Osprey, Men-at-Arms #173 The Alamo and the War of Texan Independence 1835-36 (1985) 92Ed O

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THE ALAMO AND THE WAR OF TEXAN INDEPENDENCE 1835-36

976.403 HAY

EDrrOR: MARTIN WINDROW

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MIUTAII.Y

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

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THE ALAMO AND THE WAR OF TEXAN INDEPENDENCE 1835-36 ~~ Text by PHILIP HAYTHORNTHWAITE Colour plates by PAUL HANNON

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b} LId S9 Grosvellor Street, l.andon \\" 1 X 9)).\ l: CoPyril;ht [9860~pre~ Publi\hilll; Ltd Reprinted 19OO, 19S7 twice, 1988, IgSg, 199 1. O~prCl Publishil1~

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,\11 ri~hlS resern,"d. ,\pOlrt from '1Il} fair dl'alin~ for the purpose of pri\-att' ..tudy. rt'~earrh. eritiri"m or re\ie\\. as pt'rmittt'd under the C.op\ ril;lll D~ii;'ns and P.Hents .\n, 1988. no part ofthi~ publi("ltion m;1\ IX' ""produced. stor<"d in.1 n"tri("\ al s}sU'm, or transmitted in any fonn or by .1Il~ me'lIIi>. dt'ctronic. electrical. ,hf'micaJ. mt'dl:lnical, opti(·al. phOlocopyin~. recordin'l: or Olhcl"\\ i\c. \\ ithoul til(' prior penni.....ion of the copyri~ht ow ner, Enquiri<'" ..hould be addrC"-..ed to the Publi..hers.

Bn'lull Library Cala!oguln.( 111 Publica/IOn Da/a Hay lhornthwaite. Philip J. Thc Alamo and the War of Texan Independence 1835-36, (~len-al-arms series; [73 I. Texas Ilistory Rc\olulion, 1835 36 I. Title II. Series F390 976,4 '03

Filmsct in Greal Britain Printed through Bookbuilders Ltd, I long Kong

Artist's Not~ Readers may care to notc that the original paintings from which the colour plates in this book \\ere prepared are available for pri\ ale sale. All reproduction copyright \\hatsoc\cr is retained by the publisher. All enquiries should be addressed to: Paul Hannon go Station Road Kings L'lIlglcy Hens WD4 alB The publishers regret thaI the) call clllcr into no correspondence upon this mauer. Aeknowledge[J].ents Among the many individuals and institutions .... ho prO\'ided \aluable assistance, the following dcscne special mention: ~Iartha L:uerbad:. and Nina L. ;'\ixon of the staff of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas at the Alamo; Thomas ":. DeVoe for his help. especially for allowing use of malerial in his possession: H. V. Wilkinson for suppl)"ing copies of carly soun::es: and t.'SI>e<:ial thanks to Kevin R. Young of Presidio La Bahia, \\ hose unfailing help was of the greatest possible value. To these and all others who assisted, the author's gratitude; but any erfors, omissions or expn.'ssions of opinion are his rC"ponsibilityalont'. PJH Author's Note Though contcmporary spc1linb'S have been used throughout the text, somc concessions havt: been made to llloder'n usage: e.g. in lhe name 'San Antonio', which is an abbreviation for 'San Antonio de Bexar', which was oflen termed simply 'IJcxar' in the 18305. At this period the inhabitants of Texas were commonly styled 'Texians', which is the term employed hefe.

Tile Alonzo olld IexollIlZtlepelltlellCe /835 -36

Hisloriml Bfldgro/flJd -II docs llot appear 10 mc possible that there can be a land more lo\cl),' \\ rOIC an early \;SiIOr 10 Texas; and ~fary Austin HolJey's 1836 guidcOOok claimed: 'One (ITls that Omnipotence has here consecrated in the bosom of Xaturc and under !-Iean-n's wide canopy. a glorious temple in \\ hich 10 rccci\·c praise and adoration of tile grateful beholder." A bountiful paradise \\as one ..ide of Texas's nature; the other \\ as characterised b) extremes of climate, and marauding Jndians. I n 1727 a Spanish colol1) 10 the north of J..lcxico was fonned illlo the province of Tcjas or Texas named from the local Indians, where settlements had been thrust into the wildcrm.'SSsince 1690. Beset by hostiles and b) a lack of real zeal loopcn lip the area, seulcmcnts were restricwd to small encla\'es around the ecclesiastical, military and ci\'il bases (missions, prtsidios and putbJos respccti\-c1y\. By 182 I it was estimated that (cxcluding Indians) the population of Texas llumbered only some 4,000, mostly around the prtsidios of San Antonio de Ikxar and La Bahia. The emptiness of the land could not fail to auract setllcrs from the United States, whose boundaries lay along the Sabine and Red Rivers; and US expansionism following the Louisiana Purchase made it inevitable that Amcricans would become entangled in j'vlexican affairs. In r812-13 a force of Mexican rebels ancl American ad\'cnturers captured San Antonio and La Bahia, but were slaughtered by a Spanish army at the l\'ledina Ri\'er; among the Spanish officers present was one Lt. Antonio LOpez de Santa Anna Perez dc Lebron, who figures largcl) in the stOI) whieh follows. In the war which won l\lexico her independencc from Spain in 1821, Santa Anna at first supported Spain, then chang<.'d ~ides when it became ob\'ious that the future la) with independence. Almost immediately, ~Iexico was split b) internal conflin

between the eonsc'....ati\C centralists, \\ ho wanted a central go\ernment, and the liberal federalists, \\ ho fayourcd a loose confederation ofsemiautonomous pro\'inces. The confll~ion was resol\'ed temporarily in I\la) 1822 \\hcn Gen. Iturbide, instigator of the re\oh against Spain, proclaimed himself Emperor Agustin I: but, after initially supporting him, Santa Anna soon undennined the Empcror, and \\as largely responsible for a rc\"oh \\ hich ousted Iturbide and proclaimed a federalist republic. A Congress was callt:d. and produced the Constitution of 182_~; modelled upon that of the United States, this theoretically guarantccdjllstice for e\-CI) citizen and a chance of impro\·ing the gellt'rall~ \\ r{'tduxl lot of the majoritv. stron~

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T .. x.... in ,836, with lhe adjoining S1atu or Coahuila and Chihuahua (Mucic..), Arkansas and Loui"iana (Un;lt:d Slain).

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The last months of Spanish rule had seen a desperate experiment in Texas: in an attempt to prevent illegal settlement, responsible Americ.'lns were awarded large land gralllS, the scttlers being required to accept Mexican citizenship and Roman Catholicism, The first of the American contractors or t'mprrsarios was the ~Iis.sourian i\loscs Austin, whose son Stephen succeeded 10 his grants in 182 I, The grants were renegotiated with Congress, and in April 1823 Texas was opened ofTiciall) to American sclliemem; 0\ er the neXl 12 years almost 28,000 Americans took ad\anlage of Ihe opportunity, ."\ot unnaturally, Ihey attempled 10 establish American standards ofliberty ill their ne\\ communities, their CaplureofSan Anlonio by dl.. TrnaalO, ~m""'r 18J5.-M th.. criticisms of Ihe ~ lexican sy~tem of justice and appea",ulC" of th.. 10"-n a ..d t .... COlitum.. of th.. .,..mbalaAU organisation causing the ~Iex.icans to regard them would not be familiar to th.. majorily of artists, this ..... po... ry prinl li"OW5 I..... lroops w ..... riaA c:on ....ntioa.aJ as uncouth ingrales; reprcssi\(' measures followed, c:o.., ... ililary uniform (wit" hakos), whit.. the arC";ledural del ail,. a .... obscured by li"nlokel \\ hich dro\ e the two communities wider apart. During this period Santa Anna had gro\\ never proposal for autonomy, including increased repremore pc:)\\erful. A cormpt and ruthless politician, semation in Congress and separation from Goa· thief, compulsive gambler, opium addict and liar, huila. Whcn Santa Anna ('merge(.'.Cable future,

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In [833 Austin \\ as flung into gaol for expressing pro-independence sentiments, though he continued to urge his compatriolS 10 remain pa.s.sive. Sallla Anna's increasing (It:spoti~m caused federalist rebellions in eight statl'S; in April 1835 hc crushed a rcvoll in Zacatecas, a stat(' bordering Coahuila, and sent his brothcr-in-Ia\\ Cen. i\ I arlin Perfecto de COs to extinguish r('Sistance in Co."1hllila itself. InJune despalches fell into the hands oflhe Texians at San Felipe announcing Ihe suspension of ci,'il gO\'ernmem, and Ihal Sanla Anna \\ as planning to discipline Ihe ,\mericans pe1""Onall)'. Popular scntimelll fell in behind Ihe Texian 'war parlY'; but Ihou~h the gan'ison ofthe ~lexican CUSloms posl al Anahuac \\as ejecled b} a fiery )'Olln~ Solllh Carolinan la\\)er, William narrel Tra\is, passive councils prt'\'ailcd; .md Ihe peace pan) re-affirmed thai Ihe Texians wi~hcd onl) for a good Sout.La Aft.na'. march 10 Te...... hO"·;.II1I the da.no ofh;. arri,-.J :1.1 the ,.. rious poinlll on hi........ Ie. Leaov;.II1I Melltic:o Cil)' on :r8 No,...m ....r ,8)5, b., dda)'ed al San Lui", POI_i in Decem....r 10 o~:aai_ lb., arm)', and dela)'ed :a (uMher Ihree ..-eeQ al S:allillo. lie e.UerN TU'aJJ on 16 Feb....ary .8]6.

underslanding wilh the i\lexican go\crnment. As COs began to mo\c his troops into Texas, Austin arrived back from prison wilh an allered perspce:ti\e. Declaring Santa Anna a 'base, unprincipled bloody monsler', he Slated: '\\'ar is our onl), recourse. :"\0 halfwa) measures. but war in full: Once awakened, th(' 'Spiril of'76· gah-aniscd Ihe colonists howc\er much the) )'earned for J>Cace into open rebellion. A ~lexican detachment was sent from San Antonio to repossess a useless old c'lIlnon 100"1nOO 10 Ihe citizens ofCOl1zalcs in 1831 to frightcn Indians, \\hich sened onl) 10 ·make a noise whenever Ihe people got illlo a merr) frolic', bUI \\hich no\\ became a s) mhol of independence. Beneath a banncr reading ·Come and Take It", the Texians assembled, saying that Ihe cannon belonged to the Federal Republic, not Ihe CClllral go\ernmenLJ USI soulh of Gonzales, on J October 1835, the war began wilh a ragged fu~illade from the Tcxian." \\hich killed one ~kxican and scalteroo Ihe remainder.

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Cbs had [,400 men in San Antonio; many wcre of JXKlr quality, as Ihe "OI'St had lx'Cn senl to Ttxas often criminals in what were virtual penal regiments; the later n:infOl"cclllents werc of higher calibre. Around y)o Texians gathered al Gonzales, resembling an armed mob more than an army. Though somc had military expcrience, the majority were untrained faromel'S; but they included enough li'ollliersmcn with the traditional 'long rifles' to make Ihem a formidablc cnem) in uncoll\entional warfarc. Stephen Austin was elected commander, though he was UJl\\ell, llllfiued for the job, and unable 10 keep an) order in a force \\ hich canll' and went as il pleased. Houston accepled a local command. then set ofr to Ihe Texian COIl\ ention al San Felipe. The ·arm) " no\\ around 300 strong, decidc...'d 10 attack San Anlonio. and Auslin could only accede to the wish of tile majority. On 27 October a small Texian force routed a larger ~Iexican one at

Concepcion mission, two miles south of San Antonio; the Tcxians had one man killed, while the ~Icxicans lost 67 dead and as many wounded to the Texian sharpshooting. The Texians ,\ere led by James Bowie, a charismatic adventurer famous for his business acumen in obtaining ,ast tracts of Texas, and e'el1 more so for a reputation as a duellist which he had literally carved out with his famous knife. An ardent patriot, he had been heartbroken by the death of his wife and family in 1833, since when alcohol had become his solace. His deputy at Concepcion wasJames Walker Fannin, a Georgian who had f:'liled to graduate from WCSt Point, but who showed organisational talent if no great military genius. Despite their success, however. the Texians \\ere in no position to assault COs' entrenched jX)Sition, and so seltled down for a ~iege.

The Texian convention opened at San Felipe on 3 i\'ovemocr: 'plent) ofrecklessncss and selfishness', \\ rotc AnsonJoncs; 'I was introduced to Bowie---he was dead drunk; to Houston hi.s appearance was Sam U......lOn:.n "n,;rav;ngju... po..t-dating San Jac:inlo (from Sou'" America unJ ,\krico, ~';'II 14 cf}mp/"~ 1';'~'oIT,.ru)·,J, M. Nil...., anything but decent or respectable, and vcry much .838) like that of a broken-down sot and debauchee.' This body had to decide upon a declaration of independence or' an affirmation of loyalt) to the THE FINEST COUNTRY ON THE FACE OF 1824 ConsLitution. Houston, surprisingl), argued THE GLOBE. 11'1' INVITE YOU TO ENJOY for the latter course- to oppose Santa Anna as loyal IT \\'ITH L:S . , , We will secure" our ,\Iexican citizens should, This \\as decided upon, con.'ltilUlional rights and pri,'ilcges, or we shall with an added offer to help any other" lexican state lea\(' Texas a hOlding wilderness!' ... '''lARCH!! \\hich took up arms 'against military despotism'. Victory a\\ aits you; the Genius of LilX'rt) has Austin was sent to the United States 10 appeal for unfurled her banners and will cr()\\ n her children help; and command of the anny de,·oh cd upon an with imperishable laurels, , ,let the tyrant fall in a old Indian-fighter, Edward BurkOSOIl. \\ ar of exterminat~;o~'l'_._.~.~'--,:-:----: mong the American Texans opposition to The appeal was -irresistible. Throughout the Santa Anna was vi rtlIally solid, and appeals to the United States, but especially the Soulh, voluntcer USA varied from the rational to the histrionic. cOlllpanies wcre organised, and men and munitions Houston declarcd that '\Var in defence ofour rights, began to flood illlo Texas. Not all tht., USA sided our oaths, and our constitution is incvitable with the Texians, however. The Baltimou Gaz.tllt, , , , If volunteers from the United Statcs will join for example, published a violent argument for nontheir brethren in this section, they will receive interference -There is not the slightest shadO\\ of liberal bounties ofland . , , Let each man come with right on the side ofthe Texonians' : but most agreed a good riRe and one hundred rounds of \\ ith the Troy Dai(.· II"hlg that once independence ammunition-and. , , come soon, QlIr \\ ar cry is had been declan.'d, Texas was no longer part of "LIBERTY OR DEATH!!'" Similar appeals "lexico; and just as the infant United States had repeated the twin attractjons of aid 10 kindred in IX'C1l aided by France and Spain, 'shall \\e fail in distress, and land-grants for all \,oIUlueelos: ' ... wc conceding that support to Texas which we dcsired arc but one people, QlIr fathers, side by side, fought and required when placed in similar circulllthe revolution ... Olll' interest is one ... WI~ I-lAVE stances?'

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Such support, howevcr, was entirely 'private': at least officially, the United States remained strictly neutral, even though Gen. Gaines, US commander on the border and under orders to protect US neutrality, seems to have had a strong inclination to elller the war on the Texian side. Ordered to pre\'ent Indian raids from the US into unprotected parIS of Texas, he belie\ed it his duty to anticipate thc 'lawless mo\ements' of the ';\lexic3ns, or their red allies ... b) crossing our supposed or imaginaT)' national boundaT)', and meeting the savage marauders wherever to be found'! J n the cvent. Texian vicloT) obviated the need for US inter\'ention: but Gaines' dispatch of dl-agoons and the 7th Infantry to Nacogdoches ill Jul) 1836 thc)' were onl)' withdrawn in December, despite being in a 'foreign' state st"Cms ('vidence of his detennination to exert \\h3t pn-ssurc he could. Ho\\e\'er, as the pro-independence faction won ground in Texas, many Texians of)..lexican descent or Tqanos,I became alarmed at the attitude of tile Americans, as mOSt of the \'ollintcers did not appreciate thc ideals of the 18:14 Constitution, Consequcntly, "hile man) T~jalloJ fought against Santa Anna, others sided with him; like Don Carlos de la Garza, one of La Hahia's leading citizens, who Plan of the Alamo a .. il app"arMi in the m;d_.~. The c:omple,", ;ndudcd a t..·o-ll.o....yNIII''t'nw (friary) wilh palios and worklihop,,", a ....nary," fortiliMitower al the main sate, and a plaza Iiurroundcd by the dwellin ... oft.he m;s,,;on Indians buill on the inside of the pc.rimeler wall; in 1~ .... me "'75 peopte li"ed in the mi"";,,n. The chur<:h w.." ne\'er oon.pteted •.nd Ihe llacristy to h:""e been the untre for r"JigioulI IOCr"';ce". The whole illlypical ofa rcllgioull and d~fensive foundation on the frontier, the church and (t;rr,·..nlrJ reprelllenting the Iipirilual and .dminilltrative part of Ihe millsion, and lhe lndian aparlmenlS and workllhol'll the s""ul"r ""peet...

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organised for Santa Anna a compilny styled thc 'Victorian Guards'. San Anlonio and ils consequences The besiegers of San Antonio wcre reinforced by volunteers rrom the USA, some joining individually and others in organised units, like thc twO (separate! companies of Ne\\ Orleans Greys. The locaJ Texian troops exhibited the concept of democracy gone mad; the) totally lacked discipline, and all decisions depended upon a \ote amongst the officers. As \\'inter approached and volunteers began to drift home, a council of field officers overruled Burleson and decided to withdraw. The \'olunteers from the United States were more determined: as Capt. Cooke of the New Orleans Greys said, they had not come to Texas simply to 'lie three or fOllr months in the colonies'. San Antonio, howe\'er, was strongl) entrenched, and garrisoned by one regular ballalion J\loreios and at least h\'e presidial companies; one or their strongpoints was the fortified mission known as the Alamo either after the COIIOIlWood alamo, trees thal gre\' nearby, or because it had scrved as a b.arraeks for the company from Alamo de Parras in ;\Icxieo . The problem was resolved by 'Colonel' Ben i\liIam, a Kentucky advcnturer who had fought for )..Iexiean indepcndcncc, and rcrently escaped from the gaol where he had languished for his republican sympathies since lturbidc's time. Declaring, 'Boys, who will come with old Ben i\lilam into San Antonio?', he led the Tcxians (New Orleans Greys in the van) into the town. Four days of house-tohouse flghting, in which Milam was killed by a sharpshooter, ended on 9 December when Cos opened negotiations for surrender. Burleson accepted, gave the Mexicans enough weapons to protect themselves against Indians, and sent them home on the condition that they would not again fight against the 1824 Constitution. After their brilliant victory (300 defeating 1,400 i\lexicans in a defended position), most Texians belie\ed lhe war o\'er and went homc. Houston, realising that it had only just begun, went unheeded as he appealed, 'Let the brave rally to the standard: Of the Texians who remained under arms, man) were lured into a mad scheme for the invasion of i\lcxieo and the capture of i\latamoros, at the

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mouth of the Rio Grande, where lhey believed an Th..... rli~1 photOSnoph o(lh.. Ata.mo,." il .p~red ..,,8';2 53Th.. Lonl BarradIJI (r..pair..d .nd re.roofed by Ih .. US Army by alliance with ~Ie:
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r-.larch, when a ncw body would meet at Washington-on-lhe.Brazos; the council, in turn, dismissed Smilh, calling him 'vulgar and depranxr. Both go\enuncll\ and army wen.' in chaos; Neill's Alamo garrison was starving and deserting 'If there has ever been a dollar here I ha\'e no knowledg:e of it' , and around La Bahia Fannin's men were roaming about \\orking themsehes up to invade :\Iexico. Since Fannin ackno\dedged no authority but that of the 1(-gi~la(i\'e council, Houston nominal commander of the army had no control 0\('1' them, but h(' ,\ell( among the men, using his pcrsonalit) to cOllvince them Ihat eWI) man would be rCellranc.. of Ih.. AI .. mo during 11... si..g... II ill probabl.. th.. 1 .... lill..dc lind ..arthwork r .....pllrts wer.. conslrucl long Ih.. oUler Willi ",her.. no fl .. 1 roof",..s a".. il .. hl ,. Il (ir "'le", ",ince sin,illlr conSlructions w .. r .. ...ised arlillery pllllform"', Unlik.. 110m.. model'o reconslr.. ction!>, th.. calli.. ~n i. IIhown h.. r ....11 bl.>unded by a wall inslead of Il,.ade, wilh .. " .. lisllded g.. n J>Osilion raised al th.. nOrlh asl corne....-"Ianll oflh.. I.. I.. ,840l1 c1 ..arly show th.. foolings 01'11 wllll, Th .. ballery OflwO II-pd..., in th .. plna aCled ..s a r ..... o.. bll0 COver Ih.. _uth Sllte, should il be forced; and lh.. irriS::lllion dilch which .... n pa.... II"llo Ih....-..I'I w .. U ins.d .. the 1'1...... could ..Iq be ulied .. Ii a d"fen"".·.. tr"nch. T",v'5 .....s killed n r 10 the balte")' of Iwo II-pd..... 111 Ihe c"nlr.. of th.. non.h 11. OppoJi'I', bno..·.. Pllin of the defenc... of Ih.. Alamo liS they probably lIppt!1lrrd durins the .i"'5e, laken in pari from pI...... oflh....urviving ..truclureti """,uled in th.. lal .. ,84"-.1 which time pari of Ihe LooS Barrack§, Low Bar.... ck. and building. On Ihe eaSI wall were alill i .. ",xi.. le...,." Ihough I.h.. p"rim"ler .....lIs h.d ~ .. demoliShed. Th.. b .....ch i.. lhoe norlh .....u .... do~ by • pali..de. Th.. nOrlh gal" ....S • POSl""" "il..aled below Ihe ....... p"'rI.

Operations in Texas, which probably stood at

aoom 6,000 men, plus reinforcements which s\\elled the i\lexican prtst'net· in Texas to about 7,500 by mid-April. For all its imIX'nt'Ctions, it was far more formidable than the \\retched opposition cncountered by the Texians thus far. Houston planned to concentrate the Texians and avoid a pitched baltic, \\earing do\\ n the .\ lexicans at lonK ranl;"e and extcnding Santa Anna's suppl) lin~~ umil ttw right moment to strike. Accordingly, he sent Bowie with 30 \-olullt('Crs to the, \Iamo, with orders to \\ ithdra\\ after dcstro) in/{ the fort; Xeill's situation had b) nO\\ deteriorated so far that he reported ha\ ing: onl) 80 men left, unpaid, 'almost naked' and 'in a torpid. defenceless situation'. But despite Houston's faith in Bo\\ie, no evacuation occurred: Xeill had no means of tfansporting: his cannon. Bowie found the men read) to defend the .\Iamo \\hcn Santa Anna should arrin'--as afri\'e he must, San. \ntonio being 011 his obvious im'asion route along: the old Spanish ro.'\d. £1 Cammo R~al. Using his contacts in the :\lexican community to pfocure supplies for the Alamo. Bowie organised a resolution demanding reinforccments: ·\'·e cannot be drivcn rrom the post of honor.' Hc added. in a letter to GO\ crnor Smith, that San Antonio was the vital 'picquet guard' to Tt'xas, the mailllenancc of \\-hich was imperative; 'Colonel Neill and mysclf ha\"c come to the solemll resolution that we will rather die in the~t' ditcht:s than giw it up to thc enemy.' Houston's plans were confounded; with no men under his command, \\ith first Fannin and now Bowie and Neill l"tfu~ing to obey him, he allemptcd to resign in disgust, but was giwtl leave by Governor Smith until I i\larch. He used the opportunity to lravel among the Cherokees to ensure lime they, al least, would remain at peace whilc the Texians were engaged with Santa Anna . Santa Anna's advance After a grand l"e"iew of his Army ofOpeflltions, on 1 Februal) 1836 Santa Anna kd his army one ('a"all) and two inl:'\ntl"Y brig'ades, artillery, and thecrack engineer corps of ':::'ujJ(Idom) from Saltillo towards the Rio Grande to join Gen. Joaquin Sesma's men already there, while a smaller force under Cen.Jose Urrea headed for :\Iatamofos. The march towards Texas Ix'came a nightmafe as the ).,Iexican army shuffied and starn-d its wa) through

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the dust and lau,r the snow of the hills of Coahuila, leaving a trail of broken transpon, corpses and dead pack animals. Reduced to half rations, the soldiers ate m<.'SC!llite nuts and other vegetation; dysentery follo\'.. ('d, and felled even more. 'Their sufferings only spur them to greater cflons' was the official comment. Reinforcements arrived at the Alamo: on 3 February, William B. Tra\is, the young lawyer who believed himself marked for greatness, now a lieutenant-eolonel ofTexian cavalry, with 30 men; and on 8 FebruaT), the most famous frontiersman of hi:) day, 'Coloner David Crockelt and his small Tennessee Company of ~IOlllllcd \·ohmteers. Bearhunter, Indian·fighler. ex-Congr<.-ssman, ,arolllm, par 'Aullmu, and a lidng legend, 'oa\'y' Crocken had come to Texas 'to aid you all that I can in your noble causc'. By 10 FebrllaT) the Alamo garrison numbered 142, a mixture of colonists and new arrivals including part of the New Orleans Greys who had chosen nOI to go to ~Iatamoros; the latter joined either the i\lobile Grays, or changed their title to the San Antonio Graysl ,Their origins were as di....erse as their occupations, embracing all corners of the United StatL'S as well as England, Scotland, Ireland, France and ~lexico. Perhaps OHra\\e
Siql!;e oflhe Alamo: .iling of the Me"iean baueri."., num .... red I 10 6. 81l1lery S wa~ lIiled by Ihe old .... wder house on the GODul.". road; hauery 6 wa. lha' ... tablilihed within "'50 yards oflhe Alamo on .. Mllreh, lind laler even dUlOer. 'La Villila' waS the shanly lown soulh lind eaM of San A.nlonio; the erolO" ideDlilielO San Fernando Church in the e.,nlre of the town.

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the eyes of the volunteers. Ikm ie was desperately ill, however, and usually maki ng a drunken nuisance of himself in San Antonio. A temporary peace was established bch\een the leaders on 14 Fcbnmr) when Travis and Bowie agreed to share command, Two days latcr Sa ilia Anna crossed the Rio Grande, having unit<.'d his forces with those of Gen. Scsma at Presidio de Rio Grande. Preparations cominued at the Alamo; the defences \...ere strengthened and munitions gathered, horseshoes were chopped into grapeshot, a hospital was established, and the \\'i\'cs and children of some of the defendcrs \\cre sheltered in the mission, Tra\·is began a series of pleas for assistance, directed principally to Fannin, \\ ho was no\\ firmly ensconced in La Bahia, rechristened 'Fort Defiance'. The Siege of the Ahuno A Illolllh before he \\as expected, 5ama Anna am\'<.-d in San r\ntonio on 23 February, Hclterskelter, the garrison and its dependants about 150 men and 25 non-combatants retired into the Alamo. Tra\-is despatched another appeal to Fannin, and one to the nearcst to\\ n \\ hich might be able to send reinforcements, Gonzales, about 70 miles east. Santa Anna began his invcstment dthe Alamo, hoi:.ting on the church belfry of San Antonio a red banner, the symbol of no quarter. By way of reply Travis fired a shot from the Alamo's heaviest cannon, an 18-IXIr. moulHed at the southeast corner, all '24 February the Mexican bombardment opened as their encirclement drew tighter around the AI.lIno; alld Travis wl'Ole his most famous message, in typically theatrical style: " .. our flag still waves proudly frolll the walls J shall !leuer surmuler or retuat. Tht'n, I call on yOll in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the Amcrican character, 10 come to our aid ... Ir this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who ne\"CT forgets what is due to his honor & that of his country I'it:lory 0' Death.' Early that morning, Travis assullIed sole command, as BOWie's health had finally collapsed .and he had taken to his bed. The bombardment continued on 25 February, and a fire-fight dc\'cloped between ~Iexicans scattering through peasant shacks to the south of the

1

Alamo and Cmckelt'S Tellllesseeans. The Ten- once again, he postponed his advanc(·. AnOlher nessee company had been assigned the most courier len the Alamo on the night of 3 March \'ulnerable section or the derenees, the stockade on carrying funher appeals from Travis, who was now the south face; they were suppOrted by artillery in resigned: 'The vielOry \\ ill cost the enemy so dear, the lunette and the chapel, which was directed by that il will be worse ror him than dereat.' Other the Alamo's two artillery officers, CaplS. Almeron notes \\ere carricd by the courier, most poignant Dickinson a Gonzales blacksmith, whose wife and being Isaac ~Iillsaps' letter to his blind wife and 1>.."1by were in the compound and William Carey '~l) dear dear ones': describing the fortress 'that has from Baltimore, A ligillning raid burned the shacks mosl fell dO\\n' and the fact that the defenders had \\ hich could ha\-e shdtert-d ~lexican sharpshooters; suffered no casualties, he said that he had watched the garrison suffered no casualties. Another appeal thc ~Iexicans drilling, 'marching lip and dm\ n wilh from Tra\-is \\as carried out by Capt. Juan Seguin, such order', and that if only Fannin would come a prominent San i\ntonio Tq01//J whose company 'there would be a good fight'. Tra\·is, he said, 'sla)'s was in the garrison: 'It will be impossible for us to on the \\ all some but mostly in his room I hope help keep them out much longer. If they overpower us, comcssoon cause we cant fight them all'. Tra\'1s was we fall a s,'l_crifice at the shrine of our COUlllry, and going 10 speak to lhe garrison that ('\ening, and 'if we hope posleril) will do our memory justice. Give \\e fail here get to the ri\-er w'ith the childrcn all me help, oh m) Country!' Texas will be before the enemy ... There is no On 26 February Fannin stirred himself to march discontent in our ooY5 some arc tired from loss of 10 Travis's relief; but \\ hen a supply-waggon broke sleep and rest. The i\lcxicans arc shooting every few down after a few hundred) ards, he postponed the ad\·ance for a day; and on the 27th he decided 10 Recoo".....a;oo DC. M~ican n\ap Dr..... Alamo, d ........ prior 10 I.... a .....aull. Wbit...01 i.. proportioll, il doq .100'" Lh.. habilabl.. return to FOrt Defiance. But Travis's earlier buildiD&. (lihaded) i..dudi08 a .. lAhapet! block al 110.. nonhmessage 10 Gonzales had been heeded, b) the 25- ..,..,I corn..r, and ... nh .... 8un plalCorrnll .nd .... mps. 11... posil;onll oClh.. olh..r ball.. ri.... r ...100.... by canaon symbols. strong GOIualcs Ranging Company of ~Iollllled Trn..".h appear .ro...d 110.. "Orth-eaSl coro..r, .lon8 Ih~ 11 and around th.. tun,,"~, • circular Ir".ch .1 Lh~ Volunteers. Knowing the critical situation of the §Oulh oorth-ea~1 COro"r oCthe cor.... l, ...d inside Ib~ norlh .....n oCth.. Alamo, the) freely elecled to join Tra\'1s even corral. Th.. build;n!! marked 'CPO h.. re .....1I identified by Lb.. Me";can" alilhe arl;Uery con\mand po,,-I; il ....s .~I 10 th... s. Isaac ~Iillsaps, \\ho had a blind wife and seven pdr. mounled al 110.. _uth- ......t COro"r. children to suppOrt. Lcd by 1..1. George Kimball, a New York haller, and including the town sherHr N' .... and an English shoemaker, the tiny unit left all that was dear to them and slipped quietly into lhe Alamo just after midnighl on the 29th. History contains few nobler actions than their decision to join Travis in his perilous position. As Santa Anna's strength grew, the noose pulled lighter. Flagging morale in the Alamo was revived by Davy eroch-u's fiddlt, playing duets-----or duels! with the bagpipes of John McGregor, a Scot from Nacogdoches. Though 100 late to help the Alamo, Travis's appeals wcrc beginning to gal\'anise Texas into action. On 2 ~Iarch the reconvened cOil\'ention at \\'ashington-on-theBrazos declared Texas an independent state; ironically, the Alamo garrison never realised that the)' \\ere fighting officially ror the Republic of Texas. Fannin decided to march again, 10 join up with volunteers who wcre assembling under Seguin and to march IOgether to relic\'(' the Alamo-----but

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'3

T:he Alamo ",hapc:l, a. il app".rs loday. (T:he AJamo) T:h" (aCilde o( Ihe Alamo ",hapel is a (an,ilia.. spnbol which .ppea.... in m_1 nOD-COnlempo ..,. depiuion"O(lh" batll".II'" (:On,·e.uional appearaDce, ho ·c,·".., is thai o( Ihe recon_ Slru"'I"'" (acade, ,·e..y diffc ..ent (ron. ils appea .....n"" in .8;)G. The uppc:r ...·ork. in",ludinx Ih" uppe" ....indows, did nol ",,orr) the (amiliar, modern app""' ... n«, as comp.. r"" 10 (MI",r) Ih" (a"",d" all it ucisled in

•8]6.

'4

minutes ... kiss the dcarchildrcn for me and bclie\'c as I do that all will Ix· \\(,11 & Cod prOleCt us" On Friday morning, I ~Iarch, a :\Iexican baiter)

had pusht.-d within 250 yards to the nonh of the Alamo; Travis's last message, a despairing appeal to Fannin probabl) sent on the night of 5 ~larch . noted that 'C\CI") shot goes through, as thc walls arc I weak'. A seilS<:' of doom lay o\-er the garrison; Crockett n:marked that 'I think we had better mareh out and die in the open air. I don't like to be hemmed up', and a few i'\'lcxican defenders slipped away to rejoin their families in the town. Late on 5 J\'larch (though it could hav(' been the 3rd, as Millsaps suggesu) Travis called the garrison together alld made a speech. The COiHcnt is uJlcertaill, but the crux was that he was staying ill the Alamo 10 kill as many i\lexicans as possible when the assault came. \\'hcther he dre..... a line in the dust with his sabre, over" hich all \\ho wished to remain \\erc to slep, is t.'qually uncertain; tradition Slales lhat Bowit, calk-d for his cot to be carried over the line, and was S("Condcd by Crockett. Apparend) only one m.an chose to Ica\c---one of Bowie's \·oluntecrs, a French \-etcran of the Kapoleonic Wars named Louis Rose. \\110 appears to han-

made good his escape. Whelher Travis drew a line or \\ hen he spoke to the garrison is not significant; all that matters is the r:1.et that the)' were re<;olved 10 hold to the last man. Sama Anna had been reinforced b} Gaona's Bri~,I(I{' on 3 :\Iarch, and now had o\er 2,000 men ,II hi" disposal for the assault; the cstimate that he u'>C'd t,OOO is an exaggeration. Apparelllly about 1,I:loo were aetuall} employed, in four columns of allaek plus a reserve. The first column would strike the nOrth-wesl corner; commanded by Cos, il comprised the Aldama Rn, and three companies of the San Luis. At the north-east, Cot. Fransisco Duque and Gen. Castrillon commandl'd the Toluca Bn. and the balance of the San Luis. On the east, Col. Jose :\Iaria Romero commanded the :\Iatamoros and Jimenez fusilier companies; at the south was Col. Juan l\loralcs with the light companies of the Matamoros.Jimenez and San Luis. Santa Anna commanded the rCSCI"\'e: the .(opadoUJ battalion and the grenadier companies of the baltalions i\latamoros, Jimenez, AJdama, Toluca and San Luis, Apparemly the standard European praClice was followed of attacking in column with the light troops on either flank as a screen. All columns carried scaling ladders and crowbars. The Final Assault At 5 am on 6 i\larch a bugle-call soundt'Ci from the :\Iexican lines, and a shout of 'Viva Santa Anna!' Tra\-is's adjutant and official second-in-command, the \'irginian CapLJohnJ. Baugh, \\'as on the walls as duty officer; he ran to\\ards the barracks shoutinA". 'Colonel Travis! The l\lexicans are coming!' Grabbing his shotgun, Travis ran 10 the north wall, crying time and again 'Hurrah, my boys!' and, to some of Seguin's company, 'No rtndirSt, muchachOJ." The Alamo cannon fired a few shol.'l-Duque was killed, and one vottey swept a\\ay half the Toluca Battalion's chasseur company but the attackers soon reached the walls \\ here the cannon could not be depressed sufficiently, The Texians now relied upon their rifles, some men having four or five loaded and Slacked beside them, Scaling-ladders were raised; Travis, leaning over the wall, was hit in the head and rolled down the rampart, dying. Texian fire forced all butl\lorales's column to congregale at the north, where they milled for some time; the

'Colon~I'

David Cr_"~tl' rronlienrnan, "omet;me polilician, co.nmander or th .. 'T"nn..." .... Con.pany or Mount"" Volun_ teers', and a'"!Uably th .. mOSI ra.mou," or Ih.. Alamo'.. d"r"nd ..rs, (COnt..mpo..... ry enS.... virlg)

:\Iexican bands struck up the DtgULJJO, the Spanish lune of 'no quarter', but it was probably the committing of the rCSCl"\e which gave the :\Iexicans the impetus to scale the repaired breach in the north wall though the :\Iexiean Col. de la Pet'la claimed thai the rCSCl"\'e was nOt necdm As the north watt \\ as scaled, the northern postern was forced by COs's men, who had escaladed the north-west corner. The Mexicans flooded into the Alamo compound, just as Morales scaled the soLith-wcst angle, \\ here the 18-pdr. was overrun, Baugh ordered the abandonment of the walls and withdrawal to the Long Barracks, \\ here last-ditch positions had been prepared; but with l\lexiean sharpshooters in the water-course running the length of the compound, the Texians surrcred severely. A few tried to break out, but \\ere cut down by the waiting ca\alr}. The Texian cannon were now swung around by Ihe l\lcxicans and used to blast the Long Barracks. Crockett's Tennesseeans wert overrun before Ihey could reach it, and the

'5

orders. It is difficult to assess the casualties of tht battlc; 182 out of 183 defenders died (the singlt survivor, one Brigielo Guerrero, convinced thr l\lcxicans that he hael been a prisoner of thl Texians~, whilt, Santa Anna's losses were probabl~ around Goo. Thc StOI')' that up to 1,600 l\ lexicans \\('re killcd and as mall) wounded is simply untrut l\lilitarily, the action was small and did nO( hinder Santa Anna undul); in other wa),s its effecb were incalculable, The epic defence, perhat» especially the death of the national hero CrocketL cau.<;ed public opinion in the United States to swim wholly behind the Texian.o; in terms of support "oluntecrs, materiel and cash. Verses published b~ the :'\ew Orleans Comnurcia1 BulJdin reflected t~ outrage of the USA: \'engeance on Santa ,\nna and his miniom, Vile scum, up boiled from the infernal regions, .. The offscouring baseness of heirs blackest legions, Too filthy far with cr:l\ding womlS to dwell And far too horrid and too base for hell.

James lkow;.., a portno;l ~howins a ""ry ..I.. bonlldy hihKl Itnif.., (D....Shl..roo of lh .. R.. p .. bli" of T"",n)

nag of the New Orleans Greys was lorn do\\ n from its position O\er the barracks. :\Iorales's men burst into the Low Barracks, where BO\\ ie lay mortally ill, and they tossed his body on their bayonets like a bale of straw, The 18·,xlr, was swung around to blow in the doors of the church, whcre Dickinson still held out with James Bonham, the South Carolinan officcr who had returned to die at the Alamo after carryin~ a frllitles~ appeal to Fannin. Charging into the church, the l\lexicans slaughtcn,d c\Cryont' who moved, including the two young sons of tht' English gunnn Antony Wolfe, The Ifish voluntccr Roben I~\'ans attemplcd to blo\\ up the p()\\{lcr stored in the church, but was shot do\\n. B) 6,30 am the Alamo lay silcnt. The non-combatants :\Irs Dickinson and her child, 80\\ ie'ssisteN·in·law, Travis'sslave and a fe\\ others \\CI'C protech:d b) the councous l\lexican officers; nOI so tht 'iix Texians \\ ho surrendered. who were hacked to death upon Santa Anna's

,6

Houston's 'Runaway Scrape' Rcalising the need to concentrate whatever forces were available, HOUSlon found 374 men gathered at Gonzales on II l\larch, including Neill, Burleson and Sidney Sherman, leader of a company of Kentucky volunteers, Houston had intcnded IOjoin Fannin in a relief of the Alamo; news of its fallcOllfirmt:d when Ilou510n's legendary scout 'Dear Smith returned with Mrs Dickinson---
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words, as he had written to Fannin in NO\embcr: -Remember our maxim, it is bener to do well late than ncver.' Nonetheless, the withdrawal \\as unpopular; one unhappy volunteer remarked, as the dcpcndan1.5 \\('re being evacuated from GOllzales with the arm), 'we arc all looking OUi for i\'umocr One'. Included in the east\\ard flighl was the go\ernmt'nl, leaving \\'ashington~n4Ih{'·Brazos 'a disgusting place ... about a dozen wretched cabins' for Harrisburg. The nt'\'ly elC(;l<.'d provisional Pre<;idcllt, David Burnet, was a stern man with no liking for profanil) or alcohol. This augured ill for his relations wilh IloliSlOll, who nicknamed him 'Wetumpka' which [he said) was Cherokee for 'hog thiel',

Inl.rior of th", Alan,o chalK!' (The

".1""'0 Museum)

Fannin at La Bahia At La Bahia (Goliad) lay Fannin with Texas's best force, drilled (albeit unwillingly) and adequately <'quipped, comprising the Georgia and Lafayclte battalions ofinfantr} both formed of independent companies and an artillery detachment, Ihe majoril} being L"S \olunlecrs. Fannin squandered his resourccs. He ~nt Capt. King's company 10 Refugio to evacuate civilians; but they were overrun as Urrea's dh"ision moved north towards La Bahia, and King and sc\'en or eighl others \\ ho lived 10 surrender were tied 10 Iree; and shol. Fannin then sent f\1~, Ward's Georgia battalion to find King; they, too, were atlacked and sur-

')

rendered. R('duced to about 300 dismounted men wrcaking havoc. During the night Fannin's mell and 25 ca\'alry, Fannin destroyed his fortifications, cn.·ct(·d a breastwork of eanh and baggage around spiked his hea\')' gUllS, and marched from La Bahia their position; but on the morningof2o ~larch the :'o.lexicans recei\ed reinforcemenlS, including two to join Houston. Encumbered by baggage. he halted on the open cannon. QUI of artillery ammunition, Fannin gave prairie. when a further two miles would ha\'c his men a choice: attempt to light their way out or brought him to \\ater the Colclo Riwr and the sUITender. Some, like the company ofAlabama Red protection of timber. In this exposed position he was Rovers. WCr(' for figilling, come what may; but it caught by a large ~Iexiean force. Fannin fanned a was decided Ihat the 70 Tex.ian wounded could not hollow s
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MU~I drpiCl.iun" of lhr 115511ult on Ihr Alalno IIrfl ;nllrruralr; this ,-"'r..iun is a",ung Ih", besl, Wilh .. r"'lI~onllbl", dr~...,., uf ..""'u....,,y in thfl depicliun oflhe palisadr c<>nne"tin~ Ii,e chapel with lh", Low &r...."k"'; ,h.. M ..>li ar.. lihown in 'op,,-n' "olumns. Th ain error ill ,hal Ihflll",.. ne apfl""arll 10 be full daylighl, wher " Ih .. aClualaliPuh look pia"", III dawn. [kl.. il of .. print aflrr l"'~or.. Crnlib, '8«.

correctly. They saved several dozen of Fannin's men who had been colonists from Refugio and San Patricio (not foreigncrs); (he Copano prisoners not taken in arms,; and medical personnel, to care for the ~Iex.ican wounded. On Sallla I\nna"s ordeN, CCluip his o\\n company for Texas. For 1\\0 weeks the remainder \\crc marched out 011 the carl) the Texians drilled and re-e<)uippcd; more \'olunmoming of Palm Sunday, 27 ~Iarch, being told tCt'r5 arrived. bringing the tOlallo about 800 under they \\ere to be paroled to Xcw Orleans. " little arms, wilh 1\\0 6 pdr. cannon dona led b~ the \\a) from Goliad their escorts opened fire; only citizens of Cincinnati, christened the 'Twin Sisters' about 30 escaped. Some 342 prisollcN b) Texian and commanded by James Xeill. A mounted reckoning \\ere thus murdered: °a cia) of most scouting troop was ('stablished under Capt. H. heartfelt sorro\\ l' as one J\lexican olliccr wrote, "the Karnes, including the redoubtable 'Dcaf Smith. Dissent al Houston's !actics almostlcd 10 mutiny, prisoners wcre all young and of line florid complexions'. ImOlobilisccl by his wound, Fannin foreslalled by a threat ofexecution for an) Illall who \\:\s carried from his room and shot \\ ilb the rest of follo\\l'd the appeal of ~Iirabeau Buonaparte the invalids. Lamar, a Georgia publisher and poet, 10 go offin Houston's little force was 110\\ left as the anI) search of .\lexicans; inslead, L'uuar acccplcci rt"'i,lance to the subjugation of Texas. ~lorale sank command of Houslon's cavalry. Pre<>idelll Burnct as the castward \\ithdrawal continued through demanded Houston fight, and prepared 10 depose torrential rain, and a rumour Started that Iiouston him; IIOUSIon ignored it all, waiting for Santa intended to march to Louisiana and im'ohc the .\llIla·s communications 10 lengthen".\s he said. 'j L'S.\. But at Grocc's Plantation, across the Brazos, consulted nOlle ... If I err, the blame is mine: Santa Anna di\'ided his forces: Gaona's di\"ision Ilomion began to IlIrn his rabble illlo an army. He had formed one regiment under Burleson at \\elll north from Sail Antonio, Urrea south from Gonzalcs; now he organised a second under Sidney Goliild to ~Iatagorda and Brazoria, "hile he Shel"tu
'9

intending to H'unitc at Fan Bend. Leaving Sesma to follow, Santa Anna pushed on in an altempt to capturc tht, Tt'xian go\crnmelll at Harrisburg, \\hich fit'd before him to Ne\\ Washington and Gakestoll. But Sallta .\nna had out·distanced his supporLS. the error lor which Iiouston had becn waiting. Finding til{' Tcxian ~o\ernmcnt had eluded him 1)\ mOlllt'ru" Santa .\nna turned to attack Hou,ton. t('lIin~ his generals at Fon Bend to come up \\"ithout dday. B~ a 6o-mile forced march in twO and a half da),. Ilou~ton came within range just befort' noon on 18 ,\pril. l.earning that Santa Anna was at :\'e\\ \\'a~hin~ton, Iiouston determined to strike belore :\le,ican reinforcements could arri\"{'. Callin~ to his ra~~ed arlll) , 'Victor) is certain! TrWH in God and fear not! The victims ofthc Alamo and the names of th~' \\ ho were murdered at Goliad cry out lor \en~eance!' Houston gaw the Texians their war..(T): 'Remcmber the Alamo! Rememlx-rGoliad!' Crossint;" to the Harrisburg ~ide s ..........ah Di"kin_n .nd h~r i.r.nt Shl~r Anr;~ti.... I_v~ Ih.. rui.1i nr Ih~ AIan.n .r,.... Ih~ ull, Ic:h~ hy M~llic::an iar.atry; th~ !furviv;ns aon-combatanl ·~r~ Ir..."ed wiLh co.. rtesy hy Ih .. M~ i.,.n aroars. 1I0Idi.n.s Ih~ bor_ i", Col. Almonl~'. ord~rly, Am~ri.,..a Nq;rv ....med Ikn, who .."" d ..puted to.ct •• Mrsrnc:kinsoa'. KCOri rrvm Ih~ Al.mo, .nd ..-ho Ial~r becam~ 110.....10..·••er'....I. II .. i ot 10 be conr..sed with Travi.'•• Il",'~, J-.• nOlh~r Al.mo -i,·or who joined Mrs Oic:ki..JiOn On her ftiShl rrom Ih~ Alamo. Paintins: by H. A. 0.. Youns:. (Th~ At.,n>O Mu~.. m)

.!o

of Bullala Bayou, Iiouston \\ ithdl'Cw his mell to tlv protection of woods b) the SanJacinto Ri\er on ~ April. and awaited the ~Il'xicans.

San Jacinto Santa Anna was rdnforced on the morning of 1 April b) Gen. (:(y,. ,,110 had hurri{'d up from F( Bend, bringing the ~lcxican <,trength to 1.250 1,300 men, with a single fieldpiece probabl) a 6g-pdr. and little cavalry. Included were thl Guerrero, ,\Idama, :\Iatamoroo and Toluca Hn"_ two companies of the Guadalajara. and thl' preference companies of the 1St ~Iexico City none, ironically, \\ere the executioncrs of La BahiA. Their ~ition was strong, for during the night
,

\,cng('ancc without mercy, as lIw follo\\ingTexian letter shows: '" . have done your hean good to see them fall, .. the most delightful time that tvcr I heard sincc the world commtnced. I had a lil"'it rate Rifle ... Betsy \\'ould bOl"e a hole in them the Claret would gush out as large as a corn stalk one big ft.'IIO\\ , .. I shot in thc neck it appeared that it had ncar ('til his head off. I shot old BetS) 6 times and a large holster pistol onc time, , . I no that I kilkd four that thing I no ... I shot that fello\\ in the left eye plum, , , it seemed to do me more good at that limt.' to have shot or a bayonet run through them than any thing I haw tTer ) et seen , , " Houston's horse fell dead, and a bullet shattered his leg, but he remounted and took the barricade, The ~lexican flanks crumbled as Lamar's ca"alry swept from con"r on to their left, and Sherman fell on their right. Santa ,\nna claimed that \\ hen he awoke he aucmpted to rail) the .\Idama, and to form a column of coumer-attack from the Gucrrero and the picquets of th(' Toluca and Guadalajara:

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but the ~Iexicans were already neeing, and the butchery began. Around the barricade the Te-xians wielded their rines as clubs; "Deaf Smith killed a ~Iexican with hiso\\ n 8<'\bre, then slcw another with a blo\\ SO \iolent that it snapped the blade. Gen. )"Ianuel Castrillon tried 10 rally some- ~lcxicans by jumping on to an ammunition box, where he stood with folded arms, glaring at the Texians: '1 \-c been in forty battles and nc\Cr showed my back. I'm too old to do it now!' Texian Secrctary-at-War Col. Rusk tried to sa\'c Castrillon, 'a Castillian gentleman', but th(' Texians werc out of control, and shot him to pieces. Santa Anna fled, as did most surviving i\lcxieans; Texian officers Iried to SlOp the butchery, but as one was told by a volunteer, 'If Jesus Christ werc to come down from heaven and order me to quit shooting Santanistas, I wouldn't do it, sir!' The battle was over in til minutes; alit of 783 Texians, two w('rc killed and 23 wounded, six mortally. Somc 600 J\ lexicans were slaughtered and about 730 taken prisoner. The lallcr, herdcd together by Rusk, thrc\\ alarm into Iiouston who bdi('yed thl'm to be ).,lcxican rt"inforcements; for. as he said, a hunclrt·c1 disciplined troops could ha\'e routed Ihe Texians, \\ ho had run mad with reyenge. The cry '.lit 1/0 ,l/amo." and" ,lit 110 Goliad!" e\'en if true, ga\e little proteclion from the hands of Ihe enraged Texians. The Alamo and the Fannin massacre had been a\Cnged in a \\eller ofbloo
follo\\ ingday; bUll-Iou.ston lei him li\e, rccognisinl thai he was \ilal in securing peacc---or al least. respite. O\er the next fc\\ weeks Santa Ann; succ«x-dl"d in a\'oiding sc\cral impromptu lynching parties calkd ill his honour. To sa\e his life h agreed on an anniSlice which 'Deaf Smilh anI Burkson tran~l1litlcd 10 the )"Iexican army at For Bend; upon its receipt thcy marched out ofTexa.< The i\lcxican go\'ernmelll repudiated the peaC( but. in effect, the 18 minutes slaughter al Sat Jacinto had won indq>endellce for Texas. Santo Anna e\clltll:llly rc-cstablishcd his despotic rule it ~Iexico, and sporadic hO~Hilili,,-'S continued for decadc, until the Republic ofTt'xas was taken into the United SlrU('S and J\lexiC:ln claims werc endl." by the US-:dexican \\'ar of 1846. 'It was but a small anair' is how Santa Ann described thl' storming of the Alamo. In militar terms, it was; but its eflect, and lhat of the executio: of Fannin's command, was pl'Ofound, helping to shape the future of US-l\lexicall relations and, il 'Rcmernlx.'r the Alamo', providing history with on of its more memorable slogans. The i\ Icxicans wer probably as much the yiclims of Santa Anna' malevolence as \\cre thc Texians; for il was th J\texican soldiery which paid thc price of Texiat rc\cnge, not the architect of their misfortune. II seeking a last word on the victims of the Alamo, c Goliad and of San Jacinto perhaps the mos appropriate comes from Rusk'soration at the buria of Fannin's command: '\\'hile liberty has habitation and a name, their ehh'alrous deeds wi] 1:)1: handed do\\ 11 upon the brig-hi pag-es of hisl0'1

TI/{) ll{'xi{'(III AmI)'

chass<"ur battalions, as lor example in the storming of the Alamo. In addition to the re~ular and militia battalions thcre were eight 'standing Years of political upheaval had kfl the '\Icxican companies' ,Acapulco. San Bias. Tampico, 1St and anny in disorder. It con"istoo ofl\\o categories: the 2nd Bacalar, Carmen Island. lSI and 2nd Tabasco ; ~ular ann) I:..jnci/Q pn7llanmll' : and the territorial and a decree of :\Iay 18l) was Tevi\fd in 1835 to militia .\li/ina aetna \\ ho, having been on acti,-c dC!'i~nate some regular and militia units to be light dut) for some years, \\ere practically n.·gulars. In infantl), each of eight companiC"S including one of the autumn of 1835 tht' ,\Iexican army listed sharpshooters. AClual ~trengths in the Texas theoretical baltalions and regiments where, in campaign appear 10 IUI\·c borne little resemblance reality, only companies existed. A n>ol'ganisat:on to lhe official eSlablishments. At San Luis Potosi in \Ias in progress. and bl.:forc the end of 1835 a new Decemher 1835, th/.' strongesl battalion (San Luis) army was formed, pUriially trained and equipped. numlxrcd 452 efft:<:tin's, and the weakcst ITres Soldiers were either volunteers on eight-year Villas' only 18g; the a\"Crage slrength of Ihe ninc enlistment, or conscriplS serving len ) cars. The battalions lisled in theM' returns including only onc a\crag(' soldier \\ as lIsually bct\\ccn 5 n. and 5 n. 6 regular, the Jimen/.'z was 344. Company strengths ins. in height; at.) ft. 10 ins., $al\la .\nna \\asonc of a\eraged between 58 San Luis and 34 men. the tallcst men in the arm). Discipline, by The ca\'alry similarly consisted of regulars and EurolX'an standard.), \\as lax: for example, only in mililia. By December 1835 <;ix regular regiments 184] \\as the saluting of superiors made comnamed afler battlefields of the re\'olution against pulsory. The army was styled Upoll Spanish lines: Spain had been formed from the previous units: the bUI the rapidity with" hich the force for Texas was Dolores Regt. from the old 3rd and 6th RegiS.; raised resulted in some cases in dcplorable slandards, with som(' units under strength and Ju..el.h March Chadwick, t-.nnin'", adjutant at La Bahia, and one of the Texian arIDY'S drill instructors. A We"t!'o'''1 'dropuntrained. (LI.CoI. Jose de la Perla described the out', he had previou..ly ",er\·ed a", a.ide 10 the Governor of Yucatan Battalion, \\ho were late reinforcements, U1inoill durin!; the Black lIawk War. (Ke,,;n R. Youn!;) as composed of ~Iayan Indians, 'aborigines ... did lIot kno\\ the language and could hardly handle a musket'. Thc set regulations for manocU\ re with all commands tran<;mitted by buglc-call can only ha\(' been effcrtiw with trained troops; and the lack of c:\pcricnce of much of the :\Iex.ican army led to the failure in picclucting which resulted in the deb,ide of San Jacinto. The ten regular battalions of inlhlHry were formed by December 1835 by the re-organisation of lhe previously numbered battalions, as follows, the names being those of heroes of the War of Independence: Ihe Hidalgo Bn. was formed from the old lSI and 2nd Bns.; Allende from the 3rd; .\lurelos from the .ph; Guerrero from the 5th; \Idama from the 6th; Jimenez from the 7th and t2th: Landero from the 8th and 9th; ~latamoros from the loth; Abasolo from the 11th; and Caleana from the 13th. Each battalion comprised six companies of fusilicrs and one each of grenadiers and chasscurs or light infantry; in European fashion, these elite or 'preference' companies could be detached and formed into ad I/Oc grenadier or ..<

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Iguala from the 4th and loth; Palamar Ii'om the 2nd, 7th and the Acti\"e Regt. of J\lexico; Cuautla from the 11th and 12th; Veracruz from the 5th and 9th; and Tampico from the 1St and 8th. There were also independelll regular units in the Yucauin Sqn. and Tabasco Compan). Each regimelll comprised four squadronsoft\\io compa.nics each, with a squad of piollccrs attached to regimental headquarters. Some regulars were com"erted to light cavalry in 1835. Drill and manoeuvre were copied from Spanish models, but in practice were applied onl) sporadically. The :::apadorts engin~r corps' was regarded as the anny's elite, althoug:h in December 1835 ani) 185 in number; with the detached grenadiers. the) formed the reserve for the assault on the Alamo. n .. .,.n.pai5" of San J-ci..lo, "bowi"5 lroop rno,·..rn ...u,. of lIouslo,,'. Tuclall .rmy (dOlled li.... l ....d ,h.. Mmca.. foretS (hrok"l1 ti ....). n .. ero.peI ",,·onl.. "yrnhat DUr L,...dohu"5 d ......I... 110.. 6 ..ld of Sa.. Jaci"lo.

The artillery also se('IllS to haw been of a higher standard than the avcragc J\lexican unit; it Wi\; deployed piecemeal through the army rather thall concentrated as a central baltery. Transporl and supply. on the other hand, were chaotic. Santa Anna financed the war by loans on olltragcoU! terms at interest of+8 per cent per annum, and all administration \\ as riddled with corruption. Fa example, Gen. Gaona personally cornered ttK supplies along the army's route and sold them to tlK army at double the price; the ma5u,r-pun'cyOf Santa Anna's brother-in-law Col. Ricardo Dramundo, neyer ('ven accoullled for the money hi received. and even sold beddin~ at extortional' prices to the ~lcxican \\ounded. :\"01 until .\U~lli 1836 was a ~lilitar) Ilcalth Corps established: e\C~1 Tcxian pri~ncrs had to be recruited as medica orderlies, and Santa .\nna's personal surgeon wa only a village practitioner. Transport was organi~

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Te:o:ian voluntee.... 1836

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I: Lt. Col. William B. Travit: 2: Col. David Croeltetl 3: Col. Jamn Bowie

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I: Pri llle, A1llbama Red Koven 2: Pri le, New Orleans Greys 3: Vol"nleer, e,,'US Army

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1: Sam llou.ton 2: TexiaJl eavalry-..I 3: VolWlleerwitb 'San .,Iacinto Battle Flag' ,,: TexiaJl volunteer officer

I: GeIL Sanl. Ann., campaign drn. 2: MeJ:I~.n Gen. ofBde., flJU dreti. 3: MeJ[i~'D "arf officer, CommlUldlUldell ofForlified P1.cel1, filII eire.. 4: C.ptam, MeJ:l~an Re.en'e C.nlry

2

3

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E

I: Sergelllll, Mesican Regular Cavalry 2: Trooper, Mexican Ught Cavalry 3: Sapper, Mexicllll Regular Cavalry

3

2

F

I: Cpl., Mnican Trer. VilllUllnL 8n. 2: hI SgL, MeldcaD MlI.tamoroBlnt On. 3: Crenadier, Mellican [nf'lUltry 4: .'usilier, Mexican lnrantry

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a I: Officer, Mn:>clln lnfanlry 2: Private. Melliean Light Infantry 3: Lancer, Mesic..n Presidia! compan;" 4: Melliean artiller)'mlln

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at unit Ic\e1, the line of march being hopelessly thc :::'opadom; or Europeans like Cen. \'inCCIllC mcumbcred by sutlers and soldudn-us (female camp- Filisola, all Italian who had S('n-ed in the Spanish followers I, disruptivc to milit
There were changes in the ;\lexican order of bailie, and in unit strengths, throughout the campaign, as units were re-assigned for specific tasks and suffered the varying fOrtUllCS of war. Sources inevitably conflict; wc know, however, that in mid·December [835 the Army of Operations for Texas was arranged as follows:

Zapadores Ll.CoI. Augustin Ama\, with [85 men

In early January 1836, Urrea's force comprised the Cuautla Reg!. and the newly joined Active Bn. Yucatan, and detachments of the San I.uis Potosi and Hajio Cavalry. Santa Anna's force was J'e-organised thus at the Rio Grande:

1St Division or 'Vanguard I~d('.' HI Bd~.: Gen. Gaona Cell. Joaquim Ramirez y S6ma Bns. Aldama, Toluca, Queretaro and GuanaPermanent Bns. .\latamoros 27'1 men ,Jimenez juato; :::'apadom; some presidial troops; six ~uns 27.1; Acti\e Bn. San Luis Potosi 452; 21/d Bdt.: Gen. Tols..'1 Perm.-ment Regt. Dolores Ca\alr) 290; 62 Bns. :\lorelc~, Guerrero, ~Icxieo City, Guadalaartillerymen with two 8-pdf"'j., two 6-pdrs.. two jara and Trcs \'iIIas:; ~ix guns 4-pdrs., Olle i-pdr. hO'\itzer or a total of eight Carab)' Bdt.: Gen. Andrade guns? RegIS. Tampico and Guanajuato

I

2nd Division The force besieging the Alamo comprised the Gen. Santa Anna \latamoros, San Luis Potosi, Aldama, Toluca 1St JUt.: Gen. Antonio Gaona and Jimenez Bns.; <:apadorts, some ca\alry and Permanent Bn. Aldama 393; Aetiw Bns. artilkry, under Sesma. Gaona and the rcst of the Toluca 324), Queretaro 375 , San I.uis Potosi [st Bdc. arri\ed after the battle, follo\\ed b) (detachmelll, 3[), Guanajllaw '39[); 63 artil- Cens. Tolsa and Andrade. On I I i\larch, Scsma lerymen wi[h two t2-pdrs., t\\o 6·pdrs., [wo 4- took the Aldama, i\latamoros and Toluca Bns., pdrs. with Dolores and Tampico Cavalry, on the 2/1d Bdt.: Gen. Eugenio T olsa advance on San Felipe; Col. ~loraks led the Permanent Bn. Guerrero (403); Activ(' BIlS. Jimenez and San Luis Potosi Bns. to reinforce l\lcxico Cit) (363.', Guadahljal'a 4-28; 60 Urrea. Tolsa led part of the Guel'l'ero and the artillerymen with twO 8-pdrs., t\~o 4·pdrs., two i\lexico City Bn. to reinforce St.'Sma; Col. ,.pdr. ho\\·itl.eN l\lontoya was ~nt with the remainder of the Guerrero and the Tres Villas BI1. to reinforce Cavalry L:rrea. :\Ioralcsjoined up with Urrea before the Gen. Juan Jose de Andrade b..'1ttle of the Colcto, and )..lol1toya on the da) Permanent Regts. Tampico :25°, Cuautla before the Goliad massacre. tSoI; ACliw Regts. Guanajuato tSo, San Luis )'otosi 10, Bajio '30; one1·pdr. gun ?

33

COs, while others from the area formed

Seguin'~

company of the Texian forces. The split i, demonstraled by the Esparza family of San Antonio: Gregorio Esparza died defending thc Alamo. while his brother, in the San Amonio presidial company. joined Sama Anna. Mexican UniforlDS

On the 'Ru..away SC........·, lIouj;ton di"'t.t .... ord",r" 10 h;s aide, GevrJe W. Hockley. En.g",,·inS rrom Sum lIolJ~'o" QM Iris R~puhlk

(1846).

oflicers have retired from the service For example, bet\\een December 1835 and ~lay 1836 the Trcs Villas Bn. suffered four changes of command until it ckvolved upon a German engineer, Col. J. J. Holsinger; like his predecessors he later abandoned his command, and the baualion was taken ovcr by a captain. ItS colonel, Ald:rrica, was charged with deserting his pOSt, and feigned dementia to escape punishment! Nc\Crthek'ss, Ihe overall siandard of the army was such that it impressed some cOlllemporary observers, such as Capt. Reuben :\1. POller, who nOled that it contained many EurojX:an and Americ.m soldiers of eXjX:rience. In addition there were Ihe local forces, 'presidial' companies" hich garrisoned Ihe frontier prtsidios; cavalry augmented by local inhabilants. ~Iost of these slayed 10y'al; the San Alllonio presidial comp..'UlY. for example. appears to ha\'c ~n'cd wilh

34

As wilh organisation, drill and equipment, ~lex· ican uniforms followed Sp..'lnish lines, confirmed b} the dress regulations of 18:.l:I, 1823 and 1827; bUI years of chaos and neglect led to troops being ill· supplied and wcaring styles \\hich wcre officiall} obsolete. It is Ihus dinicult to be precise about exactly what uniform \\as worn by the ~lexican anny in Ihe Texas \\ ar; the rapidity with which the arm) was a"sembled would ha\c resulted in regiments recei\'ing \\ hate\cr \\ as a\-ailable, so that different styles may e\en ha\-e been used within the same unn. In January 1832 an attempt was made to standardise lhe uniform of the army, which 'becomes more difficult every day because of the confusion in which il finds itselr. Infamry were to receive evcTy 30 months a blue coalee with scarlet collar, cuffs and lapels, "hite piping, coarse lining and ycllO\\ buttons; two sailcloth jackets and trousers, two linen shirts, IWO velvctecn slocks, twO pairs of shoes and a forage-cap. Every 60 momhs Ihey were to Ix issued an overcoat, a leather shako with brass plate and chinscales, cotton cords and pompon, and a hide or canvas knapsack with leather straps. Also issued was a cartridge box with tin illlerior and leather belt, a canteen wilh strap, and a burlap blanket with leather siraps; in r835 an extra shin, shoulder belt, lOol-kit, lOwel, bayonet and scabbard and one pair each offull dress, cloth and canvas trous('rs arc noted. In June 1833 the uniform was amended to a single-breasted dark blue coatee with red collar. cuffs, flaps and piping but no lapels, with the unit number embroiden,x1 upon the collar; and dark blue or whitc canvas trousers, The 1832 (lapelled and 1833 single-breasted coatees appear to ha\'(" been worn indiscriminately, though the illlermixture of styles created connicting evidence. Turnbacks \\cre red for both, the piping white for 183'2 and red for t833, and shoulderstrapsdark blue wilh red piping. though crimson epauletlcs without

fringes seem to ha\C been used "ith the 1833 pattcrn atleasl. 'Preference' companies grenadiers and cl1asseurs wore a \ertical flash or sardinl'ta on the cuff from 1833, though some units used this ornament when not entitled. so that in 1836 an order was issued restricting its use to a !>ingle flash for regimental preference companies, and a double flash for the elite companies fOrlm.x. 1 within units cons.isting entirely of grenadiers or chasscurs. Ancr the 1835 re-organisation, initial teuers may have been borne 011 the collar in place of thc earlier number: e.g. 'Bi\I' for Baltat6l1 .Ila!a/!/oros, etc. Similar initials seelll to havc been borne on somc accoutrements, such as belt plates, e.g. "BCO' for Ba/lal6n Gunuro. The black leather shako was slightl) bcll·lOppcd, "ith red or )'"ello'l lace ornamenting the upper rd~e, and bore the uni\ersal national tricolour cockade of red , \\ hite and grccn, with a pompon of red; grccn for light infantl)' : or the national green \1 hite/red design establish<..x1 in :\Io\embcr IS::n. It had brass chinscales and plate, eilher an 0\'31 bearing the national coat of arms and unit df'
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Balli....(Sa.. Jaci.:IIo, 2. April .8]6.

regulations of the Coahuila-Texas ~lilitia e\en stated thaI 'no militiaman shall be compelled to \Icar uniforms CVCIl in actual service, but ... hc must not be without a cockade, equipment, and the necessary arms'. The 1834 regulations made the possession of a uniform 'discretional as IOllg as the militia can afford them .... Its acquisition will be considered a laudable and patriotic deed.' Rank markings were specified by regulations of Januar) ,830, epauleltes being gold lace for infantry and silver for ca\alry in the regular army. and sil\er for infantry and gold for cavalry in the Acti\-c ~lilitia . All officers wore bright red ~ilk waist sashes. The re~ulations specified: Colo,,~/: Two epaulcltcs 1\ ith bullion fringes, embroidered strap bearing star of contrasting colour (i.e. gold on silver, silver on gold). Lieutenant-C%/lel: As colonel, without the star. First Adjutant (Major): As licutenant-colonel, bill slllooth lace strap: all the abovc had tricolour hat· fcathers and transverse epaulette-loops of fi,"c· strand lacc. Captai,,: Two epaulcucs "ith plain strap, fringe instead of bullion, and transverse strap of the same material as the coatee. Lirolenant and Suond Adjuta"t: As captain, but epaulette on right shoulder only. Sub-Lielllma,,!, Sub-adjutant and Ensig": As captain, but epaulcttc on left shoulder only. 1St Strg/'(I!/I (Ind Com/!t·/Juu"or: Two silk cpauleues,

35

crimson for infantr) and green for cavalr) in the regulars; crimson strap with grt'cn fringe for militia infantry, green strap \\ ith crim<;()n fringe for militia cavalry. 2/ld &rgtQlIJ: A~ 1$1 scrgealll, but epa uletic on right shoulder only, All NCO epaulcltcs had transverse slraps of lhe epaulclte colour. Corporal; Relained Ihe 18:.!3 diagonal rank-bar of while or yello\\ laee on the forearm. and carried a wooden switch \\ilh \\hich to bclabour privates, Infalllry eqllipmclll consisted of \\hile lealher cross belts, supporting a black lealher cartridge box and ba)onci. with Ihe blue-grc) blanket rolled atop the knapsack, Weaponr) \\3S oflen in poor 'Com" and Tak" It', a fla! o(T"...... ddia ..c". floWOl o'-"r Ih" Go.. uol.". ...... no.....·b~ tb., o:oloDi.,• ..., i.,m a Me>
I.,. ...

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COME AND TAKE

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condilion, lhe only arms faClOr) in j\lcxico having ceased prodLiClioll, "1'11<.' m~ority of \\eapons were imponed from Britain. mainly "Brown Bess' muskeLS. probabl) Tower-manufactured India I>anems (som<.' of \\ hich seem to ha\"c been condemned as unscn.-je<.'able in England alon~ with quantities of carbines and Baker rifles, the lauer probabl) complctc wilh lheir brass-hilted sword bayonets. Rifles \\erc probably issued to selected Iroops lighl infanlr) and chasscurs-but it is difficult 10 be pr<.'Cisc as the term t$(optta appean to ha\e been used indiscriminate!} for riflc<;, smoothborcd or rifled carbines, or C'\cn muskets. The 1831 regulations specified thai caval!") men should rccci\e en:r) 30 months a coatee with coarse lining, a pair of c10lh o\eralls wilh leather lining, a pair of clolh Irou!t('rs for dismounted duty, a sailcloth fatigucjackct and IrouSCrs, two linen shirts. two \'c1vctcen slocks, a pair of shoes and a forage cap. En?!")' 60 monlhs Ihl') were to be issued a cloth cape; and a lealll<.'r helmet wilh brass shield. comb and chinscalcs \\ hite metal i~ often sho\\ n , a goal hair cresl or lX'arskin, or a horsehair mane as shO\\ n in 1>13tc F2 ,and tricolOllrcd \\oollen plume or pompon, The I>hort r<.'d coatee worn b) regular ca\alry had green collar, culls, turnbacks and piping, and \\ hi Ie butlon,>; Ihe campaign o\eralls \\ere of 'fowd' grc) cloth, and lhe trousers for dismounted duty of blue cloth, bOlh with a red striiX'. The cloak \\as yellow wilh a green collar. The terrilorial (militia) cavalry \\ore similar uniforms but in r<,'\-ersed colours: green coatec with red collar, cuffs, piping and turnbacks, while buttons. and red shabraqucs, Accounts which melltion the l\kxican cavalry wearing cuirasses, 'polished armor glistening in thc rays of the sun' as scen by John Sutherland, seem to be ill error, the impression probably being caused by the sun striking helmet plat<.'s and badges.

1824Thc conccpl of the Tcxian arm) as a group of frOllli<,'rsmen is in part erroneous. Some of lilt seltlers, and man) Oflhosc \\ ho journeyed to Texa:to participate in the \\3r. came from 3 background in \\ hich local mililia training was familiar, and a

considerable number had some military (·xperience. To a degrt.'t'. orgalli~alion depended upon the number of mt'!l \\ hich each compally commander could ('nlist, though some units W('rl' later amalgarnat('d or augmentoo to equaliS(' company strell~th~. It was imcn(k-d to form the army upon coll\enLional lint'S, Ilou~toll attempting to inInxluce complete re~ulations: 'You \\ill pnx:("Cd 10 enlisl men for the Regular Army of Texas: you will ('nli~t men for t\\O years or for during Ihe war. The J>ay. rations. clothing &c. will Ix' the same that was aIlO\\I~d durin~ the laM \\ ar \\ ilh tlt(· l:. Slalcs: i.e. 'Ihe ~me Ihat has cslablislwd by the 1;. States durin~ the war \\ ith En~land·. As decreed in Xo\-ember 1835 the regular anny consistro of a rntimenl ofartillery and one ofinr:lI1try. each oft\\o battalions. each battalion compri<;in~ fiw com· p.ani~ of 56 men each. In the infantry each baualion \\as 10 have a colonel, a lieutenam-eoloncl and a major. ilnd each company a captain. a second-lieutenant, four sergeants and four cor· porals; the artilleTy likewiS(', san' for 1\\0 lieutenantcolonels and two majors per battalion. and a thirdlieutenant in each company. The whole force was to number I, I '.W, thc artillery also heing lrained as infanlry, and thc infalllry 'exerciS(-c! in the rifle as \\cll as inr:...ntry scnicc·. Volunteer units from the L:S.\ were to be accepted \\ ith <;imilar organisation. each company of two platoons of 28 rank-and-file, two S(Tgeants anc! two corporah, with two musIcians pt'r company. In practice, organisation \\as much looser, as typified by W. P. Zuber's aCCOullt ofjoining Capt. BellllI.'U'S company in ,\Ial'ch 1836. This 'infantry' company originally consi'llcd of about 12 men, of whom eight were mounted; 'though ullmilitary', as Zuber notcd, it was a common katurc. He dcscribes the army as consisting of three companit:s of \'olunteer cavalry; three companies of rcgular infantry, all on foot; and 20-odd companies of volunteer infantry, of whom b('twc('11 half and thrcc-
flalll af th", N",.... Ort",a"il Grey.., capu.~ at th", Ab.m.o, r"'puledly ail ;1 f1",w a"u Ih", boarrad,... by 1.1. Jose Maria Ta.............bo walr. Jr.jtl.,d i .. tb", act af ~i'£i"lIl it. Blu", ..ilk wiLb bl.cIr. I",n",..in,; aDd ,;ald fri"!,,,.

Ehren1xrg of the ~C\\ Orleans Crt'} wrole at the siege of San .\ntonio '1 ne\Cr heard a single order . . . our 0\\ n consciousn~ of being able to do somelhing against dcspoti~m . kept order and discipline in our ranks.' Atlempts \\ere made to instill sufficient drill to enable rudill1C'lllary mallQCUHCS 10 be performed by those members or lhe Texian army \... ho had served in some military- capacity. i'umbers had experience of aCliw ~r\'ict, e\cn in the t\apoleonic Wars e.g. the ~llppos('d Alamo sur\,i\'or, Louis Rose, \\ ho had scn cd in Napoleon's army; and one of Fannin's men aplx'ars to ha\(' ser\'ed as an English na\al gunner at Trafalgar). In addition, the Texian army attraCled serving US Army personnel who deserted 10 go 10 Texas; Noah Smithwick noled a llumber presenl at San Jacinto, and I
37

dClllonstration could do it justice. II certainly bore little restmblanc(' to the army of my childhlXld dreams. Buckskin breeches were the nearest approach to llniform, and there was a wide di,ersit~ even there. some being ne\\ and soft and )ello\\. while others. from long familiarity \\ itll rain and grease and din, had becollle hard and black, and shiny. Some, from ha\ing passed through the process of wetting and dr)ing on the wearer while he S<'lt on the ground or a chunk before lhecampfire. with his knees c!e\ated at an angle of eighty-fiH degrees, had assumed an ad\'anced position at the knee, folJO\\ed b) a corrcsponding shortening of the lowl'r front length, exposing ~hins as gujltless of sc 'San JaCinl0 .1.1'. earned by Sidney She.....a ..• m'crshadowro the milital) cap at iLS side; there a Knu ..ckiaD.. al Ihe hanle urSan J.cin.o, and Ihe only Texiaa tall "beegum" rode familiar!) Ix~ide a coonskin fla.allheadioa. While.ro.. nd (now r.ded 10 yello....) rinl a paiDt". or l.he Godd..... or Libeny (in nau,...1 colo..r with cap, \\ ith the tail hanging down IlChind, as all well black hair), ..-eari... a while Greciauo drn. with dark red cloak regulated tails should do ... here a bulk) roll ofbed around ber 1"1;'" wilh ,. I ....yilih (bl ..,,?) ribbe........ rin. the black in.scriplio.. UJDtn'OIlDfAnl fO.llip".....ed rrorn her " ..-ord; quilts j~tled a pair of "store" blankeLS; there the all "pon ,. baeksro.... d or dark S"'Y c1o..dA. See Plale I>J. shagg) brow n buffalo robe contrasted with a gail) 1 invariabl) absented myself,' preferring deer- coloured checkercd coullterpane on which the hUllling and fandangocs instead! N'e,-erthcless, the manufacturer had 1;1\ ishl'(l all the skill of dye and efforLS of the drillmasters seem to ha\c gi\'en the wea\'e knO\\ n 10 an ... in lieu of a callteen, each Tcxian anll) the abilit) to perform a limited degree man Ctrned a Spanish gourd . Here a big American horse loomed up o\el' the nimble Spanish of order!) manocu\'!'e. Fannin's command included the Tampico JXlny, there a half-broke Illustang pranced beside a Artillery, a ~lcxican company which joined the sober, methodical Illule. A fantastic militar) arra) allli-Santanista forces during an aboni\"C attack on 10 a C;lsual oh5(:r\'(:1", but the Olle great purpose Tampico; not wanting 10 light their brethren, the animating {'\'ery heart clothl-d us in a uniform more company was discharged at its own request when perfect in our eyes than was ever donned by regulars Santa Anna arrivcd at San AnlOnio, and joined on dress parade.' Later in the war certain items of clolhing could Urrea sOUlh of Refugio. be drawn from public stores, though not complele uniforms. Among items sent to Texas li'om New Texian Uniforms Though Houston received a book of US Army Orleans in January 1836, 'to supply recruiLS', were uniform dctails from Capt. Bonnell, commander of '2,01'2 pairs of bl'ogans, 400 pairs of boots, 366 Fan Jesup on the US(rexas border (whom jackets and pantaloons, 570 pairs orsocks, 8.).6 shirts Houston unsllccessfull) tried to recruit as his aide), (inducing '24 checked, 18 red flannel and '24 \\ hite there was, with the exception ofsuch \'olunteer units cOllon), 18 satinct waistcoals, '24 'Suits Satineu', 3 as the Ne\\' Orleans Greys and the Alabama Red 'Flushing Pea CoaLS', 1'2 Kersey pallia loons and 48 Ro\'ers, little 'uniformity' about the clothing of the pairs of woollell half·hose. Initiall), each man \\Quld hu\'c provided his own Texian forces. Theil' initial appearance is perhaps \\eaJXllls, from hunting rifles to shotguns the idea best dcscrilx'(l b) Noah Smithwick: ''''ords arc inadequate to cOl1\e) an impression that all were excellent ~hOLS and all carrit.-d of the appearance of the first Texas anny as it 'Kelltuck) long riflcs' is erroneous'. \\'. P. Zuber fonned in marching order. :\othinl;: short of ocular noted that ani) unarmed \olunteers could draw a

r

\\tapon from stores, those wilh their OWI1 guns \Iell as field carriages. At La Bahia Brooks designed heing ineligible for a replacemcnt. This COSt Zuber a multi-barrelled \ollC)·gun from old Brown Bess the chance ofpanicipating at Sanjacinto; much to barrels, to defend the gate! his di,gust, he was left on guard at camp as his own Included in the Texian ann} \\(''1'(: some men of rillc \\ as worthless, misfiring four or five limes for striking appear:lIlc(" such as :"Ianin Palmer, 'the e\'(~l) shot it made, yet prone to spontaneous ring·tailt:.x:I panther', who wore his hair Indian style discharges \\ !lich endangered anyone Ileal' him! under a panther·skin hat; and Robert :"lcAlpin \'irtuall} all firearms would hale been flintlock, \\'illiamson, a 1<1\\ yer \1 ho recruited a ranger due to the lack of a\ailabilit} and unreliability of compan} and sen-cd at San jacinto as a ca\'all") percUSSion weapons. trooper. An illness had caused his righlleg to stiffen 8} mid-December 1835 the Texian forces had into an L-shape, dra\\ n up al the knee, so he accumulated a considerable quantity of captured attached a peg-leg to his right k'lt.'C and was known ~Iexican materiel, lillie of it of much usc, In the thereaftcr as 'Three·Leggcd Willie'. Alamo, for example, were lisl(:d SC\Tn 4-pdr. cannon, two 6-pdrs" h\O 3-pdrs., a 9-in, 'cuhTrine' and a 5-in. howitzer, In San Antonio were twO more 4-pdrs., four 'Iarge cannon' and two swi\TI·guns, together \\ ith ammunition, Of less \'alue was equipmclH for a band, '30 useless muskets', SC\'cn A f, :.! and 3: T'.llan l'Ofunt'"J, 1835 empt} boxes, . I box cartridg~, damp', and 66 hats The thrcc fi~ures in this plale \Iear their civilian 'of the company of (presidial] lancers'! c1Olhcs, common 10 the majorit} of the Texian Large quantities of munitions \Iere purchased by forces. One i'i dr~'(1 as a frontiersman, with a the Texian go\ernmellt from the eSA: e.g., a 'hunting h'ock' or 'hunting shirt', a common consignmellt ofjanuar} 1836 included among large gannent of fabric or buckskin, usually Wilh a yoke quantities of supplies, tools, po\\dcr and ammu- across lhe <;houldcrs and fringed edges, with nition, +1-0 US muskets, 100 earbillt:s, 432 canteens, buckskin Indian leggings and moccasins. Another 2'00 canridge boxes and belts, 200 pistols and 150 has 'slore clothes'; a frock coat and Ihe common sabres; six bugles, 20 fifes, nine drums four bearing 'round hat'. The third \1 cars working clothes, with eagles, two brass; two lelCSCOPCS: a 'Standard stan' a ha\ersack acting as a 'hold-all', three dollars), a Standard (50 cents! and tassels \\'caIXHlr} \aried from Kcntuck} rines to $2,5° ; and 18 drill books, As a result, some units T",,,ian artill"'ry, .835- Fani",i1", ..fth" mu"trati.... drllwn by \\erc well equipped with US muskets and Nnah SmiLhwic:k'll daughl"'r, from hi" d""c:ript;on, of Ib", 'Com" and Tak" II' nlnn...n n'..... nt,... upon a hom .... mad" accoutrcments, for example Capt. Turner's com- carriag" with "Iic:,... of tr,,*"trunk for wh""I", Nai,..,ly drawn h iio, and ahhoush Ih" cannon w ..uld t"~,,,m to J>,. ralh",r pany at San Jacinto, ~Iost of lhe artillery was though too I... rg" io comparison with the o"_lcan" it is ... valuabl" captured from Mexico, including some strange record of th" improvillation n"'c"'l1 .... ry among th" T"..ian forc"s. Th" driv"'r appears to hav" a Ilhort_bllrr",Ued fir"'... nn pieces such as naval guns mounted upon garTison as Ill ..ng on his back.

771e Plflles

39

shotgun ICl\\ling pieces and e\'tn old blunderbuss- iron barrel which flrcd grapeshot, mountcd upon a type fir('arms useful only at close range, Personal home-made wooden can'iage with four-inch-thick equipment was n matter of choice or a\ailabilily, slict.'s of tree-trunk as \\ heeb.; lhough it prcsutllabl} though the ideal \\ as probably lhat described by answered its original function of frightening onc of the Kentuck) i\lustangs: a 'good Kenlucky Indians, militarily its onl) uS(' was as a s)mbol of rifle" shot pouch, powcit'r horn, lomahaw k, bUlcher defiance and a rail) ing·poinl. Draw n b) a yoke of knife and kna~'l.ek, later augmcllled b) a i\lexican oxen, il was soon abandoned by lhe Texians, blunderbuss. Th~e expnienced \\ ilh till' Kelllucky rifle could achiC\e fine m;.ll'k~mallship: 'If was no Bl: Li.Col. II'il/wm Barrd Tram unusual thing for mall) of them 10 pUl thrcc balls This plate illustrales the thrc(' leading figures in the out offin', at a disl;U1CC ofone hundred yard:., inlO a defence of the Alamo. as the) mighl haw appeared paper nOt larger lhan a siher dollar: Thtse long- just before the commcneement of the siege. William B. Tra\is IBog 36 , the South Carobarrdkd weapom, charaClerised b) the elegant proponions of a '>lcxk often incorporatill~ a Iinan law )er who had Ix'cn a memocr of lhe 'war dcrorali\t, brass-lidded piuch box, were in fact party' agitating for indcl>endcnce as early as 1832, developed from German Jag« rifles made b) earl) was a somewhal flambo)alll charaner, who in inllni~allls to P('nns)hania but the 'Kellluck)' ci\"ilian life had favoured a whitc hal and roo nickname h
82: Col. David CrocAtti The mOSl famous offrolllierslllen, 'Davy' Crockett (1786 1836), an ulleducated Tennesseean, established so great a reputation as a hunter, fighter, raconleur and general 'character' lhat he was haifa legend e\en I:x:fore his death, lie scrvcd three terms in lhe 1-I0USl' of Rq)r('..entati\cs (1\\0 as Democrat, one as \\'hig), and only \\-cnt to Tcxas when defealcd in 1835. Ilis colonelc) \\as a courtesy title emanaling from th(' CS )"Iilitia: in Texas he said he wished only to be a 'high private', and 'to aid you all I can in your noble cause,., all the honor I desire is lhal of defending, , . in common with Ill) fellow citizcns, lhe liberties of our commOIl country'. A letter to his children lold his atlitllde to lhe

•

Carro....de eJ
desperate situation: '00 1I0t Ix- uncas) about me. I am amon~ friend~,' Crockett is ~ho\\n wearing a hunting frock mer more cOlHentional \hin and kgw('ar, with the coonskin cap \\ hich has become pan orthe Crockett legend, and \\hich ~Irs Dickinson nOh.x1 lying bc!iide his bocl) just an('r the battle, His rille in Texas was his old hunting weapon known as 'BelSty', not the ornate 'PrclI) Betsey' presented 10 him by the Whigs. One oflhe ('nduring mysteries oftbe Alamo is the MOl"} from ~lrxican sources that Crockett was one ofsix Texians who attemptcd to surrnlder but who \\cre cxecuted on Santa Anna\ orders. As they had hidden themsekcs under some mattresses in one of the barrack rooms, tInd as Crocketl appears 10 have died where ~lrs Dickinson toutld him, between the church and I he Long Barracks, it would appear that he died fighting as is suggt:sted by c\"crything we ~no\\ of his charactel".

8;: Col. J(/m~!J Bolt·i~ Jim Bowie 1796 (836) was famous principally as a duellist and entrepreneur, though commissioned a colonel in the Texian army in December 1835 and aplx>inted to command the \'oluntecrs in the .\lamo. :\ lidng legend \\ho literally can.·ed his reputation \\ ith his famous knife \\ hich may. in fact, haw been ill\'cntcd b) a brother. he had

reputedl) madc fortunes from land deah and e\·en from ,da\c trading with the piratt· Lafitte, He was a courteous, e\en poli31wd man, and his quiet bearing made him appear e\t.'n more IXltentially kthal than his string of famous fights suggested. Though a ;\Iexican cititcn from 1830, and married to the daughter of the \icc·Go\ernor, he \\a5 a leading figure in the early independence mO\ emem, and had been invoked in sc\eral skirmishes in t835. Devastated by the death of his wife and children from cholera in 1833, Bowie began todrink heavily, and was ailing: In tht' ('lid of 1835, The illness which incapacit
c,: PriNlle, ,l!(lbm/l(J Ht'; Huur:, The Red Rovers were a \oluntcer company about 61 strong, formed by Dr John Shackelford around Courtland, Alabama. The women of the community made th('ir uniforms: 'Iinsey woolsey· hunting shirts, fringed on the sleeH':s and shoulders and d)ed bright n.·d ont.' sourn' also mentions ·bro\\n and green {'hl'cks' , from which the unit took its name. Their 'full dress' consisted of a cap andjackct of red \'ch'et, \\hite trousers and a blue sa..,h. Equipment of knap-;ack. haH'Tosack, Cantffn, 4'

them for US regulars \\hl'n the) cntered Nacogdoches. The Greys played a leading role in the capture of San Amonio, before di\ iding: one part remained in the Alamo and thc other embarked on the abonive ~Iatamoros c:\pedition, returning tojoin Fannin in La Bahia. In the vanguard with the Alabama Red Ro\"Crs at the Coleto fight, the Greys wanted 10 fight their way out, but Fannin·s council pre\ailed. Ehrenberg \\as one of the fe\\ survivors or the Goliad massa("J"e: about 33 appear to haH died in the AJamo. Thc Greys' flag was tradiLionall} that flying abo\'c thc i\lamo during thc final assault. :"ote 'extra' blunderbuss a popular c1ose-quaner weapon among Tt'xians and Presidial troops. poa • reprod .. nioa earri"!!.,, Presidio La ,..1' sl)"l., of earria5" i. likely 10 ....'-e bee....sed for stali", oret ""'. IKe,i" R. Yo....W) Caaaoa

tnCMUlt......

C3: roluntur m CS . 1m!,)' UlIifOml This figurc \\cars items or L'S uniform, taken with him when deserting froTll the US Arm} to join lhe cartridge box and blan"el, and CS mu,ke~, were Tex.ians. Considerable numbers of L'S desencni furnished by the .\Iabama Slate .\rscnal. Leaving swelled the Texian ranks, attracted b) the prospect in D~ember 1835. thc Ro\cN joined Fannin at of bounty or action. or from a desire to assist thcir La Bahia and \H'III into the Lafayette Baualion. eOlllHI) men in a c:.unpaign which was doubtless more attractive than thc guerrilla war againsl the ,\Im~t all died when thl' prisoneN at La Bahia were Seminoles. Tht, man illustrated \\cars a dress coattc ~hot, thou~h Dr Shackelford \\ as ~pared to treat of the US artiller}, millllsepauleltl"S, though troops ~kxiean easualtit"S. 1nduded amonA" the murdered was his 0\\ n SQn, and, as DrJ. II. Barnard noted, the on the fronticr would ha\(" made greater usc of the experience s(:emed to add tcll ye;lI"'>C
Bahia. 110., •

4'

clumsy-looking grey horse... , He \\orc plain coarse jeans, a white wool hat, and mud boaLS, , . notwithstanding his coarse allin" I thought that he I\a'> the noblcst-looking man that I had ('\'cr seen.' JII. Kuykendall noted Iiouston in the SanJacinto campaign wearing a 'black cloth dress coat' which lIas both threadbare and wet, someone having ~tolell his only blanket. During the campaign Houston often wore moccasins, as his booLS \\ere beginning to crack. Among his meagre equipment were s."tddlel.>.."tw> holding ears of raw corn to eat; a \lal of mixed ammoniacal spiriLS and sha\lngs of dttr horn a patent medicine to an'n colds, which he mined so regularly that it ga\(' rise to an monoous rumour that he might be addicted to opium: and {'opi('S of (;ulliuy"s Tmub and more appropriately C(war'j Il'ar Commmlari,s, \\ hkh he read far into the night, perhaps to gain inspiration lOr the coming battle.

D2: Tr.uon c(lla/~)' j{oul This figure \\ears typical fromier costume, representing Houston's trusted "Cout or 'spy', Erastus 'Deaf Smith. This noted scout \\ as marrit:d to a :\lexican, and \() \erscd in their languag(' and customs Ihat he could easily pass as ;\Iexican. He had no interesl in the war until C&;'s men dro\c him a\\ay from San Antonio: he told Austin, 'I didn't want any part in tbis w;u ... but since lhey have used mc so treacherously, I nO\\ otler you my services .. ,as a guide onpy.' I t was a costly mislake by COs's men as Smith, despite defeclivt: hearing, was one of the Texian army's greatest assets ill intelligence gathering. In addition to the common 'round hat' and buckskinjackct, he wears lndian+ 8tyle leather Icgging8 which covered the upper p
Cannon rnund al La Bahia, probably uMd by Farmin'" conunanet, and nowpositionfll n_r th., memorial •• lhe sile of Ih.,ir l!:ra,.,. (K""in R. VouDl!:)

allegorical figure ofLihert) bearing a sabre \\ ith the motto UBUt I' OR 1>1 \ lit, 'I'he nag still exists in a \\om and ycllO\\ed condition; it is sho\\n in one noncontcmporary painting as light blue in colour. Auachcd to the top of the staff was a lady's long, \\ hite kid glo\'(', pn'M'llled to th(' com pan) as a good luck mascot on the ('\-e ofth('lr
Dr TtJ.ian l'Obmtur o.Diar This figure- is based on tilt' uniform r('putedly worn by LLCOI. Sidney Sherman 011 Sail Jacinto, which may ha\-e lx-en 'r(~tored', tGRether with a straw hat ofa type not uncommon ill Texas. Tbe fi'ock coat has black facings. including wide lapels, and gold lace; a reconstruction by J. Hefter shows rank bars on thc shoulders which, though thcy feature in portraits of Texian commanders paintcd after the war, were probably not worn at the time, J. H. Kuykendall saw Sherman in the San Jacinto campaign wearing a blut: 'round jackct' laced sih'er, and carrying a 'handsome dress sword', \\lth 'a trim and military appearance', Burleson he describC'd \\('aring a ~impk blu(' homespun 'round jacket' and panlaloons, and armed only with a brace ofpistols in his belL Sherman, a manuf:"tcturer of COllon bagging in Kentucky. sold his bu~iness to equip the \'oluntC'er eompall) of 52 men which he led to Texas; he commanded the 2nd Regt. of Infantry at SanJacinto. lie was latcr responsible for building the firsl railway in Tc-,as, 43

£J: San/II Aww, campaign unijorm

t."2.' G'entral

0/ lJrigadt,julL drm

?\Iexiean stOlfI' uniform was redesigned 1Il August 1831 but rctain<:d !Catures of 18~3 and 1827. The dark bluc CO
double ro\\ ofculr('mbroider), and \\ore a sky-blue sash with bullion tassl'!s and a double ro\\ of cmbroidery on the knots; generals of brigade had singk bands of ('mbroidcry on cull; and sash knot. and gn.·en saslu:s wilh a single knot. White trousers werc worn for full dress. and blue or gre) lor sen"ice. The bicorn hat had a tricolour cockade, gold lace edging, and often \\ hite 'feathcring' and a tricolour panache. \"hen not on dut} gcneral!. \\cre allo\\ro to wcar on:r('()(' won' I"t'giml'ntal uniform when saYing with thcir L1nit; :.It olhlT times thc staff unifonn compris('d a eoat(·(· of 'somewhat bright bluc' \\itb collar, lalxls and cuns ofa darker !l>hade, buttonholes trimmed \\ilb fi\'('-Mrand gold lace, a broad gold band around collar and cull; lca\'ing only one-third of the facing ('xposed, rcd piping, gilt buttons, and gold cagle tum back badges; blut' ovcralls with a gold stripe, or plain white; unlaced blue lapels and IrOll~rs for servic(' dress. Blue saddlr cloth edgcd gold, gold la~sds at Ill(: corners, furcovered holsttT cap~, and black harness and saddler) \\ith "ihcr('d fittings.

'Dt-"5' venio.. oflhe bal of the M",ltic:an Pr"",K1ial.,..mpan''''' ('"'"' PIal'" 113F bl.ck with ..... hite band, tricolour pl..one and o:ockad",. white (or !JiI.·.. r) .,..rd",. Ra ....ly _ n 0.. the f ...... tiu.

44

£4: Cap/mil. U~Jtrr~ Cam/,'] Taken in part from Paris's 7 h~ !J(lule of Tampito, the officer illustratt'd \\cars Rtscr\C Ca\alry uniform the colours of the regulars revcrsed: green lacoo red, though thc P~tris w .... ion shows green facings . w'ith captain's epaulcucs. The coliarshO\\ n by I)ari~ Ix'ars an ('mbroidt:red "ih-er foliate spray. The hl'!nwt h~L-; whitt metal fittin~ also shO\\ n b) some sources lor tl1l' rl'~lll~1I . though the re~ulatiolb

~tated

bra...... ; and the straight-bladed sabre appears to resemble the !::lpani"h 18:15 pallem. Ff: S"gtanl. Rtgular Caml')' This figure wears the ~Itxican ca\alr) uniform, ",ith a crested helmet. Ca\alry "Talx>ns included a sabre sllspended on a waist belt and slings, pistol, and carbine, the latter carried in a saddle boot but with a slide attachment for suspension from the ~hollldl'r bell. Some cavalry carried muskets somewhat shaner than those of the infantry, with bayonets. The lance was nine feet long, with a threeor four-sided blade 8~ inches long, attached to the ~han b) two thl'l.'c-foot iron straps to prevent the head from being lopped oll: alld an iron cross-bar to prevent over-p('netration; the swallow-tailed pennon was officially a foot long, but is often shown targ't"r. F:J.' Trooprr, /.ighl Cllt'(11r..l' 1 he regular cavalry cOll\encd to light troops in 1835 Waf(' blue coatecs with "hite mctal buttons, similar colourin~ to that of the light infantry. The helmet \\orn b) the man illustrated differs from the crcsted pattern of f..t and F I in that it has a horsehair mane instead of a cn'Sl; bOlh \anet..ics ",ere probably ill use in 1835 36 and though obsolete the maned t) pe remailwd in service as laIc

TH wallii and compound of Pruidio La Bahia, ... Lh",y miAlu hau appeared in .8:J6.. 11I.e to_-er ofLh", " ..a .....l"... he !ICeIIldt; ... Lh", ri&hl bad1llround ill a bution 'uppal by a K~'r Or Hnlry bo•. 111.", eUl;len"e of 'Ii~inll hiJilory' &roupll ..-.,..riall autb",nti" rqlrodu"lionll of the Cv,Uum", of Lh" \\'a.. of Ind"'p"'nd"'I1"'" ill furtber IUlimoay to Lh" "old upolllh"T...aa c:onsciOllt;ne..ll whi,," the Alamo period JiliD ... ",ns. (Ke~-in R.

YOU_II)

as the US-~l('xican \\-'11'. In addition to these headdrC$CS, light ca\a!r) also u~d a fur busb) or a shako \\ ith cord~ and chin scales. F3: Sapper, Rtgullir em'ab] The figure illustrated, Ii·om Paris's The Bal/lt if Ta11l/)1(0, wears the t"ur cap which traditionally distinguished sappers and farriers, with Ihe ordinary cavalr) uniform. Shabraqucs or the regular em'alry \\(;1'(.' green with white lace and white tassds at thc cnds; the lining \\as sailcloth or coarse bmwn linell. The green \'aliscs had rcd or green ends trimmed white, or grecll trimmed red, sometimes bcaring tll(' old regimental numbers. The \\oo(it'n-framed saddle- had iron stirrups with a leather tube O carrit'C! \\ as a sailcloth or coa ........ brown

4;

linen grain bag, all 18 inch-wide canvas sack containing apron and sponge, spare horseshoes in a saddle pocket, a blanket and cloak or overcoat beneath the valise, and a fatigue jacket and raincoat under the "addle roll. GJ: CorporaL. 7 rtJ l'jilllJ Balla/IOn This corporal of the Trt") \'illas Bn, ofActive ~lilitia wears the "in~le-bl'easted 1833-patlcrnjackct with Loc:kora 1\1...0<:&01 'Brown ~n' mu.skel. TheM...o.,..de,';ceoi rank bar on the slce\'e, and the identification letters a .. <:a51" wilh .....ke i .. ils beak, .I•.mped upon the lock_pbu., '5 c:...et...h·e proor or cJ>e ..se or.1 t<:alil 0"" ,enion or'8roww '8TV' on the collar, though evidence for the use of ~,,' by the 1'01...0<:&...rmy.t l.hi1i period: an tndia Pau.,na willa Ihe ni .. ron:ed c:oc:k ;nlrod..«d in 1809- In '1IJ3 Ihe 8rili.... this feature is ineondusin", lhe shako has no cords, Orcl..aa.nce "Lill h.,1d IliCIme +fo.-1ndia PailO'er'" ann§., ,8 years in accordance \\ith 1833 regulations, and the red aru:r ma .... raet .. n had c:eaHd, 110 Ihe sale orlh",,", o ....,.....lodui was ... .".c"U"nl opporlWlily ror cJ>" 1\1"";.,.. 50,·"name..t I .. plumf' \\OfIl 1)\ fu\ilic...... The ..,houldl'r belts support obtain ,n.. rdy .nd "tr...,.,i,'e fir<:'armJl. The 10<:11. ..-tampUos is the cartrid~l' box and ba)onel; and iI French-style enla"'5o:d al t.be "5hl, sabre, Some sources "ho\\ no belt plates. Though .\lilitia uniforms \\ere lillie dillerent from those of grenade bad~c was al"O di.~pla)ed on the nap of the the 'permanent' battalions, some units may not cartridge box. The trou~rs arc worn with the ha\'c had chin scalC'S, onl) plain leather chinstraps. bottoms rolled up, apparcllIl) a common practice. Thoul{h the Tr~ \ 'illas possessed both dress and and pcasanHtylt: sandals replace the boots. Like fatigue uniforms, thc) had no gn'3tc03ts, and the olher fig:urcs in this plate, the grenadier is armed with a British -Brown Bess' musket. suffered ~e\oll<;l) from cold, G2: Hi S~rg~o"l. JlolarllOrOJ Balla/IOn G.,: Fusi/in, lIifo"lry Based on a reconstruction by Joseph Hefter, this This fig:ure is !J3.';('d in part upon Paris, sho\\ ing a figure \\l'ars the 1832 eoatee with pl35tron-style rare rear ,ie\\ of ~lcxican inralllr) unifonn, lapels. Though the shako has the gTl"('n pompon of including \ertical sc;:tdet piping on the poekctllaps, Ihe chass<.'ur company, the Coatl'(' docs not han~' the and dark blue thrce-pointed shoulder straps piped JordiTldo laceofthl' 'preference' companiL"S, this lace scadet in place of the rringcless <'!lauletlcs. (Some of seemingly Ix'in~ applied in a S()lll("\\hat irregular the figures in this source haw no piping to their manner: his cull~ would resemble those ofC I. The scarlct facings, Equipment consists of a hide shako plate dcpicted is a more elaborate pallcrn knapsack with \\hite straps, willi a blanket or than the oval variety; and the collar bea~ the '8M' greatcoat rolled on top and secured hy white identification. The medium blue trousers with strapping, and a bayonet canied on the belt over scarlet welts (a lighter shade than the "dark blue' of the right shoulder instcad of on the canridgc IXlx the regulations) were an altemative to the white; it belt, wiLh no sabre, Thl' shako, based in part on was apparently common practice to tic a rawhide Paris, is a varit'ly fl'alllring a coloured lace lower thong below the knee, A rcronslruction by Hefi.cr band instead of upper, with the yellO\\ cords of (doyen of ~lcxican uniform historians) of the fusilier companies. and a pilime in tbe national red, chasscurs of thl' Aldama Bn. shows green shako white and grcell. cords and lace, greclI pompon, facings and epauletles. /11: Offiur, "ifaulty. JIIII drm While ~lexican infantry officers wore uniforms st) lcd llpoll those of the rank and file, of finer G3: Grt1lodin. 1I!l{/nt~)' This figure \\il"ars the 1833jackct \\ ith the old collar qualit) and \\ith epalllcltcs of rank, the figure numerals, and s{/rdm~la lace on thl' cuffs, The shako illustrated ba~d in part upon an extalll garmcnI bears the grenade plate and rcd pompon of the \\cars a uniform having some similarity to thc staff grenadius, and red braided cords and raqucltcs as pallern, inciudinK foliate embroider) and a wide specified in 183:.1 and 1835 blll not in 1833; the plastron fronl. The ~rc) brecchC!> and riding boots

,6

are rampaiKn ilems, as is the plain s\\ord hell. The ,hako plat(' is a variation on the O\al pattern, Ho!.' Llgh/ t"ja1/II)'1mltl, mmpOlgn du.u This figure \\ear... the uniform of those UI1l~ dC"ignated lighl infamry in 1835: dark blue frock coat \\ith red piping and ycllo\\ bUHons, grey lrousers, and a light, plain shako ornamemed only with a pompon and a shield including the unit number or initials though bugle-horn badges ha\e b«'n exca\ ated, .. ugg~lillg the use of this dc\·icc b} chasseurs and light infant!'} . He is armed \\;th a British Baker rinc and its di.'>linctiw sword bayonet; mch \\eapons \\tT(' apparently rest.. r ..ed for chasseur compani<'S and light infantry, but arc unlike!} to ha\e been uniWr.>a1 in such units. The scale of their use is hard to dctcrmine from ~Iex.ican sources couched in Hr} gene'dl tnms,

~f~moriaJ ~r~ud al Ihe F•••;n &nove "ite to <:on>.meInonote Lhosc eJ
reported in 1836 that h(' had mounted artillery in Te\.a.-', itnned \\ith "aim'S in .,tl,d <;cabbards and English ItTurol,J carbines, ~Ie\.ican artillery was not in the lX'St of C
H3: La"ur, PUJldial (ompanm, rampalgn dUJJ Recalling the dl"l'S!) of the Spanish colonial gendarmcrie or 'leather dragoons' from \\ hjch the companies C\ oh'cd, lhi,; figure shm\s the likely dress of the Presidial troops. The hat was basically a ci,'ilian st}le with turned-up brim and \\hite decorations, tricolour cockade and plume, The blue coat had red facings, and though the 182 I regulations specified that a unit number be cmbroidCI"t'C! on the collar, initial letters of thc province or prwdio name seell1 to ha\e been used. For garrison duty blue o\'(.'ralls Wilh n.,d stripe and black lealher I'('inforcement \\ cre worn; hut for field service, blue or grc} loose-filting o\Cralis with rcd Sources slripes, with prolectivc buckskin gaiters worn undcr the overalls, \\'hen on servict' tb(' hats were usually Histories and m('moirs of the Texan \\'ar arc legion; undecorated and worn wilh brim lowered; and the listed helc)\\ arc SOtllt' impol'lant works and sollle of quilted leat hel" skevdess jcrki n of earlier da ys ma y lhe most
47

---------- - -

--

Important works on the i\kxican army and its costume arc:

J. lIerter, T"~ '\!t,;al/l Soldil'f {l\ltxico City, 1958 J. Hefter, Crorlico del Trajt Militar rn Alt.tito (r>.lcxico City. 1968 Jo"arblareln

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