Osprey, Men-at-Arms #436 The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades 1100-1500 (2007) OCR 8.12

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CHRO OlOGY DAVID LINDHOLM MA was born In 1970. Ha was dUe t d at tha Univaralty of Lund In Sweden wh ra h tud d m d eval arch &ology, h atol"1 nd ethnology. H I tHe pee: Jstlnm v r ponl"1 and warfllr •

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THE SCANDINAVIAN BALTIC CRUSADES

1100-1500 INTRODUCTION OSl J'~:OI·I..£ arc ramiliar \\'iLh the Crusades La Lhe Holy L:md during the J\liddle Ages; Olher:,> knOll or the Rcconquistad<-'_ In cuntrast, the cru~adcs that took place around the Bailie S<"a during the same period are les... Wf'1l known. Evcn those studics I\hkh have been made have t'll1phasiled lhe role or Gennans. and aho\"i' all lhe l.crmanic military order.. - the Sword Brct.hrt"11. and the '!cutonie Knighl.'l - rathel than Lhat of the Scandinavi.tI1 peoples who played ~uch a \;tal role_ Thpse expeditions \\'cre rcg
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DefinitIons of a crusade

OPPOSITE The Danish knight Henrik Plot In full armour, shown In. 14th century stained gtass window. This lUustrates the tranlltlonal styles of Dody defence - probably with a cOII·of·plates worn over a mall hluberil end ',oft' llrmour.. llllO found In Ihe grave-plls It Vllby. (In ,Itu D611etjelde Church, Denmaril)

In recent times a 'cms.-Hle'. in it.~ original religious allli warlike M'nse, has generally Ilt'ell rCj:{arded ...imply as an llgl) phenomenon from thp Western world's blood-staim:d pasl, without much consideratiou bC1l1g gi\'t'n 10 dl(' actual origin.. of Ihe Jerm. To the ChriSti:1l1 peoples oflhe 1I1iddle Ages. hOII'e\er. the \\'ord had a vcrv specific meaning: it was an armed ('xpedition or .'>eries or expedition" intended to n:t11ove a petTPiH'd lhreat to Lhe Chri.. tian raith. or 10 cnnvert lIon-Clllistians 10 Chrislianitv (by force if necCSS3tyl. 01" 10 achic\e bOLh these t-tHI.... Not all SlICI\ religiousl)' inspired armed conflicts were ahrainst MuslIms or pagans, ho\\'('\'('r_ Those againsl the Albigensiam ill 'iolllhern France were undCt1akc.:11 to crush it 'heres}"; while dlOs<: :lff-lin.. t the B}I.:lmine Imperial capital of COtlstanlinoplc. agolinsl. Bulgilrs, Hussitcs and oiller peoples and cutl1tl111tlilies in Europe, pilLt"d Latin or Qll..holic Chri,tians tl.&rainst Chrisliam who :ldhered to a diITerelll \'L'rsiorl of lhe failh. Meanwhile, lhe sO<:llled -[lal ian Crusades' were liLLie llIort:: lhan polit kal wars to maintaill or cxtl'nd Papal POK(·]'. At the [llgal core of all sllch cntsades la} lhe fact Ihat liHeb ll1ilitatl' eIToriS had to lx" sanctioned hy lhe Pope - Christ'" represcntalh'e rm car'dl - or. at the least, h)" a respected bishop \\'ho 1\-ilS h im~elr representing the Pupe, Participating in a crtlsade oITcred tn;m)" malc.:rial and ~piritllaJ henefits for the belic\'ing Western European Christian, and litis 1\'aS as lnJC of the Baltic Crusader... as it was orlhosc wllo mounled expeditions 10 lhe 1101" L;ll1d ill Palestine, These bent"fit... ma\, he 1\ummari/.t::d as foIIOl\'li: While a trlall wa~ on cms."lrlc, all his assclS were protected: thl" could nUl be seil.ed in payment of taxes or otht'r debts, AJI his sins were

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From tit... stilrt it be,.llll"'· clear tlt;n Ihe J{t't'Kr.lphicaJ di:-.po-.lIioll ul the IW\\ x-dlldina\;.lIl 't.m.... en.lhled lhem In IOCIL.. on slighlh (hill-It'llt rt"gion" at k-ast t.o bt-giu \IoUJI, Dt-nm.lrk luok...· d r'obl\\-;\m 10 the \\c.·nth\h co.-m of \\11.11 ~ 110\\ onnh{'m (.enn.:un. dnd 10 Ihe 'iOutheru 01 mid· BaltiC' rrgioll of "holt arc 110\\ tilt' Polish cn.m and pan~ uf th...· ne'" independ.... nl Baltic '!Ilale". S.......den luoL.rd u~dnL~ finbnd ,md Ihe llorth,'m IJdm of the B..1hlc co.l! !Jille. To,J 1.1t)!;e r:'1 rradc and pnlilial rebliomhilh tn nunhem Gc:mloln\. \\hill' S\\·....dcll had closer cOlllu'clion:-. tll lhe li~inK RIL"Sian prillcipalit\ or '\(l\g:0I0l1 .md lhe tnt>;:ll .trC';L~ .Iroulld Fil1l.md In CUlI~id ....rillg the 10110\\ illg dlroilOIO&\ nl the m;yor C\I.."nb. rt"ader; ~hould I)('.tr ill l!lind thai tJu- earlicst call1p;:liKn~ were nOI SlriClh speaking 'crusades'. l>eClll'ie Ihe Pope had nm , ....! Qlluiolled Ihem a.., "-;\00 conducted in the nallle of (lulsuanit'. Pope Lrban had pmcl,limt-e1 'tJl Crusade' (the" Fi .....t Crn;.ade) III 11)1.)6. diTtttoo 1O.... ard5 rttapltlrinK tJlC Hoh land from the \h~im.. II ",'"OOld talc m.m' \C".trs before.- the=- id{";l of a "noOhem' or &1lK' C,us;IIde tooL. mOl in Scandina\;.... 11000!t"el". m IIU3 King Ene 1 'b"Cl" Good' of Denmark. made .til ;toned pilgnmag 141 PalC"itin~, tht" hnel Euro~An ("1'l)\\11ro mler IU \i5il tJle nC\\h labLishrd Lrus.-ulcr Nm;dom of Jenl~em allh()u~h he (lted on hl~ ,",:1\ home. Four \t':11"l laler Si~rd JOl'S.1bJar. one tlf the co-ntlel"5 of 'or""a\. abo made ,til epic \Q\--age from Scanclio.t\ia Ihrough Ihe Slrai15 of Gibl:lh.lr to the eastern .\I('(lilcnalH.'all. where hi~ lilll.... flct't hdped the cmsadel"5 conquer the CO;:t!>1. TIli\ ..hould ag;tin. P(!rtl.lP5;. be:: rt.o.g;u'derl .1~ ;lll .lmlt~d pilgt;mage, ,inCl;' lh.... bru.lder ide;t of 'cm!>dding' - .IS a cOilling, disullCl from tJle ~1)C'("ihc e'lX'diuon ",hirh \\'t. no,", call, ,",ilh hill(l~igill. the · ........1 Cmsadt" - had not \('1 fulh dt"\doped OPPOSITE K., few numbered en""_

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I()IJ5-99 Finot Crusade In tht" Ilu" I...mcl. 11lI3 Pilh'Tilllage of hill):: Frik of D~lIl1larL. to the

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for h~lp i,. lIl('' uf \Iagdebllrg, ll:l!i D'llli~h allack on lhe SI.I\' (Rug-ian) i~lalld or Rllgell. 11·17 TIll' lil'Sl 'nOnl'll.·rll CIII~;ldt." .Iw\jn~l Ilw paJ.;~\I1 B.1ILic Sl,,\~. 1168-69 KiIIK Valdemar I l,r Dcnnlal kallaI'lL.. ,Ilul conqllt'I" RiiRt:n jsland, Ilil Pup.....\h.·xand.... r III .l\ltIIOli/('~ cnl,ad(''i .1g'diIlSt the IM~n populations or the C"stC111 B.lhic (~I,l\. alII dud Finn uibc'il. IIH:l J)olllt'r.lIlian Sla\ . ~ulT('lIder to King (",lIlule IV of DennMrL... II~ httmian (Finn..) rdid tht' wcdbh cil\ of l"pJ>Slla119..~ Ilope InnocC'nt IJI duthorile'i tlu"u\oni,U1 Cruslde .tgalllott th,. e.btf'nl B."lItic I..lJaSL 12()(1 Bi."hop Alben eslabll~he
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1362 ChrislJ,1II Pnb.Si311\ :uld ~fiI""l(lr~ ClllIIl1 c' \\e~ll"m Lilhu;lliiall ci" of I\..IUl1as. I:WH Pope l'rban \. l~lIe..... Bull IlrgillK it t(lIlUl1uaUOII 01 tht" cnb.ach.' againsilhe Duch\ oflilhu,mi.l.lht' laM ·palfo'n' ",Wle in Europe.-,

1381 CJnllon uX'd 1)0, letllonic KJlif{hb Inr lht' (ir'\llimt" on Ihe Ri\t"r :'\emen_ 1~2 Teuloni KnighLS \ei/e lite Lllhuaru.m c.tpiwl U( \Ilniu I~I .J~lhl) (Jagiello) becolllf'S fill1?rufthe ~l1l1l.u'Reh P;:llfdll (.rand Duch\ of urhualllJ. 1386 Gr.md Duke J.lgiello III Ijlh,t.llti.l i ... l>.tplilC.'1..I as;l lhmlian, I~ clO\\'ned King ofllol.lIld ,lS L'ldi las II, .tHd IOllnd"'lheJ.l~idlon d\n.lSl) which ruled Pol.ulClumil If)()H. 13~ Teulonic Knights rdplure Ihe ~\\edl..,h l... l.lIld of G••Ii.md dnd r~n Samogetia from Grand Dille ..\le'Yudn \\uuu.... (\\ IIOldl of umuallia_

1-409 ");unQRt"IWb rroolt "K'"dJl\Sl rrulonit: hJti..:lus' rule. 1410 J'nl~ and Lilhuanian dr-lral Tt"llIolUc Ollleroll lhe 1);U1k nf T.tnl1enberg_ 142~ LISI Lennan crusade.... re.Jch PnlS"ld. 1·1~) Tellloruc Knigha.-. ~Ill II) defend IllInSf-ln .1S{".JlJlSl LIlt: Ouom.m TUiu. 1-I.H-66 111e Thineen Yean' \\ar bcl\\t'en Puland-Prossiau rebel .llIian,"e .mel TcutOllic KnighL'i: l'hllnlllc KlllKh~ 10)(." we'ilem Pmssi.1 btll l-elain e,lSu'm Pnl....."ia ,b \~I ..s.tl.. I)J th... Poli\h crown . •md remain indt'pench'lll in Ijvoni,l (110\\ 1...1 I\i,l.md htonial 1196 Swt."tIi..h fOITes ;Iu.lcllh(' Rli i:lIl (\III O\ilf'l fonrt'\.~ tlf h.mgurod on Ihe t'a§lt'm fronLit.'r 01 EMol1iJ I ~)(),1 Woher \'011 Pleuenbt'rg, \tl5ler of thr Teutunic NUt(lu.) m Limnia. defeats Ll:t.r h,lII II of ~fu.Ko\"\ 011 ldll· ~mCllina 1.:>61 Li\Ullia divided belween Pol;md ,lIId ')\\lodl'lI ({NllSland til I)enmilrl in 15i31.

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THE ARMIES III £'Irl) .\lcdil."\-dl and Iligh Ml'rlit'\'al ;lIIdin,n;a ,I I»~lt:lll 01 dl'fNlce lk\'t'loped which \\~I' ~li[1 large!) b;L't'1i 1m lhl' t!larat'll'ri\lil "iking Agl' dl'pl'mlt'llcc upon ..hips. II callie IU 1>1.' kIlOWI! ;" the kllllllK' ,lIld it t'llablcd a Iult'r 10 :>Ul1111lon a ~p('cificd Il1Irnlx.'1 ul Ilglltillg Illl'n from a p.u-.icular gcogrdphical region. 1\\ lhl' lillll' uf thl' llaltic Cmsade.. e,lch bullt/fI" t1i~llicl should ha\c ocell .thle to 1Il1l"'h'r lip one hllndrf'd men :tlld fOllr ",hips. and fonned p.lft of .1 1,1'ltCI region called a nwd/Uld. 11lt:' \(.,,-'\(:'I was Gllled a rtliKJrn or '~.~hdl', dlld \\.~ tcchnologicall\ .I d(.~elld.lIll 01 Ihe \'iling age \\dl'\hip. \kanwlule the no((Jland funnrd Ihe CUlt" of 11ll" Swedish lingtlolll, ,lIId (ould lllmier a... m.t11\ ;II> ~.:..W w-arriOI"i. Il\ere \\"ere. in ,tddillClIt, ;1 \aning number f,f \ulunu.-rn. The In/u"g was a \\01\ of orga.llu-jllK ,m ;lnm 10 cunp;tign UUlMde it,) 0\\11 tcmlon and, a.~ 'illch. pmn"t1 \cn u~flll lor Bahic cnl~'lding cltpc..'dllinllS. Thi:. iI'IIuflghad its roots III the- \'iking .\ge. and round in ;111 ,~calldin,l\i;ll1 COlllllril""i ,II Olll" lime or .Ill(llller. Fil.... t fonn.llil.ro ill Dt'l1molfl dlliing the finl half or lhe 11th c:'l"IlIlII'). it prO\ided a h."Jf
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QUIPMENT 0 THE SCANDINAVIAN CRUSADERS ARMOUR & WEAPONS, 1100-1300

"\'h n SllI lying medi ,,-,tl III ili tan ct11iPIllCI1t. hOTS -ham • and r Jal d bje l , we a al.... d}.. faced wilh the que~tion of ho\\ repr - ntative the lLlviving (lrt rae s really ar . Wh I' and.inavia i c n em d. it is also imp flam to r ngniz that, ill milila as in ~ man) olher I' ,p t.'>, t.hb regi III \\ nOl quit the am ( nlinental Eurup " .\n im re ting c. mpl f Ihi phcnumclll 11 \ •• lh . orw gian Kong. Mid ('kin T' arm '), • milirarv [or'c which the "Till n ouree' 'ur II \,. W 11 equipped bv .andinavianlandard. \ erth k· , the Aongshird la ked iren u h a gr al helms "wd pl. ( r inforcemcnts to it.'> armOur. al a tim wh n Ih W I' wid pI' ad am ngsl the knight.'> ut ranee Of enmUl . F r in tan e, in the region of ppl andslagcn dudng 111 13th . 'IILU", the 1 W T quired lhaL onl Oil man u' m vcr)' I!flllllUwl n ed acbil:vc Lh sall1~ stand.ard of miJit<1 eqllipm nl llun was cx.p ted of evel man in Ih Him, whi 1J n i ted 0 the kin y'. be L men. p

RIGHT Scandinavian inscribed effiglal slabs: 12th century knight from Vejerslev In Denmark, believed to be Identified as a crusader because of the cross on his helmet and carried in his hand. FAR RIGHT The knight Blrger Persson and his wife, 1327. His armour s of the old-fashioned typ • consisting of ringmail without plate addlt on5. (In situ Uppsala Domkyrka, Uppsala)

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(S) A h vy De had; Ih s would h v b n more or • too' han w pon, but would have been us by p nt warrlOnl 11 nothing 01 w 5 avail ble. (Unlv r1I to Old knamllng, Q 10) (e) Allehe d irom Norway, of B typo wh c;h would havo been \UI rul both s. weapon and as wood m n's lCO. This des gn rem ned In u,e with m nor eh n IS from 11'1 Vlk nil Age to Ih 181h century. (Untv I'll tilts Old

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H 'rt· lhe main d' clop' ents w 're a' (.) -it ted \I'ult mis ile W tip 11' and ill!: IlU'V pole-ann It II luring t..h Ht.h emu 111 L 1l1po\ld I r a ·1J·d ('alldi, < via. nd Lh Balli. the II til. III Knights and D. I ish ar111ie being reI lively earlit Lllall Swedell
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Halmets. Irom the end of the 13th to th mid 15th centuries: (A) Reconstruction of the great helm found In the castle of Aransas. c. f 300 (B) The great helm found at

Aranaes, In Its original condItion (National HIstorical Museum, Stockholm)

Ie) Norwegian 'keltJe' helmet or chapel-de-fer, 13th century (NatIonal Historical Museum, Stockholm) (0) 'Kettle' helmet. 14th-15th century (Museum of Estonian History, Tallinn)

(E) Danish 'kettle' helm at. firm half of the 15th century (Royal D nl h Arsenal Museum, Copenhag nl

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n tll olh r hnnd. Iring rnehanums \ ere lIlIr Ii bl that In. (" air! nly b u eel eIT< covel in , rati nfli t u h siege, uring lh 141h c: otu the cr b w w; dey lop d l.lrI h r, Incre' in i eliability nd power r nenecl both improved lechniql1es 0 m. mila 1m anr! higher quali. marerial~. The era bow 1101 s m to have rf'pla cd th handbow almost nti,' J ,Th b ltl h t b .11 l W ap lIlS remained essentiall the am ' bef re, their points being rna t1 of UI ba. [p of 'war u d b an incli idllaJ was aim ,l errainl < malt r of individual pref r nce I' was 'impl wh lap rricular emplo CJ' 'aw fit tu is ue tu hi- folio er, Th' IV tile emur)' dUl'ng whi h lhe d gger b me more pn mincnl i.. a lighling we-ap 11 at Jea~l in til el , lhal il was in r ingl onen d.epi led in piet. rial ~ lIr e . Th h w that. daggers W J' pe iriall " apons ralh r than al n . rvi.ng more utilirarian

(81 eron~e barrel of late 14th century hand-gun; I ngth, 7.5In/19cm. (Nation I H tor cal Mu um, Stockholm)

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Scandinavian dagger dating from the 14th or 15th century. (Museum of Estonian HIstory, Tall nn; photograph D.Nlcolle)

This statue In Storkyrkan, Stockholm, dates from 1489, and was made to commemorate victory at the battle or Brunkeberg. It Is a maJertlc p ece, and if we disregard the decorative elements It Is an Interesting example of both annour and horse harness from the late 15th century.

f ,Ia[(' :lrmOllr, oil n nl 1 ing in ud d mean' or ov 'Iing III nerable gap in pi It' df'fI nc !\ at th armpit.!, dblN, alld gr in. mall pial ~ \lId b atuu:h d to a ncxibl g"drmenL l loml a . al lin d brigam'line, which r suited in a relativcl . ti hL-fhuugja ke ~ ualJ Ie vele, . For mount d oldier', pie e uf pI Ie arm ur n " co er d Ih ir legs. ~om times with mail undern' th,11 e oldi r, Hpp I boel was ~overf'd irsr ...vith a lhin arming jacket, on top 01 which went plate armom- c v ring the ors ,arms amI 'houlder-. Aliliough' no t < II ,ryle, 01 armour rrespond d to a g- neral In d I. III r w r signilkanl r gional variali ns and dill,!' nt • lULi l O p ill pr 11 ms. h jup n was a padd d g-arrn nt that de"eloped III f th a lier gaml e on bill \Val> tail red to How the c mour' 01 th body. and was uft'n worn we outside oran annour. Thi Jl bJ d th jupon to doub] a~ a W"d.ffi1 ute arm III in lei w ath I~ Th kcrtlf'-haf retained c. s noall th sam 'hap. blll 0 casionall bOlToWCrl [eawr s from OUt 'r popular lJelme . such as l.he 'aJlel. his r Ull d in all int re ling v rsi 11 ""hi h had d ep r and wid r rim wilhaslitforLhe 'ye'.Wid brilllmedcJla eJ.-de-f rw rem t omm n among footsoltJic ,bul, omeLiI s full arm Ired dder. uSt'rl Ihem: the offered ext; n'm pr t tion plu impro ed \' ibili , Weapons

Th L5th cnttl wa h ra trill. d b a ominuaLion r ral 141h cenlur devc1upmcI1LS. ma LnOlabl tal rds bell r pole-arrrL, SlTOlllTer c.r ,'slow and III rc ffi i nt u.~e 01 lllpowder. the latter resulting in great r Ilumb r of m r' powerful annOll.'\ nel han Lh Irl gun, J ;WL'vcr. lhl' change in w apOI] , t 'chno! thai had th rna l direct impa t nth waybattl wer

oughl was th ully d velop d haJh rei and poleaxe. 111 f rIDcr r l ' on 'j l d of a 'hafL < b LIt ~o- Oin (c.]30-_ Omm) 1 ng. \'o'th metal head whi h. in rporat'd oL unly a lIlting

edge and thruslin im bm ften one or more harp ned hooks. 11le great advaJ1lag 0 ' u1i \ apoll w its remarkable

20

U' , while als ing high.! fie 'uv again l olh ltcavil ' aJ d Ii htl armoured toe', To d bieve its b SL ft t Lhi batb rd \ in nd d L be U d b m n in onnation. OtiLe st le~ 0 po1e-
Y EQU P

A TI

A

o I J Ih Iti till' 11.1 >1.1.11 andimn1a.

21

Thl' Ill<:jur ir fluel1 '\:: , a • of OUI e, fr m th gr al /I madi' 11 Irs based uLrur" If tllt" ~t pp . 11 i' wa prellel1l from at Ie l the Mel aeologi 011 r ' ar It d v I lp' rurtb T, th hislt/I-ian of III untrie' will be able La cJeh n re de pI ull til iJ ruiljlaJ ··tedulOlogi ill histury. 1100-1300

Estonian and Scandinavian weapons, rangIng from the 10th to 12th centurles. (Museum of Estonian History, Tallinn: photograph D.Nlcotle)

22

The Inail shjrL I as lhe 'tandard fu IJ oi bud' anllQUJ ::l1ong t h ,outhern and e tern. hoI' of th Balu, il wa in dlnavia clUI ing tllis p liod. Bllltherc w aJ"O use of a torm 01- s ale arm ur, Jlsi ring "mall mel I ' a1 ~ " wn 011 l an till ler ann lit r lealh r Of s eral la r of It tho P dd 1 soft armour' imil r to lh garnb' n w r I' pr ' nL H 1m ba i II corre p n I d to tho fuund in camiinal '<1, while Ihen' wefe r1istin tive local or astern styles, in Iuding lhose in \I'hl b the LOp IlalT w d il1lo a poim b III in (2 111) high. It wa aL qujl comm Jll to alta h , mail (t\' nt. iI to tl e nrn or a helmet to provirl ddition I pI' t ri n. Mail air: w re simihrly u~ecL Ithaugh mill ggings d 11 t· em Lab v be me as popular a - tb., were in Wesrem Eur pe, Perhap: it was the inOtleoce of th greal hOI. C lllrure of the . asl which precllld d it In' ulUt tcuded to impcde horscman ·hip. ls wher . the u. 0 mitten and hand pI' teetions weI' important; again a in 'II' t m Europ plate reinforcemen w re u ed. I[ i. P ibl that uli w; an ongoing tradition frolll L.h earlier Iking g-c, whil al the arne Lime 1) ing influen ed by UH.' Elffil UUl I pp ultm', c'p' '.ally , th LIS fIn or III tal r infor meul.'> might I cwller ha b n r elided <• ·111 archai te lmiqu b, th· m di aI P riod. imilarl the pointed SLY! of helmet lhaL becarm: common in this area can be Lnlced b( k l a ammon I' t u1al w. pre em from India lO tb Balu, 111i [ann of helm t . I Lially onsistctl of ~, r und b 'C whj h narrow d a lit 10m re genu' to a narTU\oI' LOp, The hielcls u'ed ea'l aJld IUtl1-e'( oftll B Itic C l W r initi II of III .am roul1d 1 p us din . ndina\ria during We me p riod. h ntillllecl La b L1 d. bm were 1 t r 'uPllel1 aL d with LlI kiL - haped and so- all d 'h at r' t pe of 'bjeld. Th I\~ay in whi h Ihest" hielcl w r Ollstrll ted wa; probabl mud1 lbe Same el.ewhere,lhough el lher is 110l enough rchae J gi I evid n l sia Lhi. with r . it I. ua wood n b ar S W Ltld hal' b n \' red wilh rte or marla 'ers lath r, Jar hm III or e n. on c i n wilh r If. h olllld hi In would alway h had a nd om form of rein for ement ar und [h rim LO pre\' nt Ih bard 'plitting. he Xl ri I' f'll. h hield c uk!. f om . b painted in designs or c I un.

Ian nrc lllp ir'

23

1300-1 00 \nnDlll in the Haltil lI.'I.\';UI1 initiallv del'eloped in IllH h Ih ~anll' \Idl a; il di 1111 ',1ll1ina\';a alld th' 1'I::'t ufElIrope, 11(' m;.U IrdJlI r lit", lH111'('H'l, (' illS l t' 11m 1'1'11 pin te a III UT did n I a llieve ~Ul il \I i It, llllll; >s, -' oVg" ro I lin I lilt, n'sl oj p pld,lI it' ill Iht, t'a·~1 'rJ1 B.l!li ' PllS~i'I
he reason' orthL art'lln 1';11, • 'hi 11' III 'ultllr' willI its .L~ oelnlt"r1 tUllln,lIm II ~ an I nit r 1I h aristo ali a Ii iric., lllii 11 Jl1 'ultra d II d It'lt J I t:11l I f Il ,1\i r armour within lin ,\.nOlh I' po sibihrl is lhat pillt 'nnour -imph lid not l'flt' an\u cluj purpus ill Ih' sOT t I 1I',lI'nlr(~ ulat erupted bl't\\' ell rh lll' 'Ill amt' hnl • II I Bah p pulauOl and lIlt' Ttl adin Y, 1m! ' .11 1 militOll'\ l r It r. '[ h· \ I 11 lUI I lh 1-0' .1\ r'l I lIlll idt, an I Ih I Ii, la k f I. I a ·-to-(a ~ b..tILl n . ll1U I w lItl I llal' • r II I '11'ri h ,1\ • I'm 111 1m) l u -It' bUI

24

11":1\

iI III If til'
I


fi

~

0

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3

~

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0 u..

cr al

~ ~

~

0 0

z

5-J

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III

c

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in

h

COl III L'

il1\<

till

I lhe 111 • I alli ,'illl'l ill Ihi~ I ('gioJ1,

; I

III

mum

IInH.

33

o

Sc ndlnavlan als, Illusuating Wp of B II c Ihlppln : (Top) S I or Ih clly of B III n, dating from 1376. showing tit I th older typ of Sc ndln vi n hlp used In th !larly crusades were stili In UI - or t I st Itlll had symbol c r on nee. The reforone s 10 th old Vlklng longshlp re obvloull.

3

IMd

La

an

(B) Reeonstructlon of th hull of th Brem r k099, dated to th 1380; In addition to th ml ng ma nd rig ng, th re would al 0 h vo en ub unital uperatnlcture tho m.

(Cl Reeo

",etlon by Ha

Kalmar and ting from th Ire ght tnlnSport. with I

of 1 .9ft!.M

t

35

CI m te

Th (hll-ill~

r

em I t

dllring' wilHer

W
riOt

~onrinl'nral

36

11 lht':

emir

37

Boats

af.nin

38

all

I

.1

coal allt\

~Iiddl'

11'1.1

uld l1ul I • held

II n IJI\i.IdUl

J

1 r

III

\\111111111 Ih

f ',ull" If uld \\' Inn I

Ie' hu

Ihe

ill

L1(h

a

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Th llO'c II d Virgin Tow r whIch 'orm d part of the Inn r d , nce between the Toomp

Cit d I nd the medl \/lI1 c tv 01 R v • ID.Nlcoll phofoWllpbl

39

Ih r

i-H. e

lnark. \

1111 il

in

~

lht:'

The keep of th castle ot Raseborg, 8Jrlonslvely restor d in the tB 19th century.

tole;lIlwhilc anothcl ;tllli much mon' ~iKHllic;tlll Ihreal tu Clu;slt'ndom was emerging f,11' 10 lhe ~muh-t:"st, \\lIh lht' r;~ ( j f OnOll1.11l Turls. Thi~ thrciI\IX,,<-:II11C .KIllt' dlllin$ll: lilt" I,He 15th and I"arh I (hh centuries. dnd conSt:(lllclllh the old cOllflict I.>l't\\een Onhodox Christian and Catholic Chmli,tll l,ll1d~ III ea5lC:nl Europe 3ndlhe Baltic Ix'caIne sccundan. Europe's "-t~tl ..ce.. ,JIld dluru would 110\\ hone to be inH''';IL'd on Ihi.o; !le\\.' south-e
we

FURTHER READING .\Jtde~n. I...-\ Hntory oj \,uwlnl (London. 1~'~l:;1 .\nuen:o... A.. 'SuuClllre :md .\Ianulanunng f«hniquf"'ro of PaUt'1'n\\'clded O~elfln of tllt' \enbpiM.•na Olrug)'. .'loL'Irtd:aJ \mlo. :-.0 (I9S:l1 BenninghO\en. F.. DrrlJrdnf dn hu""",,"","t(.(llugne, 1~i51 Bogdan, H.. in CJ"f!Q/Mn TnUqllU(Uf1ll~rn. ICIlI.'l1 ikbi. R.. "T"'M Lapps: . b nml Prupln lHld PIck", \mn (I..o ndon. 19fit11 Bn.umn~h, H. Baron, 'Der.ill It rnll1dah<"rhchl" (~r.. ~(C"in U\bn& au~ del' I ~Ianinl.ircht auf Iioime bc-i RJIr-". III {.. non ed.l. &bun." SiudlnJ :ur .{rrhaoioguo liNd (;'jr!urhtr, dr'S Bnltucltnt \Orbrrntnulnl KintlrWJ flir dnt .\11 -\rrAtkJ p-h", I~\ /It Pk-kDu 1914 (Riga. 191<1) 111-175 Bnllldage.JA. (tr.). T'M CArt.turf, tJj 1-1",,, of I.. m ll/Ill C\l.idison, I~~II Brundage.JA. l1u: Thlneenlh-CC:nlun U\unian (ju"Idn',jaJlfbUdvr fUr Ghchuht,O$tturopm. 11.\. \.X fig,;!) 109 Chmt~nsc:n, \.£., ·DenmaJI.. bel\\ttn Ih~ \iL..lng \~t" 'and thf' time of Ihe \'aldt'Jnars·. Jlttllfll"l'fII'w'lmtitntn"a. 1 (I CJtXi) '~\-4R Chrisu;mscn, E.. T/~ XorO,"" (;ntl(lIlf'), llaltir IIml ell/II(1[ir f/,.,/lu,. I /(j().....Jj2J (London. 1980) D{'\"(:ikc. J.. 'TIle Lilhuani,lll OiMChit'..•• 11,1' \Im'f/lllr (J1Il11:mt FUl'r/fJMn Rf'lIIt'U', XX\111 (19·19-50) 3!12-:m, Cilllbutas. t.1., Til' JJ(lI/~: ,.I,I/em,1 Pro/l/e\ oil/I 11IM,1 Vnl'f (I.ondon.I963) 1l,ljdu. P. (lr, c.r. Cllshing), "illlw·l'gnf/ll VW/JIUI/{,.\ (lnd Propll'.s (London, 1975) .lulikk:!l:!, E.. A /-liMO')' oj Nllfmu/ (I ,olldon, I ~J{j2) Ki\il..oski. E.. Dji!Eisl'l/U'il1"iI/"l/Id~ (Ikrlill, I!I47) J\j\'ikoski. E.. !'i'llfand: IInrinll ProP/,.\ fIIull'fam ,Ynr\ (I.ondon, 1967) Kulako\, V.I" fs!u";Jo Pruni, 110 1283 gvdo (~ln"oCm\, 20(3) L'lrSSOll, L, Kit/mlll" 11ll;Ollrtl\ lui (S,ocl..holl1l, IV'I?)

,,/w,t,.,.

r"J'

Spat~'SL'I:.n/lidll' n'lI}lt" "'11 I-ilw/lll1fl; hU'n1l/1.uhnftm und miffrnl>mVnmgnl dl'~ 9.-12j"IIrrllllldn/i (Ilelsmla, 19C1'l) Lind, J.. 'The Russian SoUIT("'i or Ril\~ \l,tg-nll\ Etili~n's campaign against :0.10\"&,01'00 1348-1351 - f('("OINrlc'rN1', \lrn/fln'Ol vandmm'll" XII (19&11 2-18-272 Lilld.J .. ~n,e Russian-S\\t'di\h Border ,lccHlding 10 the F'tOact' Trcal\ of -":oteborg (OreUu}wl.~I)ahl..m,i.lll1n,11 ,md IlIl' IJoliliLLl tJ.lili of the '".onhem Pan or .-enno!tGutdJ.l' ,\I"/lOn'fll \("ndmm1/l, ~111 (2000) 100-117 I.lIldholm. D.. & O_'icollt'o \l1'f/U'lwl \(O",i/lilIi'lOI1 ..'""An (11 I /tJ()-1 Jol).

uppJ,lho,j.,

42

Mf'!I-:u-Anm :\u.:i96 (O~lurd. 20031 Ulldlul]nl. D.. & n,Nie-Illle, ,\f~du-l'(11 Smnd,I/(f1I/(IIl Arnul"\ (2) IJ()()-/j(}(). \Ien-at-.\nm .\0.399 (Oxford. 2003) \Iurrm. \ ,«:'d.). (ntvu/,. (mil Co"'..-nWt/ till I/t, &llv Ffrmtln; I / S(~/ jUt) (.\Jrlt·r"hol. 2f1O I J ~illS5t"l. L. 'Prohlcml-'~ milil.arit"i dll \Ionde Scandinavt" C\ II-X lie Y«-lt·l'. III \nt",uuu dl '\Iudl dn Cnllm /lalmnD dl .Stlldl m/J'-\llD ,\fI'dUJn'O (~pol('lU. 19f I ~'29-~'91 :-'IIL(Set. L.. '-'I pf1lpln .\i(lmllllfltY'.l (/11 \/fJ1t?1 .\8'" CParis. 1951) '\iwllc, D_. \""'t'i of \lMII'I't11 Ruu.lo 750--/2J0. ~Icn·m-.\nm .\"o.3JJ IOxfurd. 199M) \icollc. D.. /.IW PnpU\ /2-l2. <.:ampaigm No.'6 (Lond n. 1996) Rllc\-Smith.J, (ed.), -'lias oj ,II, C,ulOd,., (London. I9'J I) S-lw,er. P 8: B.\IN1In.'tl' \m1/dmm'flJ: FRI'" (~,mxnllm 10 !UfitfMlllKm n.,,-o "'i(J(~/ 3(.K1 (\linnCaIX)lts. I9tJ31 St-c:lm. \.\ .. fllUlo-l gnu I &1"11 t' JpoItIlIl')rMlln'f"kuc.'}O (~lo..col>.. 19 i) ShpalO\"Ik\. \ .. 8: D, "knlll·. J/rdln.'fI/ RussYm .-\",00 /250--/ 'tJO, \It'IHU\nn \o.3hi" (O... fnlCl. :"OO·.!) Sl,"um-~iehc.·n. \ ~ '.Lund (eds.), lJolluA \lMV?Yll /lU/(Jrf: _\Iou (:lItTrll/l (Copcnh.lg~n. '9$1) 1.lski. ........ 'Die eJ:inr«-h-polm..chen Beziehungen \on dem Tode ''aldc."11I3f'\ II bL<; ./11111 ErllSlehen der h.;tlmarer l nion' \In'lI/VI,,,t ~ondmtll'lfI. J\ (19il) SO-90 Smilli. J.c.. & W.l'rb..U1 (lr.), Til, I.1t'Olliutl RhJm,d Chro",dt (8Ioulllin~ldn. Illill

L rhan. '\ .• -TIle Organi~uion and DdenCl' or Ihe Lhl)nian rrolluer- in Ihe Thinet'ltlh Celllllll·. \!Jf'nlfum. XL\111 (Itli3) 5~3--532. Ulh.II1. \\'. Th, Ballir ('lHO'/' (Chkago. 199-1) L·r-ban. \\ .• 111, PnHl/(ln Cru.uuh (.\"CI>. ,or-l. 1980) L"rhan. \\,. {h, 50JftlJgJllan (nuadJo (Chicago. I~I L'r-b.m. W.. n,t' Tt'/j/flnu 1\../I11r/U: \ \lIllffHl l!Ulor) (lolldon. 2(1):i). Ull..taill. F.. 'I'M IIHtO,.y /Jfll/t' f\IOIIiml p~}" (LoI·ulon. (952). AiJl,rt CoIl"'..1 m7ll0ur ('(Ill lJf'

WII

I,,/(I orrlm plnud 1'/0 his uom.I1lf:

""'W\\'. viaarmOl1! ri ,('0111

PLATE COMMENTARIES A: THE DANISH INVASION OF THE ISLAND

0' ROOEN, t 1 08-11 oe Al: King Valdemar 10' Oenmark Although DttnITIMt was In close economIC 1Ind eulturaI contact with nelghbourlng northern Germany, its military equvnen1 was, hke that ollt'lfl other 5candkwMan states. d ramer oId·tashroned. Therefore we have l'8COnStrUc1ed the king here wIth good quality anns and 8m1OlX, although Jl would have been seen as hall a genet8tlOl'l beOlnd the tlmes by a french or tMII'I 811 English obsetV« KIng Valdemar wears a one-piICe won hI*net wtth nt~ rwsaf, OWl • m8III cod WIth Its ventail pYIIM:l 8CfOS5 M ttvom and chin. HIS ma.1 haubettl With liS long sIeeveI and mittens is. hOwever, 01 the latest design: 11 is worn OYer a quihed gambeson which pmbabty replaced the more erd\aIc fell 'soft armcur'. HoI mM ~ ~ of tIw type wnet1 CCW!Jt

Ol'iy !he fronts a1d SiClea of his thighs. ~ ana legs, and Bre worn with soh leather bool•• His shield, sword and sword belt are 01 designs which could have been seen In the late 11 ttl century. bUt the decorations 00 hIS horse's harness follow the lat•• nnds III Germany and northern F,..;e. A2: Oanish knight The seemingly llIChalc character of some Scandlnavl8tl armout' IS seen on thrs man, WhOse S/I'npIe Iron helmet has won ear- and neck-~ attached b¥ shOr'lle8ttw" 5UapL HIS m8lI hauberk has an Integral cod with a \IW1taII -.::rosa nis mouth, but the sleeves are only 01 thrM-quarter IwIgth; the haubel1!: is slJl at the sJOea. which was more for fighting on loot !han on horsIIbrBdc. The IaIbbarti • bed to the ~ Ieau. swon:l De« II'llhe nom'I8f manner The -..ct • of the long krte-1h8ped vanety needed wtIen the only Olher body protectIOn was the m8lI hauberk: note I1lS IIICII 01 leg protection. A knobbed bronze mace was lypcaI of many partS of SCanOI18Tl8 and the BaftJc regat.

43

men of poorer origins The blade of h s spear has short curved lugs or 'Wings', which were another archaic style, sUitable for Ogh Ing on fool ralher han on horse ack

83: Captured Estonl n warrior He appears 0 be a p ant w rrlor rather than a member 01 tile ndlgenous Estonian 8ns ocracy. his weapoos being a substantIal e thaI mighl also have been a working 001 and a knrte in a decorated Ie her s Ih The blade of he spear IS a form found Ihroughout Ihe BaIlIC region. bill lhe bronze stand was tually nd n a LJ l8tl or Prussian rat r n Eston U1 area ST

Swed sh p nIp nllngs, 13th century: (Top I itt) Not 8 right the warrior wl h a fl t-tapp h 1m, a holt n d kite Shield with round d top, a urea t. nd rry I Id "lng

d 9 nd

at

words, on

lam:!, S

T

Y PR He

03: Swedish s 1I0r or boatman The one-piece, broad-brimmed Iron 'war-ha ' had by now becoma v ry wid sp~ ad In Scandinavia. It was one again common lor men rom many backgrounds 10 carry a substBntlal kn f or dagger. Otherwise this man's mul pie layers of clot Ing. especla Iy the broad-shouldered cape With a hOOd - h re shown pUshed back 0 the h d deSigned or wo Ing In a potBntlally cold and at envllunm t such s he Bal c Sea

• c.127!5

45

GAT

brlrnrned ket Ie-hat' or chapel-de-fer which does not Interfere with his vision; tIs subst ntial ohee pieces are a distinctively Scandln vlan f ature. Otherwisa. he has a German-style ooa -of-plates b n ath a separate mail coif and over a fuil mail hauberk, plus mall ohausses or his legs. E2: Swedish sergeant with spanned crossbow Walking with a spann d and 10 ded crossbow could be a dangerous thing '10 do, u/'lless there was ood reason to expect an ambush. The h Imet worn by this sergeant may be old-fashioned in Its basic sh p . but Is quite advanced In Its corrugated or fluted re nforced surface He otherwise rehes on mall for protection. and 15 ermed With a relatively short Infantryman's sword and a Ih ck cirelli r. wooden, buckler form of shield. In addrton to a crossbow wllh a composite stave a crossbowman n ad an Iron spanning-hook on a bell around hIS hips. and quiver 0 hold he short bolts or arrows. E3: FInn aU1C1! ry wllh p ck-mule Local indIgenOus UJ(IIIanes are noW" to have been less ell arned han herr 5candlnavl n rulers and colonrzen>. This rna only fa anoen G-pt Iron-framed helme lhough his sword a line 0 d- ashloned weapon. HIS thICk fur-fl coa1 woo d have proVIded some protec IOfl

OF DANI H

VAL,

G; KING MAONU OF SWED NVAD RU lA, 13 8 01: K ng M nu Erik on at Sweden By the mld-1 th century he military equipment

0 the ruling ell e 01 Sweden and the other ScandinaVIan kingdoms as fUlly Within Ih Western European - more particularly, German - Ired, ion Cons Quen Iy mg Magnus IS shown wllh de p form 01 basctnet I a face-cov nng mal' r p h re In owered pes' lon, and a coa -of-p a as b nea h a heraldIC surcoat Under these he wears a mall hauberk, padd B e on or gambeson rerebraces vam ces nd gaun t. hIS nnour IS

IS armed with a knightly sword. a tantlal dagger. and a second sadd e5 ord beneath 1'1 p hIS saddl . In contrast hiS rse ess IS qUI simp. note ha mue 0 e I og h 0 I e ems 15 now made of chain rather than leath 5 a p~ u Ion against II getting severed In comba G2: Swedish knight In contrnst to the rmour worn by his kIng. this ordinary Swedish knight we rs old-fashioned gear, most not ely his m salve nat-topped greet helm. It Is worn over separate m II coif which protects the n c but not the should rs. n this IS the sl veless surcoal and long-sleeved mall h u IS P ad gaun em are more up- o-date. but IS armour IS ag n v ry dmonaJ In conltast hIS sword dagger and 8I'"-shea SU penSion system are In eeent s cames S' Ish baltl s a no as the FoIku Vapnet. G3: German mere nary Jud Ing by hiS arms and armour, thIS mercenary commander passing on the report of hIS scouts comes from southern rather than northern Garmany. Som degree of Ital an stylistic and technological Influence is visible, most obviously Iri his d -brimmed st i 'war-hat' helmet. In other respects hiS body armour Is similar 10 tha of King Magnus, but includes 9 ard-chaIns attaChed to the coa -0 -plates beneath his sun:oa . these III prev man losmg IS eapons In tf'1e t

uIt of battle.

IS

Sleeves. h boWs. Under

bergeon

broad tnrEle-Cluairter· extensions nd

III potnl

hIS aboc outer coverings uppel-ann rerebraces are ned with rIVeted 1/00 sp! nls hiS gaunt! 1$ nd U"ugh-covering culsses WIth seal . The fact tha scales r on the el(\enor ot t'lIS fee -prolectlng sabalaos Is pro bly matter of fashion HIS slightly cone ve heater shield Is slung on hiS back by Its long guige. He is not riding his own deslrler or war-horse while 5coutlng if1 the forest, but has selected a smaller and pert'laps more nimble local mount wi h a slmpl

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Toompe Castle, the old .t part of Ih lort fie tlons 01 III city of Revel, now c 11 d Tallinn, h e pit I or EstonIa. Sa commentary Phn F. (D,Nicolle photographl

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WEDISH A TACK 0 fR 55, 1496

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Hi: Swedish srUIl ryman By the late 15th cef1lury there had been many significant developments In European military equipment, In Scandinavia as elsewhere; not lesst was the widespread adoptIon a gunpowder weapons. H re an anilieryman pr pares 10 fire a medIum-sized cannon hich IS protected by a me eable Imber sh eld The trrlng IS done by heat I g a ou e In a c arcoa brazier th n applyln9 It a he . ouche nole or touch hole. The gunner IS prot eel by a nol

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