP380: Weighing only I
kg. GP38() provides protection against .38
calibre
handguns
fired
from a range of three
metres.
Employment: Various US police forces. Body Armour: Sierra has produced a 1.6kg assault body armour jacket for wear in all combat situations. Its low weight makes it very suitable for use by IS forces for patrolling in
urban or rural areas.
Employment: Various
US
police departments.
& Wesson Protective Garments Helmet Model 68: Specially designed for riot duty, the Smith & Wesson Model 68 Helmet is constructed of pressure-moulded glass-fibre with polyester resin. The removable visor permits attachment of a face shield, which can be worn with the Model 67 Smith & Wesson Riot Gas Mask. Smith
Barrier Vest Body Armour Model 217: This contains ballistic steel protection in both the front and the back. Seven layers of barrier cloth are
bonded
to the steel at the back,
and
ten layers at the front. Without the detachable
groin protector the
The
Model 217 weighs 4kg.
groin protector weighs 1kg.
Employment: Various
US
police departments. 175
SURVEHXANCE, SCCURITY AND PERIMtTER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Surveillance, Security and Perimeter Protection
Equipment SiiiAL'ilUincc oi|uipincnl.
vcntionai warlarc. In
mniicrn wailaic.
is
ihoimh impDilanl
cspccialK so
in
in
am-
IS Loiulilions.
Inlonsilicalion (II). Intra
Iiiiai;c
Rcil (IK), anil riicrnial Iniaginu (11)
weapon
siuhts
arc ci>iiimonplacc in onlcr to lacililatc the 24-hoin
rhous;h
halllc.
important
nijiht
weapon
sii;hts
surveillance
aiils
as
are particularh important
tor observation posts (OPs) that ma\ be keepini; watch on a target lor tiays on entl. lime spent in suucillance is seklorn uastcci and oltcn pa\s dividends i>ut ot all proportion lo the cllori invoKcil Indeed, a succcsstui operation is oticn preceiled b\ hours, weeks or e\en months ol jiainsiaking surveillance. Telescopes are a basic aid tor daylight static obscr\atit)n tasks. These often have a zt)om tacility, which has proved highly eflective. The basic range ot IS night viewing aids has been augmenteti in the British Army with Pocketscope. a hand-held, second generation II monoscopc. the small size of which has made it cxtrcmelv popular vv ith patrol commanders. W hitc light illumination at night is equallv important, particularly in a search operation. Search i)r
bomb
disposal
multi-range aerials and a number of both in the helicopter and at a ground
link with
ilisplay units
which the camera tiansmits a 'real-time' (The technical details of this system are in IS ecjuipment for helicopters on page
station to picture. includctl
and all-svcathcr sights arc
in rural IS situations,
opjioscJ to
wave
teams are now
able
to
use
2()K
Radar also has an IS application. Inlanlrv has long used short-range iiortabic surveillance railars in conventional warfare. I'xamples arc the rcncli 1
rhomson-( SI- Olilant 2 Radar and the British Marconi Idliott /.B2MS Radar. This type of equipment, although primarily designed tor use in conventional warfare,
patrol, or all
is
especially suitable for surveillance
extending the zone observed by a
of a border,
even surveillance of boat
application
of radar
C'laribel. a
British
lircd at. the
the
.^0°
arc
tired, as the 'crack
stance, of an illegal
IS operais
often
photographic evidence, for
weapon
in its
in-
hiding place before
removal for forensic tests. Polaroid cameras can be used remotely in bomb disposal for making a rapid appraisal of an lED. This can also be done by means of a TV camera and remote monitor. In Northern Ireland something like one man in every eight is equipped with a camera for the purpose of securing evidence.
(It is
not proposed to feature cameras as
Another fascinating use of camera equipment for IS purposes is the remarkable air-to-ground surveillance reconnaissance and system known as Heli-Tele. The system consists of a colour TV camera mounted on a helicopter, a microsuch
t76
in
this chapter.)
This
from which
OPs can
be
is
task
is
an active
a sniper has tired.
tilted
with sensors.
from which the shot came.
observer to
it
Another
IS
If
shot has been fired and a visual indication to identify
Nightsun (see page Cameras arc. of tions. In order to necessary to have
vita! tt)ol in
spccilically
system provides audio warning that a
copters arc also able to illuminate the ground with
secure convictions,
a
development.
arc the direction
Vehicles or static
area
course, a
for
radar surveillance device that indicates to within a ."^0°
candle-power torches for night illumination. Heli4^).
tralTic in a river
possible IS tasks in a rural environment.
it
is
tell
In a built-up
impossible for an unequipped
virtually
from which directit)n a shot has been and thump' of a high-velocity ritlc
echoes and re-echoes off the walls of the buildings. Perimeter protection has become a growth industry since military and government installations
have, in recent years, become more prone sabotage, espionage and plain vandalism. The
to air-
power armaments store, the radar site, the ordnance factory, the communications centre, the port, the nuclear plant, the oil terminal, the
station, the
ruler in his palace, the general in his headquarters or
government - all these and in many cases more vulnerable than they need be. Terrorist organizations worldwide have demonstrated their ability to attack the politician
seat of
in his
target are vulnerable
the
infrastructure
of
the
state.
Intruder
alarms
provide varying degrees of security. The main aims of a perimeter protection system are to provide the
INTBODUCTION
maximize overcoming
earliest possihie cleteetion of intruclers; to
tinuous surveillance of the whole perimeter,
reaetion time; to ensure seeurity against
necessary to position fixed cameras with lixed fields all around the site. On a example, the cameras could be divided into four groups, one for each side, and each group would be allocated its own picture monitor. The pictures from the cameras could be selected for viewing on the appropriate monitors by manual selection, or they could be made to sequence automatically, the sequencing switch having a manual override. As the cameras are ti.xed. there are no remote controls, so the system is kept simple. It has a high security integritv. as any one camera will cover part of the next camera's lield of view and, if a camera fails, all is not lost. It docs mean. hi)wever, that a relatively large number of cameras may be required, and the cameras are restricted to viewing
the system by tampering; to give a low (preferably
of view at regular intervals
negligible) false alarm rate; to ensure reliability over
rectangular
long periotis as well as ease of installation; and
system
the
ideally
should
provide
protection
in
depth.
Perimeter protection can be provided by micro-
wave/IR fences, tripwire/differential-force systems, bv acoustic, seismic or magnetic sensors, or by radar or TV surveillance. Often a combination of these answer. Sensors can provide of ways: they can detect an intruder crossing a line, they can detect attempts to climb or interfere with fences or walls, antl they can sense interference with windows. Additionally or systems
is
the
protection
in a
best
number
alternatively, they can be used to provide focal pro-
tection so that the presence of a person in a
indicated.
room
is
#
Sense
an
intrusion
when
it
takes
place
and
pinpoint where
#
it has occurred; Locate the intruder so as to determine the nature
of the threat; and
#
Respond
A
large
to the threat
installation
will
and neutralize it. be covered by
a
multi-
with the control unit in one central location. The only time it should be necessary to go to the camera head is when a sensor tube needs changing, which is normally only once in
camera
installation
The type and depending on the
several thousands hours of operation.
method of use of the camera
varies
and the required system parameters. The first main consideration in designing any system is to determine what is to be viewed and why. Having established this, the site is surveyed so that the type of cameras and their locations may be decided upon. In some instances, when it is required to have consite
site, for
only one area; there
An
Most perimeter protection systems are
connected to a central ct)ntrol or station, thus keeping to a minimum the manpower required to monitor them. Ideally any security system installed should perform the following functions: # Deter an intruder from entering; # Detect a security threat before it happens;
is
it
is
therefore
some
alternative type of installation
inllexibility. is
where
re-
motely controlled cameras are installed. With this arrangement, a camera can be remotely positioned to view any required area within detined limits. The cameras are mounted on pan-and-tilt heads and controlled from a remote point by means of a simple joystick. Associated with this type of installation, is
normal to
fit
a
zoom
lens,
which
is
it
also remotely
camera is made to pan around up and down to observe any given area of the perimeter, with the lens at a wide angle. When it is considered that an area needs closer inspection, the zoom lens is brought into operation to give a closeup view of the suspect area. The advantages of this controlled. In use. the
and
tilt
tvpe of system are that
it
is
very flexible, large areas
can be viewed with one camera, and close-up views can be obtained. On a one-for-one basis, this is more expensive; but. generally, fewer cameras are used, to the point where its overall capital cost is lower than that for fixed cameras. On the other hand, it is a
more complex system, with remote-control circuits, associated cabling and more unit parts required to make the whole. An intruder could, if he were clever, aim to be where the camera was not pointing.
The system's
integrity could be seriously affected by 177
AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
SURVEILLANCE, SECURITY
failure of am uni.- Iimctioii or camera, unless fully coinpensatinu eamera posiliotis were ilesigned-in. riiere is ani>ther vulnerable aspect lo a system
HdiIi liansmilter anil receiver arc oplic;illv locuscii
so that a relatively narrow
an intrusion ma\ go umletected. Kor a large installation, the main viewing screens reiiuireil would
iicam exists iiclwccn them. The receiver will respond to either an increase or a decrease in the received signal. The infra-red beams will operate in all weather conditions where the transmitter can be seen visually from the receiver. Cienerally. multiple beams are deployed to torm a fence of infra-red. This fence can be of any iicighl and with inter-beam spacing to suit the cir-
complicate the matter. This problem is overcome by employing a svstcm that (iiiionuitiailly detects the presence of an intruder. This can he achieved by use of geophones (seismic micriiphones) or by the use of
cumstances. Infra-red transmitters and receivers are normally mounted in a specially ct)nstructed pillar. The standard configuration is for each pillar H) be litted with the transmitter, sending out a cone of
using t>nlv television cameras: continualiv
it
relies
on
a
man
to
he
a
This can
moiutor the pictures.
case of movahle in tedious operation, the right areas, so he viewing not cameras, ihcy may
ami.
the
security system could include
non-visible infra-red light, and six receivers equally
either of these or a combination of them. Geophones will delect the presence of an intruder by sensing the vibrations set up by his activity. The wide
placed over a height of 2.5 metres. The pillars are faced in metal, with apertures of black acrylic through which the beams are transmitted or re-
beams.
infra-red
A
methods of geophone deployment allows use in many roles: on fences (more usually), in
variety of their
in the ground. The sensithat virtually any activity such tivity of a sufficient vibration to will cause vicinity its in provide a working signal to the system. Even so, it is
paths or buried directly
geophone
a robust
is
are
employed
in
multiple
arrays.
interconnecting wiring between each geoand from the array to the
unit within the array
control units.
It
is
usual to
mount geophones on
perimeter fences, on alternate fence panels approximately six metres apart. The fence is divided into sectors, each of which can be up to 150 metres long and employ 25 geophones. The length of
chain-link
the sector will
depend upon the application and the
overall system configuration.
Up
to eight sectors can
one control unit, and several control units may be housed in a single equipment rack. The geophone itself is a seismic detector that, when mounted on a fence, operates in the vertical plane. It consists of a finely balanced coil suspended within a magnetic field. Any movement of this coil induces a voltage proportional to the amplitude and frequency of the movement. The induced voltage is detected in the control unit, where any significant change is signalled as an alarm. A single small movement would not be significant, but a series of small movements - such as an intruder sawing gently through the wire - would be detected and signalled be accommodated
in
as an alarm.
Infra-red systems constitute the third main category of surveillance systems. An infra-red source (the transmitter) provides a cone of infra-red 'light'
which illuminates the infra-red receiver. No visible light is emitted by the transmitter, and each one can generally illuminate 178
more than
them
up to 100 metres. an intruder disturbs the infra-red beams, thereby causing a significant rate of change in is
When
received
beam
intensity, the signal processing cir-
Where multiple beams are deployed in a stack or fence formation, the alarm
cuits will generate an alarm.
and wholly passive device.
Geophones There phone
is
Infra-red pillars arc installed facing each other, and the normal operating distances between
ceived.
a single receiver.
beam is broken as immediate alarm when all beams are broken simultaneously; by this means, false alarms (induced by birds flying through the beams or the intrusion of small animals) are reduced to a minimum. However, an intruder - even if he attempts to roll through the bottom beam - will be will
be delayed when only one
opposed
to the virtually
Changes of beam intensity by the onset of snow are automatically sensed by the processing circuits, and loss of system sensitivity is
detected.
rain, fog or
countered within the control unit. Similarly, if an attempt is made to introduce an external source of infra-red light, an alarm will be generated. Both the CCTV and intruder alarm systems used on their own can have disadvantages: an intruder may be undetected by a camera system, while an intruder alarm system merely detects an intrusion without verifying the nature or extent of the threat. If the two systems are used together, they complement each other. As automatic intruder alarms are
monitored continuously by electronic control
cir-
they possess a 'long watch' capability. Even so, there are drawbacks in using a security system comprised solely of automatic intruder alarms. The
cuits,
such systems can only be assessed by the user in terms of minimizing false alarms. A television camera does not give false information - even if the camera were to be 'shot
cost-effectiveness
out"
it
would
tell
of
you something!
INTRODUCTION Right: An example of
modern ttie
security fencing witfi
Y-sfiaped upper arms
designed
to
prevent intruders
climbing over. The lower wire
mesh
is
also very difficult to
climb. This sort of fencing
can be used
to
secure the
perimeter of sensitive installations, but fully effective
w/ill
not be
without
additional surveillance
and
warning devices.
'A 179
I
SURVENIANCE. SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT nu-lhiul
Ik'
I
\.ll\
k..ll)
MDipk'
l>(.'in^
Minpk' iiKlhoil wodlil Uiiaiil Id rcNpniiil
M-li'ilmi; Ihc
luo
I'dinhniiiii: llu'
III
IliiMI
Ik-
lo
i\ |H's
ilK oh
In
ol n\
iikv.ml iMiiKia
puliiu-
toi
\
il.iiin
In
ivpc
iJK-
.iiul
(.xuiil ol iIk- mliiision.
\
wouUI Iv lo iis».' iIk' miiiKki swikh iho ixk\;mi pkliiic on lo
sophist iciioil nu-lhoil ilck-clion ahiini lo
pKliiic inoniioi
,i
aulom.ilK
iiUiutlci
aiili
I'loiks .ik-
in. id
mchidcil I
inall\
when consiilcimg .m\ svstcm.
.
ol light thai
on
ilis|>l,i\
momloi .iiul. II) (Ik- imsc ol ivinouK coniiolkHl c.mK-i.is. pomi IJK- ciiMKi.i lo \\w iiii'.i iiulu.ikJ .iiul llu-
iIk-h voiitv
lenccs and
>.>.cimi\
iIk-
iiiliuik'i ilcki'lion
li> iIk'
sii.'in
sophlslk.llCil
iL'hlmg
I
available
IS
Ihc
IS
ainoiml ol
the amoniii
night nuisi be consideied
at
hie blooil
ol
icIcMsion
nul
the
available ilclcimmes what i\pc oj
light
lube should be dcplovcil Ihc most com monlv used sensor lube is ihc \ idkoii; loi most scnsoi
ap|i|icalions. ihcrc
so well
llu
is
nolhiu'j lhal iloes the |ob i|uile
idicon
\
K'asDiiabh
IS
piiccd. icadiK
m.iik- (o poinl
aiilomalicalK lo ihc inliiiikil an.a.
good hie expeclancv. It can be used in such a way that the camera aulomaticallv ailjusts to give a constant level ol pu lure lor changes
ik'lcclion
sssiom woukl Iki\c pnoiiU over a pKluiv woukl
average
niminuiiii
would be
211
lomoloK I
Ik'
julon);iiiL',ill\
coniiolk-il c.imci.is.
in
.iiul.
.
ihc c.isc ol
(.jmoia woiikl
iIk-
Ix-
niaiuial or sci|ucncin;j suiuli. aiul ihc
hcM
Ih'
iinlil
vsas siun.ilk'il.
mcnls ihc Will
one
cllcclivcK his
ileleel
camera
ihis nia\
siuaul
paliol
usum ihc
ilclcis inliuiicis:
li
niouiilci.1
(.Iclci
m
ihcin.
It
open
ihc
ihc risk ol
iniciuliii'j niliuilcis ihal
hii;h. aiul
IS
ihrcal:
alaini
aiiolliL-i
a s\su-ni uiccls all ihc ict|uuc-
ol a lclc\ision
wain
Irom
Such
ol a pciimclci pioicclion
sjiilii
lu>n
ihc alaiin w.is loscl oi
(.Iclcc-
clclccis a
ihc Iclcvision canicias can
whole area wiihoul
nioniior screens and.
ihen
In
nio\ini;
use.
can
an\ sus|-)ieious aelivil\ oulsnic ihc Icncc.
Ii
senses an inlrusion: the intruiler alarm s\stcm will sijinal
an alarm immetliaicK
maile
lo
enter
the
an illcjzal allcmpt is premises, aiul ihc iclcxision
sNsteni will \eril\ the nalurc ol the ihical
il
locales
the inUHulei': the intruder alarm s\sicm will uinc a
hroad indication
ol the area
where ihc mirusion
patrolman lo chase oft or apprehend the inlruiler or whether lo call on the ser\iccs ol sccuriu lorces. lurlhcr. he can ettecli\el\ monitor the p.rogress ol
the illiiminalion ol the scene
III
\idicon. the
sin^: a
I
uquiicd lumens per squaic loot. his assumes an average scene, and incluiles a laclor lor tlcleiioralion ol the lighting units due lo age as well as occlusion Irom ram. dusi and snow, his is. ol course, higher than is used lor normal sccurilv lighting, but docs have lis advanlagcs. It acts as a deterrent; intruders do not like lo be seen - ilarkness iiuidcnl
illiiininalioii 1
I
It
is
their best allv
I'icluies i.an
.
be oblainctl with lower
levels ol illumination, bill ihcv will not be ol such a
high
jicr
si.|uaic
insiances.
light levels
but
loi)t.
In this case
delineil.
work
some
In
i.|ualilv.
operate with
insiallalions can
of belween
the
the \ idicoii
verv haul, which will shoilcn
and
I
.'^
lumens
tend lo he
pictures is
ill-
being maile lo
its
hie as well as
having other side ellects.
lumen jici square loot. lumens per s(.|uarc loot, a more called lor. Such a lube is the silicon
For lighting levels above
is
and the tcle\ision s\siem will locale the exact position. It responds lo and nculrali/es the lineal: because ihc iiuaid has seen the inlrutlcr on the ickwision. he will know how mam people arc iinoKcil ami whether lhc\ arc armed, so he can use his judiiemcnl as lo whether it is sullicicnl U) sciul a lakinj; place,
|ialrolman and call
available aiul has a
Inn no higher than sensitive lube tlioilc (
111
is
airav V'idicon.
the oilier of
liv
I
.^
This
is
a nu)re
expensive tube
e linu's as cxiicnsiv c as ihe
normal
and cannot be opcraletl automalicallv within the camera. To achieve a constant picture level oul|nil. a special Ivpc of lens is requned; ihis in turn costs more than a convcnlional lens, whclher zoom or lixed. By automatic electronic sampling of \ idicon
I
re-
the picture signal, the aperture selling ol the lens
So a lele\ision and intruder alarm system can pcrtorm all the tunctions recjuired tor a seeurii\
continuous, and by using this technique the picture
his
lor extra
assistance
il
t|uiie(.l.
And it will he appreciated that all this can be achic\ed with a \er\ small stall. Havina said this, no system can entirely compensate tor armeil guards. system.
particularly in a
developed
terrtirist situation.
perimeter protection systems must include some fence or barrier to delay or impede the progress ot the intruder towards his target. It is not the All
intention of this section to include
comprehensixe
regulates
signal
is
itself
using a servo motor.
maintained
at a
when used
is
These lenses
level.
are usually fitted with a neulral-i.lensiiv
filter,
which,
conjunction with the iris, enables the camera to maintain a constant level of picture signal from dim to very bright lightins; conditions. in
To operate in lighting levels below Lumen per square fiH)t. a more spceializcLl tvpe of sensor tube is I
required. There are several different tvpes available, in common is that thev are expensive, and usuallv the cost of such a
coverage of fencing, barriers or gates, but some
but t)ne thing thev have
examples of the more sophisticated t\pes of gates.
all
ISO
consuml
This jiroccss
verv
I
.
INTRODUCTION
ssstcm
mil lusiilK'cl wilhiii ihc scope ol iiomial
IS
work.
SL'Lunlv
Ciciici';ill\
.
lliis
kiiul
s\sicm
ol
\ klicon. a
is
11
the
;i\;iil;ibilit\
lights
ol light
is
;i
|i|-oblL-ni.
theic
aix'
one ol which is to lit searchon the camera panning head so that the solutions,
camera. An intruder would olniiuisly know where the camera was pointing. Hecause ol the visible light beam, this cannot be seriously con-
human
I
the
siderci.1
this
as a primary detection system.
A
solution to
- and comcidentalK to another problem -
is
the
through range aiul
IS
eve.
in
are in the
compiicatetl
local resi-
possiblv elo
dents would ob|ect to a brighlK lit not wish to aiKcrtise the i)r the site owners ma\ |/iemises ncailn
.
I'nder these circumstances, use can be matlc ol a silicon diode aira\ e\isteiice ol
Right:
A
secunt\
a
road blocker
rising
manufactured by Gate
Systems
Ltd of
Birminqbam.
England There are anumbei of similar
systems
in
the
following pages The essence
block
IS
that the
mechanism
is
buried
of the
in
the
road surface and the block
can be raised
to
prevent
entry or egress at will
site.)
Clearlv.
liie
I
1
m
is
the onlei ol
2(1(1
an inlruder can be illummaleil ami
area. ('Ihc reasons could be that
where the
'i'liis is
without knowing re(.|uirei.l at
midille ol a icsideiitial area,
hus the onlv light to shme which is not visible to the lermed a covert light source. he
lilters.
int'ra-retl.
ol these lights
lactorilv
it.
Such
normal dav
a
svstem
light,
will
metres, (.letcclcil
opeiaie
satis-
being
lights only
the
night.
perimeter sub|ecl. It
examples
et|Liipment
I
with visible light-absoi bmg.
liltetl
is
or inlra-ieil. pass
use ol intra-recl light. '! here are some sites that, lor various reasons, cannol ha\e a highh lit security the\
a
lilted to the
is
1
housing
ol the
is
higliU sensitive lo the
panning head so that thev move and point where the camera points. Ihese lights are enclosed in two special housings, one nioLiiiIed on each side ol the camera. he rout
alwa\s viewing an illunimated aiea. he "throw length' ol the light path must he taken into accinmt. and this can restrict the cllective range ol
caineia
is
lor such ap|ilications
light,
cluster ol searchlights
lestnctctl to milit;ir\ appliLiilions.
;iltciiKiti\L-
\ersion ol which
mlia-ied content ol
lull
m
|iiotcction
One
lusiice.
available
will
ol
serve
large
chapter
Ilowcvei.
this cha|itei
a
is
short
it
is
aiul
cannot
hoped
lli.it
the wide i.mge ol to
illustrale
the
scope, sophistication and complcMtv ol the business totlav
SURVEUIANCL SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Above and above
right:
The
Jorgen Andersen Mobile
leave the surveillance area, a rapid change in
BELGIUM
the IR energy level
Surveillance System
mounted
in
a Ranger Rover.
Advanced Devices Laborator> Intruder Detector Systems Multiple
Head IK System
Series 64: Devel-
oped by Ad\;mcc(.l Devices Lahoratciry Europe of Brussels, the Series 64 passive IR is designed to permit the operation of remote sensors from a single Model WOO control unit. The system can be expanded to twenty remote sensors with the use of a 6460
system five
control unit.
A
stand-by power pack provides
eleven hours of continuous operation
in
the
event of a power failure. Variants:
A
long-range
conical
beam-like
x 2()m. is available on the Models 6401 and 6441. Data: nciglil of sensor unit 1.3kg; sensor dimensions 12.7cm x 6.4cm: detection sensipattern. ().75m
tivity
detection of person in protection pattern
moving
at
one foot per second or
of coverage tear shape of approx. Multiple
Head
66XXRM: The
IR
System
solid state
is
The sensors
created.
change and activate the alarm
circuit. ..3kg; sensor 12.7cm x 9.6cm: detection sensitivity as for Series 64; area of icra,i,v tear shape of approx. lOm x lOni. Long-Range Detection System Model 4400: This has a range of up to 100 metres and is therefore suitable for the long perimeters of major installations.
Data:
weight of sensor unit
dimensions 2\
1
3cm x
Data: weight of sensor unit 4.5kg; detection capable of detecting intruder mov-
sensitivity
ing in protected area between 7. .5mm per second and 16kph; area of coverage lOm x
lOOm (Antenna 3011). 17m x 85m (Antenna 20m X 50m (Antenna .'^014). 24m x 35m (Antenna .3016). 27m x 27m (Antenna .^012).
.3019).
Variants:
The Advanced Devices Laboratory microwave detectors
faster; area
offer a variety of other
6m x 6m.
each providing different areas of coverage. Employment: These systems are in use in Belgium and elsewhere in Europe with
Series
66XX/
series 66 system
from ambient IR radiation from within the surveillance area. Should an intruder enter or 182
the
detect
Most Ad\anced Devices
establishes a stable non-alarm condition
various companies.
the
Laboratory equipments are also the
US.
in
wide use
in
BELGIUM/DENMARK/GERMANY
produces a special surveillance system. The
DENMARK Jorgen Andersen Ingenierfirma Suneillance Systems The Jorgen Andersen Mobile Surveillance System consists of a British Leyland Range Rover fitted out for TV surveillance with JAI 700 series low light level cameras. The camera is mounted on a motorized pan-and-till unit on top of
a
three-metre motor-driven hy-
Four hydraulic supports stabilize the vehicle while the camera is in operation. The camera unit and mast are retracted draulic mast.
through a "sunshine" roof to a position inside the vehicle.
The 730 SIT has been superseded by JAI Nighthawk low light level camera series, the JAI 733 SIT (moonlight), the JAI 743 ISIT (starlight) and the JAI 736 gated SIT. These cameras can be used from full daylight down to illumination levels at which
JAI Emergency Surveillance Kit (ESK) consists of a fully equipped LLL TV camera with all necessary power supplies and supporting equipment. In addition, a lOx motorized auto-iris zoom, a 2.'imm fixed focal lens and a
number this
is
of special lenses are included;
contained
in
two
all
of
solid trunks.
Employment: Security organizations in Denmark. Norway, Germany and UK. Data: JAI 730 SIT camera dimensions 12cm x 13xm X 44cm; weight 5.5kg.
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC
Variants:
the
the
human eye
be used
in
will see nothing. The 736 can continuous mode, or the tube
intensiher can be used as an electronic gate to
reduce the exposure time to as little as 1/ 100.000 of a second, thus providing excellent material for identification purposes. JAI also
Elkosta Perimeter Protection
Equipment Elkosta, of Salzgitter, produce gates, railings, barriers, turnstiles, road blocks
and fencing.
Gates: Elkosta produce a variety of gates to aid security.
These include
sliding gates, tele-
scopic sliding gates, hinged gates, centrally
pivoted gates and lowering gates. They can be operated manually or by electro-mechanical or electro-hydraulic drive units. All Elkosta gates are manufactured from high quality steel 183
SURVEIUAMCL SECURITY AND PtfllMETER PROTECTION EOUIPMENT
184
Various perimeter security barriers
and gates from
Elkosta of Germany,
Above
left:
A
robust sliding
gate designed to withstand
impact from vehicles. Left: Vertical-lift barrier
gates.
Above: Standard dropped barrier, a w/ith
conventional gate
additional hanging chain
attachments designed provide a
more
to
solid visual
aspect to a relatively lightweight system.
Right: Turnstyle-type controlled entry points with
remotely controlled stop/go lights.
SORVtIlLANCE, SECURITY AND PEHIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
186
GERMANY/ISRAEL
Above
left
and
left:
Three
of
and are galvanized and
plastic coated.
What-
the Elkosta range of road
ever the type of gate installed, they are
blocks.
immensely strong and can be opened or shut
Above and above Israeli
From
right:
Hish Watch Towers, left to right,
they are
100, 200 and 300 Series respectively.
quickly.
They
all
are, therefore, designed with
security in mind.
Entrance Barriers and Road Blocks: Elkosta manufacture conventional entrance barriers, some of which are lowered, and others that rise into position from underground housing. Where it may be necessary to guarantee preventing vehicle access or egress, electrohydraulic or electro-mechanical road blocks with a resistance to impact of in excess of 120KN are ideal. Visible and acoustic safety
equipment
signal the
movement
of the barrier
out of the road and into a blocking position.
Variants:
The 100
Series are for use in battle
areas or within range of heavy ideal
for installations
needing
They are
fire.
tight security
and border areas. The 20(1 Series are round watch-towers primarily for use in less sensitive installations. The 300 Series are more suitable for industrial installations
needing some form
of security.
Employment:
Israeli
armed
forces.
Yael-5 Fence Intrusion Detection
System Developed by the Yael Electrical Instruments and Control Company of Beersheba, this system is based on differential force sensors. The system will detect an attempt by an
and Fencing: Turnstiles
intruder to climb the fence, cut the trip wires
incorporating a coded access system, palisade
or the control cables, crawl under the fence or
and welded mesh fences are
attempt to interfere with the wires in any way. It can be installed on any type of existing
Turnstiles, Railings
available.
fence, including concertina barbed wire.
An
average of 100 to 120 units per kilometre of
ISRAEL
fence are required. Variants: Yael-7 automatic
designed
Hish Watch and Guard Towers The Hish Steel Works of Haifa Bay have developed a series of guard and watch towers for use along borders and for guarding installations. The towers vary in height from 6m to 6.6m, and attachments vary according to the environment in which the equipment is expected to operate. The towers have been used in
operational conditions in Israel.
for
field
use,
ambush system,
detects
personnel
up to 100m long. The system emits an alarm and may be set for manual or automatic triggering of arms, explosives and anti-personnel mines. The 1.9kg control box of the Yael-7 can be used alternatively as a manual all-purpose explosive triggering unit for up to four charges crossing a pre-determined line
set off separately
Employment:
or simultaneously.
Israeli
Army. 187
SURVEILUNCE. SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Above: The Chubb 8700 Access Control System.
Above
right:
A
Perim-Alert low voltage
sensor system fences.
for
perimeter
Chubb Access Control System 8700-ES kcybiKiid. VDU, Ihc system cmisists ol ii
hubhic memory and eard reader. It is capable of handling 4.5(10 encoded ID cards with up to (i4 indi\iduai eard readers. Cardprinter,
plus-code readers arc for situations where a greater degree of security
is
required:
in this
coded card and knowledge of press-button code is required to gain entry. instance a
Euro-Med
a
Perim-.41ert Perimeter
ference with the fence.
Any
vibration will
break the closed contact of the nearest sensors, which are normally placed on every third fence post. Variable set-ups for the sensors
CAM
(Computerized
Alert
Monitor)
allow an individual section to be adjusted for sensitivity to
compensate
for local fence or
environmental conditions. The system has a rate. The remarkably low false-alarm CAM6I0 can accommodate 6-10 channels
and the
CAMI02.
1-2 channels.
Employment: IBM. Exxon and Dupont lations in the
188
USA.
(jinbli
in
Chrysler-Simca
The National Iranian (ias Company in Iran. Perim-Alert has also been chosen as the primary fence-mounted alarm system to be used in the current NATO nuclear
in
The
pro-
dimensions 6cm x 4.7cm x .'^.Scm 48.9cm x 15.2cm x 31.7cm (CAM 610). 25.4cm X 15. 2cm x .31cm (CAM 102): Data:
(sensor).
weights
5.7kg
(CAM
12.3kg
1.7kg (sensor).
(CAM
102); range
Skm
610),
Oine length).
and Detection
Systems Electronic Security Systems: Philips are very
much
in
the business of designing systems for
(They are by no means the do this; indeed many companies in the USA. UK and Europe provide similar systems.) Philips first draw up a threat particular needs.
only
company
to
analysis, then define the requirement, taking
into account existing security limitations, lation
in
and
it.
arrangements or
arrive at a plan for the instal-
question.
They then
system, train the personnel
who
install will
the
operate
and service and maintain the equipment.
Integrated systems could include perimeter fencing and lighting, special fences and gates, toughened glass, shutters for windows and special doors, CCTV systems for remote observation and surveillance, threat detection systems and electronic access con-
doors, Instal-
improvement
security
site
gramme.
Philips Surveillance
Protection System Euro-Med Bv manufacture the Perim-Alert system under licence from the Norton Company of the USA. The system is a low voltage system which uses fence-mounted sensors to detect vibration resulting from any inter-
and
C'olgate-l'almoli\e
West Germany.
detail of the
connecting wire on the Euro-
Med
Netherhuuls.
THE NETHERLANDS
THE NETHERLANDS Right; Philips
CCTV
perimeter surveillance
equipment.
Below: The control room the Philips system,
for
which
features CCTV, voice logging
and public address. This typical of
many
Is
control
centres marketed by security
companies. By controlling large perimeters from
one
central point there are clearly
considerable savings on
manpower and optimum overall co-ordination.
SURVEKIANCE. SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Above: The
trol
Philips
systems.
The
integrated system
is
con-
Microwave Fence LH1 130.
trolled
from
The
CCTV
Remote Observation and Surveillance:
'fence' itself
Is,
course, invisible as
of it
exists
as a continuous microwave
beam
which,
will activate
when
a warning alarm
or indicator: the illustrated is
broken,
one
equipment of the
transmitter/receiver units,
which can be placed up
300m
to
apart.
Above
far right: Another
invisible fence: this is a
transmitter/receiver for the
Ericsson Telematerial Radar Barrier.
a security control centre.
Philips
produce an extensive range of cameras. The Video 40 system has indoor and
animals. Ideally a microwave system such as
outdoor camera versions, can operate in temperatures from -10°C to 5()°C and. with Newvicon tubes, can operate in light levels from 1()(),0(X1 lux to 0.4 lux. Resolution is, with Vidicon, better than 500 T'V lines and, with Newvicon, better than 550 TV lines. Video 50 is a more sophisticated system that includes a range of camera heads: Video 50 Starlight Cameras feature built-in image intensifiers and make conventional lighting
cameras. In
this
should be used in conjunction with CCTV this way. intruders can be de-
tected and their precise location and
ments established and observed. Employment: Various installations
move-
The
in
Netherlands. Data: transmitterl receiver dimensions
17.5cm mitter),
beam
45cm x
X
17.5cm; weight 10.5kg (trans11kg (receiver); range 30m-3()Om;
height fixed at approx.
3m; beam width
variable.
unnecessary.
Slow Video Transmission System Rate (SRTN): Provides an efficient way of detecting threats, and maintaining effective observation and surveillance facilities, in remote locations. In places where it would normally be uneconomic or physically impossible to install normal video cabling, an SRTV system enables good quality pictures to be relayed from up to four cameras using low-cost speech-grade communication lines or the public telephone netv^ork. Linked to a threat detection system, it provides an exceptionally effective means of checking and verifying alarm causes at a central control. Microwave Fence LHD1130: This fence has been developed by Philips for use in all types of weather, including heavy rain, snow and 190
dense fog. The system can be adjusted to differentiate between human beings and other moving objects such as birds and small
SWEDEN Ericsson Telematerial Radar Barrier
KEKllOOl The Ericsson KEKllOOl
Radar Barrier
is
designed as a perimeter protection system or for use along frontiers.
The radar
barrier
is
a
radar consisting of a transmitter and receiver. These are installed 3(X) metres apart bistatic
and are aimed
mounted on 1
1°
a
at
each other. The units are
60cm tubular
post.
lobe angle can be modified for
18°
X
and
84%
18°,
1
The Tx
11°
but this reduces the range by
respectively.
By
x
18° or
60%
erecting strong wire
netting or a perforated metal sheet at
the
THE NETHERUWiDS/SWEOEN/SWITZERLAND
SURVEILLANCE, SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
For
Variants:
ihc
security
of
p;irticiil;irly
vulnerable personnel, a miniaturized emitter (rather
than
the
walkie-talkie")
he
can
attached hs a suspender or wire holder to the individual to be protected.
UNITED KINGDOM
AD
Industrial FJectronics Manalert Portable Detection System The Manalert system, developed by Industrial
Electronics
of Edenbridgc.
portable detection system. in
The
unit
is
AD is
placed
the centre of the space to be protected, ano
the telescopic sensor
is
raised to a suitable
height, which in conjunction with the range
control sets the range at which
a
person '^
presence can be detected. A spherical detection area is then established surrounding the sensor. The sensor can be located rcmotel) from an alarm system and can operate I'oi
more than two weeks continuously on interna batteries.
Employment: Several police forces in the UK and the armies of some Middle Easterr countries.
Data: case length 23cm: case depth lOcm; casi height 14cm; weight 4.4kg. 192
UNITED KINGDOM Top
left:
AD
Industrial's
Manalert Portable Detection unit.
The purpose of
Below
left: Ttie
RS-445
Allen
lance,
Fibre Optic
Surveillance Set. illustration, the
In this
operator has
mounted a surveillance landing
room
P.W.Allen Fibre Optic Surveillance Set RS-445
in
of the
a house below the
in vi/hich
he
is
situated.
tions, etc.,
An
anybody entering or leaving
or
the building: this can, of
with
and below: The
Barr& Stroud IRlSMk Thermal Imager.
II
to aid covert surveil-
(or 'coherent bundle'). Thus, the camera need no longer be adjacent to the final 'point of viewing", where often due to space limita-
but clandestine view of
Left, right
is
when
using CCTV. by putting between the observer/camera and the tinal objective lens a fibre optic image guide
The monitor provides a clear
course, also be recorded.
the set
particularly
it
is
eyepiece
is
when
neither possible nor desirable. included for initial setting up
CCTV
angles
not required. Four lenses
is
view from 6° to 60° are supplied, including one with a 60° field of view with a taper nose and requiring only a I..Smm diameter hole". Employment: This equipment has now been well proven in field conditions with many of
British police forces and the British Army. Data: magnification x8; fields of view four lenses with angles of view from 6° to 60°;
weigh!
3kg;
dimensions 46cm
x
33cm
x
11.4cm.
Barr & Stroud Thermal Imaging System IR18 Thermal Imaging
is
the conversion of radiated
or reflected heat into a real-time picture: a
thermal image
thus a pictorial representa-
is
temperature differences. The IR18 is the result of twenty years experience in the IR field and has been fitted in armoured vehicles, fixed wing aircraft, helicopters, ships and submarine periscopes. Its uses in security and tion of
surveillance
are
tasks
widespread, for the
small size and high sensitivity of
IR18 make
it
an effective instrument for a variety of police
md
security
tasks,
applications.
For short-range
considerable detail can be obtained,
including features that are not apparent to the
eye under any conditions. into
shadow and
Its ability
to 'see"
past floodlights enables the
operator to observe targets that are under arches, in
doorways or open windows, under
floodlit or
blacked-out vehicles or aircraft or
hidden by
light foliage.
Data: field of view 38° x 25.5°; resolution l.73mrad; pupil diameter 14.5mm; detector
Mullard Sprite; spectral band width 8-13nm; power supply 24V
display 625/525 Wncslir&me;
DC; power consumption 34W
at
24V;
total
weight of scanner 7.4kg.
British Aerospace Steadyscope
Monocular GS 907
A
hand-held gyrostabilized viewing device
intended to avoid the blurring of images while
moving craft.
at
speed
in
boats, vehicles and air-
Offering magnifications of x 10 and x7, 193
SURyEiUANCE. SLCUfUTY AND P£aUlil£fli>aQI£Cimii£aUlPM(NI li. limes
ii
iiiii.iii.ll
.111
iii.imiilicaiioi) iii);hl
he x7 he auginenteil with a
sici'iiM}; ilcMCi.-.
ciin
I
Weights are 2kj; Dimensions x Wdmn) (day) ami
vision imajie inlensiher.
or 2.-4kg (night
(ilay unit)
aie
ui)il
X
2511111))
27()i)ii))
225n)r))
X 225i))n) x %n)i))
iinil).
(nigl)t).
Variant: Steailyseope Hinoeular (iS
porales
a
iiieehaiiisiu
siniihii
Wl
and
ineor-
weighs
2.3kg. (
hubb Vigilante PerimeKT Protection
System Mm emeu eieales \ ihial ions, ami iin\ loim human nunement ean be detected by I
geophone. With
ol
a
a htllc practice, those respon-
control point can quickly
sible at a central
whether and also dragging of heavy objects over an area of ground in which gcophones have been cniplaced. To detect such vibrations, the Chubb Vigilante System utilizes gcophones in a very similar manner to the way in which they are used in geophysical survey work and in delecting seismic tremors, either natural or man-iDade. The signals are learn to delect individual footsteps,
walking or
running,
transmitted via special cables to an
mediary channel
unit.
inter-
In this unit are fitted
special filtering devices designed to eliminate piratical vibrations
such as might be caused by
the operation of heavy machinery, etc.
control
room contains
The
a visual display of the
entire perimeter with indicator lights to
show
where the system has been actuated; each circuit has a visual neon display showing the vibrations as they are received and a loudspeaker that reproduces these audibly.
man
One
can supervise a mile of perimeter day and
night,
under
all
weather
conditions.
The
system can also automatically switch on floodlights and closed-circuit television. Vulnerable installations
can be supervised from a control and in the event of an
several miles away,
alarm condition immediate surveillance can be
made from the control by closed circuit Gcophones can either be installed
television.
approximately 0.33m underground or on most standard forms of fencing or walls. They can also be placed in the ground on one or both sides of the fence, thereby giving warning of approach as well as penetration of a fence. Employment: This is currently system employed at Stonehenge.
Defence Supply Dragon Portable Searchlight 2 Claimed as the most powerful cordless searchlight in the world. Dragon is capable of illuminating areas at ranges in excess of 800m. The 100-watt aviation-specification element is Civil
Mk
194
An
Bft:
housed
interesting
ustration of the Barr
&
casing.
troudlR18 Thermal Imager a military context, jsociation with a
in
NOD
'A'
assive long-range sight,
elow
left:
inocular
op
The Steadyscope
GS 982.
right:
lat
leaves the user's hands
ee; the searchlight
can be
on target by simply
loving the body.
entre and below right:
A
and Rover mounted version t
the Claribel Hostile Fire
idicator.
The display
unit
idicates the direction from
a weapon has been
(hich red,
by
n the re f
means
dial.
of
mounted on the
exterior
the vehicle, one of which
lustration.
in
P\'C
aim
to
the
Accessories
hght.
remote control devices, a mains charger, high speed chargers and a supplementary battery pack originalK designed for EOD teams that doubles running adaptors,
tripod
Dragon
image-intensifiers. giving
is
up
used to enhance three times
to
increase in gain.
Employment: United Kingdom (virtually all police forces) and other police forces. h\\\ enforcement and security agencies worldwide. Data: Iciii^lh 3Scm; case diameter lOcm; head diameier
weight
l.'i,2.'^cm;
(with
3.7.'^kg
battery); hght output 250.()OOCP (46 minutes
duration). KSO.OOOCP (80 minutes duration); hatterv type Ni-Cad; charge lime 10-12 hours.
an arrow
Four radar heads
an be seen
movement
Variants: Infra-red
with a shoulder strap
irected
walci-rcsistaiit
rechargeable up to 2.000 times or
time.
The Dragon
ortable Searchlight, here lorn
and
a shock-
can be powered by any IZV vehicle. Carrying straps afford hands-free operation, using body include
page 203.)
lee
111
It is
the lower
Claribel Hostile Fire Indicator Developed for the British Army as a means ot determining the source of fire aimed at patrols or
observation
CW
vides 360° coverage in
up
missiles
of
Claribel
posts,
powered X-band
is
radar system. all
a
low
It
pro-
weathers and picks except stones,
velocities
all
bricks, etc. Comprising four radar heads, commander's and crews displays, central processor unit, orientation unit and power supply, the equipment can be fitted in Land
Rovers. APCs or even saloon cars, in the last case invisibly located in the bodywork. After the tracking data has been processed, the direction
of
fire
is
electro-luminescent
indicated
on
clockface
display.
a
simple,
This
warning is supplemented by an audible alarm. The system will indicate the positions of two separate snipers firing simultaneously. Should the vehicle driver take evasive action, the in-built orientation system corresponddisplay. information updates the ingly Powered by lead/acid batteries, the Claribel system can operate for eight hours between
visual
charges. Variants:
A
man-portable variant known as
Aries houses the radar heads in a specially design flak jacket; the processor unit is carried in a
pouch on the
watchface
belt
and the display on a
at the wrist.
Davin Optical Night Vision Equipment Davin Optical Ltd. of Potters Bar. Hertfordmanufacture a range of optical products
shire,
including night vision systems.
Hand Held Viewers and Night
Rifle Sights:
Davin Optical produce a family of hand held
SURVEILLANCE. SECURITY ANO PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Mi Top
left:
Davin Optical's
police
Spylux Personal Night Scope. Lett:
Right: Hi-Spy up and running
in
Yeovilton,
an inexpensive
for
To meet
these
rugged and compact, giving a high contrast, good resolution image low light levels. It incorporates such at requirements, Spylux
A Hi-Spy camera.
at the Fleet Air
and security forces
but effective night viewer.
Arm Museum
is
features as a focusing eyepiece, finger oper-
Somerset.
ated, fully sealed, push-button on/off switch, Centre
One
left:
of the
and C-mount lens adaptor. The Spylux weighs about ().6kg and operates from readily available AA size batteries. It can be supplied with F1.4, 75mm focal length lens, to give a magnification of x25. Lens converters for x 1.5 and x2.0 are also available. Modulux Isl & 2nd Generation Night Vision Equipment: Modulux comprises a set of rugged, compatible modules that can be assembled and installed into a wide range of systems to give the best configuration for any given set of circumstances. The system permits users to view and/or record images that have been amplified by a factor of at least 100,000 times. The system is totally compatible with most popular commercially available SLR cameras and lenses. Modulux can operate in any one of three modes: observation, photography or CCTV. Clearly, the
Modulux 125 Night Vision devices, here attached to a
35mm SLR Bottom
camera.
left:
Maxilux, a
combination of telephoto lens
and image
intensifier,
permits
long-range photography at night.
system
is
ideal
for
gathering,
intelligence
border patrols, perimeter surveillance and
riot
control.
Maxilux M: The primary purpose of Maxilux M is long-range target acquisition and recognition in conditions
Easily portable by
down
to starlight level.
one man, the
unit
battery
gives
approximately
fifty
is
A
sealed and ruggedized for field use.
fully
single
hours of
operation under average low-light conditions. The high gain image-intensifier tube incor-
based on the same modules. They are the IRS 218 Low Profile High Performance Night Rifle Sight, 218 Dual Role Lightweight Military the Viewer and the SH 218 Hand Held Viewer for General Security use. The IRS 218 is 204mm long X 63mm in diameter, weighs 1. 1kg, has a magnification of x 2.8 and a field of view of viewers and night
rifle
sights
MH
The
14.6°.
gain
is
x 50.000. The IRS
is
designed to exploit fully the latest second and third generation image intensifier tubes and is fully sealed and ruggedized to meet all mili218 is designed to tary requirements. The
MH
fulfil
a dual
military role: firstly, as a fully
sealed compact pocketscope for night time observation, and secondly as a robust light-
weight rifle sight. The SH 18 hand held viewer has been designed to accept standard C-
mount
lenses.
Spylux Personal Night Scope: The Spylux has been designed to satisfy the needs of the
porates an automatic brightness control, and a is fitted to minimize the
shuttered eye cup
M
is prochance of user detection. Maxilux vided with a lens hood and an aperture stop as
standard.
The support bar has
built-in tripod
fittings.
Hl-Spy Surveillance Systems 4020 and 7090 Hi-Spy Systems of Yeovil have developed two cameras
surveillance systems designed to raise to heights sufficient to provide a
commanding
view of a rural or urban area, an airfield, vehicle park or any other sensitive location. The mast is raised by compressed air: in the case of the 4020 system this is provided by a
compressor pack powered from a 12V car battery; and in the case of the 7090 system by a trailer mounted compressor unit driven by a 4-stroke petrol engine. Different pneumatic masts can be mounted within the power pack permitting greater heights to be attained (in 197
SURVEHLANCE, SECURITY ANO PERIMETiR f>HOli£IiON EQUIPMENT
Yffl
198
UNITED KINGDOM
,
,
-'
-
'
''
SURVEILLANCE. StCURlIY
Above: The Marconi Surveillance System.
here
is
the
Elliott IR
Seen
V327 camera with
an infra-red searchlight
mounted above
Above
it.
right: Pilkington's
Weapon mounted on a GPMG. Kite Individual
Sight
AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
A
Variants: ten
units
portable road block
that can
be
laid
kit
includes
out to provide
coverage of 14.9m; permanent road blocks are also available, consisting of bolt-on modules that are buried in the road. Spikes emerge fitted
to rotating shafts
when
in
operation.
There is also a Lazy Tongs motorcycle version and a heavy duty version with larger, spiral spikes to penetrate heavy duty tyres. Employment: British Army.
Marconi System Marconi
Elliott
Elliott
IR TV Surveillance
tions.
Other searchlight/camera combinations
are available.
Employment:
has developed a night security
The system enables an operator, situated in a control room up to 200m from the camera, to observe covertlv a pair of IR searchlights.
United
Kingdom and
other countries including those
in
many
the Middle
East.
Pilkington Passive Night Vision Devices Pilkington Electro Optical Systems of St Asaph in Clwyd. Wales, manufacture a range of passive night vision devices, all of which have
a positive internal security role.
Kite Individual
system utilizing an IR sensitive silicon diode array target vidicon sensor tube fitted to a V327 camera, which itself is mounted between
200
intruders crossing borders or security installa-
Weapon
Sight: Kite
is
made
a lightweight but highly robust material
of
and
weighs just 1kg. The highly advanced optics afford a magnification of x4 and a 9° field of view. The refractive lens system incorporates an injected graticule to assist with accurate
weapon aiming, and the system to accept either
is
configured
second or third generation
UNITED KINGDOM
The
Above: The Pilkington
tubes.
Pocketscope, a passive
intensilier
device incorporating an
18mm
particularly
microchannel plate
Intenslfler tube.
operates
It
wide range
localize bright sources of light such as
It
it
is
urban situations. Is In
service with the British Army.
man-sized target.
a
with
graticule
Kite
brightness
focusing controls.
ArmaliteMie
rifle.
seen here
The
Is
also
to the battery
British
Ministry
is
adjustment
and
armed
Night Vision Goggles.
Laser Target Indicator: Operating
forces.
of
82()nm,
the
target
target indicator permits accurate without the need for lengthy weapon
AA
at a
wave-
indicator
is
adapted to interface with a wide range of inservice weapons and is capable of marking a target at ranges up to 500m. The infra-red spot is viewed through an image-intensifier
Hand Held Night Vision new lightweight, long range
Eagle Long Range Device: Eagle
is
a
passive night device. Eagle features a catadioptric
production for the of Defence and overseas in
using Nova General Purpose
length
The
aiming and sight focusing. Powered by three
compartment. is
firing
commercially available batteries, the equipment weighs only 340g and greatly enhances infantry night combat capability.
The modular design permits
Employment: Kite
eye.
6()()m
speedy sub-unit replacement and easy access on an
system, and cannot be detected by the naked
muzzle is
right: Pllklngton's
laser Target Indicator
soldier
The range of the system
simple to operate: controls are a rotary on/off switch for
very
weighs only 0.8kg and
Above
or flares.
image-
plate
good contrast image, low light levels, and will a
of light
conditions, so effective in
at
In
flash a
micro-channel
affords
second
lens
and houses a micro channel plate tube, which affords very
configuration
generation,
image-intensifier
high gain within tight constraints of dimension and weight. The equipment weighs under 4kg yet offers the range capability of first generation systems weighing over 20kg. The system can recognize a man-sized target at 500m in starlight 10"' lux conditions. The system is passive completely (undetectable) and 201
SORVEILlANCt. SECURITY
AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EOUIPMENT
security
cycpads on Ihc hiiioculiir eyepiece liglit trom illuniinating the
prevent any stray user's face.
The eyepiece allows
siiiiultanei)us
hioptic viewing, thus providing a large degree
of user comfort.
Employment: Eagle has been sold to several customers worldwide. Nova General-Purpose Night Vision (Joggles: Nova is a head-mounted, passive generalpurpose goggle. Incorporating the latest technology in electro-optics, it features a single image-intensifier tube for cost effectiveness and reduced weight, plus a binocular eye configuration to provide user comfort. The goggle can be hand held in conventional style or mounted on a head harness to leave both
hands free for other ideal for a
number
tasks.
The equipment
is
of duties such as patrolling,
vehicle driving and weapon aiming (when used in conjunction with a Pilkington P.E. laser target marker). Tasks such as map reading and vehicle maintenance surveillance,
arc facilitated as
Nova
is
able to focus
down
to
3(H)mm. and an integral infra-red diode provides extra illumination to assist in the perfor-
mance of close-order tasks. At longer ranges Nova is capable of recognizing a man-sized target at up to 300m under starlight 10'^ lux conditions. Nova is simple to operate, having 202
Left: Pilkington
SA80
rifle in
also carries a
the rifles
SUSAT
the
in
Nova, The
the foreground
are fitted with
sight:
background
image
intenslfier sights.
Below 'A'
left:
Pilkington
NOD
Night Observation Device,
Right: The Pathfinder Portable Searchlight, addition to
its
In
portable use,
it
can be powered from a 12V vehicle battery.
only three controls: an on/otf switeh. loeus control and eyepiece adjustment. Power is
derived from a single 2.7V battery, which affords up to 66 hoars continual use. Employment: Nova is in service with the British
Army and
NOD "A": A as
device and for artillery
control,
fire
a
passive
surveillance
NOD
"A'
features a catadioptric (reflective) lens con-
and a 4()mm cascade image-intensifier tube, which affords an overall luminous gain of up to SO, 000 times. Power is derived from a single 6.75V battery. A biocular eyefiguration
piece
is
incorporated, with the user bene-
relief of 120mm; this large eye relief provides a degree of user comfort by reducing eye fatigue. An illuminated graticule is incorporated to aid artillery tire control, while provision can be made to accept a laser target market or a laser range finder. is in service with the Employment: British Army and several armies worldwide. It fitting
from an eye
NOD
is
particularly suitable for static
OPs
latest
advanced technology
Snipe
configuration plate
features
and an
image-intensifier
a
in
electro-
catadioptric
18mm tube.
or sentry
posts in IS situations.
Snipe Individual Weapon Sight: Snipe is a compact, lightweight night sight and is
designed to meet a demanding military specification for weapon aiming sights. Featuring
lens
micro channel
With
power
derived from two I.5V commercially available batteries. Snipe affords a very high gain
several other armies.
Night Observation Device long-range sight for use
the
optics.
field
of x2.3.
tube
and a
of view of 15°, with overall magnification
is
A
feature of the second generation
that bright sources of light such as
muzzle flashes or headlights become localized in the image and do not cause a washed out view. The wide field of view permits quick target acquisition, and Snipe is adaptable to a large number of weapons. An adjustable internal aiming graticule is incorporated; this can be illuminated to assist vision when viewing objects of varying contrast. Employment: Snipe is in service with the British Army and several armies worldwide.
Pathfinder Portable Searchlight The aviation specification sealed beam of this light can illuminate objects up to half a mile away, and can be seen from a distance of ten miles. The Ni-Cad batteries can be recharged up to 2,000 times, and the unit floats beam up. Dimensions are 410mm x 95mm diameter; duration is an hour and a half of intense light from the 50-watt model. 203
SURVEILLANCE, SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Surveillance Syslems
IMi'sst* l.onj;
M;ui
Kiiii;:i'
rii'sscN
Dcli'tior:
()pii)(.'li.ctioiin.'s
DiMMiin.
I
)i\ilii|Hil
In
Microwave
;itKl
ceramic pyroicspond to llic IK ladialioii emitted hy a man in the S- 14 micron region of the electromagnetic spectrimi. It can liiereforc reailily delect a person against a hackground o( IniiliJings. clccif ic
I
coMsisis
Ihis
K
a
ol
tlcicclor anil
ilcsigiicil lo
is
night or day. at a range ol KWirn
view
at
nKire
in
distance
this
he (ielil of approxmiaiely one
is
I
diameter, and the accurate telescopic alignment of the detection
sight allows precise
The relay circuit can be used to activate
unit.
an alarm or trigger a camera aiul
on
best fitted
used
Employment:
I
is
therefore
it
couki be
siuialion.
in a |ialrol
chased
alihough
a tripod,
Home Olhee
he British
pur-
six units for trials.
Data: lenf;lh 31. 4cm; diumetcr 14cm; weif^hl .^kg; field
of view T; hallery 9V; battery
approx.
Mionlhs;
.1
Perimeter
System
l'r<)lecti(m
3I'.S:
intruder detection system that relics co-axial
life
Idllm.
niiii^e
This
on
an
is
special
be concealed on a the ground. If an
cable that can
perimeter wall or buried
in
intruder enters the area near the cable an
alarm
is
many beam-break-
triggered. Unlike
ing systems, detection
is
effected by the whole
body of the intruder, thus giving a better small against birds and animals. When used in open ground, the equipment can be completely concealed by being buried at depths of up to ().5m. Irregular local topography presents no problems. The system comprises an electronic driver unit connected to a pair of radiating co-axial cables, each up to 200m long, separated by approximately 2m. The cable pair is arranged to follow the perimeter or boundary of the site discrimination
to
be protected.
Movement
the vicinity of the cable
which
is
indicated at a control centre.
the cables
transmitter,
One
connected to a low-power
is
the
other
movement of human field
of an intruder
to
in
triggers an alarm,
a
receiver.
of
r.f.
The
intruders disturbs the
r.f.
established between the cables such that
an imbalance occurs. This generates the alarm signal.
The 3PS cable
pair can follow the lie-of-the-
land and does not
depend upon
line-of-sight
can ideally be concealed by being buried or hidden behind the walls, and is thus difficult to detect. Cables can be laid
conditions.
It
under road surfaces or concrete. The cable pair can follow changes in direction, and thus the full 200m length can be used irrespective of the number of corners there may be on the perimeter. This compares favourably with 204
Top
left:
Multiple view of the
Plessey Long
Range Man
Detector.
Below of
how
systems that depend on a clear line of sight
between transmitter and receiver units. For where the total perimeter exceeds 2()0m, two or more equipments and associated cables sites
left:
A demonstration
the Plessey
3PS
can be used in tandem to provide
full boundEach sector provides indepen-
permeter Protection System
ary protection.
should be installed.
dent alarm indications at the control centre without electrical interaction between equipment.
Top
right:
Bataco Bayonet
Barb barbed tape concertina from Prince Perimeter Security.
Below
right:
The Racal
CLASSIC Remote Ground Sensor System In
real
would
in
course be
camouflaged.
length
up
to 2()()m; detector
3m
(height),
dimensions l-2m
(width).
operation.
operations the device of
Data: dimensions of drive unit 2()cm x 15cm x lOcm; weiiiht of drive unit 2.5kg; selector
Prince Perimeter Security Equipment This firm specializes
in protective fencing, including Bataco Standard Barb, a concertina barbed tape that makes an effectively impas-
sable
Barb,
entanglement; and Bataco Bayonet a new, sharper concertina fencing
They also design and supply fencing and gates, including instant barriers. A barbed wire spreading trailer is available, and this enables a two-man team to spread 10 metres of barbed wire .5m wide by .(Sm high in two minutes. (Collecting takes the driver and 6 people 4-5 minutes.) material.
1
1
I
Racal CLASSIC Remote Ground Sensor System RGS 2740 Racal-SES Limited and the Royal .Signals and Radar Establishment have successfully concluded Project LASS (Local Area Sensor System), which detects, classifies and remotely displays 'target" information on personnel, wheeled and tracked vehicles. Extenassociation with RSRE have ground sensor system to be highly effective and discriminating in its target classification, and with a low false-alarm rate unequalled by similar equipments. CLASSIC (Covert Local Area Sensor System for Intrusive
trials
proved
in
this
sion Classification),
offering
deployment
is
an extension of LASS,
flexibility
and additional
sensor (e.g., infra-red) capability.
The
basic
system consists of two main units, the sensor and the monitor. Sensor units, up to eight of which may be used with each monitor, are designed to be hand emplaced at strategic points where there
is the likelihood of personnel and/or vehicle intrusion. Each sensor is coupled to a transducer, either a geophone or
an infra-red detector. The unit contains signal processing circuitry, which classifies the input
and broadcasts a tone-coded
means of
message
by
VHP FM transmitter. The receives the VHF FM signal,
a built-in
monitor unit decodes the data and presents the information on an LED display to show sensor identifica-
CURITY
AND PCMMIIUl PAOUCTIOM EOWPMENI lion,
lypo
Ircciucncy
;iiul
of intrusion
\<<
oxtcnii ihc iMnf-c ol Ihc >cnsor triinsinisMoii. ie'l;iy
imil
aviiilahic lo receive
is
mil signals Iroin |ijiliiul.ii
tlie
:i
relraiis
iinii
sensor unit; this
is
ol
value in areas of pooi diietl ratlio
|Mopa);alion.
(lASSIC
is
system
a moiliilai
iiKiiipnialmu a laiiue ol opiional aeeessories, alleinative
incliuling
antennas and
units, transilueers/prcssure
battery
pad swilehes and
a
hard copy printer to meet the requirenienls of a wide ranue of erouiul sensor applications.
Rank
Pulliii C ontntis NikHI Vision Devices Kank I'ullin Conlrols ol l.ouglilon. lissex, have nianulaclured night vision equipment for iJKBritish Army and many other armies
worUlwuie
many
for
Mirveillance sighl
with the British
years.
The
"'iwiggy'
done valuable service Army in Northern Ireland, lias
and the Individual Weapon Sight (IWS Type SSZO) had been in service for many years. Individual Weapon ,Sighl 1\V,S Type ,SS20: With a magiiilicalion of x.^.75, tliis device otters the user detection capability at 7()l)m.
5(K)m and identification
recognition
at
Data:
of view
/(('/(/
lOlimm;
heifihi
10°; Icn^lh
at 3l)0ni
47Smm;
width
i.Wmm; weight 2.7Skg.
Employment: In service with British and other armies worldwide.
Army
Top
left:
A
Racal CLASSIC
ground sensor being deployed.
Below
left:
The Racal
CLASSIC control
unit,
which
can receive signals from up to
8 sensors.
Right: The Individual
Rank
Pullln
Weapon
Sight
SS20 mounted on an SLR rifle. This device has been service with the British for
some
time.
in
Army
SURVEILLANCE, SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT l.iKhlwciKhl liiiii
Ni)ilit
SiKlK .SSKO:
\\ all iii.i);]uli<..i-
of x.VK. Ibis sighl allonls recognition ol a aI 4(Klni in
sl;iiiiling iiuli\ulii:il
(10^ lux) ei|inpnK-iil
ck-ar slailight
Ihc SSSd IS a sccoiul generation It has the same peilomianee as
the oUlei SS2() hut lor hall the weight
This
most important improvement. Data: ficlil of licw '>.'/'; Icnulli ^S.Smm;
is
.1
7?Mim; Nighl )
ami magnilkalionl
make
scope
iileal lor
it
tion anil surveillance
Data:
The
,SSH2:
l'otkflse(>|H'
(211.4
>\iillli
hfiiihl 'Xlmni; wci^lil (t.'Mkg.
raiific
view
ol
map
reailing. naviga-
hy night.
2i()m (recognition of standing
individual in clear starlight. 2.^()mni:
liekl
2) ol the I'oeket-
width
75mm:
10° lux);
U'liiiili
7()nim;
wciiilii
Series
SS6(MI:
/icinhi
(l.7kg.
Integrated
Thermal
I
matters
performance system lor long range thermal surveillance. It combines telescope scanner and processing electronics unit (PEIJ) within one eompael, environmentally sealed body. Operating in the S-i3 micron band, it uses advanced SPRII I!" detector technology to produce a IV/videotype display with high thermal and spatial The SSWM)
is
a high
resolution.
Data: inaiinilicallon
x3/x
1(1
tkial
Held of view;
and 4° (x2.6'); 425mm; width 29.2mm; height 28()mm;
fields
of
Ictiiith
13°
r/cif
(x,S.5°)
weight 15kg.
Rank Telecommunications
Way
Two-
IVIitre
Suneillance Equipment
VHP
Mitre
surveillance
equipment
is
de-
signed to be worn discreetly under a shirt or jacket using the special surveillance harness. If IS personnel need to work covertly. Mitre is used in conjunction with a miniature microphone, small press-to-talk switch, a radiating inductor coil and a miniature earpiece. The
microphone, inductor
coil
and press-to-talk
switch are connected to the Mitre radio by a
simple wiring harness, worn underneath the
The earpiece receiver has a selfcontained battery and does not require any coat or shirt.
external wiring, as
receives
it
its
the radiating inductor coil. This
when
correctly
worn
is
from equipment
signal
virtually undetectable
and has proved its worth in many situations where the open use of radio communications might have caused alarm. Data:
weight
TXIRX
unit ().275kg:
battery
68coverage lOOMHz, 145-174MHz; mode FM. simplex single- or two-frequency; channel separation 12.5KHZ or 25KHz; number of channels 1-3; weight
0.21kg;
frequency
endurance 10-13 hours. 208
UNITED KINGDOM
Control Unit handles 27 lines
at the same 293-DD gives direct display of a dialled number unit. It provides a visual readout of any numbers dialled on a target telephone and holds 200 sets of numbers in memory, even when power is removed. TDL-21 Audio/Dialled Number and Date Time Recover/Reader Unit for decoding information contained on audio tapes made
system also holds 100 sets
in
memory.
Shorrock Security Systems Shorrock
Systems
Security
Lancashire,
specialize
of Blackburn, providing totally
in
integrated security systems. At the heart of the integrated system
function of which
is
is
the control centre, the
to receive information
from a multitude of sources, collate and analyze the data, then present
it
in
a very
short space of time.
Night
Pccketscope/Weapons
Security Equipment Supplies Night Vision and Optical Kquipment Models include 2/91, a lightweight night vision sight that offers a 10° field of view and a x4 niagnilication: range is 300 metres for a man-sized target in overcast starlight 10".
Sight
mounted on a
Model
left:
The Rank
Pullin
rype SS80 Hand-Held Night
WN
Surveillance Device.
Below
left:
The Rank
Pullin
Type SS82 Lightweight
Sterling
submachine-gun, here seen a military situation.
Above: The Shorrock 033
Microwave Fence deployed to
ATR
any
via
Fop
in
ATR
time.
provide security for an
Lightning interceptor.
RAF
WN 3/155
Held of view
is
a long
range sight with a 6°
and a xo magnification.
Tyre Trap: This portable unit is designed to puncture tyres and effectively stop a vehicle without causing injury. It can be deployed by two men covering a gap up to 21 feet in 15 seconds. The complete unit weighs 15kg including metal storage box.
Microwave Fences Model 033: A bi-static system using a microwave transmitter and receiver. Processing circuitry within the equipment measures the received signal and generates an alarm condition when the change in the received signal level varies from predefined limits. The unique antennae configuration produces a narrow azimuth beam angle and consequently a far more controllable field detection pattern, which greatly reduces nuisance alarms. This allows installation close to building structures
and fences.
The antennae design and electronic processing circuitry give Model 033 the ability to detect movement at speeds below 1.5cm/ second. Security features are built into the
equipment
Security Systems International Surveillance Equipment Viper mitter:
Remote Terrain Surveillance TransSSI of London market a packaged
miniature television
remote
radio
camera, transmitter and
command
control
to
prevent countermeasures.
In
addition to tamper-proof operation, the most
receiver
system for exterior field picture surveillance. It can be used with any domestic TV receiver.
Security Systems International Telephone Monitoring Equipment
significant
Unlike
is
the
anti-capture
capability.
many conventional microwave
sys-
033 receiver responds to both increases and decreases in the received signal level: this effectively minimizes equipment the
tems,
capture by a secondary transmitter. T Line System: This consists of a pair, or pairs, of sensor wires excited at a low radio frequency; a balanced system is created where
ATR Equipment: Monitoring Telephone 293-11 Telephone line monitoring and Voice Logging Control Unit handles 11 lines at the same time. ATR 293-11 Monitor Interface Unit connected to an ATR 293-PPR Driver
the voltage, current and frequency in each
Unit for controlling a printer prints 27 lines at same time and will also put a visual display on a television monitor screen. It can be used with any TV monitor or any printer with a Centronics or RS232 Interface. ATR 293-27
T
the
Telephone
line
monitoring and Voice Logging
T
wire pair are in amplitude and phase balance. When an intruder disturbs the effecline
tive
field
of
one of the
line
and of
lines,
a
system
measured by the processing electronics for magnitude
imbalance occurs, and
this
is
rate of change. If these are characteristic
human
intrusion, an alarm
is
generated.
Additionally the sense wires are continually monitored, and if any are tampered with, such as by cutting one of the lines or shorting to the 209
SURVtILLANCE. SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT firoiiiul.
f)
scp;ir;ilc
;i
m;iintcn;iiKc
j!CIKt;iIi,-iI.
(he system
physically
:iiul
:iliiirii
is
be conll^uiccl,
ciin
cicitionically,
lo
>;ivc
IMOMinily' anil Imicli-soiisiiivc opcialion iiiCL't
spctitic security applications.
is
It
lt»
cx-
ticmcly llcxihic anil can he used clleclively to |ii(>viite Tree sianiiio):. lence niounteil. roof, wall anil rool space proleclioM. DiKJtal
Ai'i'i'ss
Sysli-nis:
coile.
pioMilc a
Sliorrock
1\M)-I<)-M\ iligil. easily clianjzeil.
progianiahle
access system. H someliiinj;
ilijiilal
sophisiieateii
is
more
they can provide
rei|uireil,
centrally controlled multi-point entry systems, (his jailer systeni
can cope
uilli
up
lo
XOO
iMidlidkiers. I
jnploymcnl: Sliorrock experience
s\sicnis extends lo over
worldwide. support
mately active
is
Full
all
ni security
installations
and
clients;
logistic
approxi-
insiallalions are currently inuler
maintenance.
calejiories
()()()
maintenance
avaiiahle to
J.'S.OOO
.''(1.
where
Stralejiic site protection
.Shorrock
are
involved
power stations, ordnance laclories. ammunition anil explosives storage compounds, research airliekls. operational inchule
nuclear
military airhelds. civil airports, national police
IIUs. lascs.
torics,
210
prisons and penal institutions, naval government buildings, research lahoraarmy and police compounds, military
UNITED KINGDOM Top
left:
The Shorrock T Line
System.
Below
left:
One
of the
Perimeter Security System Control Centre. This centre
controls the interior of a large building, unlike the
system
depicted on page 189. right:
Thorn EMI's
Watermark Magnetics identification control in
operation.
sites,
nals, oil refineries
versions of the Shorrock
Below
communications
system
radar
sites,
oil
termi-
and pipelines, natural gas
acceptable level.
Watermark Magnetics tape
contains encoded information that
is permmagnetic oxide coating. It cannot be copied or altered without destroying its structure. By developing a system to read the Watermark Magnetics encoding. Thorn EMI has enhanced the
and development sites, missile sites, police and military communication sites, dams and aqueducts and electricity generating sites. The location of these installations and other Shorrock customers extends to the following
anently
countries:
security features of Watermark Magnetics. This reading system will destroy most fraudulent attempts to simulate Watermark Mag-
Australia, Austria, Bahrain. Belgium, Brunei, Canada, Colombia, Dubai, Eire, France, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malawi, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sharjah, Singapore. Spain, Switzerland.
USA, West Germany,
Thorn
EMI
Zaire.
Security Devices
Watermark Magnetics:
Plastic cards with con-
encoded
magnetic strips have become universally accepted over the past twenty years, and during this time the encod-
ventionally
ing
technique
changed very
storing
for little.
modern technology,
information
has
Using readily available it
is
now
relatively easy
and cheap to alter criminally or copy the encoded data on the ubiquitous plastic card.
As
valuable
encoded data becomes more
vulnerable, so the increases,
and
it
is
number of fraud attacks now generally agreed that
the current level of fraud has reached an un-
bonded
into the
and it also checks for two undisclosed parameters found only in genuine Watermark Magnetics tape. netics
Employment: Several UK police forces, British Telecom, UK government establishments and the British Central Electricity Generating Board. Observer's Thermal Imaging System (OTIS): The Thorn EMI Thermal Imager is a passive system, operating independently of ambient light, and has the ability to see through smoke, haze, mist and some forms of camouflage, such as forest and woodlands. Unlike image intensifiers, it is not affected by phosphorous flares or bright light. Variants: OTIS is based on the Multi Role Thermal Imager. Both can be htted with laser range finders and laser target markers. The Surveillance Thermal Imager (STI) is an
SURVEHLANCE. SECURITY AND PfRIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT iiulirccl-vicw conligunitioii ul iIk- niiii|).in\\ iiiulii
lolc ilKTm;il ini;i):cr
iiKliulfs.
iis
.III
opli(ii).
I
system
his
rV
;i
(.'iitiK-rii
.\\so
\Mlh
Iciis, Rcinolc nionilors (.lispUiy cillicr atmpDsilc ri/TV pictiiic or scp:ir;ilc TI ami TV via a video mixer. Hie resull is Inj;!) peilormarue ihermal imaiier lor perimeter
2lKlnim
a
,i
siii\eillaiKe
hiuh-seeiiritv
ol
areas,
ilepots,
ami harliours. The surveillance thermal imager ean he moimted on a mast or Iniikling in a static location, or used at any
airlielcls
desired location with a gives the SI anil allows
I
it
iripoil. 'I'his capahilily
increaseii llexilnlity oT operation to he
used lor
all
general siiiwil-
lance tasks
Kingdom armed
l-jiiploymenl: llnileil
forces.
Data: Jichls of vu-w 12.9" x 7.9" and 4.9° x .^.2°: display red I.F^D raster with illuminated
and 4-5 hours; air hoillc life A> hours at ID^C" {300 atmospheres charge); inio-actioii lime 15 seconds.
graticule; wcii;lii Hl.7kg (inclmling hatlery air hottle): hallcry life
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Calspan Fingerspan ( alspan lechnology Products of Buffalo have developed the Fingerscan system for access control and personal identification. Fingerscan controls the access of individuals by identifying them through their fingerprints, not by a card or a number. To request access, an individual approaches the identification terminal, keys in a number indicating who he claims to be, and then places his finger on a
fingerprint fingerprint
reader.
The
reader
scans
the
and transmits the image to the
Fingerscan central station.
The
individual's
matched with the descriptive on file in the system. If he is
fingerprints are characteristics
authorized access, then a positive action (such
opening a door or unlocking a computer is taken. If no match is made, programable options include additional reading of primary finger and/or an alternate finger as directed. Subsequent unsuccessful attempts will result in an alarm or instructions to call for assistance. A system is made up of a terminal located at each access site and a central station. The system has a military as
terminal)
application in a situation
where
large sections
of the population have been fingerprinted. The system would allow random checking of
road blocks and other checks. Employment: This system is operated by various government establishments and commercial organizations in the US. identities at
212
UNITED KINGDOM/UNITED STATES Top
left:
The Thorn EMI
Multi-Role Thermal Imager,
which
is
now
the British
Royal Navy,
use
in
in
service with
Army and It
is
the
designed
for
a wide range of
thermal imaging applications
and can be configured as a direct-view system or the
image can be displayed on a VDU.
Below
left:
unit with
Thorn EMI's OTIS
Laser Target
Marker, Right: Calspan
Fingerspan, showing a terminal and the central station.
Communications Control Systems
receiver
Security Devices Device Eavesdropping
transmissions of any kind of modulation. Detectors:
Model
CCTA
1(1(10 scans a telephone line to detect any listening device and pinpoint it with computerized accuracy. It can also sweep premises for bugs, hidden tape recorders and transmitters. The equipment comes in a compact
carrying case. Privacy Protector tiny
(cigarette-pack
sized)
VL
33
is
a
bug/transmitter
scanner that verifies a listening device after locating it by letting the user listen to the actual conversation. Privacy Protector VL 34 equally small and has phase lock loop is circuitry.
With both these
locators, retract-
capable
of
detecting
clandestine It is
equipped with a broad band omnidirectional antenna set, which covers the range 5MHz to 1.5GHz. The equipment has a sweep rate that is continuously variable from one sweep per second or less to at least 100 sweeps per second. Employment: In use in the US, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. a portable unit
Eye Dentification System With the Eye Dentification System individual
is
7.5,
each
identified by a biological trait that
goes beyond even the fingerprint
in its
unique-
able antennae steer the user directly to the
ness and stability - the retinal blood vessel
bug.
pattern of the eye.
Surveillance Receiver A-7:
The A-7 Panor-
amic Surveillance Receiver has been develto meet the need for a highly sensitive
oped
identical twin) has a
Every person (even an unique and unalterable
eye pattern. Through precision optics and sophisticated computer technology, the retinal
213
SURVtlUAMCE* SiCURlTY AND PfRUttHfl PBOIECTIQN EQMIPMINT
214
IBIBSH
Top
left
and above: The
interestingly innovative Eye
Dentification System.
Above
right:
Model 221
^he Javelin
Nigtit Vision
Device,
BelovKleft:Trie Javelin 221 fitted to a television
camera.
7.5
is
able to 'read" an individuars retinal eye
and dislinuuish it from all others. Total throughput time, from the moment an pattern
enroilee addresses the
7.5
to
point
the
at
which release of the security mechanism is activated, averages less than seven seconds. As many as .200 eye signatures can be stored in the standard, non-volatile bubble memory 1
of the
system.
By
interfacing
with
a
host
network basis, the memory storage capacity of the system can be expanded to meet the needs of any
computer on
a stand-alone or
from the edge of a scene, which makes it more suitable for use in an urban area. Employment: Numerous US police departlights
Army, Navy, Air Force. FBI. Secret CIA. Australia. Brazil. Canada.
ments.
Service.
Colombia. Ecuador. France. Iraq, Kuwait. Malaysia. Mexico. Panama. Philippines. Puerto Rico. Taiwan. Switzerland. Venezuela. West Germany. Zambia. Data: length 21.5cm; diameter 6.7cm; weight Chile. Italy,
Japan,
1.3kg; intensifier gain xSO.OOO.
Model 222:
organization.
A
second generation night viewing
device that, because of
Javelin Electronics Night Vision
ticularly suitable for
220:
weight, to
is
par-
cameras.
Employment: As Model 220.
Equipment Model
its light
attachment
Javelin
Electronics
of
Los
Data: length 10.8cm; weight 0.95kg; intensifier
operator to use both eyes during long surveil-
X 45. 000. Model 223: Designed specifically for military and police applications, this model is currently in use in many countries. It can be adapted to fit almost any rifle and can be used for observation in the field and for aiming a
lance duties.
weapon
Angeles, California, have developed Model 220 for use with TV and photographic cameras, and for mounting on rifles. The equipment can be mounted on a tripod and used with a binocular viewer. This enables the
same
Variants:
Model 221
220. but
incorporates a focal plane iris to field of view and eliminate bright
reduce the
is
essentially the
as
gain
at night.
Employment: As for Javelin Model 220. Data: length 33cm; diameter 9.9cm; weight 1.87kg; intensifier gain x 50.000. 215
SURVEILLANCE. SECUflrTY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
216
UNITED STATES
5/ h'^h-
Model 226: This
used
viewer on
suitable for shorter sections of perimeter
is provided with a binocular swinging door type mount with an optional adjacent swinging door for attachment of a TV or photographic camera. The advantage of this arrangement is that a target can be watched by means of a binocular viewer, and then within seconds the doors can
a
in
45m
conjunction with Model 300, but
is
up
to
in length.
Employment: Omni Spectra Intrusion Links are
in
use
in
26 countries,
including
the
Data: length 45.7cm; diameter 10.2cm; weight 6.1kg; intensifier gain xl()(),()00.
United States (Army, Air Force, Department of State, US Postal Inspection. Iowa and Arizona Police Departments. US Secret Service) and Canada (RCMP). Data: sensor length 22cm; sensor diameter 27cm; sensor weight 2.3kg; system weight 9kg; range 15- 150m; operating temperature range
Model 229: This
capable of locating and ranges in excess of
-35°C
to 66°C.
l.OOOm. The target can be pinpointed by reading the co-ordinates on the azimuth and
Smith
& Wesson
be changed to position a camera to photograph the scene.
Employment: As
identifying
for Javelin
is
targets
Model
220.
at
Night Vision Devices
elevation scales on the base of the device.
Night Vision Rifle.scope Mk 700 Series 1: An unusually light and compact equipment that
Model 229
mounts
is
particularly suitable for use in
urban or rural areas. Employment: US Army. LIS Coastguard, and other armies throughout the world. Data: length 83.Scm; diameter 26cm; weight 17kg; magnification x7; field of view 9°; intensifier gain xf>5,{M)\ range l.OOOm.
observation posts
in
directly
on most
modern
Employment: Various West German police.
US
police departments.
Data: length 31.8cm; weight 1.6kg; magnificaof view 10. 5H°, intensifier gain
tion x3. 7; field
X 60,000; range
l,()()()m.
Night Vision Device Startron
Omni
Spectra Microwave Intrusion
ment
Properly installed inside a perimeter fence, Model 300 will detect someone approaching
of
material over the fence) as well as an intruder
who
has scaled the fence.
Variants:
Model 3()0A has
pattern of 0.75m to 6.25m.
a
wider detection
Model 305 may be
Mk
606A: De-
signed for long range surveillance, this equip-
Link Model 300 Each Model ,^00 Link provides a detection pattern up to 15()m long and 1.5m-5m wide.
the fence from the inside (possibly to throw
military
rifles.
is
best suited for
work
in a rural
environ-
ment.
Mk 303A is a smaller, lighter version Mk 606A and is a hand held rather than
Variants:
mounted equipment. Employment: Various US police departments.
tripod
Data: length 72.2cm; width 39.4cm; height 51.6cm (with tripod); weight 27.2kg (with tripod); magnification x7; field of view 5.3°; intensifier gain x 60,000.
Above: The Javelin Model
233 Night
Vision Device fitted
loan M16Armalite Left: Javelin
rifle.
Model 226
Night Vision Device
Right: Javelin Model 229,
217
SURttUlANCt. SECURITY AND PERIMETER PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
UNITED STATES
Top
left:
The Omni Spectra
Model 300 Microwave Intrusion Link. In
with this
all
common
microwave systems,
operates on a line-of-
slght principle.
Below one
left:
of the
A close-up
of
Omni Spectra
Model 300A transmitter/ receiver stations.
Above
right:
Smith &
Wesson's Passive Night Vision Riflescope
Below
right:
Wesson 303A
Mk
700.
The Smith & Startron
Night Vision System. This can also be
mounted on a
tripod
SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS
AND ADP EQUIPMENT
Communications and ADP Equipment Special
(.crtain c;itcgories of IS ci|iiipmcnl ;irc
able
pari
o( an
anii-lciiorist
war.
an indispensin
parlicular.
security lurees are rareK in a position. parliciilari\ in
an urban cnvironmenl. to use conventional radio et|uipnient: il is. by and large, too heavy, bulky and
complex. Conventional militar\ laiiio sets are not cfticient in built-up areas, for they require line-ofsight or near line-of-sight transniissicin paths for best results. Special radio equipment has thereUire been developed for IS and police work. In situations where security forces are operating from permanent important that transmissions are it is bases, scrambled or in cipher. This section of the book
some
examples of portable scrambling and cipher equipment, in addition to examples of radio equipment suitable for use in IS Ami-terrorist operations invoKe the situations. detection of illicit transmitters, and some examples of transmitter detectors and direction finding equipment, as well as encr\ption units and jammers, are also included. Radiomicrophone detection, surveillance tape recorders, and other bugging equipment are also covered in this section, although they are therefore
includes
more accurately categorized
as espionage or anti-
on the
of mformation to updaie ins tiata and not keep it in his heail as backgrounil' if the system is to lie valid for all the other users who have access to it. This couki lead to a stale of miiul in which an incident or jierson tiial elicited no active resjionse from an ADP record svstem is of] no interest or significance. This chapter will not include photographs of ADP systems: pictures of] iirii^inaioi
consiMiilly
j
black
not interesting or significant. important that the place of ADP| systems in the tight against terrorism be appreciated. Communications in an IS context can be conboxes'
However,
it
are
is
two main categories, as follows. Communications. Secure, reliable, communications between the political leader responsible for committing the force and the commanders] of the government agencies on the ground are! sidered
#
in
Strategic
extremely important. The political leadership requires up-to-date information on which to base' decisions and needs to be able to promulgate orders quickly. In practice this procedure usually involves a government crisis office manned by the responsible minister and his advisors (in secure communication
with the head of state) and a tactical incident control
communicate with one another by
espionage equipment.
centre;
must be made of Automatic Data Processing (ADP) equipment in the context of IS
secure encrypted telephone.
being made of ADP systems to speed the passage of information and for
should be on one "all-inform" radio net. This is essential if the all-important co-ordination between the different groups is to work. This net will ideally be encrypted, as terrorists are likely to be monitoring VHF and UHF frequencies. The net could be made up of the following elements:
Brief mention
operations. Increasing use
data logging.
In
particular
is
it
is
possible to
com-
puterize vehicle data records, so that security forces
can be alerted concerning lost, stolen or hijacked vehicles. Similarly, information and intelligence records previously handled by security forces on a card index system lend themselves to computerization.
But learning to
live
with
#
these
Force
Tactical
The
force
1. Base station systetn in the force commander's HQ. This must provide the force commander with com-
ADP
in the
munications to his
its
Many
operations and,
systems problems.
Communications.
men throughout
the likely area of
accept that private citizens" details system - this being in their systems view an erosion of individual liberty.
same time, provide a link with the police and the government official to whom he is responsible. He will therefore require at least two separate channels of communication, one to higher authority and one to his subordinate commander.
have problems for their users. The speed and spread of data dissemination means that the onus is
That to higher authority will probably be a secure telephone link in most circumstances: that to his
context of security does have
sections of the public, even in a terrorist situation, find
it
difficult to
are stored in an
ADP
ADP
also
220
at the
INTRODUCTION
commanders
will be a secure all-informed radio network. Both the force commander and his subordinate commanders may operate from vehicles or
network must include suitable for use with foot patrols, vehicles and
helicopters, so the force radio sets
ally,
it
should be able to be used with throat microThis may, in certain circumstances, be
phones.
some members of a 'brick'; sometimes it may be necessary to limit this facility to selected members in order to prevent congestion on the net useful for
helicopters.
during an operation.
Company/ team system. Similarly, the company or team commander will require communications upwards to the force commander and downwards to
of an unusually flexible and adaptable communications system is Cougarnet, which is manufactured by Racal, a British company that specializes in military communications systems. (A
2.
his sub-units
fore
or assault groups. His
HQ
will there-
be an outstation on the force commander's
radio set but will be the base station, or control, for
communications with his sub-units or assault groups. In IS urban operations, the platoon as a level of
command will often be omitted; this may not be the case in rural operations. Thus the company commander is likely to have a large number (perhaps twelve or fifteen) of small subunits under his command. These could be four to eight men strong and will need to be in touch with company HQ at all times. 3. Individual hand-held transceivers. Many of the small sub-units in a company (known in British operational
Army
parlance as "bricks") will be operating
cohesive
sufficiently
between them circumstances
manner
for
to be unnecessary. it
may be
However,
appropriate
in
a
contact
radio
in
for
some each
member of a 'brick' to be in direct contact with the 'brick' commander by means of individual hand-held transceivers.
These should
fill
the following require-
ments. They should be small, compact and lightweight and be capable of withstanding exceptionally rough handling. They must be easily operated, bodyworn with a 'hands off operational capability to allow the user
maximum freedom
or other equipment.
equipment
minimum
in the
to use his weapons The system should be a voice
VHF/UHF frequency
range, with a
of three switched channels, and it should It should be able to be
contain built-in encryption.
used with a covert earpiece:
i.e.,
a condition that
cuts off the loudspeaker (essential for sniper, body-
guard or covert role). Similarly, it should be able to be used with discreet or covert microphones. Fin-
An example
IS
detailed specification follows later in this section.)
A
Cougarnet concept will serve here as an example of the necessary parameters for an effective IS communications system. Cougarnet is not the only system of its kind, but it is one of the most effective and one of those incorporating the brief description of the
latest
technology.
The
British
Army
currently uses
equipment in Northern Ireland. Cougarnet is a totally secure lightweight FM radio communications system, using a synthesizer-controlled hand held radio - the very compact 'basic this
modular system. It is this modular approach that ensures the system is easy to operate and makes Cougarnet attractive to a wide range of military, paramilitary, security and emerbuilding block" of the
gency service units. The 2-watt personal radio can be converted easily into a high powered radio by simple connection to an amplifier, and the unit can then be used as a static base station, or a mobile or transportable manpack (depending on power supply). The radio can be changed from one role to another by simply altering the power supply. In the static role, power can be provided from an AC power supply; in the mobile role, the vehicle supply will provide the power. A heavy-duty Ni-Cad battery is used for the transportable role. The radio can be controlled
remotely via an allows the radio to be which extended control unit, the antenna close to place convenient stored in a when being used in the mobile or static roles. At the same time, the radio is always, and easily, available for use as a personal radio by removal from the amplifier and the connection of the battery, antenna 221
SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS AND ADP EQUIPMENT
ar)il
spcakcr/mii.ro|ih»iiic.
bilily
m
iIjc
i)|'>fratii>ii.
channels lo
gam
In ciiMiro Dpiimum
mM has
llcxi-
piomamahic
ten
access to any of several nelwoiks.
These may he single- or two-lrec|iieney simplex. In operation ihe ("oiiuarnel sssteni consists of
numhei
continuous checking normal operation.
is
station
is
built into the
.Mthough there has been
a
ei|ui|ipeil
A
method
i>f
system during
move towards
pusli-
standard land mobile radio, it was felt that such contri>ls. although perfect for normal em ironmciits. would ni>t meet the dcmaiuls likely to be placed upon them. For example, if an operator in
linds himself in the riot
the lailio. so
he iligUal encryption moilules built into
two code
C
m hand. ougarnet
settings to be used, ihis gives 'in net'
privacy aiul security aiul
middle of an unruly crowd or in is vital, and rotary switches
conditions, speed
a
piogiamer or
or codes.
VHF
link
UHF/VHF
link
x12
keylill
is
further enhanceil by using
iinil
to
This tcchnii|ue eliminates errt)rs
radio communications, which may be the result of conditions, atinospheric mechanical jamming, failure, bad siting, nuclear effects or a luimher of
other causes. IS operations rei|uire political tion,
fine-tuning by operational
facility to
tlirec-
commanders,
the
negotiate with hijackers, for example, and
instant reaction by assault forces. All these totally
reliable
book includes
demand
communications. This part of the a representative cross-section of the
svstems available.
Typical IS Communication System
222
al
real lask
are traineii to continue lo operate despite a break in
A
automatically acti\ated.
button control
on the
with
for cHimbnicii operations,
is
ale
the e\ent of the failure of one.
each other. These links can be swiiciicii on or oft from a central controller, allowing either indepeii dent i>pcration or integration into a comnianil net
the other
I
comciHi
change liei|uencies and restricts the information to a "need to know' basis. Tlexible ami ileiHiulablc communications are an indispensable jiart of all IS ojierations. In conventional war. ojierations are to some extent carried on bv their own momentum - subordinate commanders
together to allow users operating over different Irei|uencies in different areas to comnuiiiicate with
in
allow ing him lo
alli»w a
ol unattcniicil talk-thioiigh stations linkcil
two radios, and,
can be operatcil wiihoui lookmg
ISRAEL/THE NETHERUNDS/SPAIN/SWEDEN
recording of communications -
situations
in IS
the logging of radio conversations during an
may provide
incident
vital
evidence
in secur-
given
Instructions
convictions.
ing
in
an
emergency can also be analyzed after the event. To meet communications recording requirements of varying complexities. Philips offers a range of three distinct voice logging
systems. These cover different recording denthe number of communication channels may be in use simultaneously. They all
sities,
that
share a continuous 24-hour recording capability (or 4.S
hours on the dual-deck systems),
with varying back-up and alarm facilities to
ensure that recording continues without interruption should a fault develop.
Two-Way Radio 'Pocketfone'' Type PFX: This lightweight portable equipment is powered by a rechargeable nickel-cadmium sealed battery pack and offers up to WPersonal
operation.
channel
and there is Data: dimensions
sized,
version).
It
19()-22()mm
Way
power output.
(standard
(extended case .^3mm; weight
ISRAEL
9.6V; endurance from 4 hours (4W high-capacity battery) to 21 hours
Radio Type PFX.
(
Above Intal
right:
The Spanish
Radiotelephone FM-
007. Left:
The MF603/673
Portable transceiver
manufactured
in
used by the CRS.
France and
Tadiran Palm-Held Transceiver PRC-601 As a replacement for the veteran AN/PRC-6 combat
soldier's
hand
(operating on valves), the
held
ver-
One
1
with high capacity battery) based on mit,
10%
receive and
S,S'/{)
UHF with .5W VHF 2%
trans-
receiver standby.
transceiver
Israeli
company
Tadiran developed a compact, solid-state FM/ VHF six-channel palm-held unit, designated PRC-6()I.
case
X 62.5mm x 48()g; frequency rani>e 6S-iSSMHz and 1.^2-74MHz (VHF), 4().5-.512MHz (UHF): power supply
Philips
Pocketfone' Personal Two-
frequency-synthe-
167mm
sions)
Above: The
is
a choice of
SPAIN
version of this transceiver, the
PRC-601S, has been developed specifically for naval commandos and combat drivers. Tests have demonstrated that the unit can withstand a pressure of 4.5 atmospheres without leakage, thus requiring no special precautions for most underwater applications. At depths of over 45m, special plugs are required to protect the microphone and earphone. The set is also protected against sea water and oil damage. The PRC-6()1S can be operated when the frogman's head and shoulders are above water. Communications range is about 15km to shore or a surface ship. Employment: Israeli Armed Forces.
THE NETHERLANDS Philips Communications Equipment Voice Logging Systems: These were developed specifically to meet the need for continuous
Intal Radiotelephones Intal, of Almeria, produces numerous types of radiotelephone, including the FM-()()7 walkie-
which is intended for military, police and surveillance operatives. Equipped with a speech compressor and integral microphone, it works in the 146-174MHz and 6,S-87.5MHz band and can be supplied with a power output talkie,
of
1
or
2W.
It
has
six
channels
in
25kHz
Powered by Ni-Cad rechargeable
steps.
batteries,
it
weighs only 600g.
SWEDEN Transfertex Cipher Equipment SR-22 The SR-22 speech signal is digitalized and enciphered by adding a pseudo-random pulse series, series.
added
known as a superimposition The same superimposition series is
usually
for deciphering, after
which the signal 223
SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS
224
AND AOP EQUIPMENT
UNITED KINGDOM left: The Transfertext SR-22 Cipher Device from
Top
Sweden. Left: Audiotel's
2000
Scanlock
portable radio
transmitter detector.
superimposition scries
duplex telephone link; in the 'secure" mode, the user is provided with a high level, secure transmission link. An illuminated push-button
radio link communications in the
is provided for switching between modes. Radio Surveillance Systems: Audiotel make surveillance systems for law enforcement, defence and security applications, including equipment for undercover interviews and
converted back into normal speech. The is controlled by the actual key setting, which can be altered by the operator and is therefore known only by him. The SR-22 is designed for use in radio and is
VHF
and
can be used on local telephone lines (up to 15km) by means of the SRL-12 adaptor. higher frequency ranges.
It
The SRL-12 and SV-22 are
negotiations, one-
and two-way covert com-
alterna-
munications, protection of couriers, surveil-
equipments for ciphering speech on local and longer range telephone links respectively. Data: (///Me/i.v/f;/;.v 24cm x 19cm x 8cm; weiglii
lance of vehicle occupants, siege and barri-
Variants: tive
3.2kg; ctiffereiu key
seiiiiii^s
cade use, single- and multi-channel telephone monitoring, and surveillance of detention, interview and conference rooms.
\()-^.
The systems
on the following Audiotel products. and Sub-miniature Special microphones: small-diameter probe type microphones are are based
UNITED KINGDOM
available.
Transmitters:
VTX-12 and VTX-22
Audiotel International Communications
FM
Equipment
quality, automatic
Audiotel of London produce a range of communications equipment, much of which has
user-selectable voice activation
special relevance to IS situations.
It
includes
are
VHP/
voice transmitters with excellent audio
microphone gain control, (VOX) and
control through a push-to-talk or other switch. These transmitters are available external
radio transmitter detectors, encryption equipment, radio surveillance systems, miniature
with the Audiotel miniature speech scrambler
VHF
Receivers: VRX-SL and VRX-ML are singleand multi-channel VHF/FM receivers with outputs for headphones and inductive earpieces, tape recorder, and control of external equipment. Amplifier: VA-095 is intended for use with a wide range of microphones, and features high microphone gain and user-selectable voiceactivated control of external equipment.
transmitters,
and miniature
receivers
speech scrambler modules. Scanlock 2000: This radio transmitter detector works in the lOMHz to 4GHz bandwidth. The basic unit
portable, weighs only ,5kg, and
is
dimensions are its
350mm x 285mm x 16()mm
carrying case. Scanlock
is
its
in
not limited to
detecting standard radio microphones: it is capable of detecting the more sophisticated
scrambler microphones and other non-audio surveillance devices used, for instance, against computer installations, which would defeat most detection systems. Scanlock 2000 can be left
on guard
for continuous real-time pro-
tection in any sensitive area
immediate alarm
if
a
and
radio
will give
transmitter
an is
microphones that use standard mains cables for power and transactivated.
It
also detects
mission.
Voicelok 100: Voice transmission over telephone networks is vulnerable to interception unless measures are taken to
make
the speech
Although this need for secure voice communication has been recognized for many years, the cost of the encryption equipment secure.
major factor in its use being and government departments. Advances in technology have now made it possible to build complex and sophisticated encryption equipment that is attractive has been
a
restricted to military
to
all
markets. Voicelok 100 secure telephone
has two operating modes, 'clear' and 'secure". In the 'clear" mode, the user has a standard
fitted.
Auto-cascade
recorder:
Cassette-based
lor
and operation, this approach recorder incorporates tape-end alarms, which warn the operator to change
easy
recording
access
Two or more recorders may be linked extend unattended recording times. Accessories: A wide range of accessories is available to enhance operation of the above
tapes. to
systems. These include headphones, inductive earpieces, transmitter telephone adaptors,
miniature aircraft and vehicle power supplies.
Miniature Speech Scrambler Module: The Audiotel scrambler module has been designed for installation into existing
communications
equipment and as a building-block in new systems. Using fixed frequency inversion, the module renders speech unintelligible to any without a similar unit. The module provides excellent protection against casual listener
interception of voice communications, making it ideal for lower level security applications.
The module, which carries out both the and unscrambling processes, scrambling measures only 47mm x 25mm x 5mm. Low 225
SPCCIAL COMMUNICATIONS
AND AOP EQUIPMENT vdlliigc
oulpul iisi'
I'liiKiii
;iiul
iD^cllifi
CDiiliol.
u
i|uiri iiicnis,
on
\Mili
I'll. nil
k-vi'l (.'(iiilriiK. siniplilN
LTyslal
iiipul
iiiul
iiisi.ili.iiixn miuI
el iIk- nunliilc.
I'AII ( ominiiiiicatittns Si-ciiril> IK'vicvs liii^liimiKl
(
iiiU'iaU'il
I
riiiiMiiilU'i'
Di'lrtlittn
Dfvk'v: IIk' I'.MI HujiIkuiihI tiulioniiiKiphnnc ik-icds
iiiKl
locale niDsl
ilcviccs.
Il
devices
'hugs'
LurKi.'al(.-d
cavcMlri)p|iing
clcclronic
iransniitting
incorporatL-s facililics for ilciccliiin
usinj;
electrical
mains
wiring
lor
carrier-borne signals as well as those using railio
Ihe compact, provides audio and/or visual
transmission techniques.
jiortahlc
nulicaiion
poucicd
unit
of Ihe In
presence of "bugs".
It
is
self-contained batteries and has
slraiglillorwaril switch-operated self-test
and
scarch-ininle controls. Detection of an eaves-
tlroppnig transmitter device
is
registered by a
red indication on the meter display, and a in the tone heard in a small earphone monitor. I'urther verification of the presence of a device is possiiile in most cases by a
change
second simple test routine, where its transmissions can be heard in clear audio through the earphone. Telephone Scrambler Type 1313 Privateer: Developed bv the IIMI Sound and Vision Equipment of flayes. Privateer scrambles telephone conversations by inverting speech frequencies and producing a jumbled sound that can be understood only by a person at the other end of the line with a compatible unit. Privateer has commercial and military applications, and could be used at military or police static installations.
Variants:
Type
The portable version
of Privateer,
1314, could have a police application,
is probably best suited to commercial use. Employment: Numerous private companies in UK. Europe and the Middle East. Data: dimensions 15.6cm x 9.5cm x 25.7cm;
hut
weight 4kg.
Microcode Secure Voice Module
A
secure-voice system very carefully mixes coded fashion so that
the voice patterns in a
they are rendered unintelligible to an cavesdropper. If both parties are in possession of an identical
code combination, they should be
able to hold a conversation over that secured link without losing good voice intelligibility
and user recognition. If the code combination is changed continuously to a pseudo-random pattern, then at any particular moment the eavesdropper must have the ability and knowledge to change in time with the changing code. Microcode Secure Voice Modules use
Top
left:
The EMI Bughound
equipment
for
seeking out
hidden listening devices.
Below
left:
EMI's Privateer
Portable scrambler, a typical unit.
There are many
manufacturers
equipment Rigtit:
in
of this sort of
the USA.
The Microcode Secure
Voice IVIodule.
Below: Pace Landmaster a duplex portable affording hands-tree operation.
SP€CIAL COMMUNICATIONS
AND ADP EQUIPMENT iinaioguc U'chnii|ui's iiiulcr jILiii)
^1
iiK'iliuni to
(.'coiioiiiic.ills
1)1^:1)
IIk'
iligitiil
(.oiiiiol
to
k'vcl ol voice sL'Ciiiily
iiuiilulcs
lire
liny
micro
devices incorpornliiig a coinplele voice encryption syslenr. hy
i
iisinj;
lion (I.SI)
and thick
code have
reiiiiceil
lilni
large-scale-inlegralecl)nic|ues.
Micro-
the overall iliincnsions of
the chip lo ahoiil the si/e ol a
^^iiiiii
photo-
Microcode I.SI has replaced over HKI coinendonal integrated circuits and associated components. As a transparency.
jiraph
result, possible failures
during production are
greatly reduced, and the proiluct's rcliahility is
substanlKilh iinpinved.
P>c Pitckctfonc .Series P5»0« IV77
In
became their
many a
I'ye's
I'ockclloiic
I'.SOOO
Scries
available as the natural successor to
70 series; the latter is still in service in parts of the world. Pocketfone \'>^)^)2 is
multi-purpose portable, in a single unit,
it
combines both body-worn and hand held applications, and claims to achieve this wiih-
228
UNtTEQ KINGDOM Top
far left: The Pye
'Pocketfone' P5000.lt
here
shown
held
mode; there are
in
IS
the hand-
attachments allowing the set to
be clipped
to the belt
under a coat or
fitted to
vehicle dashboard.
A
a
special
mounting affords desk-top use.
The Pye 'Pocketfone'
Left:
70, an older set that
was
widely used by the British
Army
in
Northern Ireland.
Right: Racal
Communications
Eguipment's Hunting Device 3200. This covert system
is
suitable for internal security
work, where
illegal or
terrorist transmitters are
operating.
Left:
The Plessey System
5000 range
of fixed,
and hand-portable with
facilities for
mobile
radios,
everything
from straighforward single channel links
to
computer
controlled systems providing clear
and encrypted speech
and data.
out
degrading
performance or operating mode. The quick-release
efficiency in either
which secures the "Pocketfone' in its body-worn mode, is equipped for rapid autoholster,
matic switching of the essentia! send/receive facilities
to
microphone
or from
a
handy loudspeaker
unit suitable for clipping to the
lapel of a coat.
While
all
items are robustly
constructed, this feature ensures that no loss of
communication need
result
from damage to
Racal Communications Equipment Racal Communications of Bracknell. Berkshire, is (like its sister company Racal Comsec) part of the Racal Group of ComIt produces direction finding equipment, radio interception systems, remote ground sensor systems (sometimes known as unattended ground sensors or UGS), un-
panies.
attended expendable jammers, and portable or mobile
jamming systems. Much of
this
type
peripheral items, since the transceiver can be
of equipment has direct relevance to Internal
snatched from
Security operations.
its holster for instant use as a hand-held unit. Operational flexibility of the Pocketfone is further extended by its ready
adaptability
for
use inside vehicles,
where
problems of screening arise. A vehicle adaptor has been designed to accept the Pocketfone. making automatic connection to the vehicle antenna, a battery fast-charge facility powered from the vehicle supply, and an audio amplifier. The installation, completed by a standard mobile microphone and loudspeaker, gives the equipment mobile performance with enhanced operating range. Pocketfone can be locked into the adaptor for security, yet is ready for rapid reversion to its portable role at any time. Data: operation single- or two-frequency modulation frequency (phase); simplex; channels single up to four (6-channel versions 12-channel versions under available and development); dimensions 2I4mm x 76mm tapering to 66mm x 44mm; weight 830g (hand held mode), 227g (loudspeakers/microphone unit).
Hunting Radio Direction Finding (RDF) Series The RDF3206 Direction Finding System has been specially designed for mobile operations in the VHF/UHF bands (25-512MHz). It is intended for use by internal security
3200:
forces in
hunting' illegal transmitters and
well suited to operations in
equipment can be vehicles to full
fit
installed in a variety of
the operational role, and there
provision for concealment
operation where secrecy sideration.
The system
well established
is
urban areas. The
is
a
in
is
the type of
paramount con-
is
based on Racal's
RTA1470
series general pur-
DF
equipment, but, by adapting the antenna design for mobile operations, a version has been produced that can be used in single station mode to home-in on a target transmission by taking successive bearings on the move. It can also be used as part of a DF net in conjunction with other hunting vehicles pose
or with a fixed
DF
site.
By
the addition of
mast mounted antennas (AE3020 series) the system can be quickly converted to fixed 229
SPCCIAl COMMUNICATIONS
AND AOP EQUIPMENT
use with considerably enhanced per-
Above: The RacalRJS3 140
loc;itit)n
Unattended Jamnner.
formance.
Antenna System AE3022: The Hunting DF antenna system, which can also be used for monitoring purposes, covers the frequency range 25-5 12MHz with two Adcock arrays low' band (25-ll()MHz) and high band (110512MHz). The two arrays, each consisting of four monopoles. are mounted on an aluminium plate with a common combiner module. Both sets of monopoles can be quickly mounted or dismounted as required, the normal procedure being for the low band array to be removed when the high band is being used. The antennas are aligned with the vehicle heading so that operational bearings
the direction to be taken when homing-in on a target. A standard Racal receiver is used - either the RAI795 (2(>indicate
512MHz)
or the
one receiver
is
RA1794 (2-512MHz). Only
required, in contrast to
some
systems that require two receivers matched in gain and phase. Bearing evaluation and presentation
MAI 110 which
is
performed automatically by the
Processing and Display Unit, into
is fed the signal containing azimuthal information derived from the antenna system
230
and the receiver. The system can lic installed in most types of vehicle to suit the particular operational role. The fitting of the antenna is the most important consideration, and several alternatives are available. It can be fitted, for example, directly on the roof of a standard estate car, with no attempt at concealment; or on the roof of a van, with a cover or simple disguise. At the other end of the scale, it can be fitted within the profile of the vehicle by
using
a
glass-fibre
"hi-top"
to
conceal
the
nature of the operation completelv.
Radio Direction Finding RTA 1470 is a similar system to the 3200 series but is designed to operate from a fixed position, either in a vehicle or from a perma-
VHF/UHF Series:
nent
This
site.
Communications Interception System RS3153: The RS3153 intercept position provides the operator with search, monitoring and recording facilities, all of which are controlled from a single centralized control panel. One of the two receivers supplied with each position is used primarily for manual or automatic search operations, and the other for monitoring purposes. In automatic search
Tactical
mode
the receiver
is
made
to scan at a pre-
UNITED KINGDOM
determined rate through a quencies held
in
list
of target fre-
memory, or
across a pre-
scribed frequency band.
If activity is
detected
by the operator, or automatically by the carrier operated relay (COR) in the receiver, the search is stopped, and the receiver settings can be transferred by a single keystroke to the monitor receiver for recording and to a DF system if available. The dedicated cassette recorder connected to the monitor receiver can be controlled by the operator or set to respond to signals from the COR. The automatic search is then resumed, and new activity can be recorded using the search receiver and its associated recorder, or transferred to other operator positions. Split headphones, each earpiece with individual volume controls, allow the operator to listen to one or both receivers, while the boom microphone allows him to add his own comments on the second track of the relevant recorder. External con-
nections provide for intercom and data exchange with other operator positions and for integration into larger, computer controlled EW systems. Ancillary equipment, including panoramic signal display units, demodulators
and
printers, arc available to suit individual
requirements. The emphasis throughout
is
on
case of operation, with comprehensive displays to provide the operator with complete
information on
all
aspects of the
hand
set.
showing the
transceiver, which In
is
carried
a webbing pouch, and
(lower illustration) the cable
connected microphone.
in
ment
(for
able.
Data: dimensions weight
2O-90MHz; operational minimum (- l()°C to 6(I°C).
range
EW
transmitter of the associated
I
which accepts control data 1065 by means of an optical link from the - a small calculator-type device with a 16character display. This small, easily concealed pletely sealed unit,
MA
jammer is intended for use against important targets, which for various reasons are out of jammers. A effective range of number of them can be grouped together to increase the area of coverage as well as to make location by enemy DF more difficult, and they will effectively stop all location stand-off
reception within their operating band.
Used
at
close range, they provide the simplest avail-
able technique for attacking frequency-hop-
CNR.
In
the
offensive role, Jamcat can be connected into the audio-keying input of
mitters regardless of
most radio trans-
RF power
output, easily
transforming normal communications equipjammer. Jamcat can be used ment into an
EW
in
manpack- or vehicle-mounted configura-
and may be interfaced with a transceiver normally operated through a handset. Power derived from a clip-on battery pack, a is
tions
vehicle system or
DC
from the transceiver
in
use
if
available through the audio intercon-
is
made
band 2()-90MHz. Powered from a small internal battery and triggered by an internal timer, radiates a lOW wideband signal for a it minimum of two hours. Its operating parameters, centre frequency, bandwidth (selectand 311VlHz) and switch-onable between time, are injected from a separate programming unit (MA1()65)). RJS3I4() is a com-
time 2 hours
Jamcat and the CNR is via the outlet on the radio normally used for the handset. When this connection is made, it transforms the CNR into an ECM unit capable of generating a wide variety of jamming signals. Internally generated white noise, single tones, rapidly changing multiple tones or externally generated signals may be used to modulate the
nect lead.
frequency
x 279mm;
Jamcat: Jamcat is a dual purpose unit, equally usable for low cost training or for offensive operations. The only connection between
prompts and equipment status. Unattended Expendable Jammer RJS3140: This is a low power barrage jammer designed for remote deployment against hostile comin the
SOmm x 133mm
(including battery); frequency
Z.-'ikg
hand, including receiver settings, automatic
munications nets operating
Above: The Racal Cougarnet
work
Deployment is by hand emplaceexample, by special forces), and the jammer is not normally regarded as recoverping radios.
modifications are required to be
No
to the associated radio, thus allowing
it
be used in the normal way for communications purposes when the adaptor is switched to
off.
Data: dimensions 27()mm x 140mm x 7()mm; weight 2.1kg (including battery). Racal Cougarnet: The Cougarnet system consists
of a series of linked talk-through stations,
which rebroadcast communications trom the user's handheld, static, mobile or transportable station.
may be
Up
linked
the technical
in
to five talk-through stations a chain
flexibility
if
required. This gives
required when,
for
example, a large city network, consisting of two or more UHF nets, needs to be linked to one or more urban nets using VHF. It also
where several unit networks need to be combined into a single comgives tactical flexibility
mand system
net is
for combined operations. The run from a Cougarnet controller,
which can work from any network outstation and allows the system controller to change the system configuration and frequencies at will. This makes the system extremely flexible and
meet a changing operational requirement. Racal has made the Cougarnet communications system simple to use. This has
able to
231
SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS
Above: One
of the static
base stations Cougarnet.
for
Racal
AND AOP EQUIPMENT
been done by using a building-block approach. There is one hand-held transceiver
Employment: Currently in service with Army in Northern Ireland.
and one duplex talk-through radio.
Data,
From
these basic sets the user can build a system consisting of personal radio overt, personal
radio
covert,
static/base
stations,
mobile
stations, transportable stations, talk-through
stations link
and
link stations.
stations,
with
their
Talk-through and associated control
equipment, are an important part of the integrated system design philosophy of Cougar. The talk-through unit is completely transparent to Cougar transmissions and not only extends the range because of its repeat facility but also retains the signal quality by reconstituting the digital bits prior to retrans-
The station can be equipped with full redundancy so that, in the unlikely event of equipment failure, a second station may automatically take over from the first. Links may be added to the talk-through so that, for example, an urban UHF net can be linked to a mission.
rural
VHP net.
situation so
VHF 232
Equally,
when
the operational
demands, two or more
nets can be joined.
UHF
or
personal
radio:
British
frequencv range 68-
88MHz, 132-174MHZ. 4()3-47dMHz; channels 10 user programmable; power oiilpiil 2W or 5W; power supply lOV Ni-Cad battery or primary cell cassette; dimensions 2()5mm x 7.Smm X 3()mm; weighi 7.S()g. Data, static, mobile and transportable stations: frequency range as personal radio; channels as personal radio; power output 2/l()/2()W (VHF), 2/5/lOW (UHF); power supply 12V battery, 12/24V vehicle or mains power; dimensions lOOmm x 24()mm x 24()mm; weight 8kg.
Data, link/talk-through: frequency range as personal radio; channels 8 (minimum); poner output 20W; power supply 2I5-265V AC, 1015V DC; dimensions 483mm x 222mm x 160mm; weight les than 2()kg.
Racal Comsec Speech Security
Equipment Racal Comsec Limited tronics
Group
is
the
specialist in the
Racal Elec-
expanding
field
UNITED KINGDOM
anyone attempting to intercept the call will hear only the unintelligible scrambled or encrypted message. An extremely high degree of security is provided by the unit with over keys (encryption codes) available, lO'' push-button dial keypad. Portable Telephone Encryption Unit MA4227: lO'"
via the telephone's
Covert anti-terrorist operatives may have a requirement for a robust, portable encryption unit that is unobtrusive in appearance, adaptable to a variety of telephone handsets and independent of local power supplies. 1V1A4227 has been designed to meet these requirements
and consists of a slimline executive briefcase an audio encryption unit, an adjustable acoustic coupler, battery pack and charger. Facilities for connection to either a radio transceiver or to the telephone line are provided, together with an integral telephone
containing
handset. digitally.
The speech processing is performed The analogue/digital/analogue con-
versions between the input and output of the
are executed at a high clock rate to achieve good voice recognition and speech unit
The encrypted transmitted audio maintained within a 2kHz bandwidth enable the unit to work over standard tele-
quality. signal to
is
phone and
HF SSB
lines as well as
VHF/UHF
radio circuits
carrier systems.
Voice Encryption Unit MA4463: An device, designed to secure VHF combat net radios, this is capable of operation with the majority of existing VHF radios with Digital
applique
date capability, and
communications
Above: The Racal Comsec
ot
MA4225
encryption
Miniature Voice
Encryption Unit,
division
These
units
security.
are
multiplex
Analogue speech
availahle
and
other
using
time
techniques.
units achieve an extremely high degree
good voice recogniand can be used over all types of com-
of security together with tion
munications links carrying voice traffic. Digital speech encryption units are also available. These offer a higher degree of security with digital systems, it is impossible to detect with an ordinary receiver whether speech is
is
easily
coupled between
handset and the date input. The unit offers ease of operation coupled with a high level of speech quality and the
radio's
existing
voice recognition.
With the rapid growth of
sophisticated electronic warfare equipment,
which can locate, intercept and analyze tactical voice communications, it has become increasingly necessary to deploy effective countermeasures to safeguard such communications. While analogue speech encryption units
still
provide effective communications has long been recognized that
being transmitted or not. From these basic encryption units, a range of portable and static telephone systems has been derived for
security,
both commercial and military use. All are unobtrusive and simple to operate. Telephone Encryption Unit MA4400: This high-security telephone unit has the appearance of a standard telephone but contains in addition a miniature voice encryption unit. It
encryption
algorithms
therefore blends in with a normal office layout without looking at all obtrusive. Businessmen
criterion of
power consumption has been
and people
who need
to
convey confidential
information over the public telephone network can use MA4400 with the assurance that
it
digital voice sically
encryption techniques are intrin-
more secure,
since
more complex
can be employed. MA4463 meets this requirement. Based upon a well known stream cypher technique, it combines high security with small size and weight. The electronics are housed in an environmentally sealed case. The important a
prime consideration. In quiescent periods, the current consumption is reduced from 37 to 7 milliamps. The actual voltage requirements are from 7 to 16 volts
from the host radio.
On 233
SnUM
COMMUNICATIONS AND ADP EQUIPMENT
Above: Security Systems International
15.
ECM System
transmit,
the
auilio
signal
is
digitizcti,
en-
crypted and then hasehand-filtcred for transmission.
On
receive, the encrypted signal
is
decrypted, converted back to analogue, with the resultant audio signal being amplified
and
passed directly to the handset.
MA4225:
Miniature Voice Encryption Unit
This highly portable, pocket sized voice encryption
employs time division multi-
unit
plexing and frequency dispersion techniques to encrypt the
speech signal. Designed
marily for use with any portable or
degree of
radio, the unit offers a very high
speech security with 10 tings.
'
simplicity
control
minimum
provided,
have been to
facilitate
only two areas of
of operation:
are
available code set-
MA4225
Controls on the
kept to an absolute
pri-
manpack
the
mode
selection
keyboard. Three operating modes are selectable - "clear", "secure" and switch and the
"standby".
An
extra
position
on the mode
used for loading the base key in conjunction with the associated keyboard. This keyboard comprises a 16character alpha-numeric format laid on in a 4 X 4 matrix with the addition of an extra key switch designated "key"
'ST",
which
is
used
character base keys. 234
in
is
the entry of the ten
UNITED KINGDOM several private security organizations in the
UK
and elsewhere. Data: dimensions 20. 1cm x 3.3cm weighi
frequency
0.5kg;
mode
470MHz; frequency;
simplex,
cluinnel
number of channels
single
separation 1-3;
x 6.8cm;
coverage or
440two-
25KHz;
endurance 9-10
hours.
Security Research Helmet Receiver Security Research developed the Helmet Receiver for emergency and riot communications. The receiver is compatible with commercial hand-held transmitters and can be added to existing networks. It is available in low band VHF, high band VHF or UHF, and the frequency can be altered by a simple change of the crystal within the bandwidth. The sound is received via an acoustic transducer mounted inside the padding of the helmet, creating no hazard to the wearer. The antenna is spiralled round the acoustic tube, leaving no trailing wires. A rotary switch selects 'low", "medium", or 'high" so that users can adjust the sound level to their environment. The receiver is powered by a dispos-
able/rechargeable PP3 battery in a push-in holder, giving a minimum of eight hours of use.
Data: dimensions llOmm x 105mm x 35mm; weight 200e; frequencies 75-85MHz or 150-
170MHz (VHF) and 42(K520MHz (UHF).
Rank Telecommunications
Above: The Security Systems
International
Scrambler
and
FM
for
P-38
use with
AM
radio equipment.
Communications Equipment Mitre Two-Way Pocket Phone: Mitre transmitter/receiver, designed to be
Security Systems International Secure is
a
VHF
compact
Communications Equipment
ECM
System 15: This provides a comprehencountermeasure capability, including
Left: The Security Research
and lightweight. The unit has four preselected
sive
Helmet Receiver.
crystal controlled channels suitable for single-
detection
or two-frequency simplex operation. A slideon battery pack is rechargeable and can give up to 13 hours of service. Mitre has only two
(devices that use
controls: a selector.
volume on/off switch and
A
a
channel
multi-pin plug connects to the
selected microphone/speaker assembly. Mitre is built on a modular principle to enable it to
be serviced simply and quickly. Employment: Various British police forces. Data: dimensions 132. cm x 2.9cm x 9.5cm; 68coverage weght 0.48kg; frequency
lltOMHz, 145-174MHz; mode FM. simplex single or two-frequency; number of channels 1-4; endurance 1()-13 hours. UHF Transceiver Model 203: A hand-held 203 UHF transmitter receiver with built-in antenna, loudspeaker and microphone. The equipment has only three controls: an on/off volume control, a three-way channel switch, and a press-to-talk button. The 203 has rechargeable batteries. Employment: This equipment
of
secret
carrier
transmitters
power or telecommunica-
tions lines as signal paths), detection of secret
transmitters (wireless transmitting devices), detection of any alteration or bypass tech-
nique employed against a standard telephone instrument regardless of whether receiver element, transmitter element, or additional microphones are employed, trace wire pairs
through walls or other structural features in order to determine termination or point of origin, determination of presence of micro-
phone or unidentified wires regardless of type of microphone employed (carbon, dynamic, crystal), activation of microphone detected on wires so that the exact location can be pinpointed. All components of the system are
housed
in
designed
to
four
lightweight
protect
the
carrying
cases
equipment, while
providing unobtrusive means for movement. Frequency-Hopping Transceiver Gazelle Mk frequency hopping transceiver 1: A
VHF
is
used
by
system greatly reduces the risk of detection 235
SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS
AND ADP EQUIPMENT i-jiiploynicnl:
Aiiny.
Hiiiisli
Koyal
Navy,
\arioiis Ufilish police loices. Sweilisli police.
Hong Kong
and many
police,
otliei
police
forces.
UNITED KINGDOM/USA Systems Inlcrnalional Direction iindiiiK and Monitorint;
.Security
System l)M7MI Kl Maiuilaclured
in
llic
marketed by SSI
DM760 RF
is
ol
llniiLd States and Cambridge, Ingland,
designed for search. aci|uisition,
direction liiuting and analysis of Rl' signals in the I1I7V1I1- .ind Hill Irequency ranges. It consists of
two sub-systems: the HF, which 2MHz and .3()MHz, and the between ,30MHz and l.()(K)MHz. It
operates between
VHF/UHF
provides four functions: search, acquisition, direction finding and analysis. The system can Above: Security Systems International
DM760
direction finding equipment.
Below: Motorola's MX320 Handie-Talkie set.
and also provides a real-time countermeasure to jamming. A bonus is a low level seeurity transmission, equal to low level commercial scramblers. Gazelle is switched hi or io 1
power 25 watts or watt. Portable VHF Auto Repeater: This battery powered, VHF 5-watt repeater station for emergency security operation use acts as an emergency base station for IS operations. It is available in various powers and frequencies to 1
AM
Stomophone Portable Radios The Stornophone C0P5(M) range is available for operation in both VHF and UHF frequency bands. The sets are equipped for switching on two or three crystal-controlled channels and have a transmitter output power of 300-500mW. Power source is a 12. 4V NiCad cassette-type battery, which is rechargeable about 500 times. Both the VHF and UHF hand-held use, or can be hand-held microphone/speaker unit for extended control. There are eleven alternative specifications in the 500 series. Variants: The CQP is an advance technology variant of the COP50G, and can be equipped with up to twelve channels. Though suitable for outdoor use, the more rugged 500 series are probably better for IS situations. can be
fitted for
supplied with a separate
236
and search
the
at
same time
and scan
as analysis.
It
is
transportable in a one-ton truck and trailer,
and particularly suitable for IS situations rural or urban environment.
in a
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Motorola Radio Equipment
special order.
Scrambler P-38: For use with and FM two-way radio equipment, the SSI P-38 scrambling equipment gives a four-band voice splitting facility and eight combinations. Employment: SSI Equipment is sold mostly in the Middle East and Africa.
sets
pro\'ide nuiltiple reception of signals,
Hand-Held Radio H 1220 Handie-Talkie: Developed by Motorola of Illinois, H r220 is a proven hand-held radio ideal for IS use. Data: dimensions 17. 8cm x 7.1cm x 4.7cm; 0. 765kg
(Ni-Cad battery version); 4504()6-420MHz, 47()MHz, 47()-512MHz: moile FM, simplex, three-frequency; channel separation 25KHz; number of channels 4; endurance 8 hours (NiCad battery), 40 hours (mercurv battery). Hand-Held Radio MX320 Handie-Talkie: This is one of a series (MX32O-MX360). The five housings are designed to operate on up to eight frequencies, and there are three availweiiihi
frequencv
able
power
MX320
coverage
levels
(1,
2
or 5 watts).
The
an impressive range of widespread use throughout
series offers
options and
is
in
the world.
Employment: United States and several Far East countries. Data: dimensions 7 .2cm x 3.6cm x 16.8cm (7-
hour battery); weight approx. 0.75kg; frequency coverage 403-430MHz, 440-512MHz; mode FM, simplex, three-frequency; channel separation 25KHz; number of channels up to 8; endurance 1-, 7- or 14-hour batteries.
1
.
Index
188.191,211,212.213 Ace, anti-riot weapon: see
Arwen Adams Electronics
detection
Armoured saloon automobiles forVlPs. 12. 13: see also Hotspur Armourshield protective garments and equipment. 146 Armscor IS vehicles. 24
Arwen Ace
equipment, 70
Add-On
Electronics metal detectors, 73 Industrial Electronics Manalert portable detection
AD
anti-riot
see Roval Small AT-IIII).
weapon:
Arms
Factory
AT-104. AT-IO-'SIS GKN Sankey
intruder detection systems. 182
Audiolcl International 22.'i
AUG Police rifle.
108 Automatic Data Processing
(ADP).220 Avimo Frisker metal
Aerfoil grenades: see
Edgewood Arsenal Aerosols, gas. 124 equipment. A.I. Security 64 equipment. Allen. P. W.. 73 Allen Fibre Optic surveillance set. 193
Alsatex gas grenades. Alvis Logistics
1
detector.
vehicles. 30 .^2
Ambassador body armour: see Security Equipment Supplies American Body Armor bomb supression equipment, 99: protective garments and equipment, 166
AMH 90 reconnaissance vehicle: see
AML series reconnaissance Panhard
a/i(/
Grenades,
Balaco Barb: see Prince Perimeter Security Equipment Baton rounds. 121. 125; use of. 104
and Gas
IWKA armour vests.
bomb
1(H),
suppression,
103
Trauma
Armitron Body Armour: see American Body Armor
Body armour.
Shield: see
Armourshield 146. 151.
138. 141. 143.
152.156.158.
1.59.
164. 166. 167.171. 172. 175;
40
Armoured garments: see Body Armour Armor of America protective garments. 171
Armoured bus: see Fiat Armoured Cars and APCs.
for helicopter pilots.
48
Bombs, terrorist, types and methods of use. 52
Bomb blankets. 95. 99. 100. 103 Bomb curtains. 165 Bomb detection and disposal.
EMI
Communications Burlmgton Body Armor. 172 Burlington
Bomb
Blanket. 100
see
Hotspur. Sandringham ami
Bomb disposal suits: suits
Gage armoured
Calspan Fingerspan. 212 Cameras for perimeter surveillance. 176. 177. 183.
letter
bomb
detector.
Cromwell Argus protective headgear: see Helmets Limited
CS gas:
see
Gas and Grenades.
anti-riot
Curtains, anti-bomb. 165
Improvised Explosive Device)..52
D Daimler armoured vehicles. 33 Dartcord: see Security Equipment Supplies Davin Optical IR-Spect inspection equipment. 79; night vision equipment. 197 Defence Systems Ltd. 80 Defuscr-disruptors. 62. 91, 92 Detectors: see Explosives/
weapons detectors Diplomat body armour: see
190. 193. 199. 2(K). 209; for helicopter mounting. 46. 49 Car bombs. 52 Carleton Russell Armadillo bullet-resistant laminate. 152
Security Equipment Supplies Disruptors: see Defuser/ disruptors Vs (Discreet Operational Vehicles). 12-13
Cascavel: see Engesa
Dragon portable searchlight: see Civil Defence Supply
Chem-Devil bomb disposal Directorate access control systems. 188 Chubb Vigilante perimeter protection system. 194 Citadel barbed tape: see International Security Services Civil
Defence Supply Dragon
portable searchlight. 194 Claribel hostile 176. 195
fire
indicator.
CLASSIC remote ground sensor system: see Racal Clip-boards, armoured. 146. 151. 153
CN gas: see Gas and Grenades.
53
16-45
Armoured Land Rover:
transmitter detector: see
Chubb
Body Armor Blankets,
Systems
DO
vehicle: see Munitions Support
Blanket, barrier: see American
Blunt
IS Vehicles. 12. 39.
143
Berliet IS vehicles. 16
95, 99,
anti-riot
see
Vickers
Aries: iff Claribel
Armour for
see Security Research
vehicles. 44
Stroud thermal imagers.
Communications Control
CWIED (Command Wire
Broom:
Cadilac
&
IS vehicles:
Gage
Cougarnet: see Racal
equipment, S."" Barbed tape, 199,205 193
Cadillac
Armour: see Bristol Composite Materials Bristol Composites armour. 48 Bristol Composite Materials armoured garments and equipment. 147 British Aerospace Steadvscope.
C
Barr
.vce
Communications, general. 220 Comsee: see Racal Comsec
Balteau detection/inspection
Berka
Andersen, Jorgen: see }0rger\ Andersen Anti-riot weapons: see Firearms, anti-riot
Bactobloc X-Ray equipment: see Balleau Baggage security systems: see Explosives/weapons detection
BDX:ifeTimoney Bchermann Demoen:
Panhard
vehicles: see
B
Commando series
Borderer IS vehicle: see Hotspur
Buffolo IS vehicle: see Panhard •Bug' detectors. 191.213.226 Bughound concealed
79
vest: see
Second Chance
102; security devices. 213
equipment
1
armoured
AMAC IS vehicles,
EOD equipment. 79
193
EOD
EOD
Protective Materials Co. Bomb transport trailers: icf Tig Bicord and Protective Materials Co. Bonaventure Internal Security
Bristol
vehicles: see
communications equipment
system, 192
Advanced Devices Laboratory
Command Jac assault
Bombthret Blanket: see
Shorland AC2()() IS vehicle: see Armscor Access control systems. 1S7,
see
EOD
see Pilkington
EARP baton
round: see
Edgewood Arsenal
MOD
anti-riot
grenades. 129 Elkosta perimeter protection
equipment. 183 baggage checking equipment. 81 EMI C(/mmunications security devices. 226 Endoscopes. 76. 95 Entry Scan screening system:
EMI
see A.I. Security IS vehicles. 14 (bomb disposal) suits.
Engesa
EOD
anti-riot
Combat'
Eagle enhanced vision device:
IS vehicle: see Berliet
143. 151. 152. 154. L59. 167
237
lion
ttHil/iiis|Vt.'li>iii scls. (i|
i'lrearnisanli-noi (iieoadiei IS vehicle
7.1
loo N.iii\
\<-f
A
I
tOI)Ml«Kliv. FtiisMiii
I
Uii'iirij
ini
I'k'iM.ilon.il
r.iit.ii
(iKI'.iiinour.
W \i'i'llish
iMosi.ibih/ed viewer. 193
II
IK-riiiK-lcr piiilccliiin n^sIcim.
I
l(i(K)
I
Lull
ISN
7 aiimiured car: see
I'anhard 1
Munitions disposal vehicles.
Hobo
Kciilicc
coiiliollcd
uioMcil IViiiiiAk-tl
l:\plnlcM-
Andersen
INI
cxploMM-
ilclctlor: \fe
lij;
liiconl
I
l:\ptosivcs/wc>i|M>nN dctcclors. 55-1(13
I, III
liigcnittrlirnia
I
N
lenioleb
<)|)\cliicle..S4
Kile iiuliMdii.il see Pilkinglon
weapon
sight:
Knilc. protection against. 164
temolelv controlled
Kurt Matter gas mask.
1
aimoui
vest. 143
L
hand held radio:
lalkie
II.iikIic
cquipmonl. IdS: prolcilivc
HID explosives detector. 83
Lascrgage hand-held thermal imaging system. 199 Lazy Tongs road block: \
g.irmcnts aiul ci|uipiiK'nt. 141
Helicopters, use of in IS
Letter
l>c
IX-nlituMlioii svnIcih. 21.^
Armor
llelmcls. 125.
.vtr
lurslcr 5 scoul car: see
Mk
scout car: see Al\
S(l
1.55
I.IS.
is
Elliott
143. 151.
llcnschel: see
Mowag
Hilton Mulli-Purpose Riot tlun. 115
l.oiiislics
l-iat'lS\chiclcs.23
Kibrc opiics. 95. 193 Fingcrspan; see Calspan Firearms, anli-riol. and
Hish watch and guard towers. 187
Hi-Spv surveillance svslems.
crcnadc launchers. IdS. IK). II.'.
114. 115. IKS. 119. 122.
129.
1.34.
controlled
HOD vehicle: see Kentrec Hook and Hostile
73 indicator: see
line sets. 62.
lire
Claribel
Hotspur armoured vehicle. 39
Humber
armoured GKN Sankey
Pig'
vehicle: see
Hunter remotelv controlled
EOD vehicles.' 84 Gas: masks. projectors.
11(1. 1
14;
113. 115. 125:
use of
in riots.
1()4
EOD
Garant-1 robot: iee Tig Bicord Gault Glass Laminates
EOD
transceiver: see Security Systems International
Gendarmerie" IS vehicle: see Berlict
Gendarmerie Zig-Zag grenade: see Alsatex
Geophones. 205; use of. 178 GKN Sankey IS vehicles. 35 Glass, armoured. 10.39. 141 164. 165
Glaverbel-Mecaniver
VHR
glass. 141
Glover armoured car. 39 Goggles, night vision. 202 Graseby Dynamics explosives anti-riot,
Grenade launchers: 238
see
pouch. Leyland
Co
Ram
Individual
Rank
Weapon
Birmingham Rubber 1
15
Body Armour
Infra-red surveillance systems. use of. 178
Inspection mirrors. 76. 77. 103 Ingwe IS vehicle: see SandockAustral
Dr
Forster Ferex search instrument. 57 Intal radiotelephone. 223 Institut
protective garments and equipment. 153 blocks. 199
1
14
M M3 series
system: see Electronics
AD
OTIS thermal imaging system: «( horn I. Ml I
.56
Elliott Heli-Tele. 49: surveillance systems. 20(1
Mauser grenade launcher. 13 Mauser SP66 snipers rifle. 14 Maxilux image intensiher: see 1
1
Davin Optical
MBSD smoke discharger: see
explosives detection device: see Pye PDI protective shields. 1.56
Pepper Fog tear smoke generator: see Smith A: Perim-Alerl perimeter protection system: see Euro-
Med Perimeter protection. 177-219; techniques of. 176 Perimeter surveillance and security systems. 182. 183. 187. 188. 190. 191. 192. 194. 199. 2(M). 204. 205. 209. 210.
Meto weapons detector: see Outokumpu
Mitre pocket phone: see Rank
Telecommunications al equipment: see Rank Telecommunications anti-not equipment. 18: body armour. 154 1
night vision
equipment: see Davin optical Morfax Wheelbarrow remotely
EOD
212.213.217 Philips communications systems. 223: surveillance and protection systems. 188
Microwave fence. 190. 209. 217 Microcode secure voice module. 226 Mighty Midget grenade kit: see Smith & Wesson Mini Spy Detector: .sec Riwosa
Modulux
Panhard IS vehicles. 18 Pantax X-Checker: see EMI Baggage Checking liquipment Pathhnder portable searchlight, 203
Wesson
Industrial
Marconi
MOD
equipment. 215
Spectra microwave
PDI
IS vehicles: see
Panhard Macralon armour. .39 Mace: see Grenades, anti-riot Manalert portable detection
International Security Services perimeter protection
Javelin Electronics night vision
night vision goggles: see Pilkington
detector.
Loudspeakers: vt'fTannoy Luigi Franehi IS shotguns.
Mitre surviv
Intruder detection systems: see
Med Nova general-purpose
Londesborough portable road
Internal security operations defined.
equipment. 199
Norton Company: see Euro-
Ouliikumpu Metor weapons
21 Sight: see
Pullin Controls
A" nighl observation device: see Pilkington
intrusion link. 217
anti-riol rcspir:ilor.
Lightweight
NOD
Omni
1(H) A:
Nighlsun: M'l'Spccliol.ib Night vision eqiupiiiciit: see
()
suppression
Mercedes-Benz water cannon.
and
proejectiles. 108. 111. 121 123.129. 131. 135. 136
bomb
MOD I
Advanced Devices Laboratory
detectors. 82
Grenades,
Hunting Engineering. 84 Hunting Radar direction hnding equipment: see Racal Hussar armoured vehicle: see Hotspur
IFV: see
suit. 152
Gazelle frequency-hopping
Letter
light level
cameia: sccJorgen Andersen
55. 71
1(12
197
Hobo remotely
137: use of. 1(16
Flak jackets: see Body armour Flares for helicopter use. 4.S Flexihie Fihrcscope: see Security Systems International FN: see Fabrique Nationale Ford (France) IS Reconnaissance Vehicle. 17
bomb detectors.
79.91.
Helmets Limited Cromwell Argus protective headgear. 152
Daimler Icrrcl
.vtr
152. 155. I5S. I(>4. I(i7. 175
liisliliil l)r
IVrrcl
\l
opcralmns. 46 Heh- I'ele: see Marconi
KiKviiiiiNk: Ml- Anicrn.aii Biul\
Search Inslrumcnl:
larilcorps
II
l-.il>ru|uc N;ili«iialc ;tiili-rii)|
l'crc\
Motorola body armour: Second Chance \ee
I
Nighihawk low
\isioii eiihancement devices Night landing lor helicopters, 48
13
ttl) vehicle. Sil
lla.iliii
101
Munitions Support Directorate, 101
h.iiiiii. I'Xl I
,
Jtirgcn
surveillance systems. 183
(iuaidtoueis (
23
Jumciii
Mowag
Si-i.'iuil>
li^
i'i|tii|iniciil iifii/
vrr
controlled vehicle. 85 Motorola radio equipment. 236 Mossberg riot shotguns. 129 Mowag IS vehicles. 27
•PiglSvehicie:.sreGKN Sankey Pilkincton passive niuht vision devices. 200 Pilot protection for helicopters in IS operations. 44 Piranha IS vehicle: see Mowag Plessey metal detector. 86; surveillance systems. 204 Pockelfone: see Philips and Pye Pocketscope. 176
Postgard: see Bonaventure Postix letter bomb detector: see
Balteau Pouch, letter
bomb
suppression: see American
Body Armor Prince Perimeter Security Equipment. 205
.
Privacy Protector Ciivcsdropping device detector: .sec Communications
Control Systems Privateer telephone scrambler:
EMI Communications
.vcc
Projectojet CS fog projector. 114 Protective Material Co. bomb disposal equipment, 102
Pve HOD equipment, SS Pyc Poeketfone, 22S Pvrene water cannon truck, 42
Quick Alarm: sec Riwosa
Saviem SacraiTiento vest: see
Armor of
America Safety Circle: see
American
Body Armor bomb suppression equipment Saladin Mk 2 armoured vehicle:
Racal Amplivox
EOD helmet,
Sandock-Austral IS ychicic, 25
Sandringham6 APC,41 Saracen armoured vehicle:
equipment. 2,^,^ Racal Cousarnct: .sec Racal Radar, 17(1 Radio net, principles of, 22(1
Ram
Pullin Controls night
vision devices. 2(16
Rank Telecommunications communications equipment, Mitre surveillance ei|uipment, 2(IS Ranger IS vehicle: sec Cadillac 23.^;
Cage Rapide.x screening systems, Sy
RCIED
(Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive
Remmgton
police gun,
Remotely controlled vehicles,
.^.^,
Renault S170
12S)
EOD
62, 69,8(1, S4 riot vehicle, 21
Respirators: sec
Gas masks
RhcmstahlUR416APC,21 Firearms, anti-riot Ring airfoil grenade, 129 Riot jackets: sec Bodv armour Rilles: sec
Riols.
management
of. 104
Rnvosa metal detectors. 61): security equipment. 191
Road
blocks. 1S7. 199, 20(1, 2(19
Robots:
Roland
.S.^,62,69,,S().
IS vehicle: see
S4
Mowag
1
Wesson Rubber rounds,
121. 125; use
Vehicle,
S9.S
Command
Vehicle: sec
Mowag
VMO IS
vehicle, 21
Saxim IS vehicle: see GKN Sankey SEl inspection system, lO.i Searchlights, 194, 20.1; for helicopters. 49 Second Chance body armour, 172
SW-rKfz-91
VBL
IS vehicle: iee
Aerospace
IS vehicle:.see
Mowag SW-1 rKfz-93 Geschutzer Sonderwagen III: see Alvis Logistics
communications equipment 2,35; surveillance equipment, 209; telephone monitoring equipment, 209 Scanlock 2000: icc Audiotel Scanna letter bomb detector: .sec
S&D Security
Schermulv
equipment.
anti-riot
121: Mares. 49
EOD
Tatra
OT64 APC.
Tear gas: see Gas and Grenades, anti-riot
Tecom
Shields, anti-riot. 125, 141, 147, L53, 156, 1.58. 159. 167
SAS
15
Telematerial radar barrier: see Ericsson Telephone/radio security systems and equipment. 209. 213. 223, 225. 226. 232. 233. 2.34! 235 Terrorism, general, 6 Thermal imaging: see Vision
for
Developments
security devices,
211
EOD
protective garments and
equipment, 143
riot
Simba FSlOO APC: Sankey
explosives detector, 96 equipment, Tig Bicord
.sec
GKN
Skirmisher IS vehicle: see
Timoney
BDX IS vehicle,
15
T
Line security system: see Shorrock
Trailers,
bomb
Creusot-Loire Voicelok 100: iee Audiotcl Volumatic anti-bomb curtains. 165: bomb suppression blanket, 99
VXB
Combat'
transport, 62.
101. 102 Transceivers. 221, 223, 228, 2.s5,236
Transfertex cipher equipment, 223 Transac International Ltd, 29 Transaif multi-role armoured vehicle, 29 Transmission detection
IS vehicle: see
Berliet
VXB
Gendarmerie'; IS
vehicle:
.see
Berliet
W Walid APC.
helicopters, 48
:
.see
VMO IS vehicle: iee Saviem/
Technologv Investments Ltd.
61
surveillance transmitter:
193. 197, 199, 201, 202, 203,
riot
EMI
Viper remote terrain
206, 208,209,211,215,217
control agent dispenser. 137
Thorn
Panhard
Vehicles for IS operations, 10 Vibration-operated perimeter protection systems, 188, 194 Vickers Valkyr IS vehicle, 29 Vidicon tube, 180 Vigilante perimeter protection system: .see Chubb
Security Systems International Vision enhancement devices.
15
Thorn EMI Simtec portable
91
Hotspur
Tadiran palm-held transceiver. 223 Tannoy waist hailer. 125
enhancement devices;
Scout armoured vehicle: see Cadillac Gage equipment. SA:D Security
Ram
Stethoscopes. 64, 79, 89 Steyr IS weapons, 108 Stornophone portable radios. 236 Stun grenades, use of. 106
Equipment Supplies anti-riot equipment. 12.5; body
Security forces, general, 7 Security Research Broom, 95; helmet receiver, 2.i5 Security Systems International direction linding and moniloring systems, 2,Vi;
see
Saviem/ Creusot-Loire Vacuum Research Camsafe shatter resistant Him. 165 Valkyr IS vehicle: iee Vickers Vallon bomb/metal detectors. 57 Variable bodv armour. 140. 156
Securits
armour. 159; bomb disposal equipment. 95; nighl vision :ind optical equipment. 209
APC:
IS vehicle: iee
1
Securitas security equipment.
V-11
VAB
Spy IS vehicle: see
Steadyseope: see British
21
Thorn EMI Renault
U
Spylux personal night scope: see Davin Optical
Simtcc explosives detector: see 8171) riot vehicle: see
Edgewood Arsenal
Shockstick, 119
Sierra protective sarments, 175
of. 1114
Soft/Sting ring airfoil grenades:
Urutu IS vehicle: see Engesa
Shorrock Security Systems. 209 Shorland armoured vehicles, 43 Short Brothers & Harland: sec Shorland Shotguns: see Firearms, anti-
Royal Ordnance riot shields, l.^S Royal Small Arms Factory antiriot weapons, l.S; Rubber Ball grenade: sec Smith &
Tri-Scan airport security system: see A.I. Security Trojan protective garments and equipment. 164 Tyre Trap: see Security Equipment Supplies
UR416APC:iccRheinstahl
Ro-veh remotely controlled A.I. Security
sights:
Triplex bullet-resistant glass. 164
Schermulv SpectrolabSX-16 Nightsun. 49
Shockstick: see
.sec
weapon
,
equipment, 92; riot helmets, visors and shields, I5S;
Rota-B.irb: see International Security Services vehicles:
Snipe individual sec Pilkington
equipment, 229, 230, 231 235. 236
SPAD CR aerosol: see
EOD equipment, 95; secure
Device),.S2
'Snifters' for explosives: see
sec
SAS Developments EOD
191
IS vehicles, 22
Rank
see
Alvis Logistics
Saviem/Creusot-Loire
l.'^K
Racal CLASSIC remote ground sensor system, 2i)5 Racal communications equipment, 229 Racal Comsec speech security
Smith & Wesson anti-riot equipment. 131; night vision equipment. 217; protective garments, 175
Explosives/weapons detectors
see Alvis Logistics
SAS Group, S4 Saviem S9.5 Command
R
Sled Bombthret: see Protective Materials Co.
15
Water cannon vehicles: iee Mercedes-Benz and Pyrene Watermark Magnetics: see Thorn EMI Watch towers: iee Hish
Weapons detectors:
ice
Explosives/weapons detectors Weapon sights. 197.201.203.
206.208.215.217
Weblev Greener
riot
shotgun.
129
Wheelbarrow:
Wotan
Morfax
.see
IS vehicle:
.see
X-Ray equipment.
Mowag
55. 70. 81.
91.92 Yael-5 fence intrusion system. 187
239
Continued from front flap
A
multi-billion
dollar international infeeds the security forces of the free world with gadgets - the size of this
now
dustry
industry can be gauged by the huge range of equipment described and illustrated in this
book: • • •
Bomb
•
Anti-riot
Internal security vehicles
Helicopters disposal and detection equipment
weapons and equipment Body armour, shields and bomb
•
disposal suits
•
Surveillance equipment, radars and perimeter protection
•
Special
communications and automatic
data processing equipment
The lone
assassin or suicide squad is almost impossible to stop, but Western society has in fact achieved much in the control of conventional terrorism. Many of the
1970s are now dead or in computers and advanced surveillance equipment have frustrated many terrorist actions; and airport security is everywhere under intense and continuing scrutiny. One of the dilemmas is caused by terrorists of the
prison;
the high cost of such sophisticated equip-
ment, which needs constant development and research in order to keep up with everchanging terrorist tactics and weapons. However, it remains - sadly - a high-growth industry.
Colonel Michael Dewar is the author of a of books, including The British Army in Northern Ireland, and has firsthand experience of peacekeeping in riottorn Northern Ireland and in operating anti-
number
He
terrorist systems.
describe and
means
available
organizations,
is
thus well qualified to
comment upon to
to
the
various
counter-terrorist
explain
the
problems,
and gaps and to point the way forward to the new and ever-more sophistidefects
cated technologies that are emerging.
Arms and Armour Press Artillery
House
Artillery
Row
London,
SWlP IRT
Sterling Publishing 2
Printed
m
Great Britain
Inc.,
NY
10016,
USA
Capricorn Link (Australia) Pty
Jacket design by David Gibbons
Co
Park Avenue, New York,
P
Ltd.,
Box 665, Lane Cove,
NSW
2066, Australia
9
780853"688419'
