Osprey, Men-at-Arms #360 The Thracians 700 BC - AD 46 (2001) OCR 8.12

The Thracians 700 Be - AD 46

CONTENTS HISTORICAL OUTLINE

3

THRACIAN COSTUME

17

"lJ.I~Mr,11 ;md

.. 11('/1"l1i..,i, CHRISTOPHER WEBBER was bom In "-ding In 1"I and lived In the UK, Sierr. L _ and Sri uno "to... moving to Sydney In t.72. Hayinll pined • number 01

deltr-. and

AIle""

.tudylng Historr at the UnMtrsity 01 New £nsI'and. .vmlnda.., HSW IN1d WOftI.

as.

~.

of a h
sit• • bout the Thraclan.. the'" lloliOgt' an, and _ ~ II hrtp:J/mambers.nbd.comJ

tIlrac." c)'Cling, -'ng!ng, w.~lng.

ANQUS MCBRIDE. _ of lhe world'. moIIl 'Hpeclod hl.toriCallllu"'llo~,hili

Contrlb<.lled 10 mo'e tluln 70

O.p,ey lill.. oyer the pa.t 2'

y.a~.

Hi9hI~

ARMOUR

20

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.. 10:' C.lH"lI

di~.hels~Uy

bustlw• • ing and

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Born In UI31 01 parent. bul

orphaned a. a child, he ,eeelved a mu.lcal aGucatoan at Cant.rbur)' Cathed.al Choir SChool In 1840-4'.... wOfti:ed In .dyertlsSng agencies lrom 1047, .neIl. a . . II-taugh' artl,t. A"IH' national Mnric. In the Royal Fuslilers. 104lt-61. in HltI3 Angu. emigrated 10 ScKrth Africa. HI •• turned to the UK In 1"1. and ha. _riled fr....nc.......1..-, With his wife and 1_ chlldlWfl ......b.Irnaod 10 South AIrfc:Io In 1a7S, sine. w"-n he hall"'" and woriIed In Cape Town.

WEAPONS

24

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.. III.. /·h",,,plUlIII

THE THRACIAN ARMY .. (.I\"h) -

lIIuliIOlT' -

34

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THRACIAN TACTICS

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40

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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

43

THE PLATES

44

INDEX

48

Men-at-Arms· 360

OSPREY PUBlISHING

The Thracians 700 Be - AD 46

Christopher Webber· Illustrated by Angus McBride Serc~

editor Md"lm W nd"ow

F"nt ~ .. l3tMl Brileotlll'l 2001 bf 0IIlte)' ~ e-. 0\IpIl~ 8olIfJ, Oobd 0X2 a P . . - ~ I . j ' " .• """,

Acknowledgements

nr.

---

EmIl.,

The aMor WOt*S like 10 thank O\ncan ~ and EyVeni P.....-.ov btISSOSIance during the po............ tM this bool(; ancI o.ro.eko e.tluon, u u 0IcmanIa
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THE THRACIANS 700 BC - AD 46

HISTORICAL OUTLINE

T

Attic m f!guN column kr.tar, c,~ BC: Orpheus and lour }a'l8ln·.rmed ThrKlans, Nota the varlallons of cap details and clOtllt pattams, (Staalliche Mu_ zu Bar1tn, \A 31721

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5th c.ntury Be red fiture

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boolS. eolocuful cl
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.nd two }ft••i,.., Th...ci.n warrior. w... ~r,... powerlully built nwn. mosUy redor .loght-h.ired .nd M.rOad, with grey or til... QQ. They had oelle.t. whit. Ain, .nd a lendency 10 put on ne.... Theiir hair w•• wo.n long 0' short. and ,t.aight•• nd Mm.l;me, d....sed In a kind of top-knot _ pr'OINbIy a .lgn of nobl. cw w.rrlcw .... tu •••1 I.... among the north.rn Th.eel• .,.. who m.y han dyed th.lr h.lr blu•• From th. 4th c.nlury onward. long or cu.ly hili. became mo•• common, ••p.cl.lly .mong Ihe no"hern 1.lbe•. The ch•• k, were .haved, .part I.om thO" 'Id.·whi.k.....

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armour co••""" al '.asl lhe upper pa Mu'

tlhe botty. ILoV.d' Ho.S85J

'·I!tumUIT'. Ilw "'IM11.HI' ,111"1111'1",1 II' IWI,"."It· Ill,' (),II\'l.ltl l..jll~ I" 111,11':':" ,ul,·,. I'llt Ihl'\ 1,1111'11. .11101 :-01,.111,111 .!tuh.I,... "I.", "1I11wil 1\,1\ I., 1"'1'1., \\1'1\'11111111"11'0111' Illl.llc·. 111.11111111111 I:!II. :-011.,II,,·,.• 1t 1111).: III "·'I""N·I.,.1ll \lllI'l1i.UII'·llIw,I.I.III,·d lip .,11 1111 ... iall11""lh "'''lIlh 10111 1),1Il1l1H'. "-cUIII' !:',lIJlllll \\.Il,iu,," 1""1111'11 ·lil..,·.1 ,1.'1111 .1111 .. 1 1'· Illl.' \1.lt,·,1<'111.,. ,.,n,il'~ ,III 1... 1..,.. Ilwlll (,\'i'I"I'IL.llll'.... ''/m>ll/'II,'. II',l \1tl\1I1 ...... lin' 1\l'l'lwII .It Ihl' \1,llt·d"III.1ll llll).: 1"'1,11'1.1'. \I,I~ 11.I\dllll;": \\itll Ihl' .1I1l1\ .. 11,,1 '".,tl..c·' 1""111'''1'.11'' 11 .... 1.111 hlln ..... 111e' 111'\\ lill~ "I \1./1 ,·d,,"i.1 \1.11111 'I" ",ul 1111 ""J..:hllill (.lIn I' I hc' pt·,,!,lc-.. "I • 1'111'.11 .Ilul 11,,"1"'11 C.It·c" " 1'1"1'.11",1 I'll 1\.11. IC'lIlli"11 \lh'·lli.lll "11<'1111," Illlllu-r ..... Iull cli .... 11...... ·41 \\h.ll I" II" ill II ... I... (' ,.t ." "ll1l'Ill(;d \llwlli.lll Illl.I".IlI.II'ln 110'1\0",'1. "1I.,ll,·... h.ul ,.-.lllu·(1 lilt· ( 11.lllicli.1I1 Ill·lIll1,,,I.1 I" lilllllh.ll II" \lh'·l1i.Il' .1I1l1\ ... 111'1'1 .m.lIh·c1 IIllII \PII.III·IlI11 II,,' \lhc·lli;llI'. 11IflJ..:HI~ '11.,11,,-.. .1 1.,lhn li.ll.· .111\. h.III 11,,1 ,·" .... "It·d him I" Illlli! hi·, 1" ... 111... · I., .Hl;14lll .. - (.lullidi.m ,illt-.. \\ IIllt>l,l 11ll' \llll·lli.IlI'. "'It.lll,·, \\.1' 1I11.,1I1e- I.. t.Il..I·Ilw... ·: hllllH 1."c",1 tit.· illh.,I"I.III" I" l('lill' I.. ·hilld Ihc'll J,"ldll.lli'IlI' \\Illlc' I ,.1\.1;.:,·,1 Iht'i, 1.1\ll1, 10'1 ,'i~11I ,1.1\-'" \1 IIIl' .... lIlt 111111" ,i", t· Ill' .11111\ 1\ 11I1I .. ilt~ ,ltllil col 1, .... 1 .lIltl ,,,11"1 ill~ III"u ,111.1 I" "I" lit d 11";.:."1,.111"11 1\l11t 1'1· .. 11., .1' I', 1.111,.1' IIllh..·,1 "'1I.lll,·,· 1I"I,lIt'\1 .11111 ..... "11.I·ill'" ""111t.olll, "-c'1I1111'''' I" ... hl't.· .1 H·lIc·.1I '".111..," .... ,l "-c,"IIl-'" .uhu " .11111 .llh'l "ul\ :lu d.I\' lilt' ,.Il1t!,.liJ:,1I 1'1,,11'" "',I.lll.. t , l!il'd III I:: I dill III;.: .• \\.11 .1J.:.1111,1 II I, Ih,l1i. Iii, 1111 111111111' 1"1111,10- 1"1111. \I tuum I ill :!1I11C1 Ih·." 1.11< ..... ·1. lUll Illlll-" ,'."1 ..I ......li.1 "-c'lllh(" 1 1 111.11 I wcI 1"'ldi, .1.,,' ,1.111;.:.1111'1. .1lI11"'1II (,T,It'd

,I!' """111 Ill'''' I; 11111 .11t I1"11:,:11 III' 1.li"·lllh'·'·1II11111· te, ," 111· \\." 1I11.,ItI'·"I l..'·I·I' II LI,I.1l1 1hc' Trihalli \\I'H' IIIII"Iwnd"111 "'II ... ).:1('.11 ()dtl"I.1ll IllIplll' ,11111 l\l·.. · 111l111l\ Imlt-II llt "'il.,ll..t·,· .11111\ 111,'\ "1·tI.1 h""'ld 1"1 ,.I\.I~I·'\ .. ,"e! ,II' \lllt'II"'" ,Iult I", 1.",1,''''' \,,11111, 1'.1'" lI.u, ...d .lllt', 11 ...111. '1110.'\ .n,· .... 1111 h, 1t,1\1' Ih"II}.:11I ir 11.111,,,11.11.1"1.,, ,I 111.111 I., ,.",ili,,· Ill' "I'll 1,1111l'1. Ihl'\ \'('11' ", tllllllh .HIII Iwlli,.",· II"" lilt' ".111\ R,"".1I1 JI".\in.LII .ldlllilll'll .....I... h.ul to "'Illt' 11"'111 "·,,.ll.llc·" 11,,", '''II' .111,,1111'1, Ilwil "'llil""" "'l!'lIcl,'d I" \\h.ll i, 11,,1, "'"1 h \"·... 1.·111 1~"I:.:.III.I. I'll.' I, ito,llIi I"·..· ill C,,"...1.11I1 c'"II,I< 11\1110 lilt' (:,'1.11 ,lilt! "l..llhLIII"'. ;llItlli"cI'l<'lllh 11 ... ·,1 "hlll1.111 "(11111'"11'111. IlIlting 1,1lt' \ 1.....10 Ill\' :-O[..,\lhl,III"'"ldc·II'd IllI'i .. 1.1111\1'" .ul,II".I'-l· 1..1"1'10\"1' to. ".,il IIIII,II'.III!&' II.ull"·I'1I 1"IIIt'II. 111('11 j., ,1[J1""1l 111 IllI' dl'l.lllt'· d,h'll:': 1"'ld, lIt I.... ,,·, I Ill' 11,1o.111i 1"0[.., Iltl~ I" 1M' ,lll'IIIIt", ('111\'111. ;Iwlllt'tl. \1 ""'IIlt' 11I1ll' .,11\'1 t:! 1,111'\ \\('11' "\""1>1111' h\ lilt· \1l1."i;II.It·_ ,III 111111.111 tI,III', .11"11,,,1 till' l,il,.,III,1I1 1'1.1111. rlll'l 1.11t·1 .11.... , l.1l11l' IIllcl"1 h"l\\ 1"\ ......'"'. It ""I 111\' (1'11,. ,11'.1 IlilM" hnlH .11 '0..... '111' 1).111111 ... Ih,'\ 111.11 1,,1\,' 1..... ·01 (~·hil \\\'.11"'11' I I"... 1111'"111' "I 111\1 i.lll, ...,l..\1I".1I1 . . 1I1t1 1111,1111 (dll' "llltlt'll< ," 111.1\ I..: 1\11\ 1111'\ .11" ""111"11111," ,d'·IIC·oIll1.I' dl'"ll\ I It. 1111 IIII' 11",u 1.111' 1111 ... l.lll""llllIlIWri ,., 1M' 11111"'11.11,1 11111 ... ,111.111'" ,,11 .. ,111 :-.".llr.lIl~ .\I,d \11l< lIi.ItI'. III I:!.: 1111 \lIl1'lIi.III' ...·1 Hill I" .,11 ... l \II-IIcl,· .11111 ..... I....C· III lit,· (h.,llilh.lI1 IK·'llI""I.1 \\ilh I.U4HI 1'111.11'.," 11,,'1,,'11.11"" . •lIld '''IIll' ·1'.·h.I,... ·Ij.l\dll ...lllll' .I ItgllllllLllIll\ 11l
J.:Il'.1I1· 1 11l";.:l'l

Anothe. ~I;ate·a,mour.d nOr1hern Thrac;lan .We. On .. plaque I
•

I)c,u:c ul ~icia;;. Thllc)'c1iclc's It'lls nr Br:ISidilS l';llIing 10 his sl:lllchml I.j.()()Tlll":l("ial1l1lc'I'C"t'n:lI·ic's and 'allille ":e1cmi;lIl hu....... :lIld IlC·It:L'iIS'. To me'c"1 Ihe's.... Cl('nll :L~kcd Jlollc:.. kill).: or Ihe Odomalllians, In hl·ill).: a'i mall)' Thr:td:U1 lIIel'Celmde'i a~ pos~iblt.·, In /\rc.loph:IIII''i' (\rllttrtl;""~, 170. thc' Odlllll:llIli :In' cit':.CTihc,d :L'i c'spc,'nsi\'e 11lc"I'Ct'narit':' ami 'Ilte naslie:>l lril'k' ill'l hr:tn", l..::IIc'r. ill '11:\. aboul 1.:\00 Dii pdr.t:>ls ;mh'c:d in Alhcns tnn late' In Jet;1 ~;Ih Illc' main AIIU'lli:m rnl'rC' Iw"dc'd ror Si('il\,: Illey wcn,' sent hnnu", :t." lilLl wcrc ton l'SpC'l\iOiw' In Il:t\,. ()n thc,ir won' IlOlllC t111UlIKII Boc..'Oti" lilt,), ",'ere 1IS<.'t! lil~1 .IJ{olillSl '1:IIl:lKr:t ill " quid.. r;lid, and then again..l Myc.lles."C.ll<. I kn: dl(.", \\'("rc' fl'SI>UII.!>ihlt· rill tlllC' (Ir lin' WCII1>1 at rocitit'" 01 til(" rdllpuu rte....i:ul \\':11', Lillin!; ('\('1)' li\;111; IhinJ:: indmlillJ.t tltc' c hild'"l'll and ("\1.'11 IItC' e1c~s, \\'lwlI Ihc' 'I hf'l:l:1Il (";1\,11'1' i1n:lCk(:d Ihem thi') stlITd\rllll~ clt-rc'mh·d \ht'Ill'i("hN, 'da,;hins: om ;lIld dosiu).: l!leil 1.1I1l..s acml'Cling 10 thc" tactic" 01 tllt'ir ('nlll1lr)' (lllllqdid<""5, i.2;). III TIuK')'flid('l'i (2,9li) \\'l' lilld his daim 11t:'1 lilt' I>ii ""('rr lilt' IIIO'i1 \\':;crliLc' illfanln' in Sil:lILc'(' :Irlll)', Illc", \\C"IC' iud..-pc:ndC'"1l1 or Iht' Ocln,j;\Il 'I1mtci.lll LillJ.t, hill ~'n"t'C1 him a,.. 1lI('H"t"n:lri".!> :mel \,oIIllHC("1"". 'nlt,} liwd in llw Rhudupc' MUIllIl.lin.. lIunlt (Ir Ahcicr:t, Alhc'lIs t'llt ollr:l~c'd Ii\',,1 C)(h ,ian prilH"M 10 li~ln nlll' :1II01hCI W Ihal Ihl' "lht'lli:llI~ could r(.'I;tin t:olltrol ur lilt" cooslal dlil.... In 4Ui/'IOti lhe I..illgdolll vr lilt' Odrrsi,lIls al'l'c";II'o1 III ha\(' hC'C'1l dhiclc.."tl bc:lween the LinK Mt'duLc,", (UI AlII:lIukcl"i, 4U;- 391) :md hi~ rc:1;t1in- St'udlt'" II ('10r....~ I), Wltll a. "'· .. IM hi~ indcl)t',ulent't", On hc'h.tlr or AdlCllS, Alcibi"dt,.'S conclllcle'c1 all :tlli:Ul(,(' \,'illt bUlh 01 tht.'lll fol' lIlilitiu)' a.."ist,llIn' .Ilofolinsl III(' Sp:ln;lIls. He UM:d WCIII to :lllacL dlit''i ill Iltc' IIc-IlC''iJ>OlH, ami on<:-"t.,<1 III hdn~ '){nOal tlllllllwl'S' or llU';td;lII cl\'ah) ;tlle! pdla,..l.!> In :l'l'il'il lilt' AdlC'lli:m Ilt'l'l al ACKospnl:tllli ill '11I:1 (11w AfllC'niall ).:cnt.'l';lb rejectcd Iltt' ollc','. . llld 11m" IO'i1 rhl'ir IIt'ct). Thr:lli:'lI u'ibl'" dt'stl'u}('c1 man)' (:n:ek colollies or lorn'd tllC'llI In pa)' Irihl1lc'. Akihi;ldcs W;IS Ollt' 01 mall)' willi ~Iitlt'd popularil)' il)' buildillj:; nt' f('hllilding a \\~tll acrus." Ilt t ' C.. lIipoli pCllillSUla III kl'l'p Illal..ludin).: Thl' th;1I litis had 110 l)c,'rmarll'llt d1'I'f"I, lI.'i a \\~..... aWlillsl II,,~ Thr:tdan.. 01 Ill(' Darcl:uwllc:s "';IS OIU': or Ihc cxt:UM:S (;)I'U'i 11ll' YHun).:,'r 1I'i("c1 to g-... t1Il~r :t II)C1'(;C'II:II)' :11"111), Ivr his t"l'\'uh :-tg
"-tNoCUon of • 5th e.ntury Be _~nt T1'IrM:'-n ehkol'Uin.

-1_ IK" wtut

Cortn~ ~t,

-'so

~

body

34), two

ia¥et..... Iont boo" wtth hIonging "-9.. MMI fM"emed eto.lt. Ie> DMIIe1.. Cart_ 200'1

7

Reconstructlotl 01 the battle

h.lllll'

'fl

.cone on the westom side lrlaze

,jel,'...

hUI

Irom the entrance corridor Idromos) 01 the late .1h-ear1y 3rd

cantury lCu.nluk tomb. T~ s c _ appaNnlly depict ......1.

u.. Odl')'$l.an King

in the we,.. of Seuth. . III with

l)"lim~. TWo

"'' lO{Ie

lightly armed ...arrion irl singla coonbat in tt>e cent", of

the frieze, whit. the

OtheA ..... it

the oulc_. Foot Hid..... and horsemen ",uchlng In conver'lllng Ill•• 10Uow them. Meny olth.. rleu,,, lire badly damaged, and IMi. appeararw;a I, conjectural. The -.oldie,.. in both

'ri,u.. aN livhlfy .nned

and " -

.l~t

u..

....

'one spe swom 1 _ pouibty

w ......... _

~11lI>d cwe'

ClWVed

shields.

to Johnny Shumate Z0011

1111llW.

lied dll" 11I.lIcli .... il..I!-.·,· 11.',1111,

(,1111.",1. h .llll\\111).: (.\ Ill': Ill-.llit "fllIl',.1 Ilw '1111.11 i,lIl' ,\\il\

till"

\\I1,'n

I<",t 1"III,'IIWIl willi

tlH'\

).:".

,hi' "1"11

,111'1", flllh

;!I

IIIOll',IIHI' 011

H";tIS

,1111"'

X"llf'pIU'1l \\1.11111 lilllltl!.11 \kll"l,,, (1 •.I,nl.1l /'.·IIH'III..'lll. 11\"I'h,' ,I.",' I' 'Ill H," 1Il1.1I111 ""Ill Ill.' ",;.) '.III("(t hllll.... ·lt 1111" ""1~ ul nll.lt t·. 11.1\\1"\1"1. \kdol'" I\.t' III1.Ihlt- I.. 'IHp ~'''Ih,'' II h<>111 llllill~ 1111' li.ll4 ,Itt I i"II' HI '1.:110,,11011'...111111 III 1\ 1II hi, "1\ II .It >!1I.lin HII th,' m.lll ....·.L • , •.1'1. "I hi, II." lilt" I.II}.:t·..1 hodl "I m'·I't·II."-" II<>HI)' 1\1t.. I"").:hl Itlf IIll" 1111." i.lll'. rIl"\ ''''1'' 1I1,tillh h"llltl'·" htll in' hLtlt·tl 11(",11 h I.HUII pdla...I... j.t\t·lI11Il\C"1I .11111 ,IIlI).:t·I'" .11111 "',0 1.11 .tln, :'\.t '11< 'pll"n ".1"" '1IILI'" Ih,lI '\('1,,11,'" h.lIl:m ,111111 tll}.:"1 Ill,1Il lh,' (:,,'1'1.. ,11111\: .l1ul Ih,tl i1 }.:It·1I :t,,, 1111' Iit'll" 01 it .. 'tIIl\',", !'>I"t'.u!. 'Ilii, '<>lIld IIlt',LII Ih.11 '\c'I"IIl'''' ,111111 ].:1"\1 I" ,I 'lll'lIj.lll, ,,1.110111111 ~O,UOU \l1l'1I, ittlhlllill}.: lilt" (:It'l"I.. ... ;"11111 ,Ill .11'111 ''''dd h,I\(' h,1I1. ill .uldilillll 10' till' {.I'Tl.., .tl'"l1ld l,IltMI I'!-l"l .1I1el ....lMI 11,'.11-" ,.LI.d'l. "llMI .lIil",.-, .llul ,lill;{I·I'. X,lHHI 1)('11.1,,,.•ltlll '1.(/00 l.lldill-.IIl1Wtl 11).:1111" inl.lll111. lilt· (,It"t'L... ldl ~'lIl1u'" t'IIII'I,,\ .lllt·1" ..l1h .llt,\\ IlI"IIII,,' "'I\i, I'••lIul thu:-(' 1h.11 till I , .. ,I g:" h'"I1t' 11'1"",'(1 I" \.,i.I tllltlt'l Iht' "pall.lIl J,:t'lu'cII Ikflllitl.l' III ::!~J-:~'IX 1"li;.:llI Ilu·I\llh\-lli,IIl'.

,tt '" '"

The 4th century Be

TI .., l\illlllli.111 I hi." i.lll"II'·I'· Illlittill,llh p.1I1 'It 11le" 1'I·r..i:l!1 1·lllpil".11I11 lI.1d IWI'II itHlqll'lUII'lll ..ilu.' ,111'111,,1 I~!'"I. ,111<1 11\ .hi, '1.1~I' Iln'\ \"'1" Ilwil ,',llI~tp. I'h.lI11,Lh,IIlI,.•1 Iftl ..t ""lIhlt-. ~'1I1h," ,,'111 .IIJot,ol :WU "",,,'lIu'" .1IIt! '\1141 IJot'Il,,,,, I" h ..lp ti!-lill lilt' l~ill"t1i,IlI'" 1111".... IIlC'II It·ll·i\l·d .lh""1 ~OU 1"'1,11"'" 101 ~II"nl Iht'il ,.11111' I\hilt· lhl'\ \It'lll .mll ).:1.lhl)('d Ih,'\1 ,h,llt· "I 111(" phlllll"I. I hc' I\illl\ 111.111" ""IJot 'lUl..d \\i1h .1 11.11\11 .111." 1..1" c.1I.lln .11111 pdl.I'" till tht' ()t!II",11I l.llIIl), I hi'l Imllt-dllll'i, 'lw.II' .1I1C11.I\·din, ,II lilt" (:IITI...,. \\ho. ,hili 111' i" ..id" 1I1l' '1111 l;11 Ie', t, 'lIlul 111(,111"1'1\(', 1I11.lhlt- I" It·ph. '11lt' ( .1 .... 1..' hrult' til '1\11 lit,' !t,rtili,.Ili.III' .lInl t",II~t·IIIllll. hili 11'1"" '11l.lhll·(" t .111 h Ih,' nill"lli.lII'. '1111' I.Illt·I tkd 11"111 Ih,' ,h,lI~I" hili ll'pl hllllill~ j.II,..lil)!'> 11"1ll holll Il.lllb: 1'\('1\ ,h.Lq.l" 1111'1"11 1.111",11 1111'1" ( ...... 1.. tll',lIh" II \\.1' ""dd Ih,lI Wlh I:, huplilt" I", .Ipc·d If'lIll IIIi, lIl.l,~.1t IC'. 1l""pih'llw fi,,' 011 ~I. .. ,·oIl1l1i.l.llW IWIl,"1 IlMl-~Xlllt'l'll'''''lllt'cl ,I "lit "I nll.1i i.lllj.ltlltl"11 .I~C'. ,d1l'11 lhc' Illh.llli .111t1 ('1'1.11 1IIIIlIc·ell..illl-:dOlm ~i\ill~

8

in nonlwrIl '1'11111('(', and Thradan an noud~hed, Splendid ).\"old and sil\'er vc,.'sscls, OfllamClllS, peclOral~, hc..'lmeb, :'Ind horse-tr:lppings wcn: produccd: ~lIch tilld~ still make ;1 strong impression 1Oda), with their c1:l00lOlIe workmallship :tlld illlagillatin: dc~i).\"lb. Th(' al1a('k nn Uidl)'l1i;\ \\~L' pan of the SIXlrtan war 011 I)c~ia, Icd I))' their king A~c.. ilau~, III 39-1 Agesilatl" n.-lllnlt,d !UUIlt', marching Illrolll;"h ThlOICC. The Tr,llIians dcnmndc..'tl 100 wlellts uf sih'cr and 100 women to :dlow his anll)' 10 p;.ISS. lie mcrely :l~k<'rl \\h)' tht1 \\'t-re not rcad)' 10 reccin' th('m, and .. Ic~w 1;",'(':11 1I11mlx'~ of them in :t pitched b:mll'. 'l1u: wih' Athenian gencral Iphicr.\IL'S fought :Ij.fhicr.lI~ married hi\ daughtel' ill;1 great cerelllony in K:lb)k', :lIId W::I" ghen two coa..tal citics :l~ pari of his reward. Iphicr.lte~ had ij.OOO men ill 'nll':ICC ::11 OIlC ..tage, but we C:lnnot be sUI'(: it Lhis was when he was in Kot)'$' .sen'ice CII' wlu'n ht' was ('amll"ignin~ in thc ~IllC arc:I on /\thclU' belmlf, !\Ian)' or Iphirr:'llc,,' \'icturies Wl:rl: I$lillCd ming pclt:L~~ as the m:lin arm: bllt what Kut\-:i nl:eded W:L" hUlllile hea\'y infalltl)', and these probabl) formed ,he mainstay of hi.. mercenary' fnrce. Other Creck gl:lIemls al~ fong:ht for Ill(" Thracian king:s. hilt \\'C arc UOI told lhe siLe of Ill(' fun'l:s involvcd. ~le;ll1whill:. in 3i6 IIHWC Ihan 30,000 Trihalli laid sicJ.(e to the Greek c~llony of Alxlera. possibly by agrecmCI11 \\'ith Kotys. The Ab(lclites sallied Ibrth and slc\\' Inore than 2,000 of Ihclll a~ they returned home laden with hrlot)'. IlowC'\'cr, the Trih:llli rallied, Ihe Ahderilc.'i drew up t1wil' lilH's opptl~ilc the b:trharian~, and a sluhborn battle took placc. TIll' IlM",1 TllI~ldal1 inhahitant.. nf lilt' rq.~ion (Ecloniall'i, Hi ..toni;tns, Ciconians, or Sapacans) al first :lided IIll! Alxlcril,c'" bUI tht.'11 sudden I)' changed side... and the Atxledtes \"CI'C blHchcn:d almost to ;l mall. Thc -'Hballi wcrc about to attack the town when the Athenian general Cllabl'ia~ '!ufide'nl)' appeared wilh lroopS. and drov(' thelll away, Philip and Alexander of Macedon

In ~5Y Philip II succeeded lO the Macedonian throne. lie mCI Kot)"i, :lIld bribed him lO stOp his joint inmsion of Macedoni
9

.11111"111 ·'lcI".wl 'III 1'1 1.I1I1~1II·1' .1111 \'1 ".I!I!I I.llI" '1"\\ lUll ·!I·l.I') .111' 1"111"\\ p .•:'I·\\ 'Ill"""''''' 11'1t'1I·1I.1 .1111 WIll \.IIIl'- ,. "11.11 lINI!-.(i '.\) 'II. "'Li )II!_I.III·\ '.11\1""111 .11.1' ••11.11'11I' ,'111 IHII' .1\1'111111 ,II'u .11111'1 ifll!III1'I,IIII'11 ·"II.1"I"'!(1 11111\ ".1.11:1',· '''lUl'II "II'.I(I"'·I'!.\() .....d .tlil .VIIII\I I" 11 .... 1 JII "dill IlIuq '1"Up 1.1 ... ·.llt\I'1 11.11"111\\ I' 1110111 II:.) '\\,'n, II" II' \IP'Il11"11 '1!IUI ItIll' ,,1II1'1i'l (1,"1'\111111 II! 1II,'II!P,1 IIlII~l \11111\1 I' II! .1\11 '.111I.11"".1 11'11".1(1 I' l)l~·ll (JIll' 'II' 'II'IIU',\ ,'11'. !I·I." ) .1111 Will ,,!I" to; I-I , ·I}.,:,\) ~llpl '~~ 'lu"P'I!(1 ·l- .... II "II I'I.Il! .1111"'\ II! \111'[ '.H!".' - 111I'.1!, ," ·....'!IIl'I,·11 :i11[1""1 1.1\.111I' "I \1:\I.III·.li .111' \!-lI.lllll>I·11 111I',11' :P'I"'llHU! .II.HI \ ....1\1 11'11111I,'1[1 111:1'111'1 "!"'llq'"/I"I:\ 1[.111.1 ·.""l·! 11·1I11.·II(1IP· I" .IIII"" ""'UI 1'111' 1'.1\1' I,! .11(1. 1ll.llll 1"'111'. (""i ',\1) "IIIUI'III.11I ·(.II!llO'·tl) ""11"1 ')'11 I" ",'Pl' lp'H! lln '''I'':!lp\'1'' .1111 1"11' .1:111"1 '11111.11'11 .>tp 11.1.111,.111 P·'·\!I !V-I.J:> "'Ll, '1'1'.11'111 P'I,I') .IIJl P"'1":lIl: 1'11I' ',d!I(" .1111 \1.1.1," P! \1 \I:i1II1' 11' )... 1.11" II' ".11\ ':illu II" ,,, '1 .. I~\I 1lI.U.lll I ....111 IIlII' '';1Il! 11Il1'1 " IlII d.I.ll' '11'1 "'1\ ,11111(" .1I11l-.I"'I,1 1"'111 III :U.llll pHI' ~dlll' 11:1'",,".1 1,.11 .'1.1.\1 .11.11(1'1.1\.1.11"1 I ':illlplII'II' .111111 III 1'.lltllIl.111I' pIli: ·".1I1 III' (111I' \JlIn:11ll \\I·.III'I1!I\"cllll'U'\\ p.IIIIlI·HI ,.lplll·\.II\ ·.HIIIIII'(I.II/I"! 1"1I'1"! It!' Oil .1.:illPI '1''''1 'II\'! 11'1111 I.llpll pOl' ·m,·tl!~1 .1I11·"III1I\S :ill!,,! C·!.I .1:1I·d ',1 .111:1,1 I.'pllll .1..... "1l'llil'l\ ~11l"1I IIIII'I Ill'! J1~1l11 11~l\"lIln III' '·1I111 "'.11' .....11· lIl'lll\'1 ·P·IIII'1 .11.1\\ !II,'tI!11 III/In: .HIll" - 111'1'1"1 111111 .1Il1l'1 \.•111.11111' "111'(1'111/ ,1111 "I 1,·1"1011 IHII' \,111'\1'1.1111 \1111\1.11' ""PI'P .1.1:"\ 11111 ·.I;illl~1 :i11C'llI' '1'\\ l'fllllll:1'!I·)'P .1111(\1 Il\ln 11.11(1 IIpll !1I1·Q!.lJ .11(1 ·1I.MIlIII .I.lplIl"··I\ \(1 1'.11 \1111I'11I! '[II I" \1""1 1I!1'1ll '''11 "! P·I\\"II,II '.11111,1, .ll(lll! p.I'1"'III· "1"\1' I '''I I" 1'·11 '''11 '11.11 .)111 '111'111: III \11"\1' I '1.1.11' ) IJlIl' ':ill!'\ 1I1:1!.l IIP'tl"1 .1111 '1"'111' III \.11"\1' 1 III·III"I}.I 11'1'111).11.11'"1 1.11'111·,.11\ ll"c1t1.I.l·IlI\\ ').1.111111' \11'11"111.1 "'I~ .1111 \111\\ "ell/if 'II 1.'':-; III 1)11'\\1111 11.1:1111' Illl~I!11 "111 'I)OHI\\ .1111 "1111 I'M'I!' 11111' ,III .'U'1I1 III 'I.ll'tllll" pIli' , ...\1\'"' "'!1j 1,.'1.1111111.11111I.,.11\ "11I11:-111\1 I.I\!, '''11 UlllOlIl\\ I' "! 1,111.111' '1'"11 \.1111 ',11111'1 :-111I'1"11I ,11.1\1 \.)111 "1"1\\ 11l1~1111 .1111 l'iU!1I111' I '1I11'HI 1'.1111I1111011'"1' ")(1111 11I1'1111I1111I .'1[11'.111:.11"1* "11 ','»'11\.1 "1111 ';'1111I1"1'11I \1'1111111 \q 11I.)11111,111"1,.• 11111.11"11'".11\ 1lI'1·"III·!.l\III.lIllll11'1 11'"\1'10'(1''''1) III 1'111"1'.111'1\ "1"'\111 III l}.lll"l,l 1l"':\1· \.ltll 'C 11'.11') .)lp) III ,.11'11I".11\ "''''HII'Up'i'lI' 11.111,.\.11 lo. ... plllll'IIl·UII ,HI I ~r,::, III II.I!!' d!I"I,I".IlI\\ I"'II'.HI.II ,01""11 '"I I" I'." .1'11 .lllll\\ ·.I)I'lei \II1l1l'11I.'1 1"1l' ,1I·.IlI" 'II I.H"'I '.1 '111I'1 m,ll""1 p ....lllh •.1I1 ....11l· 1.111 1!Il'"'11 "'11 p.I\I\III' .111 11'111 ,\I.... 1~,('111 "'"11.11'\1",1 -"11I'1111\'1" ->111 1"111':-1,' U:i...IIIIII·1 I' UlII'! ~;llllllll).ll .ll!\I\1 .,:iIll·1 (U1''1(1')1) '1Il1l...·11 .1111 ''''I' "I ".11.11 .111 11.111'\ eI'IIlI,1 1',11'1111111\ pill' '1.111'.)1.11' IlInl!_1f .1111 h\:f 111 -)111.111I.1111..... 11I'111'1111 1_1111" I" dUIII.. ' ....!I! • 1.111111 1"11' (('HI"II', \ II'. HI ) .11 "P'l .( "IHul,n '11,"1, ... ldll!II,1 :1U1,)mll" '111; "! .• II' IIU, 111'''11"1'' 11.• I.llIlIu,,) .111'·1"'1Il1l.'Il'1lI''11'11 ~IIII" 1111'"1 .)111 11I'1".11I11110" \\.lll .111,,,"1 "I "1lI1 11.1.\\11111' II )1ll.11!,,!"hll· 11'11'11111.11 ""11""'111:('11.)1 "''''111\'11.111\\ .11.....11I111 \t11.111·11"1I· ..·llI'dllll\ 1"1.'11.1:1",,\ \11 l'I!II1·):1,·\\ "11 ,: !I \: "! 111':-1.111 u:i...c1"lI'l Ill'!.JI'-"11 I'I!I ".11 ((11111.1 ·1:l.i1. 1'111lI ".IIIUlI"" I '",1111\ 11lI1' "•• lcI.II'I.....-'.''1 1I.1.II\1.Hl ".\\ (1111' ·I ... t!l· 11.11 lI'I!II(l"II.HII '1'''I'III''I':~ .'111 \1"!1·1II1·1 11'111.1 tll.ll'.I\\ -11"11'" III ..:iI1I'1 .•1(1 \11 11'''11 1!11lI1 ".11111101\.) 11.1.111 (11''1 111!1!,1 'IIH!I':-hll',1 1I1l1nl~ "! ".llIlIll P\I!' 11111' I'lu:i 1I:i.IH· Ill> .IIJl p.I.!!"" )1' pili' Ih I! lip'" I .1111 IMII:.I,.,I' elll!II,1 ·I.H.II'"II "11I'1111"1'" .11\1 pili' 'llI'P\1II '''(1 'II!\\ "I' 11-'\\ ,,' '".11'1""11.'\1 I" IlU' "! IIHIt t/.I"! Ipll\ II d!l!lI,1 1'I1[1::i,· .11IlI'!IP· III' p.II't1\'IIU I l>1I·1l1l\ 11',1\ ".111 .111.1 '.111'''1.1 I" "1.1111.1 .1.11111 .)111 11l!",1 p.llltl· ,,,.1111\' 11.111\\ '!'.i\: III p,'pll.1 "IH'! )I~IIU ....'11 pill' l-II.IIII\· 11.1.).\\1.111 .11'\\ .1111

1°'

"1"-" u.!'"~11.1 W'IIj,.10U JllindOd "OW .1.11 "-IQllqoJd .11'" .11.1.1 ·.p.llln6..... pUll ·"HU .1.11 1,10 .d!JI' UCU! pUll IIm,1 ~I 6tJJA.... o, ••111" Ifll'" 'all::> II 10 lAUOI

''"II .11'"1 1.....I.1f "Al.·UII!I.IIA"S .!H 'II,UIIWOW ·t".U.,OIO:) WOII lOWI.1f P106 :)8 I.In, ... ::> '1,t II! 10 .P" IMfI uo 1,1.'::>.'1.1.1 po..>nouu....

rcturncd 1.0 Thelx:s :lnd the Nile, Though obviously llIH1'ue, il still dcmonstr:lIes a ~real reSI}CCI for Cetic ferocily, FOrlun;uely for Alexander, Ihey did not live III' 10 their "epllialiou whcll he mel Ihelll. The Ge13i held Ihe riverbank alfo'insl Alexander wilh 4,000 (';mllry and 10.000 foul. Alexlilider galilcred logethcr many boats normany uscd U)' Ihe loc...tlllu·.u:i:.III!> lor phmdel;ng and r.liding, and cros."Cd al night \\;Ih arotU I.:)()() c;walry and 4,000 infantl)'mcn. 'nlis dadng crossing by so mallY men I,ook the Gcl:li 10lally hy sllrpdsc; they were shocked 10 sec Ihc Oallllhc 'i() e;t..,ily crossed, and unnerved by Ihe sight of 1Ile phalanx acl\,lIlcing upon them in a 50lid mass. The first \;olent ca\'alrycharge led them t,O Illrn and nee 10 IJlcir I,own; hUI the 10\\11 had few defences, ~ thl.")' abandoned it. T;IL.ing \\;th thcm a~ lIlany women and children ;is thf'ir hOl~ cOllld rnrry, tht-')' COlltinlled their night into the steppes. A1c:x.allder pllllldt>rt:'d the tOWII. razed it to lhe ground, and made camp. ('here he recei\'e0<1)' of Odl')'Sian horsc (probably heavy (;<1\OIhy), commandt-,lmtrgu}', and the Odl')'Sian ruler Seuthcs III. MCIIlIIOII was Olllm:'IIlOCIl\IT'Cd by AlIlipalcr, but came 10 terms with him so fa\'ourable Ihal in 325 ~klllllOrl led 5,000 'l1mlcian c;l\':tlry to joiu Alexander ill Asia. In either 331 or 325 ZOP)'riOlt. go\"cmor of Thrace, and his 3O,()(}()-strong amlY perished in ;\ camp..'li~l aWlinsl Ihe Gct.'li and Skphians. Ly..imachos bec:llnc Io;0\'cnlor in his place.

Tl'I~I.... hefm41 fnIm PMten8. dltc:ofwted with aitYer Nnd ~Ilqu", c.4()()...350: .nd dnwlng of .Ide view. (Drawing o D8II'l1e118 c.rtuon 2OOt)

The campaigns of Lyslmachos

When Alexande,' died in 323, L)'Simachos uit."d 10 secure his hold on '111race by an attack on lhe anny of Scmhcs Ill. L)'Simachos, with onl)' 4.000 infalltl')'lnen and ~,OOO Cll\':llry, sulTered St.'\'cre losses. bUI dainU,.·d \"inol)' o\'er a 'I11raci:m arlll)' of 20,000 inf;mlry and 8.000 aml.lI)'. TIle

11

'I".llil\, ut hi:. IrtKlp" \\.1.'" "lllx·r;nl. :lIld .• fIlT 111...;11'" 1ll.11l\ nl hi~ '1\\'1\ Im'll hill killill~ Illall\ 11111"" Ih,ll IIllllllwr "I till' .·m·lll' ill .1 11111).:. "tIIhhonl '·"J.:;t~.·lllt·II1 111'1.'1111111·11 II' hi" 1";llllP \\'ilh ,I duhi........ 1,Iilll h. 'kl(I..... SC·lllh..... III lI11ll;mwd 110 l('i~ll pal~llld "illl lh.· \lal.·d"lli.1II 11111' nl.• bli"llt'd in 'l<111J(' .. I lilt" lof.",i'UII (-ili(·". huildinJ.: ~·ulh"p"li... ill ~~Il. \/(·,.·111,1·1......... 1., ... illl,1I11'" 11.111 ,lttT:''' III tUJ.:I· IltlIIIIK'I' 01 Till ,II i.II1It1K'I"" 1\1;111\ Ulh"1 b;IIIII·... in Ihl' ""11J.:J.:I,· 11I1' Ak:\,.lIItkl· t'mpill' imuht'd I hrari,1tl InK'I)',. E1II1II·1It·... dq.I
h."

It,,,

12

The 3rd and 2nd centuries Be: the Romans look east III ~7!1 tilt' (..c·It .. irrllllll'd illttl I hl';It t'. hllrllt·c1 Sc:llthnpnli..... 111<1 Itllllltlt'(l .1 l..illJotcium "I tht:ir 0\\11 \\ith ·hli.... 1." il." "Ipila!. t I.....· III Ih';lI1lilllll.·1 hI' '1 hl.'1 iall :tri!'o((lt "In nt'cl 1'1 lilt, (.I"e..-I.. t"OICllliMi "11 1111' BI.I' I.. :""i1. '1111' ~I.l( nlull i.ttl I..i 1IJ.:. •\lIli)(ultHI' (:.. ",11:1.". d.·It-.llt'(\ ,Ile' (:"11", 11(':'11 I."inl:\dwia ill ~ii. hili II ... llu':lli:tII" (lid IInl e1(·"lul\ lh.· ('.·hi, I..illl-{dunl tllIlIl ~Il '~I:l. n'·"pilt·lhi... I hl';lC i.III'" 1
Aecontlruc:tlon 0' peace nogotlations belween two belligarenls In Ihe e..lern frieze from tha corridor of 11M Kaunluk lomb. The Iwo comm.ndMS In Itle c.nl.........Ising their SWOfds In salula. Th. fl.gUnlS on ttle Ian ar. thought to be 'rom • Macedoni." .rmy. Th. colours 01 th. cloaks .nd tunics .t Ku_luto; Incll.ld. red, red·brown. pal.

blu..

pal• . - . c....m.

on_hUe .nd wNt•• (0 Joflnny

"'_t.

200 1)

chi' Sc:kllkld kill" ,\llliodu" II (:!til-:! Iii) al tltt' sil"gt' til "'p"lda, ,11111 .lg.lill 1011).:111 ";1111 nlh,'!':l1 tl1I" !lol1l1c',,1 R.lphi,1 ill :!17. 1!l'll'. tlte r1gll1-II,lllk 1'101,'111,111 nll,lI i.III" ddl',lll'll tl1c' lI'II-I1.lllk St-kll\..id 1'111,11 i.lIl", R,lphLI I\,r" 0110' "I 1110' 1,1"1 (illl!"" Ill,' ·.... lIll'·'''..r''· I ollld lil4ll1 ,',11 II 01l1l'1 \l1I11l'1I1 1{"lll.lll llIlt'fln"rICl', Philill \' 'II \1./(c'II"II 'I(lltpi,·tl :Il1tlw (Iii,'" ill nll~lIl' 1111 I" 11ll" I kll""polll. hilt Iti" "I1I,t ,.,,, Glll... ·f! 1"'I).:.llllUII .IIul Rhotl".. 10 illtltll " IIII' ROIll.III.. III .Ill;lt k him, I'hilil' w;,.. II".Ihlt- It> 11:"01' )igllili,.IIu llUlllh.:I'''I ill hi.. lfoMII'S ;1).:.Iill..1 thc' ROIll,'II" ht·t.III...· I", 11.111 1'1 ).:11.'111 III" 1·.I"lc·11I borci"I" .1).:;li",11 II11 .. 1;lIIt illllll...iuII.. I'I\ Ih,' \l.lI'lIi, At lilt' l),Iul,' HI (.\llIMq.h.ll.ll· ill 1~17 lit' 1t.1I1 :!.lHHI 11'11.1( i,lll" II I hi.. h,rllldim'. 1111' 1'111 ,II i,t11 I"'h.,..... \\1 III ..kll I"I.. hl·...llofollll..1 Ront,lll ,lllli .llIi"t1 (.r('c·k II'(M'p", .lIul ""'IM·tl III pll:.h h,lI k lilt' Rum;lIl k'l \\ill).:. III "pi,,· III Ihi.., hm\l'''''' Pltilip·" l'''al:III' \\,1:0< ..1t.1l11"1l·'!. .lml hI' ],"1 lilt· h,llllt-, l'I"lll 11tt'11"Il I'hilip \\.l",nhlij::,c·" h, Ik' ,I }{,'m.lIi .111., \1I11..,It,,:. III 01 ~\I'iol \\~I' tltc' IlC'Xl h, I,ll" lip III till' KIIIIl,lIr .., ,\pp:lll',rlh IIH' R'lln:lll" had 1'>I''''Iwfl ~I.I(I'II,,"i:lrl 01111101 OII'IIIl~lIt', 101 "ht'rl \lllint 1I11~ (T""M'c1lh,' n,ll1l.lIldlt'" I... h:ld tto tHT lh.. (;It'l'l...... \l'ho l\l'r,' ulI,kr :-IIhieCl ion '" lltt' Tll1:IC ;'111:., IIH' I{OIIl:I1\" 11111'\\ him 1'111 or ElII"lw.• 1I1t11 h,I:.c'rlltir" In ~l:lg'llI':oii,r, I kn', ill I~HI, \l1li'>Ilto:. 111 "k,' L1m,rrJ.:h tilt' RI"","1 Idt [I.III\..: hill ;'I~II"lti \11 ",,,I'lililil-: Ihi,,, ~111II"" d".'i ..i,,'h hI' pllr'll,'d 111"111 "1111 a" 1.11 ,I' 1I1l'ii CUll!'. wht'IV :!,lH)(1 ThI~I('i,1ll ,11111 \I.UC't1,llli.ll1 il11.l1lln ,tt'I'I"'" lIim It ill It ,.lpIUIlIl/-: til,' Rml1.m 1I.1;.:;.:.I).:l·. rili... ;tllmlt'd 11lC' r,',rr,lilldl'l III tl,,' ~'kllkid ,1I1l" 1<. 1M' \\ip",l 0111 h\ lilt· "Ill I ,·.... 1111 Hom,lII riJ.t1l1 will).: .mll 1l·1I1ll·. 111I.lli,U1" dt:lwn hOIll Ill(' \.'tii. (:'11'111. .\lh·I 1111' hiliit-. )la,I".lll·lli .11111 (:C"di'M clIpi,-1I 1";1\ It ,idc' ••, .1 11,111'0\\ 1,.11-';1('<11);1:-'.. ,U!tl I'I"lllt'd IH' lht· ,mlC' R"m,1Il 1l""I~ III 1ll.lIl II ,Ilnll).: lilt' I khrl.l:oi \,llIt·\ III ~O",h"l'.I'I'·I" I hl~ltc'. !'h,'\ \,.lIh·tl lllllil 11lC' \:III).:'Il,lId 1t.1I1 p,t",,,'t1, 11"'11

The central seene lrom the K~nluk

e."em In.:r.,

showing

two "ommen6eno ho!di"1! the urne speer, whic.h Is IhtH.>ghl to be

II pee". gestur•.

Ill.!""'

.lI,lt \..,·11 lilt, IJ:IJ.:J,:;I;':P .1IIt!. kill111g 11lC'

''''l

c, I, MII I hI' ".1).:' Ill".

,"l. 1M').::" I I

JIll'

\.lIIg11.11d .lIlel w:Ul4".1fI1 1"..1...11 It. 11I'lp, ,lllri ligillill): IM~lll ,II $t'\(,I~II POliti:., 'nit' h.U11,' '\\,IH·t! hUIII om' ""It- to lile' ollll'I .111111e1ill).: I" fill' I,'n~llll. IllI' 1I1I1IIIM"'" ill\"ht"cl. ,mel II ... Clllll.Il4(· 01 Iht' (IImh:Il,lllli'. R,MIMII

13

NCOm!, drnHd In a kMit·Ie"",lh

Thl' hoot\ 1t;1ll11wn'd llw rhr"ci,u,,,, a." lllt~"1 nr Illl'lIl Icli lllcir ;lfl1l~ lwhind '\ll 1II,It die:}' could (';un ,1\\".1\ l11nrl' :o>1>oih, 1'Ill' Illlla\'OIII~,bl(' ~rt'llIlll. "II IllI' vllll:1 hand, IllMk IIIC' ROlll:ll1:>o \111Iw(';.lhlt' ltl Ih.. h:lIbari;llIs, '~I:tll)' It,ll ()II hllih :>lilli'S ,11ld lIi~11l \\';IS :111"(,;1d) IUlllillK 011 wlll'lI Ihl' Thmd;1I1:>o dn'w olT fl'OIIII til(' li)tll\, lItll Ifl "SC:Illl' \\'OIlIlds aucl III-:.ulI, hllllll'..msc lht."\. h;ld ;l" IIl1wh pltllltll'l ,IS lh,') \\~lIlll"(l' (Li\\ :~.llJ), 1'111' ROn,,.II' ,n:ln Iwd \\~lrjh 1111 1111 :1 ("\\'d,I\"', 1111'11. \\11"11 111t,\ II:lel n'adwtl 1110re 01M..·1I ~I"nlmcl, EUMI() TllI~II'i;lIIs SOUSIlI lei nppu:>ot· lluRe lilian ally M utlilw" lilt· IIl11idi'llI, wlln W;l" S('olllinJ.; ahl'ad 'If lilt' lIlain ;trllI\ \\'ilh ..U I() '1lIllidi;IlII'I\';III-,. :llId:l kw dt'ph;ull~, ~hlllilll's ,'nJf.I1-:,'d Ih,' '1l1l~ld:IIl'" wilh hi~ ('\rph:Ulls ill lht, ITl1ln' ,lilt! t'I\~II ..\' ClII I hI' 1I:t1l~, Ili~ 'lIl1, \\"ith I:.U pid.(·c! II"IIUIK·I..... ftHI,· Ihl'I)II):,1I lit,· lllielcll,' 01 lltt· 1l1l~lt;;IIIS" Ih("l1 :1l1:td.,'d llwir 1(':11. alld C"!'t·;tll"(1 ... w h di'\llnl,'" :11II1)1I~st IlwIIl Ih:ll 1111-....· 1I(....·t·l· ~ul 11t':l1 1111' 1lI,Iill huth til Rlllllan ill(;llll,,'.. rhco B.L...I:lrll;l," (,·illtt.·I' Cl·llS HI <;"·nn:m..., :11111 'Ih,' h":I\,,"1 l1alilll1 UII (·.IUIt' - U') XI .. !'".fl,) nnw m:u'dlt'fl "tllll II Ihi tluj.th '111(';.11"(':11 tilt' ,'I"jlll'''l III I~ltilip V nf ~1;ln"(lol1; hill ill I ~ I'hilip dit.·d :llId \\';1,'" '"C"C''l't1,·t! by I'C""'-'II', '111t· B:;L"I:trn:1I' .... M)II t ,1111'· Ie) hit IWS wi III lilt· I I) I ,II i,III'_ \\ 1111 \\ l'l't: 1'ol"u"(l 10 Ike IIp:l moulliaill. '1111' ll..l."I.III1,II· 1"lIu\\'('(1 llle'lIl, bill Wt'ft: t1rk,lI"d \\illl Ihe Itdl> ul a IlIllllClt-'....llIrm. !"'ISt·U" fe'huilt tile: M,lI,-clutli,1II MillY: alld ill Iii \\';IS joilll'e1Il}' "ul\'S. ~illJ.: ollheo <>tlr\'>I who Imd IUllg 1.""11 lqll nlj.tl·t!' (Liw XI.l15~) al lilt' Nll1illi~lI:- ,~iIlIlL,11 Ih:.. \('";Ir, dd('lIillJ.: lilt· ROIIIOlII·allil·d "Imln, '1'111'\ 1"1111111-<1 1.-.111\ 1l;1I11c- :>lill~iIIK, \\illl "'wfcd hcad... a'\. lruphi,'S, 'I lid I lM..·rfonn:ll1f'(' :11 llw hank til I"'dl~ (lliR) \\':L'" k ..... rnll;ll-L,;lhlt· - Ih,'\ an: ollh Illt'lllitllU'c! WII('II nllillill~ :1\\';1\': l't'l'SelL...· riw-r11;1I11.. ),;"llanl III' l'\ll() '1'llI~u i,lll" prt'ripil:tIl.:d lill' '·IIJ{; anti ~uo nll~Ki:1I1 ;lIId Cn'I<1tl .1!'(ht·l.... llIll~1t1 tin llu- RUlllall "idc. 1"'I'S"ll~ 11""1 Illis ballk. :tlUl '1111~ICl' \\'l',t tIl IldJI'lI,'" \'';1 ... illt"t II 1)(1I~llt'd imo 1\lan'dunia, whkh \\~IS p:u'liliolll-<1. Frolll Ih,'" U/1 'I hl~lt iall lill~'" IL"'l"d Koman \IouI''' 10 '\l'C1I1',' ,llI'i .. rt'~illws: Ih,'} ,1I1t'd tllIl} wilh tl1t' appruval CIIK'IIII1', :tIlt! tllcil'C"hildl','n WI·l'I·lu,111 11Iil'laj.tc' llwn·.

,,-.rrn..-.I, hold' ••hi.kI, 10 Johnny Shumll. 2001)

The 2nd and 1 st centuries Be: Roman pressure grows

~Oflstruetlon 01 ~

poroc:fliIlon

dtawI'l OIl "'- Iu"'l~ (back

w-'U1

of ttMt 3rd cenlury Be S....... tatt

tomb: u •• oritinlolltlln cNrcoal. -.s "'- lomb WM U""rM.hed. tl $I'IOwt

C.'-l

1....1Md klntl 01 "'CrownK by tM

Thrac'-' mot-.. ~ TM ricl'oly decor1Il-.:I -octl. NS four

long

~1"

~

,..lnl-.:1 r-.:l. Ttt.

w.- -. ahort lunIc

.rtd ch/~; hI. rlghl hand is oulStretch<14 l_ltrd. 1"fOdft'" TM two ...... -.1 Mit .r. Pf"ObIbIy ..,..,.ntl, Th. flrsl. w ••ring -. t1~ h.t ....lch may be -. h.lmel Of" plio', c.rries • long JP'ar -.nd • SC-.bb-.rd, from ....Ic... d ...... I.... b'ldric, Th.

14

I{"\'ull "fa'r n'\'oll 1'1:t~lll't1 IIH' Rumans for till' l1('SI lWO l·t'lllllI·it-.", bill Iht.·St: ul1lr :>ot'I'\'C'(J to I'XIt'lld Rum:m pOI\'i'r. !-il",,1 IIlC'f(' \,';IS :11I iniliall}' sllC"("·~,,fllll'isj'IKaJ{olill"'l Rlllll;lll 1'111,' ill ~l:tn'dtlnia in 14\1/ I·IM, kd Il)' Antl ..i'I"II,' (PSI'lIdu-Philip). nit Thl';,lti,,1I kill/{ 'Ii'res 1"111 him :J "mall hndy 0{ tnNJI.>S :lIl(llnO~ pari ill llit.· tlpl"i.~inK' hill lhis was SlMIIl ntL,,11I'cl. III II~J lilt· Se:ul'c1iS('i (:I miXI'd Th(';.u i:lIl. IIhri;III, :lI1d (:'..hil 1I ilx') ,llIe1 1\laedi imo;lIlt-tI ~lal t'tlulli,l, tlt'I":llill/{ ,ll1d ~illillg lilt ),;"(I\'cl'l1l1r, 'I'll(' Srortli"",i \\Hllitl h,· C"1I1111"c-fl-d in Ihl'il Illnt t1llrill~ 11U-IO; II\' 1\I.Millll.ill'" Ruft!i, \dlll I'KI~ C'nlllrni ul lla' whul,' Ile'hnls art':! and ntlslwd lilt' Ik,-"i,

1111' Wtll~1 l'i"il'A ncnllTl'd ill !ll. WllCll St.'nlillS,l.hi:' R\)Ill:m ~on'nj()" of Man:donb. Wll." kq>1 I>u..)' I))' ,"t'\'I'I~11 Thmt'ian inclll...iolls. OIH' 01 which rt'"chl~d ,,~ far nli 1)\')(lolla. In i7/i6 the procoll!oul of Mact'donia, Appius <:I,lIldill" l'llit'lwl', \I~L" kilkd ill il l'> Ilvrth-c-.asl of IOd:W'1i 'nl('~'i:tlnnilr.i, Iit-mdolll" (i.1 I 1.1 ) .s;1\~ Ih:'lt lhe Satmi (of "hich Ihc' Bc-s...i \'o'ef,':l d,m) W,'IT alllull$,'S1 Ihe best ""Inion, of lhcil' d;I), ,md l'I'm,lilll'(! fnT nf ,U1\' n\~I'lcmb. Str,lbn (CtogmpJry 7.f>.12) i:l lIIun' hIlIlIUI"U1L" bill k"", tumplillll·llIa.....: 11(' rl'(";'ll" Ihal thr I~..i 'art" ("'allc'Ci bri)folmb. t"'ll'll 1)\ Iht· h.-ij{.llIds, Ih"C ill hili" ;lIlcl karl a "'T("ldwd lift". In I!'I ul' I:' 111I'l'l' \\~L".1Il upri..illJ.: ul Iht' lX·s:'ii ill Thr.tcc, IL'(II)\ the priOl in lilt" ~llIClllan III" l)illnl,!;I1", mit' VOIClJf-lt'1iU", TIIC'Y J...ilI1'(1 thc Thradan lillg:. bill Iht' c'nd ft'/lull '\~L" Ihal !Ill" bunlc'l uf Ihc Rum;1Il Empire \\';1$ 1ll(J\t.'(! II) tilt" l'ppt'r Dallubc', "hi.. did 1101 ..101' tlWIIl fmlll lI)illg again in II, \\"ht"n 1_<:',lpllrnill'lI'iso "';L" Clllkd frulll Palllpll\Ii:' ill A-lia MillOf 10 cru..h .1lI()\ht~r Iks....i f'('bdlioll, According 10 Flofll.. (~, ~i), aft!::r Illis fdJC:llioll ltad beCll pill downllw I'hf'lrians ·showt':Il'II'i S:thillllS I'll' tlUWl1 a 1"I'\'lllt ofSOlllht'fn Tl101ll1lain I'hmrians (prohahl) Iks..'li) wilh thl' hdp of thc Thracian l:inR Rhnt'1llt'mll'"(''i II, '1"11(' 'I h r:.ICiaIlS f('lrcaled to .. lllUllllWil1 fortl'ess whelc thc bmwr spirib 'Capt'fc'(\ and chanted in I"rollt 01 Ihc'if lines :.t<:eordillg: tu Iheif nalional CllslOllI'(Tadltl:l): hilt cli-spile II hr.I\t' defencc lhl.'y c(Juld lInt dislodgt, lhl'ir 1.1C..""iq;l'l's, am[ SU1l1e' nllllltlillt't1 ~lIicidc mIller thall lx' tah'u prisonef, A 1";1111('1' dil1('l'('lll Ihrt"al 10 Roman 1'Idt' in 'I hr:lcc' nut\(' lrolll Mitillitlatcs VI of P()I1I11~. Thi.~ I'\llc'r oj Ronw's (,\'(,1"-lhn'all'llillg: ncighooul'illJ.{ puwcr was \'Cf)' pupular :liAlI was a disa.\olcl' lor Thr.1c<,. hO\\'('\'('(: \\'hc'll ht, "-.as thruwll Olll ul Europt.." lhl' RUIll;Hh CHlll' b';I(1: 10 Thrac(' nOI a,.. meddlers ill illlcfllal politiu but seeJ...il1g: fcuibUliun alld ('onqll('SI. III i4/il I..lIclllhl." lIlal'dwd alollg: the 1,'C"tCf'll PUlllit: ('Ohl'".lcl." ill tlte IhlllJ...,

'Uh cenhHl' Be r\Of'thenI nw.e"n ........ helme' wiUI vite cfeco..lion..

te twos. high dome

h.mm..-.d from _

aheet of

IJHver, pem.ps to at::comm.ott.t.

tn.

top,knot "'"""' by nobleMen, (Found... Soc'-ty Pwchlo_, S.rah e-on Hill Fund: photogntph 0 2000 n.. o.troit In.Utut. of Art.1

lmll.r 4th C~IUfl' Be .IM gilt "'-lmel from ""Igtwol, Roman.., In all, n". of Uti. type

Ii

MY. been found .1 different AOININltn alte.; u.., .re t.1'Imld .~~. ",-Imtl", JW...I, on Ut. grounds of theIr rlch_., but In l.et w. c.nnot know 10 what e>ltent noblemtln dl.pl.red theit w•• lIh on thttlr bat1l. ge.t,

15

).1 ithl"idatt..'S did IHIt losc his pClplllal'it)', ho\\,(:\'(:I'. '111 racial 1 IlleTn'llarics who had sc·n·c·f! him but wcre now in lhe' sen'icc' of r.·larnls Fabius switchcd sidcs when Mit.hrid:Hes madc a sllrprise attack CIlI the RUlll:lll army. wllidl 11111)' sllr\'i\'ed because :\lithrirlatl'S himsc.:lf wa..; WOllllded. l\litllridates VI c\'cllIuall)' COlllll1itlcd silicicic. Iku\'cen 7~ and 71 there W:'L;; a Ill:.yor sla\'c re\'oh in Ilaly led h}' Spana('t1,~, :l Thr:lci:111 ~ladi:u.ur. Man)' of the 1110uIlIain lribc..; and I)('opk~ 1101'111 of the Dallube remained free ami CUTlIilHH'c1 10 callSC Romt.: troublc. III 57/55:'1 ThJ':.lcian/lIlp·i'l11 :'\I'Ill)' cotlsistill~ of l\lat'Cli. l)enlhelel

16

TIle' Thmci:ltJ kings :It'("clcrated tlte Roman conquest h)' llic..'i,· OWl1 COllrllSillj.\" d}'llastic sqllahhl('~: al timc=s tlwn' \\'('1"(' thre.'e.' Thr:H:i:ll1 killg:s rlllill~:1t OIlce. Fur in~lance, when Rhocllleialct.:~ I dit'r1 in AD I~ Ihe KOlll,lIIS cnlJll5t.cd llu' Odrysiall len;tulies lIorth or rh(: Ilac'111111ol 10 Rhaskuupcwis. and Ihosc' 1C) the ~ullth to Rhocnwl:Ikc',,;' SOli Kot)'S. War .!lOon hmk(' 0111, and ill AU 19 Kot)'; W::l~ killed by Khaskollporis, Rltucl11clalces II, Iht' son of Rh;1skollpori..;. recc1n:d lhc lauds 10 the lIul'lh uf Ila(:lII11S, while KOI)'s' ell ildrell g"ol Iheir rathcr's lallc.ls. 1h)\\'C\'CI', thc}' ruled o\'er IIWllJ only tinder Ihe g:uardianship orlhe ROln:uI/Jlnlmldm: :\llli itl AD 21 Thrace saw :lnolhcr allli-Rom:11l uprising: by Odr)'sians, Dn ami Koilall'lai. The rcbels besicH:cd RhoclIICI::llccs II (AD 19-36) in I~hilippopolis, bt .. Ihe ROIll::lllS :tn;"cd in tin\(" to S:'l\'C him. Rhucl11et:llces III \\~IS k:.s luck}', hdll~ IdllNI during a rebellion in AD H/4r), I k \\~L"; Ihc'last Thl~ld:1Il killg: in AD 46lhc Emperor Claudius annexed Thracc as the province or 'nlracia, under a Roman ImlNcmlQr. \\;Ih I'crilllhos :l"; it.~ ('apita!. Formal annc-xation did nUl SIUp rUl'Iher raids. incursions. :mel I'cl~lIions. ho\\'c\'er. The mosl signific:llll or thesc c:tltle rl'om the Dacians. din'c'l e1csn·ncla1H.s or Ihe G(~lai who spoke a Iallj.\"llage c1usely relaled 10 Tlll~td:Ul. BUl'cbisla. the firsl gn'al Dacian king «(:,70-44). m:lCle lhe <':c..,to-Dacian Slate~ powcdl.ll enough to won)' Kome, 111 1)1\, seekill~ 10 expand his domain, Ilf' lllo\'e:cl smuh along lbe western POt1tic coast. as 1;,1" as Apolloni:t Pontic.l. MarCllS AllIonius used a nl1nOllr thaI tht~ t:el:\i \\'Cre "tiding Macedonia to gct comrnl of an ;ll'llly of six legions, pIllS tllltllCrOHS :lllxi1i:Il'ics slationcd Ihere, Antony lold the Scna\(' Ihal Ihis anll)' had been prepared b)' r.acsar 10 be used lirSI agaillst the Celai, thcn against Ihe I':.\rthialls. II was feared that thc: Gctai would nt::Jke all incursion illlo

Re<:onsl",elion 01 3rd-ttt cflnlury Be Thracltln warrior wIth rltomphala, grfla"es, Thraclan Mlmel, la"flllnl, and Kyustendil

cwal shIeld. (0 Oanlella Carlsson 200tl

\l,nl:dnlli;1 il lit.' ;lfllI\

\\('n'

\\ilh(II,I\\Il: p(·lll.lp~ Ihi .. '·\p1.11'I~ lilt·

l(olll;lIl'" ..,n".g:l' l1t',IU1U'1l1 ..llhi, I'(·opk. III

.\n

II

I:! Ihn c1i"I'I.I •• ·c\

.lhUlll -,lI.(lUlIl:I·lai 10 till' 1if.:11l b.Ill" 01 lilt' O,lllllht· (Kip;' I'hl.ICI.t('). I~c'( ,111"1'

01

hi.... 1 hllKc' 111111111.'1 (II

I

1!l\\1l" ill lilt'

(;I'II)-n,1( bl'

W,III,I(III.IIII'I,lill "t'J"('1t11illh,lhilt'd .lnC'1 lilc' 1t'iJ.:I' ,,1 .\Il}{Il;'>III.... III( 111"'0111" h\ D,l( i,lll;'> ,lIld ~,'nll;tli,lII~ illin :>'ll1c,..i;1 on III 1,,(1 III \0 li~1 alld ~i. nwn' lollll\\'t'(\ allllO"1 cHIl,inlloll" \\,11 ,\ilh till' 1),lci,lII" m,dl .\1) 100i. "hl'l\ IkcdMhl" (,\1) l'(I-WI;) I OllllllilU'd 'Ill, idc' ,Ilul hi, t,lpil,ll. :-',lnlli/~"IIl'<:.I. IC'1I 10 dH' ,lrIll\

til

lite'

hllp"ftll

'It.lj,llIll'.

iii 1)I'c ,1I1tC· ,I KUIIl,IlI pll'\ 1I1U·. I hc' Knlll,lll IlI'o\io,t' "I ~Il)l',b \\,I~ (!C·,IIt·1I III ,lIomul \1) I!",. II

"I1le'U',IIt"1 D.1t

illt C)f()(,r.tl,·c! pn·<;C·IlI-. the Iii. 01 the TlwKtItl willriot'. Hot. lhe VfatN..styte ........ Deirtg - . .

br

the Thrac:llln he«l if> ..,..1.

a~r

- __ also

tcounesy of

L~h

315. M

m)

C',I'lc'rll KHll1;\Ilt,l. It \\,1" 1I,1II11'c1 ,i111'1 tilt' ~1tK'''', Thr;ICI·. III

till'

\\111. liH:II ill l'a"II'TII

pt.in~ hO.-(Il·III1).: lilt' '\1',1 .11111 Iltc' 11,111111)1'.

KUllw'" ..lIul1).:c·'1 1'111'1\1'

III

1111~lu' 1"",lll" lilt' t'ud

l1utll' (\/"'-'lflll 1\/11. 11.:-" '\\\ I)

'.I\,.·1t

01

nlc'\ \\I'U'

till' 1"1 U:ll111l\.

1".1 1<:'I)ul"i\C:·t,l,k to lk"llil)(' 111<:'

....It;lg:.·'' ,Ind rnwll\ "lllw fo.l'N·..i:\11' ;I1Ullll('11 h,llllillil\ '11111.1"1").: 111.11 col ,ll1l11h,'r h.llh.lli,,,,,: Ikrull' Ollt· h"tll,' \\illt M.IIIlI;'> (;1.1..... 11' (:..~) 1\(;1

.11t' \1,)("'",1\, .... lcrilin·c1 ,I hc,r,,· ill 11'11111.11111' ;1I1l1\ ,lIullll,llk.1 \t'I\ 111,11 lh,'\ l\tlllhi Hilt-r "I' ,melll·,·d IIp''" lill' \il •• I, III till' ,l.m~ltll·n'c1 k,lIkr" ulllll'il c·IWlllic·'. Impl·ri.llInNlp" 1.li ..... 1 ill lilt' I'nl\il1l"I,1 rJlI.llt·lllIlJ,:llIIIIICIII).:ltuul Ih,' Knm,ltl "".Icl. inc!tIc1I11j::.I\IIl;1II1. 1111'II'lIIh'llll11' ,,1,1 Tln,lIi.1I1 c.l\.lln m,lIl. Kultl' ~il;1 (pI ''''11111;111'' 111' h.lt 1 'l·tI h.liT lil..l·

III"

,tIl(

,'''Ic II .. ). 1\ ....

1"IIlui III (.II>IICI·,lc·1 .lIul i, n,m 1111 "lul\\ ill lilt' I il\ Illtl..... ,llIl; ,Iml ,I I hl,III,'I' ,IIIItH' h,,~ '-N:l'll 1'\I,I\,1I1'd

III

Ilu"'I:1. \Hotlll'l

111I~lli,1II l;l\-

.llnl11.111 h,l" hi~ lomlhlcou<:, 1111111 \\',o\.<:,ll·1 011 tlI'pl.l\ ill .... hl(·"... I1I11\·~ Kllllk\ II','N' 11111'1'11111. ,\1 Ihc' olh,'1 "lid "I Ilie" c·lIlpi,,·. il' IIH' (;liIlU·:I. 1.I.c Ill' rlllill~ wIIlII,'" kll hi" ('iI'II'Slli,tll 1'"111."1'>111'. I hn(" h:\f! ai'll 1)('1'11 1'111,11 i.IIl' 11'1111' Kllm:ln ,Inll\ hd'lIc'IIIt,\ jllilte·tI 11l1' 1·l11pir,·. III"'~ B(, ill Ih,' c,IlIIIMi).:I' III 1'1I,lr«;IIII' lile' Odl\,ia'l I..ill).;

",", ,1\, ... ·111 ;11 I 'Ill III ;,IIUl,I\,lln

\1 illt h i~ ~otl S<1(LII,I' II'

j, lill 1.1

il' (;IC·I'(C'. \11I1I1IJ.: POlllpC·\·... illiauin Ill'I(' 111('11111(· ...\ OPPOSITE FnHlt vi ...... 01 a bnHl:r. brMatpl;ot. from a !lth c.ntury Be lomb at Eattl Sa,hra, nellr

z.,o,...

I'ollllk\ .... ,lnll~

111(' Kc:~~i Irih('.

" III ... !II 111"111 IIlC'H ('Ilal it·,. , tiIWI' 1IIII'uipl(·t1 1>1 \'Ollllllc·"I~. 1'011111"\'" ("lmp \\";h ·/c,.• II,II,1\ lll'klult'd h~ IIH' R"111;L11 IlllI'''h It'll III /-:1 1:11 d il. bill tIIot',· lic'n

I'h ,till 11\ lhc'

IIII~H iau .HI\ili,lIi.... · ( .11''<:.11.

(;"'11 \I,m.

!':-,).

On. Iron ri.... l I• •liIllltlllChed 10 the I.ft ~lder

St'llll' :!,UOO ·l'1lt~H"i;[ll. 1IIlIi:111. P:Illlli"l!. '1I1d Tltl:~sa'i;111 1;1\;111.... I'l'n'
and

Oil Ihc' 1,,,il1g ~id(' ill :H BC' al 1111' IMllk 01

Star.

th.,.. II'" rem.lns 01 rI",eta

round th. eog.e.a, wh.... bnHl:r. patchlrtg .u.....I..... In the mlddl•. TheM ......... f.at.ned to • llnl"" wIllth Indk;at.a that It ""'.a lIIItOm withoul plernrell, Ii.... the

....letl 0 ...... venlons. T..... prirnlttve 'wll' types ... decorated almpty. wlth the chellt mwdIls ending In th......p.U.I&ed Iot_ nail tall.. or .ngr......:l marine _ _ten 1IOmewt.-1 ,...,.,bll", Chl_
I'llilil'l,j ill I:! 1-\( :.lI'hilt· 'nll~It'i:t111ll1·I(c·t1ari,·"~llltl ;11Iit-~ ,,1.~I'I)
AI 1111111. \\h..l1· O,'I;L\i;1l1

(;\IIg,IIMII.'1 d,'f,-.I!c·d M ,It I.. \11Ill11\. Tht· lit·:!\,\, , 1'1 rlliliu).\ 11·'fllin'l1ll'I11.~"l" Ilw R"I11;tn ,11'111\ ;111"

ilc·1I
11"\11'\""'. d"~pile Ihi, tIltl\'l:l11l'llI III TItt;I(i.ul' ,III U\'l'r 111(' Kumau Em pi II'. 1111' Tit 1~I ..i.1I1 lull 11Il' ,Ill d lilll),:11 ,Igl: "II n i \"t'tl II III iI, It 1t:"~1 Iltl' ~~I d n'llllln

An.

"h..n h,lIhali:m.'i ht·J.:;11l III 1;1\~I){I' Tlu,ltl·. Th,'\ lillalh'

(\i..,IPlw,lIl·tl dllrill/-: llll' Itl,I"...i\l' "1,l\il llIi}{I,uilll" ilh ('I'll1l1ri"" An.

01 Iltc' tIlt· lilh--,;·.lIl"

THRACIAN COSTUME Classical and Archaic periods

".:154m w.288m ~1eIln

Flom Ihl' ilh HI ,11(' 4th (ellllllil'~ Ih(' TIII~ui.II1" WOlt·.1 IIlllil. ,In,11..

........

(u-u,,). "I!> f"llllH'knJ .mel hCN'h 'I'I"lmdl'\'. ThlOlCi.lIl ";Inior.. \\illl I!lis

No.1M8.~

17

D4:t,lIlrom Attic red Ilgure /(yIiJr, 470-480 BC;. Thrac:'-n pelUo,t In trtlditJon.1 cOitume, an
Tl1buta·bea,.,.. from Skudnl, on the ~ ,lalrw~ at '"-Polls; Skudr1l w.. the Perlian Ntnll71 of Th~ In 512-480 ac. Not. 1M ribbed circ:uter Ihlelds, pal.. of ,peers, "b·style ClIps simile, to lhe ~'d., top-knot.. an
dress .. rc commou in 6th-5th CCnlury Crf't'k an, ;1Ilt! are Mill described b) XC'llOpholl in Ihe I~;lrh 4th celllury. ·111i(' jO }'c;u's latcr, as it is worn b) the l1lr.tci;1I\ \\~drrior goddess Ikudis on .m Athenblll relief of about 350 - .hough newer "1}'It's had :tlready beglln 10 pl:UH it. The ex"cl .lihadc of earlier Thradall CO, alld arlO not Illllch hell> pdor to :\'jO. Thl''lciilll dothil1j:{ \\C of work prneticed. \\ith ccna;n rcgiunal dint-rf"ncn. The nOl"thcnl Thrndan.. wore narrow trou"C."", and :1 .. hort 1>hirt lucked into them. comhinl...d wilh:m Ollicr lunic lied at Ihe w perhaps dappled cowhid(·. 11l<' third SI\ Ie i:. a simpl!' high'Tm\·IIt."ft 'l)hn"H"i"n' Gil>' again wilh neel..- and chf'~l..-f1aps.•III,tpll:lrrnth made in OIlC pit·ct. In "Ome (nortlll'l'I1) lribcs lhe "'(-aring 01 ht.'adg:{,:lr ma) h:l\'c !x'en conlincd tn Ihe lIoblt:s, TIl{' nobles Wl're C:11I('d Zib"hit!c.; ('cal)-\\c:I1'cr1>') in the rhrad:lII l:tIlgtlagl', beC:lll"t: lhc\ alollc 11:1(1 the ril{hl 10 we:u' Ihe f('11 Clip (jIlII'Il.{). Thc I)ad:m, had a simil:u ClI!>Iom - thl' IlOblt.' Daci wert" railed l,i/I'(lI;. and Ihe COIllIIIUII Oad romfl,i. The CtllUlUl)l\l'l"S 01 thes(' Iril:x.:s gc.:llcrall)' W('lli b;u·du'a-kIlUI. Amon~ the Af.f.llh\'T'()IIH' Thrnci:lIl lll"tOl1l!~) Ihe noblt.·.. also d}'ed tltdr hair blllt. "111C1·t.· ;tn', howe'o'(·r. 111.111)' paintings of the Tllracian tunic ,tlld cloak. The tunic was kncc--Icllj:{lh anel ..lee\·c1css. II W;:l<;lit.'(1 ;u thc waist. and belt buckle:. wilh wolf lUotifs were COllllIIon. The IlIllic \\':is frequenll)' pautCl'llt:d Iil..c- Ihe cloak, l>ut \\~,LS sometimc!> \lnm;II'ked or I>'luerlll'd al the: 111,,'11I onl),. The cloak was worn on~r the lUI' of thc IImic and \\~,IS thc moS! stliking article of TIII':.Idan dreM>. The pchasl<; and c'lv'illry \\'UI'l: ii, hill

llUI lilt· lil-th1t'1 InClIIll\. II. tl\,"red 1111' \\hol1' !loch lil,".1 hl.tIll.(·1. .1I1t1 11,1\1' IW"l1 ,~t 1ll'.I\'\' ttI;ll'" i;lI ... ill'" Ill<" ]Minllllg' .. h,,\\ il .•' .. ,ill

"'1'111' III

u ~.Rr.r.r.r..

~~:; 111

,uuuu

.lIull1'll h,lllging ill Itlld~. Illi~ \\.mld ~\li1111(' lIU'II1,I.,ill Ilih.·... \\11(, 1,.ld '0 d..;,l \\illl 11"1\ ,,,Ill \'11111.."\ ,llId (ooillight.. dllrlllg tlu' ~nllllll(·l. !l "~l" \t'n l"llg. olh'1I1C:.U hing to tlu· liT!. "I hI' rup II-olli"" (ould Iw 1"ldt'd 01'-' .1'.' \011 HI "Ilk": .i1I1'll1;lli\l·h 111,' Iu", "IIIC'I~ t Huld Ill' 1111 Iwd III 10 h,lI1g 11\1'1 lilt, (111'''1.01 11110\\11 h.ul. 0/\1'1 lilt' ,1I0llldt'l,. II \',1' hl'ld "n h\ ,I "ill~k lihltl;1
,\ th.IIll,l1k Ih.II1J.:-t' GI &• • • ',,"$ • •

,.It-'..

:1.."l."l.'1..1,;

f1lh-'lth centu..., Be Thr.c:le" cIoM design., from the evldflKe of Qreelt pot1.ry. LIke the doth•• -.... by Balkan PHPle uRIll

,.,enU,.

u..

~ted

~ttems p~bl,

the _ r ' s tribe end

..,Ioft 01 origin, .Old groupa 01 warrion from tne ..rne .rHo il'fObabty ~ ......1'-' ~It_

lttIou'IIh ttl's .. "-AI to HtablWl, II 1_ 0,.... w_ show gfOUps of T'hrKiMlsl.

~ IllS! llllli,,, ;11 K.11,mb IL. arl' "jill pk, ,i 1l~11'-t oll.t! I' J..:,II IIlt'lIh, t'il Ill'l wilh p,ulcrllt'd l)flnkr~ Ill' Irct' 1.1 ,111\ dl'l tll,.li"11. SllIlIt' .IIt· ..IIIIr!"kl'\l,tl ,111111.,111'1'" "II'l'\l'lt,~", III lilt, lallcl t,I"t' tht' Illllit· \\";1" Illohabh EI"u'l1I'd ,II 1111' ..11tluldt:1 will, pillS, as;t i" Iltt,."ill1tallr ..h"\\'11 k.llirlK 111(' l'iKhl Shollldl'r and rht'''l hart'. AI Alrx,lI11lrflltl 111I'f(' i .. llllt' llIllie whidl i~ hroWlI wilh 1\\'11 \\'!till' \'I'rlie,1I "llip'" duwn hutll ,iell''', ,md allnll'l'r whiC"11 i~ Ihe nppn"il(': It'Il).i·skt'\'I'II, alltl 1,11;lt' will. It,t1-brt)1111 "rip"". l'lu·"t, an.: likc lilt: lUII;t ot IIlIC ."elval.1 1111 Ihe t1ll11lt' ul illt, K:lI'lllllll.. 1l)llIb: ft'd-lJru\\1t with olle whitt· 'II ipe lIll t'adl shot'\"(' alld t\\fI dO\I'n I·;lrh ,,;dt'. Ollt" ot Iht· lidt"l"s ill Iht, AII')"lllthOIIl tlllllb 1\'t',Il" ;1 111Ilg:-,lt'('\I'c1 hlll(' IUp IIndl'r hi,\ \, Ilill' lllllil (\\II;t hi" tlt'I 11I";llc'd I,'illl ;1 kw Ihin \'('I',intl Or.tll~t' linc',,). Thl' nll,ld,lIl~ ;11 11tl' IMlllt, lit PHlll.1 (HiK) \\Uf(' hl.lC"k l\lnil's. h'l\ 1)1 Iht: illl,llIln at K.lI;lllluL., .1Ilt! IIfl1II' 01 tht, li~lIn'~ .11 Ak-,al,tlIO\'o, Wl',11 dual!.. 1'I11~lt ian IlI'rllt:~ ;lIld gods t.ln't'tI ;11 "11I1It' ;1Ilt! IIlcl"I,,"r\.. dllr;lIj{ Iht' l'.lrl\, Krullan I'm "huw Ihal lIw TI1l.lti.1I1~ tllI,k Itl Wt',ll;IIK RI>lII;1Il .lllei (A'I,ie c1n~". s.'l!lI' ::II.... \\(HC' lI"Illl'!'r", 'rIll'\ 11,111 (Illh 1I,Iil, Ina\' 11.I\'c' '\tlrll InrI"<, :lnd:1 Illnie m dna\.. hdd h\ ,I ,ill~1c.: dll 111.11' hlllo(){ h Oil Ihl' li~hl ~hullldc'l. 'I Ill;' II1l1il i" ill ",mlt'l,I",-" \t'llit";t1h lllldl'd .uIII plt'.llc'd 1ll.1In lilllt'S, ;lIld Ilu:\..etl ;n .Iruund tltt· \\";li..l; tllt- tuld" :!hllthl C um t',d ,I Iwlt whit h i, wflrn ItI~<."1 hl'l' \\ il h .1 h,llth iI,

1.

ARMOUR Alllll1ur wa~ illiliall~ r('''lrirll·d Jt) lht' uohk t ,1\,lln, Iml ill lilt' tIll I t'lllUn' llIalty lrnflp,~ ht'lf.lIl Wt'arill" hdlllt· .... :lllc1 pdl:t,J.~ "Iarlt·c! \\ ('aring g-I t·an·s. Till'n' ",L'i a Ilt:U l.."'c! dillt'l t'lll t· hl'IWtTn Ilort henl ;l1ul Mllllht'll1 '1Ill,lIt·, I\'ilh tIle' IHJnhtTn \\,Iniol" wt',lrill" ~l..\'IlIiall-.'l\lt· 11olIlUplil". and 1111' St lullu-rn I'hr;wian.. \\('.11 i ll~ (;n'I'1. t'qnipnw III (wit h I'hrari,lll ,dler:llioll"). Thr;\riall ",Irrinr:. rHrIlmnnl\' lL'wd ,lrmOllr Ih,u \\';L" Illlk,. t 11;111 Ihc' n.·~1 01 IhC'i I' eqlliplllt'lll. til' a miXllln' III .\rlllfll1r allil "c·,lpon.. lnlln dilTt'n'nl "I\ll''' "nd pt.',iods. Sonle' I\lw" 01 annuli I' IH'I,:-i..\t·d .Illlllll~ Iht" Tlll";ld;U\.. lun~ ;,Itt.·1 Ih",\ h,ld u'ast'd 10 tw u."",·c1 c.'I",,-·\\1I1.·rt·. \.~:'lIll1iIlK IIt:tt buri,lls rdlC'l.lt·d .Illual pl,IUiH' (;1 larKt· :l'i'lIIl1l'liol1. hUI 1I1lt· "t· (";1111111'1 c1i:.mi,..), 'l1l1'lri;IIl" illlhi~ pt-liud .,IIt'11 1\lIH' ,I lllixlurt.· 1I1"l1l1,ld,m .lIId GrlTl CCluipIlU.'II1. ;1. lid ullh 11111' Ill" 1\\11 plt·n~... ,1 .WIIIHUI. rlOI ,I lI'll1pk'll' p..llIuph. Fill,lIh, 'I1n
Most "... p"lntings P>ow the pelta doKorated with aithw a t.,e, ..,11Nl1 tlll_ or _ _ eompl
"mp'"

....Id••

Gold erescent-.haped pecloral, e.lllh century 8<:, trom E.....I s.ghra, Stara Zagora dtllrlct. It has Ih.... hOi" for suspension, and Is decorated with atrIbonad anJmal "'~s and m ..ttes. ate., In mws. [Ashmolean MU1Ieum, No. 1$48."1

20

Till' IIIlJ~1 illlporl;.I111 Thmci,lIl IU'IIIII-'1 "Ivks \....11-· (,hallidi,m. (:lIIillllti,m. '!1I1-;IC ian. Allk, alld Sl.\Ihi4m (IIr r\unJlIo-'III). IldllU'1 .. t\ It" I. lialllllcKh-I, floul Mnld:wiOl, has IllC:1 hrilll of tilt' lalll'r. Ikll11t"l~ WITt' lim'd witlt 1'1'11 clI·ll·alllc.... (II' "'(Inl mer (·ap..: tllC' !'t'III:liIlS tlf;t 1'1.'11 1 ap Iial I' IXTII '(J\llld ill~idc ;1 TII ....liall Ilt'lllld frOIl! I'II-'ICII lUI it (;rt.Tl-.~" Ie hlll'O('!lail c·rt'.. l. II \\';,L" fllllucl ill a hit t t'UllIn Kl'aw ;11 Bn~.t.~I(J\el'i lIt';lI' lilt' I\lac-I. So',I. Th("M' 11101'1.' ('ompli..ut'cl Iwlllll'lS ,If(' lil('h III ha\'('

hd""J.;l·d II' 1111' l11,I,II' C.1\,,11\' ,11111 '1111,11 I,ll' IC'iull·". \\111' .,h" WI"I' (.1 lTI... fl.I'~IIII· hl'hlll'h - a ,IUTI J,.:,I,ld ,. II lip' "il<' \t'r,il '" \\.1' 101l11CI,1I 1'.llI.'14\llIi,hh·. \llc" IIII' \1.uc·c1flll;.t11 (fllRIl'\"lll1:I1'\ Illlhl'lldll1l'l~ mi1l1ifL.C'c1lh,' nil.\( 1.111 t.II"" 'H 11,.11 1I1C'~c' 11('11111'1' 1...1111\\11 ,.~ J'hnJ.:,i.lI' (Ill 1'I1I.'C',lI') hdlllt·I'. IIIC' '111,.\(,.11,' hdlll,'1 .ll'l'c·",,·d ill (,Wt·,t· II' Ih,' lIlichll"I,III1<" !"III 11'11111'\: hUI '1,.II'J,.:,,·h c·"<1t1)..\II .. ,1111,,11)..\11 lIllll" ,,11111'" 1\1)(' 1I.,n· h,"!'I' I,,"wl ill 11".ilc· 'h.," .1lI\ldll'lt' e-I"". il j, l.llC·" tUllIlCllI1 1l11~1t i.'ll h'ln••I" hC'lt)1 ,. 1111' Ilt'l1c"'''1 ,e ('1 .,. Illt·\ \,," I' 11I.,(1,' lno ,,' 1\ 1,. "'1 hnlll/t· (,.IIe·1I 11' .1 "I'J.:,I,· pin"), 111I1 "1111" "" 11IIkcl il,m, '\1lC I, "dll'l'h """!t. "llc'lI C1I·,11·c1 .1l,,1 "'ll1dil11<" !l.1I1 ,'''1.1 tlt",t, (I, k.llh\·,,,, .,~

1'1.11... , .. II'

.11,'

sidc·-Ulll.lI11n'h. (~". I,,, C'''"IM1 '''>II'. P"14e-' II .1lIe1 :~:t) III lilt' t'.11\1 ~Id (t"1\llI\ h.1I.11,lul... 1'"111, 1).""111I)....... 1111' 'II'I.UI.III hdnll'1 ,... Ihc' Ct)lllrnftne-~I: hili 1\'" "\."'U," 1\<'.11 '1":'lU~e- \<'\10\\' ill 111.11 IbHllpp"c1 h.'I', I h(''t' .... 1\ h.· Irll....1Il 0111..11(1\\11 ·nll~lIi.U1 lIih.·. hili il L\ Illf" " lil...t'l\ 111.11 IItC'\ .11 c' 1\1.'11'(\1 " ''''" 1,..hit-, ,,\\'.11 il1~ ..";td.IIIl' ul 'hl'ir di'lil1t li\l' Ic·... lll" l.,p, Iltt' Irfl/I\m. OUI' li),(IllC·. hu\\\...·,·,. i' h.u·c·-ht·;I(k(1 ,Uld 1,,"~-h.,ill'(l. lih· .mull,,·, t·:ulit·, li~lllt' .tl Akx'lllCIlIl\"II, Ollrc" IOI;IIUI,'I1WII in the- 1\..,/.11I1111... ll.li'llill~' \"(-.11 11I1I11/t- \1111 I.dllWI'.lIlo,1 ";Ih p.,I(· hill,' Cf(·,1-. 1\, (;'"1,.,'1. \\.tl,i(,,~ dc'pi'lI·tl 'Ill 11("'"('1''' Thl";"i.ll1 «~'III fir T,ih;,lhl "'l·I;lh\lul... .11(' 1I11'111all\ h;'fd,t·.uk,1. (Jil" ,"('('Ill"'" ,~ ,I .....111 iell 1)(11 ',;l\t·c1 011 .hl· ,,,it' 01 .1 ~tlici hdillt'l ITo", ('"I ..!t·IJ(·'IL \1 lito \00(';11' .1 "1...'lhi.lIl ,uk 1lt'1111t't. \1"lc' 1;1I11t111'. 11I,\...·\t·, .•lIt· Ii,,' 1111,1\ (1e-'fH.llt-1I ","i,.11 ~,.Id .11111 "h.·, 1,,·llIwl, 1"lIn din,",nll 'IlC" ill RU11l.ll1i.1 ('t.,. 'l,IJ.:c· 1-)). nit''!· h.I\(· ,'''", .11I(1,·,dll(O\\'" ,'",hl'''-'''''' ;Iud Kiltktl "'1 tltt· lclldll·.'tl. .lIld ,'1111"(,,,\·(\ awl J.:ilckd .IIdll,a!., ;llHl hum.1Il fiX"I'" ;U'HlIlCl Ih(' ,"11"; Ilwi, hiJ.:h-t1c'"1t'c1 ... klllb "'.I .. h:l\t' :,11"11,,(1 Spol( t' 1111 Ihi' '''C',II I.', .... lup-L.nl II h.,i, I h,'\ h.I\" n·t1:111;':"l.u ( 111'1'1...);11.1111,••, ,lrfl,1 11I'f 1...'J,.:,II.l1d. ,md ,,,1'<1111 ... lUI Ih(' ,'.,1"1' .11111 1.'1 I.', II " p.",ihk 111,11 If·..., IIlII.,lc· itt'lIl' ,,11111' '.111'" J..:(·II'·l.,I,l,IllC·'" 111;1" h.IIC· bc'l'I' IIUrIl in ;1( lioll. (),II' 111\1 LIII, .111 .\lIi•. :11Ic1 ",'111,' (~h.lll...idi.l1l hdllll'h lIa\(' .Iho h,T'1 1"lIml III (.I·lil j.(1~'\t·...,

Mounted northem Thraclan chief on aide of • 4th centUfY Be ailv hel_t 'rom Aelthlol, R_nl••

,,1\"'.

Body armour flnth ,1I111IlUl i, ',II" ill 1111.1, i.'l1 gl.'\"I"; 111,\\1'\('" il i" .,1"'01,11f· ill 1"lIlb... frOlIl 11I:1Slal 1\1:u ,'c!Olli:1 :1I1c1 (:Ir:dl...iclil...(·. II'l1c'''' il l\~I~ III'.lrl\' ii, I"Hllllnll ""'C.. h\ IIII' Ihil1j.(. II 11':" limill·r\ 10 I hl~,ci,'11 'lllllll1.lIldc"'" ,IIHI Ilolllt',. ~Il ..h ,I'" Sc'llIlH'~' 111':1\'\ 1.1\.,1, .. hCldl'j.(ll.lrd. IIl1lil lh,' 1'1 c"II"wcllI'ilk, i"'III1II" lilli' "I ",:,il.,llill' inra111f\ h .. ,h(' ROII ... II f lic·III-l...illj.(dlll1l. Tlrc.·rr: '\\'
Earty 41h c:.ntufY tomb paintlnt

from AI... ndrovno, allowl", a rider w•• rlnv a 10
">I

,,,,'f!'

DC'~";Pll1ll" 1,1 110111("il 1'I".Iriu(1. III IIIl' III/III. X. KIlt'"" !J;lc! ·II,.,nC'lInll" golfln' .111111'111. c,l Iht· 1~"1'''1 w".-l...m.1lI...11lp·: ;ll1d hi, 'kt'Pill~ 1)('(I\"j.(u.mll."d 11ld' ~plt'lIdid ....IlIUlll

21

Ulllhl' gl'IllHUI hl',id,' tllI'II1 ill thrcl' uHiI'd) row", Thl' 'hi'll' CUl'lwl l 'l

22

wali used ill 11"~I( I' llrHilllw :llh I ('IIIUI), 1\111'11 it \\":,~ 01,'1(11,'11' ill (:rn'n' (SI'(' paA(' HH, Til" IIlIISI irlll'I'C~lill~ ('x:lIlIl'h' i, a :llh ('"t'I1lIl..., hrolll(' hdl t.uimss Irum 1(1111('1:- whit h ha~:1tl ahduminal pl.llt· 'Iill allal ht'd h, 1111':111:- ..1:-iIH.'ft:d lI:1ih In Ill(" hOllum 01 lilt' hn'a'lpl,IlI' (:-tT p,lgt' :'1), 0111("1', 1l0lHtu'I,I\liC arllll"" \\';1" in liSt' ,II lit,· s;.11Il(' lilll('_ II is l>ll",-"ihk IIml ~IIIUP' 01 gildt'fl "il\','r :'ppliqlll'" IU\lud ill :llh n'1I1l1r\ rtll'ad,lll I(lmh" I\I'H' origiualh :11I:III11'd III :l 11',nll"1 p,lI,ldc lUI',d,'I. "imil.lI tu till' 1.1lt'1' iroll "011<>1,11',," Inlll' \'t·l'J.:iIIOl ,111(\ "rtllllllliliuli. IlIc,«, I\('fl' flt'(III';U"d Willi ,,1lt'I'1 WIld IIIIMIllf'UI" (gl IIW illS :Illlllillll'" 111:'''k.J». SoIlll'lhill)t ..imilar hC'1(111)"rill~ 1'1.1 1111lI1"I,ilf' fllilfil 1ll.1~ Ila\"(: IX'V1l IOllml .1\ 1'.1l1.IJ.::\Iui,hll·: t1wrf" lilt' ;1I111f1111 had rtl~led a\'l';II. 1(·,nillJ.: g:c lid ,tl'il" :lIId 'lIIcb••IS 111'11 .l" six rt'n.lllgul:1I ,ih'cI apl)liqll~ I' ilh lilt' Iw.,d nl ,\p' 11111. ,,,,d two Inw-I'f"lif'f,illt'r disc" :-llIl\\ill)\ 11t't';II.!l:S .111.1 1111' NI'III"":'" liull, \1II111t1'1 k,lIh", Jl'llill tUIIIIII lII'al l.o\'cu had a hi'll 10 willcil IWI I' .1\1,11 Ilt'd IhUll};' lUI .1 SI ,Ihhard: this "';l.' Ji,,'c! 1\ il" ,I hlllll/" nllJ,t c!l-cnl";'IIf'C1 I,illt a It'I-lillill~ dOl'. A tilt' :!lId It'llllln (Ilill nl I\lt"'li~, .1 'nlntd:1Il !..in~. ~llow:- ,I '"ltl(llh C "r'>t'let 1\;111 .. lIl1rl "ItTI,·", hm nft OI"C'1" cll'lail i~ lC' IIIII.ul iron~·:tlc bdl!', IWII III \",ilh hal',· ocrn flllllld ill I hl';ll"I'_ I'ht·"I· 1)('11, ,ll"(' li!"t· llr~ltiall hrClIII(' UI:h~ uf .lrlllll1d lj()(). u"t'c1lall'r h\ lhl' ~l.."lIial1s ami ill \.trillll' P;lI'lS 01 tilt' :\,ltal'lllt'llid hUPIH" ~, il 111,1\ 1)(' Ih.1I I hr.IC"i,1I1 \\":111;111" \\'ort> '"I11I'lltiu~ silllil.u. 1·llt·\ 1\1'1" ,lti~ill.lll\ lixf·d III ""'II' UI)f.lllic sllhslall('t·, I'illlt'l 11';IIIll'1 fll lim·lI. II i,,, 11111 dr.ll Id"'lhl'l Sill II ,l Ix:h I\\mlrl h;I\'I' bl"'l1 1\0111 hdnw Ihl' c-"il~ls", III ;L' .111 .lh('rll:lIh l· 111 il. XI'llUpll1lll rt'('tlllh St·lllht·..· ()r1I)'"iall 1';I\,llr") 'w":trill~ llwir bll·;r'tpl.llt·..· ill 100 (/'II/IIN/\i, 7.:t-lIl), This pl"flbabl~ rl'J)f('~('rHS ,III ;11111111111'11 hlllll'guard r.ltlwr Ih:UI Mlgj.{C"till~ Ihal :111 'nll~lIi;1lI 1':1\';(11) 1\I'lt' ;U11l111l1'('d, 1111'1 pl'uh,lhh 11'111'1' lilt' bll' i"lpron'l! \('I'..icll1 III Ih,' 'hi'll' 111)(' hrOl1/f> platt' I "im!>..'1, whit'h \\';1" IISt'II ill Th"ICt' unlil th,' Illidclk Ollht, 4111 't'llI111)', "lit' wai"l h:ulIl cli-';lppc.·arl·d. l('pl.lI('d h) a rmrt"uw 0111-1'11'111'(1 11:tllgt,. :Illfl mort· I·:tn'frilly 111001dl('cI :'llatlllllilal Idid lilw'I. 1t1"II':ld of :UI IIPSI;ll1dillg 11111:.1' Iu proll'l I Iltt· Ihr";I. I hI' 1I1·,'k 1'';1' I III 111\\, kalilll-\ lht, Ill'pI'r t:h"SI I·XptISI·d. Thi,,, '\~IS ,·II\'I·I',·d br a Il'l"'C't·I1I·,h,l]'>(·l! pl.·(III1,ll ut ~ihl'l~plal('d ~ildl'd ilon, t· Itnulllus ,mel \'urhi".I) wcrc 11./1111(( Wilhullt cllirds.,,''', AI (,all~lIl1d.1 Alf"x,llld"1 Wlln' ,Ill irUll K"I)':-I'I, (l"i ..· proh.lhh III Ihe ...IIllI· t\l>C :t" IhM:(' pr:llur:IIs. A c.~!""l olCh~llllt'd

Gold

hoel..,.1 from

tomb 01 • o.lic

41h t:enlury Be

.1 Cotof_t1 In W.II.at:.... The mutllpl
OPPOSITE ~l..,. .. 'ound In Thrat:e, (1) Bronll:e elh t:, BC Corinthl.n 'rom Choelopech_, Softa dlatrk:l. (21 Bronu 4th t:. BC Thrat:ilon lrom Shlp«.: theno 'ra trac:•• of p.lmeUo·Uk. .ppllql>6. on both .Id•• of the top, .nd horillonlal om.ments In lronl at lhe bollom. t31 Ch.lkldt.n. lrom Doln. KOllnlt. ., Kyualtllldll dl.trlt:L (41 Helmellrom Mold.vI. combiolng Threel.n .nd Itoeot* 1. .11.'.... (5) Bnlnll:. 5th t:. Be Cnalkldllln with hll'lied t:!'teek. II"""", Nov. zago.. dl.trk:l. Ie) Rec:on.tructlon 01 bronlI:. AItk ......,.1 wtth 5th e, BC lH'onI;e cheek"9Ul'rd fn:MtI Gurk, Pernik d"Irk:I, be'rinII relief figI.''' of Hel'Cilles brandishilll dub and bow: hoe .Iso hal • quiver .nd 1IonaItln,

10 Daniel'" e..-taaon 200'.

IUfl1l ul irml IX'tltll';l! II illl ~Iu:et rut'lal lnl.,\' rn Itll Kill' rill; \\~l' we Ifll U\l'r a ('lllllp. ,,,ill' ( llinl'~ chon Ir:.lU·d wit II Kilch'd ~ihl" ,tppliqllt'''. Thi.. ("lIllIr;I",,, with :, nUlf,' \\orL.m:lIllikt, :'Ilan'duriian W II Kt.'l (II 11111/11." M",lk, Oil k:tllwr which i, c1:\lc!an'd 1,lh'l .111111111-:'" (UIIllll:llUkl''i I" lilt" 1'1lI~1t:c1 nli,,;,,...

1I0hll·

Northern Thracian armour .\ IIt1lTh TIII'lci.11I lIubk \\ullitl

\\t'il,

lUll).:' ,1eT\I'" .llld 111111\0(.""'. ,llI
hrmllc' ()r in)!l ~-:'lk' 11lil'I~. \\ Ilkl, 1'.1I1

"t .llc'.1 Illl·"').:I'S, ,,11m I 'kl"\l'l'o. ;uld .1 '111.111, IIILII ulllpliKlu pJ.nMI. Ht" \,'uult! :11"'1 \\('.11" "'·n>;t....."'. HI Sl..",hi.lI}"hlc' ~III' .lflllul\I·lt,)Q{i,It-,....., ;llIll.1 hdllWI hasc'd CIII.I 1(It:l1 ch'!'!iJ.:II. Ilis

do"l.. "nd mnif' \\'Clllirl 11.1\'1' hl'I'u lIl:ul..l'd in ,hc' II~tdilillll:1l '1111'::lf'i;1Il "I,ll'. 1"11l" '111111, Illl~lti.III"

r

lISt..·O silllil,n· t,IX'" til .111111111 III Ihc' ~L.'lhi.III", .\ ~--..k .IIIIIUIII· (111,,·11'1 11'1111 1M C(·11111 .... Bc:rtlt.· h;L" 1>n'1I hlllll(!. bUI )("Olk' .ll"IlIulIl i" ~I·tlt·,~clh ,~cn' l'ollth uf Ihl' I\.IIL..lIl r:mgc·. ~'\'t·r.11 .11}1}lillll(~.. I mill 1.~llIiI"'-l (in \\11"1 \'-;L'I'I rihalli.1Il It'n ilon.) ..htm .1 lllOlllllt"tl W;III;OI \H·.lrin$:;I <;(';111' .lnllUIII (Un.dl·t. ('hi" ~ di'itkd i'llu pt(·I"\J.:I"S hc·lm,· lilt' \\":,iSI. ill {;n·do:. "I,I~: Illllil..(· <';I(·(·L. ICl!·..dc·I"; it I;ul....; sIIOillclc-l-pi("(·(""l••lIld .IIJI)(·;II", I,. 11.I\·c· sh.1I t ,1.'1'\c..... 011 ulltl·'·I)I.1I111(·" Ih' i.. ('t\\f'n'r1lrom ShUlllclt'I'" to (('C'I ill \'olm! 10uL..... liL.I· 1ll.lil hilt il> pruh:'lhh 'I.":I!lannOllr or (10111. St..III.' ,ll'Illllllr pit"'I'''; {,(1\'t'lill).: hCllh arm" ancl It.-K" han' 1.It'C'1l 1"1Il1l1 ill Sl.."hi,lll lomh.... '\011 fnll llU
l 2

or 1",.lilt·l') n,il".,...... 1'111' 'II her n )ll1l1ll11l lurlll 111 Itl)rl hl'lll 'I hl":H iatl \\~llo 1111' I om pI/sill' 1I1t'lal ('lIiJ':l.~ .. lllMk of irun Ilr hrOIl/.I· se'all'!'! til Sil ip'! I;ISII'llI'd wil h hrOIl/l' rings 10 a 11';lIlu'l' bat L.illJ.:. TIt;lo n'r:lll~ Ihl' ..plillll·(\ ('un~ll1I('Iion ul Sk)'lhbll :It'llI- ;uul It-J,t-allllllllr. il ('Ull,ill\l('c11o Ill' Wt1rn c111ril1~ ,Ill' 'hll \('111111'\' aml

"nUlIllr

r •

afll'I', ill f'CIIUIIIlI'lillll ;armOUI".

c:~fI()

all

willi

bruli/l' III III1tc'l" Illc'lal

:1 I \l;t":I ..... IUIHIlI in :1

fill' il'clll sirilb

(:c'lic"

\,'~n' tll-l't1I~III'c1

gl~I\'I' III

\\illl MII.III

hos__' lf'S wilhin ('lIlhmM'd (·ink... lillL.t·(j Iw lill... rill~!': ,I Mll.llI siln'" \\ill' "lIaL.l· alloo dl·.'U1~llt'(1 il. Thb 1\1)(> ul OII"IIIUIII HIll'll ill( Illdl·d .1 ~ild('d ami IliK11 h HlllOllllC'IIII'c1 in It 1,1 1:11 kc'( I I C,11;11 'I )t'n III~II.

•

Greaves 011 I} :1 Ie·,\ C';II h '1 lIr.ll i:1ll th~ ofliet.·l's) ,,',)fl' ){rt·:!n....

(po..... ihh Oil'" u'l hlOld.1tt inl,II11l"\

1.":1\,111"\

\>,urt· ~H'·"H'" unlil Ih(' ·&lh c 1'111111"\. Ollt· pair "":L" loulld m::.f "}II.. lt·llllil \\illl I,It 11'lIlm, iul,lIlll"\

23

cenlury Be

Sou

homed broN.. frvm Brynto¥ets. district.. (Son.

A«-

O' "

~th

~

.. M _ ,

Inw.Ho.3454)

~C;Il, illCltldillH" ;111 II\~II ~llkld, :ulfll>flillahl) 1)('11111~1,'d II) a 'l'hl':ll i:Ul 1111'1't.clla!'y 01' .1 ,\la('('dulli:!ll, (;II':l\I'S !:llci bl'I':UlU' 111111'(' pl'pl d.11' - Pillml'd, (,'ml/hlLl Plllllll,~) 1l,1I.s IP, lhal :lI 1"",'dl1;1 ill II>K, , Fil"'l III:u'1,I\('c""...ibh 111(":111 lhal bUlh lht, ,hidc" :1IIt! Krc';I\~'" \\UI"II ,11 I')dlla w{'r<, laCl·d 1\;lh 1)()Ii~h\~1 "'hill' IIIl'I:,1 - "ih1,'!' Ullin h,iel I)wl"lh1,' b..olll.t'. (;U·;I\·I·... nf l;ll~'l f\IM' 1\'('11,' r.lft'l' Ih.1ll ullwr pit·{(·.. Ill' illll)lllh'c1 .IHIIII",. :lIIft unh IhltT pail' lIa\(' hl'C'1I fuuud in 1111':1(('. TWit p;lil~ uf l!ll·.....· RICi\\t'l'i (11'11111 t!ifh'n'lll IlK,lIiI)1I") had IM·t'lI U'paill'd, On(' Il:lir hOld 1x'C1I I<,I'RI hl'IIl.'(1 ill IIJ(' IlIIJ('I''''~, and Illl' It'll Hilt· had oriJ;in,llh lx:t'lI malk IHI' Ihe 1'iJ.::IIlIq.!;. 111i... p:lil h,lrI :11...0 hC'I'I' 1i1ll.'(1 wilh irnllthailLs al III(' h,u k. illS' wl'n·lldd il' pl:l( I' In lhl,il UWII t>l.l... lkil\, l'XI 1'1>1 1111 .... 11'\1' Ilc·Ill.'lli...ti. I'X.lllll.ll.... 1\llilll wI're' 1'l11~lppcd, A 4111 ('('111111') p.lir (mill rlc.'le!l.t II:L'" I r.ln.... c,f 1111' II·illJ.: 'Ilil'.... hdll\\ lilt, "111'1" .llld :lhc"'~ 111e" allkh·.

WEAPONS Swords and knives

Rec:onllruCllon Of 1M Bry. .fovell Mlmel; It .~renflv "-d hlnoged Iron chCHttt'1lIl.rd..

to DanIell.

2'

C.rf• . - 2001)

'Illc Thl'::lri:llh I\l'n' r.U1l01l" IiiI' ,1I\·il !un\':lrcl"lIlH'd ",wlIl'(l:o;, 1>111 Ih l·\ ;l1I'Iu " ......d,1 lUll).: sllurd .lIlel Ihl' S"\lhi:lI1 IlkUlflkf\ (:>t'c' IM~I' :\.~). ~\\,I)rels W"H' mllJiI vll<'l1 01\1) ~rlllld,It'\' "·I·,lpun.., :1lIc110 bl.').::ill wi, II lIt1h lIuhll':O; cHlllei ,Ifffltd tltl'm; Ihl' l'l',,1 01 till' II'1lC.I!J" 1II,ldl' till Wilh 111"'"1,'(\ c1a,:mI""', 1':lltT, hu\\,t'\l'I'. 'WlllcI .. Ix'l:U1H' 1lI0l1·lUlIlIllnn. FrulII ,1111':111\ 11,111' lhl'rl.· \\':IJi a I\pirallr TIII':Iri;\t1 \WlIl'd 1..1111\111 lor IwillJ.: IUllRc'I' Ihall olhl'I' s\\onk"1 he 1Iind. BCII)" XIII, ..;II': '11l'l1'lllIJi tl,,'11 ",utt<'" 1)I'ill}I"'" wilh a Kl'c:lt Thl~lli.U1 .. wllrd .... All IlIlrllhli~ll1'c1 "III lCllllll",' I hl':ldall Illmh l'xI,I\':llJ'd n1,';ll' Sltipk., ill l\lll"'lri,1 ill 199:\ rcmlOlilll'l IMi111itlKS uf 111'0 I(ln~ Sll~li~hl ~lI'on" Iltal wuuld bl' WKIiIl'\'1U I'lilllilolt"ill lu (A'hit' ",wuldJi, and Ihl' larg.: 1II1111IM'I'" III IUII~ Cc'hk M\'I)I'c11'l ill I\ut/o!;ariall 11111'>1.'11111.", it i... lllllil..d" Ihal Ihl' (A,hic liworcl... inlllll·I\('\·d 11l1' I1l1':u·iaIlJi. l.ellKlh til' 111(' I ur\('d hl.ldc lila)' ht, \\h' ~1Ot\'i'Ji Ollhl' :h"c1 C"'l1ll11'\. In Ill<' Ildlcni..lic p'·riod. Cl .sf r.lighl ,\1aC'C'dOIli:m :0;1\ It, \\":.....11:M1 \\'iell~"'Jlrl'Olcl: Ihi... hOld a hone 01' hlll"\ h.lIIdh·, :md IIIl' hilt :111<\ POIIIIIWI WI'I"(' c·:t....1 in onc' pil,et, \\;lh lhe hladt·, S"'uHl.. \\'i"ltlld pWh;lbh be I\UI'II from:l h:llell·i(". 'l1lt'rc :In: a IC:w iusl"nn-s uf 1111':.td'1II" lI"in~ llwol'd.. :I.... llle'il prilll;u \ \\1'''1)1,)11 illslt"ael {lfill\I.IS:t sidc':lI'III, Tllc Dii hillllihl''''l1ll'll ,Ill' ah\~I\'" (loIIIIIIUM "" IJiII.~ 1]1

.......

THE""

,:

• OF""· 0'-'.1\11;

2: ..., 0drfIMn ..... c I. 4\ 3;" . . . . b"'b'''4\

•

8

c

D

E

f

)

G

H

In

h}' Thlli)'didi'!'o

:l~

'SI\'olyl"IUr-I1' til ·"lIl1l·d willi '\\'01 d'; lillw 111.11 nll~1I i:lll :mllnb"It'll ,11'(' IIlt'llliUllt'd i~ wilt'lI C:rol'sIl!'o hill'l! '111.111" '1 11l.II'i•• 11 ,wOld~lllt'II' (:\I'l1l1pl1oll, (:vJI/N/f·d", li.:!,IO) lur Ihl' bdi.1II .trlm·. 111l~II'i,ln inlanll'\ Ilmhahh Ctllli illl wei let 11."1' .1 \~Il il'I)! III 1I.lli\!, ~\\HIlI 'l\lt'S ulllil II II;" K. II 11,111 l'ollqm'~I, Th"" ian r.1\~lh,'. lum·r-\·I'r. art" ,.Iw;w!'o !'ohm\ll (til 11I1'1;llw... \" .11111 rdil'l~ wilh 10111-:. "11~lil-:lll ,1\'1 Iflb In>lll .11'0111111 1111" :~nl 11'IHlln mm:lnl... rdt'rrt'd

(mfldUl;w/JI,,"m). '1'11\· Imh utlu"

The machalt". or Ifopl. ~"·I'I:.I "I' ll~ III Ull'H,d bladl'" I!;I\ t:' 1>t:'1'1l fOllnd .111 o,'c'r 11,,:111'. Simibrh. Iht' K.";H1I11l..ll.IinlinK,sh
The aklnalf •• ·nlfill:i.m" ill Sknhi.lll...."·lt· dllthill~ .11'1' Shtl\\ll \\I',ll-ill); ,hI' ·al..illa1..I':'· 1111 l't'l-sian rdic:ls, II i.. u"ll
~

eenturt Be

hom ett.e

Thr_~

helmet

s...._. Mogit. lomb,

-., Kuanlutr.,

(C>

OM\lella

C.rlno"l

The rhompha/a 1'11I,al'ch (t\,./llIfil/\ Paufln)

-':I\'.~ Ihal .11 ,Ill" halllt- 01 Preilla, ',In' Thlr rlwir ri~hl ~hOIlI' \\l'al.K.IlI. l)(:illl{ hUll for almost all il.~ It'II)(III. "'illl a "nodl"ll III 1)(1111' lopip tClwrill).\ lilt' illlll tang uf Ilit' halltill', V.Ill·1 ill~ Flact'll'i' .o\l).I(/I/{f/lllm says Ihal IhI" bUll hl:Hk \\':\5 IllI' ~mlt' 11·1lf.:i11 .L~ 1111' \"OUllc-lI hall. M:III" ('xalllplt'S h.I\(· 1)('1'11 round in 'I IImC'"l" ("'I' IJ:"IRI' :\9). OIl(' hOi:' .1 hl.llk .IS lUll).:" .IS "" 1i.lIldll· (ahrull .-.Onll): :11101111" 1I.I!'o.1 6UUll bl:1l1t:' .1IId:t .1U(."1II !Iaudlt:'. Both WC'IC' made t'lIlird~ ul irun, :mel .Irt:' '.liIl~liRIII'. \\ilh .IIUIiK uiall)(lIliu,,"'lliCllll'd bladt:', Oil lIlIil'1 d\llllll,haia.. lilt' ht.ule b 'lr:liRllI 1Il',11''' In 11ll" 1)111111, wht:'ft:' it CUf\'I" ill\\':lId ... '!lll" bbdl' i~ 1'1."" 1I.lnow, 0111\· t,:-II.-1lI \\idc-,

33

'l'Ill: thOIlIJ)II:li:t prohahly "a lilt' i.tlll Il~t' :u'olllul lit,· lall' '1111 ('1'111111)'. lilt· ,1.111' nl (Ill,: first ,·x(·a\~llt·t1 t·x:lllll'll..·ll. Thl..·rt.'aftci il i.. n'('Ilfdcd ill Thl~ld:lll lI.'\(' h)' I.i\). in Ihl..· 'Ikil'lui'lht·:O; hl'li,f(' Iht: ballk' ut <:PHIS("'IlII:\!;u' (tilt· TIII~tt'i:lllS wcrt.· hillrl"rNI b\ Ihl..· 1..·IlUnIlUIIS It''nglh 01 Iheil f1l1nl'i.ll..· whik 1i}{lllillJ.: in a wood); :lIId al Ih,' K.lllini\."us s1.ilmi'lh ill iii, wll l 'lI PCI·SI..·US· Thr:l(-i:\IIs 11'11'11 it III Imlll"II'illj:; hurllt:'I. :lIIri n"tlll'nt"fl 1""111 h;lItl" b'·:lIillj.\ S(.'\'cll-d Roman hl',lds :IS l1ul'lli,':! "p"" Ih"il rholllpiloli:t... Aulll:O; l~dlius, in his Aft;r .\';~"h. "'1I~t·'II'" Ih;ll lilt' ·nlr.lciilll b;,1~t!{t' j:;tl.lnI1 \,'..11 a'l .1 rilulIIphai.l. so Ihl' rhr.tci;ms ttl:!) han- dum' 0;(1 lOti. ThrH'-plec. bnlnz. eu'~,,, 450-400 Be. from A_a. TUOllO.. llht. dl,trk;t. The lronl .nd bKk pl.t. . . . . dKorl'ed In reltef with .Iytlled muscles. Th. ..ml-eln::ul'r 'bdomlllli 'nd ".o'n "u'rd II ,niched bv m.,ns 01 sllv.reel n,ll, .nd hook. 10 lhe bottom of the b....tp.l.t•. This IUaehmen' Is unique In Thraclsn 'Inds; Indeed, It h•• r...ly been lound outside Cr.le. It I. unlikely to h.... been used ••cepl lor dismounted action. I t the lower pill. would "'... mid. rldln"

'.'remetv uncemIOf1lbl•. 1"n::hs_Iog~1 Mu.........

SOn..ln.... No.elM)

34

THE THRACIAN ARMY lillie' (1;111' lSI It'lllmy nC) TIIl~tf'l' had bCl'lI c-Xt'("plional dq.~rt·t·. hi' S:lid Ih:tl IIII' fq~ion :1'1;1 whole cOllld '\I.'ltd illin lilt' lidd 1!"1.l)00 ,-:mlhy 'lIId ~OlUH)lI inf:ltlll') «(~'i)gml)h, 7, 14i). Tlti~ woltld ('(lrruhOl~llt· Ill'lodolws' !>1:tU'IIlI'nl thai IIH'rt' \,ere ahC'11I a lllillitill Tht~ldans, \\'hi(h allcms all :lml)' IOO,OOO-~OU.UOO ~I rOll~. N'I wondl'!' I krocl"t t11 \\~L'I OIXalli'\l.'d :ilOllJt trihal lillf''I, \\ilh cal'll ('llIlIingO:ltl tOllllll:lmlt-d hy il.~ lI\\'lI I)dllle ur his fd:lli\'l's. Sill('l' the I,~arlf'r, wl'n' I'Xp"('II'd 10 l'i~111 ill 11 tl' 1111 d fell tI. IhC')' \\'(It lid 1I;1\'l' had little rell\ll,.1 0\'('1' Ih"it' armin IIlIn.' !laillt' wa~ jnitwd. (:onllu;lllds were 11OlIlSlllilh'd Iw Inlllllwl rn1l1
Sll~lho's

dl'\~ISWll'd 10.1ll

Ihe Tliballi ,IWlinsl Alexander the Gr~al. 1'ril):11 r"I~IllI;.'lmllion 11\calll Ihal 1II0sl11u"aciall armies .....uuld II;lVI' IX-t:ll IO,OOO-~W.OOO Sll·OIll{. Tlw ann)' h ..IS IIOt pp,; ..... Iltlld Imve supplied l.heir OWIl eolved quidd)' it nOI SIlCCCc..'SSrlll. The 1111":Ician arm), w,tS composed mainly or pcltlS ;lnd C:l\·,lh)'. ,Il(: I'emainder being lighter inlallll)' (javdinmen, ;11' hers, ;md ,;ling(·rs). Gn•.'ck mercenaries were occasionally hired 10 mal.e lip lor Ill(' hid: or hea'r inramry, Unronumuel)'. when Ih~ Milcl'
Cavalry The ewall'}' were chiell)' nnarmollrecl j:I\·clin·.u'lllc..'(1 skinni~hcrs, wilh relatively le\\' heav)' c.mllr)' rOl'l1ling a Ixxln::uard for the king, 110I'St.... riding epitomised lhe Thmcians, Ellripide~ (lftt:(lht!) ;lncl I lomC:I' called Ihl' Thl"ci,uls ':\ racc ofhorscmen', and Thracc, 'l.IIC I:ult! \Irlile Tllradall hOl'$ClIlcn'. Thc Odrysians alonc could Olllnllm!x:r ;111 lhe fllh cenlUl)' (;rt.'ck l}Oleis and the tribal kin~doms collcclh·d)' ill ca'"ollt)' rorcl.'S. Thc)' would be mainl)' armed with lite sword (usuall)' tlte knpi<;) and two cornel·wood javdin,;. or the composite: bow (kCJ)( in .. I"alll('r j.'tJI)'tlli) ir thc)' wetc Gclai, 1l1t':ldan light ca'01Ir)' arc solllclinu:s shown wilh a ~Jt~ shield SlJ"ppl.,() to their b:1Cks - it is assulllcd that it prolccled .. gainst ,\\lacks frOlll the rcar, as Ihe)' ;Ire never dcpiclcd !bing them in I).mll', ·111C cw.tlry seelll onl)' to hav(> IL'lN1 their shields - if Ih(..1' had any - rOI' dislllOlllllCd action until lhe 3rd ccntlll'}', (Though .. pa.'i.'Oagc ill Clcm<-nl of Alexandria's Simmat", XVI, StrUL'l\ thai "111e '1lracian5 first invcntl.'(l Yo'hat is calkd the "'Ph. a clIl'ved sword, and were the fir..t 10 IISC shields 011 horscb th:11 l'\'cn l.hc heal)' C:lmlry USl.....llhe pelt.., as Greek hoplilc shields werc r~dfC ill '11lf;lce, I'arts of onl)' 1.....0 have becn rccO\'Crcd: a bron:r.c lim and 1J
35

1'1·..h:IP" Iht· hn.1 t.·vit.kn("e· 1111" lilt' "WII'''~ 01 Thl~lI i,1Il t~I\~tlrv i" W;I\' liial lilt· mainl:II,11 C;rtTL, 11",l.. lip I 111~1I i.lll 1':".lln IIII·~". :11111 hCII·"C·IIl:m~hill. Alhl'lli:Ul lidl'I' \\I',lIin~ rh",ri:lII hoo" ami/III' IlI':lddn:,,~ 1";111 hI' '1'1'11 1111 Ilw 1'.lflllI·1I1111 lril·"'·.. 1Ilci wC'al'illj{ rtll~11 i:lll C In. I],.", Ull :\lIwl1i:m pOlIt·n. 11111"" wc"rc' n'IY illlpllll.1I1l 111 Illl~lc i:IIl~ .. 1Ilt! 'iI.'l'1I1 III han' 1)('1'11 of ~IHIlIIIl... li,\. ~l1lfnl" l,f·1111~I(i.1l1 11l1I,,·.. lrl'lll 41h 11'lIllln 1'"111,.. :-hl'" Ih.ll thl'\ "t'n' l:tr~I'1 lh.1ll ,u'Plw I" II tit-'" .lntl.ll h-a~1 I IlIllp:llilhk 10 1111' Illc'I'c1~ nil 11ll' C;tlTk ttt.li,llallli. "hilll n':11 hl'd I.:~'llll 111'1:\ ll;llllk 'nit" hi~I':-1 WUtlle! h:ln' hlTIl IH:I\\I'('II I.:\li .lIul 1.·1 1m. Ul' 14 II:II\(I.~ al lilt" wjfhN'. ,illli!.l1· 10 'lalliulI' col Ihc' I'll.c'''~II,]''i hul"'iI.·. Ilol''C·'' ,,·C·!"t· 1l~lilll-d .llld 1111'11 1101" '~llil\lI; . .1 Ilfl'll·'l',i,ilt· lUI "ucn-s.,rlll ",1\'IIt,\· \\.. . lIliIH·. :\1·"Oplll>ll·" Oil J·ItI13nllfllloJ"/I, \'111. "Ill', Illlilci:m hOI"'-" 110 I.....1' j,{IMKI .1' 1'.·r:oi.1II .me! Cn'do: hul's..·,..md -.;w, Ih.lI II ... Ckln,i:ms It'lhilll:llh Ihl·il h"I"'il'''UI'' dlO\\lIhill. III Ihc' /111/1/.:-.. ••1 -Icoj;m ~I)\ "t'I""h 111.11 Ihl' TllI.. . ui.lll l:illK Kh,,,.... ta:" Ihl.· liul-:ol .11I<1 'Irl'lIj{I"'f hllr~.,. lit' h:I' l"\I'I :otTII. '\\ Itile'I' 11,;11I "1111\\' :'lIdl!l-('ll'I 111.ltl .111\ \\ illdllMI 11111"''11.' Ilwnrrilll" (111\'/. xi\.IH) "1\:» 111:11 11ll' \111t.lli.lll:» :L,l.l"(l .. 111Jr,ldc· \\111. \\,,'1'•• hl'IIlT Ih.llIlh..... -nil' l";(I'lunlillan Il'll'" \\~L': ·H.c-I1I·I·lh.1II .111 ",hl'I I.lllci i, Ihl.· l.111cl 01 rl'I."gi:m Afl';":-' '1Ilr.ui.1lI 1lI.lIl·.~ .In' lilt'" 1...,,- :U1c1 the 1~1('1 .. I:tl·lIllllli:m ""IllI'II.· Vir",,';! c1l·scrih.·, llin'c' 1'I1"ld.U1 hUI"M'): tllIt· h.ltI "hill' I('II",,-L.. ami '" ..\lim... '1;11" .. II Ihl' l ..n·11I';td: :tIllllh,·! W:l' :t I'ic·h:tld. whill' a Ihird \\';L' d'lppkd \\illt whill'. Ilur'C" ill Iht· ~1r.tIllll],. 1':lilllill"".... do 1I0t h,,\(' .111\ Ill.Ul:illj.(:- ,tilt! .lrt· dilTI'U'nl "h.tel,,, ,.1 hrll\\'l. I''i;('''pl 101'.1 ,illj.;k whitt, h"rl!t.·. ·!llt· hili"\(' 11~11)llillg' \\('11' w.-llll~tltt'd .llld Ilij.(I,lv c!t"I·I."ni\·.·..I,ld lillI''''' \\I';IIilll{ ;111 Ilw i"·III.~ IIL"\(-"\'l'rcd ill '1'111,1\ iall IlOlllhs lilli" h.I\t.· m.ldt· :t lit II' .si).:lu_ 1111'

"III

"'.1..

The SIre..,.. ~ Be. MM1Ungs on 1M , ot the Molhet' Godd.... _ M the ...... may WOIft

~t

lhe t.Iltt_

by tMgh atalus ThrKI.wo

_ . no. 3O-year.olod

......

.word.

buried with It had an irwo degg.era •• quhoer of 70 bn;Hu:..

.•nd."'I....t.

~_

Later cavalry developments

3.

1111' 'Ilh l't'lllunr !law II ... "'I,ln 01 m.lt!\' dl.lIIJ.:'·S ill t .... l\~ll ..... drl.·'-~ :Iud 1· Iq)];ln'll ill CI\.II · :-t·.... 1("1' 11\' :l IIJlI~ ..\\/'1"11 111':lf lilt· 1'11(1 ..f till' IIh C1·1I1I1n. hltl ·lll1~ld.Ul 1':1\';111) .. I lhl' 1,111' Ildlt-ni",ic l't·ri••d .Il.so lllll.·d Ilw ';01.:1 l,tt~I' fllnt'll "WI 'I II. ·Illi.~ .~(·I·Ill~ leI 1)(' Ihe Ruttl:m lIalltl' Illl" .Ill) nlnl'" ~w""d Hr l..llil.·.. l.~ il "C'lIlhl'nJ rh"ld:lIL" 11·:1I11C·d ul Ihl' ,impll' SK\lhi.1I1 -.;tcldJ.e 11111111).;11 Ihl"il llorthl'llI CUIl...ill:-. Ollt' til tl ... bUISt.'l!o fU1lI1 Ihl' K.1I":U1lul: p.11111111).;" IlllS ;c 11m 11;11],. h""\\,ll "ullll.· ,OIl .1 I.Il·alll .IIltl IU''''II doth.

hl'i~11Ih'

('oll1l1n'l! ....uldlt·, loll IS an' ...ho\\'II 011 lit,' 1\.:..,:111 IIll.. Oill' is Il·d willi H'lIow dl;"l·OI~Ilillll. ""'"1']11 lh.1I tilt· 1.1.,''<"1-- nil lh,~ f1',11' point, .11" \Ihil ... OIlWl"S .. n· s"":li~llI-('dg'NI anel pl.lill I..d. Allilll.,I."L.ill ,.,ddh- ,Iolh... I\t're' .lho 11'1"1. E:H'" ~Ild CC'nlltn rhl~ll'i,1Il "'Ihl,' 1"
pailllitl~s.

Infantry: Slingers

1!1r,I.Lul Ii).:"hl Irlltll.' 1)1"ll,Ihh 1111"\1 :.1,"1(" WI1"II('\t'" pl.,,-,i!)lt·. 11111 I hr.l('i,1l1 ,,,Iinj..\l·'" .11"1' li"'1 rt·, Hldl"! ill lilt' Ith ('t·ll1l1n. SlillJ!"r, WHIII(! h ..\(· 1')('1"11 hl"l'Il~ml"n or ...h(·lllwl'Il... Irom monnlaillon'" or IIlll.mel rt"~inn:.. \C'n 1)l"lOr hili "Aile Il1l'n, YOlllh~ unahle 111 rarn.. Ihe' \\'('i~'11 (II ullll'1" Itt':l\"it'l \\t'apt Ill' .11111 .11 11111111 lIIi).;1I1 .Il..... , 1M' j..\i\l'1l Ihi, juh. I Itc'\ :11,' I~tfC' h n 11'111 i. ,1It·c I ill .lIlt it'lIl :'lill rt I·....'lld Wt'rl' .111 '11111""1:11 n llIll MUI( '111 III' nu.. . l.ian :lnnic". I hl"'\ .Ift' 1,1....1 IIlt'1I1iOllt'd in 1!1. 1\'lIc'u Appiall '.1\.... Ih.1l Pomp('\. n'('fui It'd '1 11 r.1l·i.m ~I iIIj.;C·I"X 1111 hi" :11"111\ (( :i1·il l\ m"l. II, \' III. 4~ I) . 'Ilw ·llll":lri.U1 .. Iill~t'r· .. t·tl"ipllH'1l1 \\ollid h.. \'i~ IWf'n limilc...I!l\ Ihl'ir .;1:IIU'" :1Ilt! illUlIIll' 10 lilt· .11",,,l,,ll· lIIillillllllll - .1 tllni. Ih.11 1Il;1\ 1101 h.I\(· lO\C:l"t·t!lllt·ir both ..md.l slillJr;:., TIIl'\ would h:1\1' 11110\\11 l·ill"·1 1";lfllll ..tUIII· prttif'l'lill'~' df'pt'llcling Upllll :1\:lil:lhilih, Slillj..\" WI'I" .lpp.II'·lllh .1 pUplll.1I \\1'''1)1111 diu ill).; I'hr.1I iall "iq.:t·s, 1\"1',lrh ~UCl S'ill~ llli ,il,·... 11.1\1' hl','Il di"oH'n'd ill,id,' alld ill hU11I ul 111·1Ie'1Ii....lit I'lImri:!n ~ llnll.lriN, St'UII'ull'm, ami Sllllll)!;holds. 'olt'I\I'1 lh.1I1 10·1 sliul-{ bllllt·t,,1I;In' IM'I'II Immd at :c ... illl-:k ,iu: Ilt'al' I'cmi". pt)s~ihh' ill A~ri:llli .. lt ICI tilun.

r

Archers

An h(,l's IH'n' 111UI(', Ult1111Ull ill Thmf"i,tll anuil·... thall ... lirl~t·I"". hili Wl·l't· "dl1l1l1h a small pruporlicul ul lhc' Iij.;ltl illl.lIlll}, amlllllllt' li"c·l\' 10 I", tounrl ill annie's 01 Ihl' Ilon!ll'rn Irillt's, TIII~l("ial1 ;1I"j"hl'l~ WtTt' IIlixcd wilh Crt'lan :,rdl('rs:1I rhl' hault- 01 I'}·dlla....ugxc:01iuJ.;" Ihal lh(' Thradal1 .lrdll·r" \\1'1\' ,I ... ~II0el ","1111' CH·lall.... Tilt')' Oil(' ptll"ll~t)'I·t1 ill Tlll.. . Kian .111 "Ill}' ill hlllli MI'III'~: 111111'1 illl;'~I'" 11I1lll' trlllH Cret'k pUIlI'I)', :-.l,·;ul)' all ekpic-lions of I'hmd:1I1 1)(1\1" ,..IUII\' Ihelll til h.. Iltl' l"tTlIn'I'd cOlllposit(· Sk\'lhi.. n lrp,', ,\blC'ri:t1 ll'OlIl (;('lir :.il(·s shows Ihal hOl\'" Wt'IC' a rO\~11 s~mh()1. Ih')ll~h II'I1t"lll1'r 1hi.... ('all Iw C'''IC'l1(kd In ;111 I'hracial1S is 1IC11 "<) n·..I;.in. 1\llw'" 1\('11' IH" 1)1111111.11 "III'IIIK tht' ,)1111'1' !'!II':wi;U1S, :l:.llll·ir IISI' is lIIililll) 1)(lrt(~I)"I'd elilritlJ,t l'I\~,l hI1111....; Ih('\' an' 1~II"I'h' lIH'I11ic'lI,'cl ill U')(t~. :mel :u"I'f1I\'Ill':lcis arc' tOllnd ill IInh :1 1'1'\\' lfllllh~,

Javelinmen E1IIipidt~' U)U',.vll ami tlIIH'" Stlllln'S 1'1'1,'1' ICI li~hl inlanu,· (J..'·'IIIIII"I") 01' ja\,I'lilUlIl'll \<01111 aft· e1i,'lillC 1 1111111 1)('h:t_'I~, '1 Ill' j.l\c·lilll1le·11 m,l\ !l.I\1" l;lr"C"rl ...hic·lel:.. '.Ilr;c·d c IIn"e1 I.lIi""" i..,tC'ael or :-\I'CII·((,..•1I1t1 (,11Tit'eI a 1,1'1'1'1' bundle- 01 sII),\l1c'I·. ,hul"lc·I·j.I,,·lins Ihall lIlt' pdl;I~IS. hili t111Il'n,'i-..t· 'Lid Ilw -..ame- hnnt.~. hal. :md lunilo (j,'nail1 Irihl·'. li"t' lile' \/-:ri.lIli;ms, SJ)l:dali.st:d ill j.l\dillllll·lI. hill Iwrm.llh Ihi... Il"ut,p 1\'1)1' \\nule1ll1ll11 lip lu

The Aelghlol . . .".; anott>e-r "",",rb 4th untUf')' Be northen> ThrltClan pioKe, thl. too .... a

ei"'...-d eut1_ omamented wlth elided detal...

37

~w P('I' n'lLt of a '1IH':It'i;\11 ,\I'1Il)'. I ~ltt:r ja\'dhullt:1l lila) h.1\1" 1':uTieci \\'ir!..I'I· ,hidd... slIrh as the J..,,·n/w ;Hlltlll~ 111(' I{oillallirnphil') ;Ilkr 1'}'c1Il:l.

Pelt.ala rllt, main lraditional illr:llllf)' t)'Ilt' ";I~ tll(' lX'hktlililll In ('mell' tile t h;IIW'lIfhl-:tl'U)'c-quippl:d II Utll)S and )'t'l huld an a(h~lIl1aKI' oW·l'li).\htcr I flK'll.~. Slll'll as ardwl's. ill Iiallci·ln-h:lnd lig:lllinK' Anotll('I' ;It''~uI\:lg:e \'\~A~ lhat IX'Il:l:,ts wen' 1';11' dlt:apl'l" II) ('quip alld lIlainl~ln lhall hoplilt's. 1't'l1;l'\I.~ ,11'(' ;th\~I)"S ilhl"ll~lt(,cl wilh 0111)' 1\\'0j;ll'diIlS, bill II is d(':lr Irnrn balllt' ~C("Ollllb Ihal mUll' 1\'1'1'1- 1·;IITicd. thl' I\tllIll.>t.:r dC'J'x'lldill~ 011 11161' 11·II).;th (h('IWt"t"1l 1,1111 ;lIIel ~1Il), TIll'f(' oIfl' rdel'enfC'S ill Gn_'Ck It·XL.. to -Thl~lci:Ul ~PC;II'" (c',g, EIII;pid('S, I/ffUOO II!'!:,). hili lhese..' ;lre 11111.,nllllald~ IInl lurther c1c~rihl'i"l. lusl ,\':ll'l'il)l 1)\lrial.~ l·olltaill(.'C1 1Il1llcipl" 1>IX'arllt';ltl.. with bt,KII'S 01 \;1l1iIlK lengths, '111t: prillcil>al IOlllls we:n' ch'ri\t'tllrom oldt.-r h"tlll A).:I- I)lX"!'>, Ih(}lI~h the 101a11c-1I~lh i!> onen ('(.111011 In UI SllI:.III'r limn tht' hl.Kks ul' thl'ir (';Idy prc'cl{,C~\OI" Sixlh ITlllll1)' ,lIld !:tlc-r l-x~lIlpk:s 1("lId 10 he' milch shurt('1 allCln:u"I'nwCI: J;11'Clin

~

SwonI and knlf. bIadet; found '" Ttl...- (not to K11lalTop /ell: Ttl,.. nwchlIi,.. ttt.dn from ttlll Ynl. . rqlon: on., on. Is ot ttlll damc ah.pe:, -..gp.llng lhat ltlll........ ""'"Y Thnl<:l.n ..ao-Is. Top If1pho., Top rlfIItt: llte 1Il",la, edged c ~ knlf. popullr w.apon - In.. . .b ...amp'" w.... found near V..taa, TtIlI oth., knife common

_t,.., ..

w., •

In Thrace was T·,hapelt,

Bo'tom /e": four Ceille awood, 'rom Vral.., Bottom _n're Ie": 3rd century BC Iron, bnlnze and 9111 ulnakaa, tound with pa"a of Iha ahe.th: ttlll qulllon end, ....

,tyllMd ram,' heada, Bottom centre rlfIItt: .. mKhlllr. from PI....... Bottom right: TWo kn"'", one above ttlll other, 'rom Yn...; • rNtor.c! /fop/a from Douvanll, 'ound '" 'rR1lI",enta with tvooy

u.e hilt: and t~ aldnalil_ , _ Yr..... to Oanlel"

decoration on

eam-.2OO11

hcads tt'lIdc,:d to be ~Illalk-r. thil11lcl. alld IUIIKt·!" th;1II oth('r ~pc,·:lrht.';lds, thull~h "nell 11It.·It' i~ 110 dinl"rf'rlCf'. ScllHI' j:llc,litl Iwad" 1,'t'rC" tllwillllSI)' r1i'"i~II{'(1 spNificall)' Illl' Ihn)\\'in~ l-;lIhc'I" Ihall I,,,, h'Uld-tcl-halultlM·. L:util thc 3rd tClItlll)' SU111t' rhr-'It;;ll1 pt·It.IS~ Wc,'fe :tnllc,·d \\;111 " ~ilIKlc' :\III.ltlll~ .1.,,11 ~IIC'al il''1I\':ul (If Ihe j:lwliu. ·nu-.u i.III" M'C'HI to 1':tH' IN'eI bUlh InK'S or'IIC'al ill t'ilht'I lIIi",c'c! "' "C'Pal-"!C' tI!lib. It is h,lld III S('e hl1\\' Ihc'St' C'CHlld ltaw lullilkd tht, lr.l.ditioll,,1 pelCt"l sl..inlli1w Iriht's prt'feTwd the lOll$.: "pt'''I, "III,' Irillt, lilt, "wcucl, \\hil,' Iltt· I\"il lI:<1t·<\ tilt· ja\'dill. 'lilt> an:h:teuIO).,riGII cvidl'lILI' "lI~(-SL" IIt:tt illdi\'idual soidicis ll"Cd spt.,.tnt ul diRl'n'lIl l'lx's ,1I(ordill~ 10 (-in'ulIl"l;tIItT", lik(' Ihe pn.....Ardt:til l:ll'\'" suidici. Tlu-.u:i;1II troops tUlltillucd tu lISC outlllut.k,d t;rcd:. anllum 10uX alter Iht' (;n','k... h,ld c1i"r1l'II"C:d willi il. as wl'll as h;l\illg Iwlids :itId pr.tnicTS ill ('011"111111 \\illl thl' Arc hait (:n'("l...... "CI lh,'} lII:t\ 11:1\'\' COlldllllCd 10 anll Illt·ll1seln'.. in Iht' <;.;Irtlt' old fasldHlI, Illu. TIll' ("C1ntrm't·I":o.ial IphicI-;tll';lI\ rdill'11I" lIlay lIa\'c' indmkcl arm:UllC'lll ....;Ih holh 'Yf'll'" of'siwar. Thl'S\\'OI'r1 and Spt':u' were' .. Isu 1t.'IIKlht,l\t'd (Itl 15-1 times as 1001K), lhc slIidd li~htt'l1l'd, alld "1X'dal hoot.. \\'0111. Ipllic'r-.llt'S Illay h:I\,(' Ktll lllt·sc· irtl~ in rltt· 41h (,C·IIIIII)'. rbt')' could :11"'1 hal'" illllnc'llI't'd I'hilip II ill his dt'wl"pl1ll'1I1 of the" Wri.~,(fI pikf'. Philip wa.'i \\'ollllCkd throngh his righT Ihigh hy a Tl'ihallian 'll.aris.":I', killin~ his horSt' :lno 1:llnillF:: him, AI ;1 laIn d:II(', a ~kdial1 horSt'm,111 ""':lS pil'r('('d h)':1 I'hrad:\11 pdlas(s ·It:lfis....,·. :lhl'l" tile' long shaft h.td :lIn>;ul)' Il:L'''t'r1 IllIough lIlt' hc:ll)' "f lilt' hur:oc' (1.1lt·iall, Nrlmkoi /)/(f~roi, 27.3). Tht' pduul h:ld (I'ollclwn 'l'Iuaci::tns SIOpr)(~r1 \Ising long 1\1)(>;II'S. Thr}' art> I;t\l ff'!"IC.f1rd in '111f:ldan tL'Iot" (I» 1'1'11:11 eh) in :\t'l U<:, \\ IWIl .1 r..lan~d()I)ian W"IlC'I~11 '\('nl sp<-al'lltt'l1 leI arn'sl 1111' AIIll'lli,UI ()I'alUl·I)c'lll()~I.h('IU'S. ')11(' Iphicr:llc'an n'fOI'ms, il Ih('\ lool..lll:t('(" \\'oul
T h e ~ : nl". 4th-1st Celltury BC Iron .um"", points up~t, lrom tlMo "9ion _uth 01 Plovd Inhabit" by tlMo s..sl. The blad r. ~,.-

.0,,"

.nd c1ecorat" with two groove•. Most ....

longltUcilnal

straight, only the ~tt hand ~ sllll .howlng slight curvllltl..; .nd nol. the common rIng f.attl.., perhaps for a carrying strap Or corel. to Dtlnlelltl Cannon 2(01)

3.

\\Hlllel 1I.1\(· IM"'11 Ill<' p~'ha~I'" (li.llI~in~ lI,k ull Ih~' h,l1ddit'ld, wlw... · 111,'\ "\'1,' illll'·;I'Iiu).':"h u..cd I" ~lfl",illaU' c1illi. 1111 It·n.lill. 'u hi h"III tIll' hill.. IM'I\\""'II cu,ll .....Ilul pll.II.III"'. I'lt',i,ltl:-;h, IM'II,I.'II,'I Ilad ,11'~If'l..t·.1 1111' h~"l\\ illl.llIlr, ,,'1111,' nl .1« ,UTl.. .11111' In sl..irmi'lhilljot wilh !lll·lll. I'dl.hl'l \\1'1" ""I ... lh pl.u (-.1 .111 Ill<' lI.mL.. "I .111 .Inm. "I"'n' Ih.·, wt>lIld li).:lll nlll,'1 pdl.I'I'. h.1 n"'llh. 1111 ... i,lIl illf.Il11l\ "quipIiWIlI 1..-, .1111,' h",I\'II'1' - Ihl" \1\11,' lllf'l.Il Iwllll('h .lIul j.{rc·.I\(·... Till'';'' i.1l1 p...It:I"I" in .1 ~1.1I.·t1"lII.tlI .11111\ lurnlt'd .1 t1.ml.. J.{ll;tlll 1,,1 Ill<' ph:ll.llIl\. ,md .1 linl.. 1,"1\11"'11 Ilit" ~ .t\~II ..... lIltl Ih.· ph.ll.lllll, 01 ul)t.·I~II(·d .1." ,\11 .lliI ).::".11 tI. n .... d~·I)I,,\'lIl'·lIl i, clt'lllb,·t! .11 Ill,' iI,IUk nl I'HIIl.I, "1,,," 1'!tIl.IITh (.\rmilm, "1111111'. lXI ....1\ .. ·1,il ..1 m,lI,h"d 1111' ·111I~lIi.lllo;; ... t\~'''1 Ih~' (:"'"l.. HI,'11 '·1l.11 i." ... lllinl .. II .... 1~t'll1a·. 1~11l'l TItI~I.i:1Il pdl:l..h .In· .. h""'1 ll.. illJ.: '1\~11 .. hid,h.. mel IIMI h.I\(· ~i\"l'1I "I' Ih,' pdl,l Ie'l .1 I.IIJ..:~·I u\.11 \\ill..c·J" ..hidcl. "r lilt' 1111It II 1"':I\i,'1 "111"~". '1'1 ... llml"'"'' I oH11I II..· 0\,11 ,tt I,'C 1.1l1~1l1:11 ill ~h.II)(·' I "IC'I,'d ill k.llli'·1 .11111 p.lilll'·'1. '11lt' lhurt·u.. 11101\' h:IH' IM'('II hllt"l"W,·tI 11"111 lIlt' IIh'I;.m'l. \111" ll.td IIn'll ,.lr"iIIK silllilar ..hit·ld'l 'Ii lin' al Jcoal.. ihililil", It di"pl.I\·" I\\"O 1Ilt'1I "h.. h.IH· lx-clI k.illl'll h\ 11h' l\illwlli:ul ~kl1.1". ()III' h.I" .1 I I '1l\"~·lIli()II.11 Iihlwll CI\ ,II lhun:'''. Ihi' "I h," a riblx-d H', 1.III~tll.ll Ihltr,'u", Onl' 01 Ih,·...· I\IU 1111'11. btll \\,' ,Iu 1It'l l..lllt\\ whidl. i.. ,I 111l,wi.lll. '\lIl1lh,'r J.:.I,I\I· 'lllllt' rrutll l\ilh\'lIia ;(1"0 shuw" 1\1l1t\'lliall illl.lllin \\ilh lite' "\~lllhUl'·O'. '" Ii\(' o,~1 .. hidd i.. lIIort' lil:.l;"h. ~kll,(~' ,,1,,11' i.. 110...... ill 11:11<' IU 111(' halll,' .,1 Pnlll:1 (I(~) .... 1 l"'IIt;'1>" tht" I hl-:If'1:l11 illt.lllin .11 Ij\
.Ill' "

A north Th...ci.n horseman depleted on Ih. ~. 0' the Aglilhlol helm.t -.ee pltge 15, His ".1. Co....l.t appeara 10 hlW. ptfH)lgfla at th. thigh.

Rec:onatn>Clion 01 ailYef'-9ilt

h........ om.amen..... l1l.lh century BC. , _ Sl"'..o".....n.d.

....r Hap,ovo. 12l3rd ~ 2nd canl....., Be. from Ravn09Of, ne.r Pu,anlzik _ found with. hair

from the looelocll in ..... hollow 'horn'. 13J c .•oo-35O BC. lrom L.tn".., (., 4th c.ntury BC, lrom thoe Lukovlt t............ 10 Linda Okmanis 200tl

THRACIAN TACTICS I'IlC' Tl11~1( i'IlI'1 I\('ft' (·XCt"ptiunall\ IIl0bile. ami "hk 10 I'd\' un 11(':1\) ."h'I\\·,·rs of j:l\dins :lIld .... 'IIll· al'cht"n'. AI lilt' h:t1 tI" 01 I lie Ilnh~llI"". ClIlIilL" (\'111. 14. :14-:\(1) <;;1'''' Ih:L1 'r\It"xandcr ,"'ul till' J\J.;ti,Ull·~ :llId Throi("i;lll li).::hl-:lrmed ,IKaill"l lilt' ,·lI-ph.IllI:'. for Iht·' \\l'I,' 11I'1I~'1 at sl..inni:.hiHj.{ l!tolll 1if::lllil1g al

AeeonlStrv<:UOn of hamelSS omements. (1) Gold ornamentlS

from the Kralevo trealSu.... TarvcwllSte r89lon. e.300 BC probably Oetle. (2) 4th century BC ISIIIIer Ot'NImentlS from the L.ukoll1t t ...uu.... (3) Silver heedlStali from Mramor Moglia, PanagyurilShte dllStrlct, 350-300 BC. (0 Linde DlemanllS 2001)

1

dose quarters. These released a thick b.,rragc of missiles all both clephams and drin:rs ..... llcnee Iheir pref('rn;d laClil; was skiT1llishil1!{. In which their \\'oodcd and hill}' terrain was wdl suilc>d. These I:lClics WI'fC oflen slIccessful, lll:linl}' when their nplxmellis lacked ligh1 troops. were otllilumbered. 01' were callght ill suitablc terrain, The Thrad:ms favoured ambushes. like thaI on the Roman column aher Magncsi:l. or night ,macks under cover of darkness. like that on Mardonius' Persialls. The 111racians invclHcd I.hC' peltlL~1 st}'le of ligluing. which the Grcek.~ initially had dilliwlt}' in countering, especially in diHiwlt terrain. For C'xample. in Allfllm.s;s 3.3. tile I~itllynians set upon some Arcadians of the TCll Thousand and kill them all. 'For some tillie, the Grecb marched ,md fOlIKht back at the s.,mc time. bm at a place where they had \0 cross a w:uercoursc the '1lH'"ciaIIS routed thcm and killed the whole force.' The Thradan.~ foIlOl\'crl up Ihis SllCf;ess with all att::lck Ull the..' hill where thc Gn:ek... were enc:nnpcd. :1Il(\ wen: able tt) I'Cpc:lt their vicrory sin('"f' tIl(' Greeks did not have allY missile troops. When the Greeks charJ.;"celthe Thnlcians easil)' evaded them, :'Inel shot al tlH:m from the nanks. Spartan hoplit,cs suffered the s:unc fatc !ite tanics. Consequently, Cret'k statc:s hin'o fewer Thraci:lIl mercenaries from the 4th ccntllll' onwards. The Thracians then had to lace marc halanCl:ll armil·s. These had sufficient light 1I'00pS to protect their nank... and prevent Thracian javelin men from wonTing their hem,')' cmr.IIIT and infanll"}'. Macedonian hea,')' camlry opcnned :IJ.;"ainst them with impunity when Silalkes invaded Macedonia. This happened ag
41

lht' men w'I\'crcd. f,llIinl thcm wilh ('rics ;tllli taullts. Nilo;hl att:lrb WCI'C a r;l\'ulII;IC Th,':lcian lactic. It S('t'II\S 10 h;wc becll :I "nlr.lci;tn CUSIOIII lu lIIal'dl In h:t\tl(' drullk. as w("1I! '(;1(':11'('1111$ .. , ell(:;lInp(:d 11(":11' Ihl' llloullt:tins or Thr'lce. When lh(' TllI";tci.;Ul$ g
Aeconstructlon of • Ct Thnlchtn light j.vellnm

Ic:.1 .

to O.nlell. C.r1'Nn 2001)

.2

lIiJ.;ht'(StraJagl"llU

:!.~.(j).

PuIFI("IllL'i. men lions m:m}' su,U:tg:t'Ilt::!o ClllplO"l'd Ln' gt'1U'ra~ 'i.llch as 11)ltinatl.-'S :lIld Clearchll'i. 1(1 ,krt-;tl 11U'liCi:t1l lIilo;ht :ltt:'tck..'i.. Om' or Ih('SC illt hlllt'(l Iht" Thraci:m pr.:Klin' of 1);'l1ging Ihdr we"lxllI" tUKelher l"'cn whclIl"l1W1~("d in a Ili~hl 'Illark. Xt'nophon also '>:I}'S llt,U Yillhes "eg
Fortifications Wlwn all ehl' I:,iled, thl' Thmcians would lea\'(' their villalo;es 011 lhe plains and huk up ill theil' hill lOriS, The Thyni did this whell :,uclck('c1 hy Sc:Ulhes, as did Iht" Odr}'sai, Ik:;.si, alltl Dt,nthelcti when attacked hy Philip V ill j'i1ilippopolis (Plovdi\'). Ill' look Ihe town withollt .1 hlo\\', as Ihe inhabitants Ih'd tn "<11"'1)' in the three swep hill!'i al)('l\'(" (Olll' ofwllirh is topped by the llH,wiall rOI·t1·ess of ElIlIlolpia), Althoug:11 lilt' Thnlcians onl)' huill Ollt~ rl)l'titico town or rit}, (Sclltholx,lis), 1111.')' h:ld nlllll"lOm hill runS throllghoul the an'a. ThcSC,' wcn' lIul Ii\,(,d in, hUI II",,-~d as pl:u'cs of r,'fugt'". A Ruman 'Illark 011 ~1I(h a fori is descl'ilwd in Tacilll'i. (A'"lfiL{ IV. XI.VI-I .I): ·lksidt','i. Ihdr naw ..,] fcrocit)' ... (lhe TIII'l('i.lIl~l pUillll'O to fUl'tl'('sSt"s amid l'Hck.'i. wht'n" lhey h:ld cO!l\'e)'ed Ilwi .. part'llts ami theil' \\'i\'I·S'. '-01' th(" RUIll:lIIS 10 il1\'('~1 it. lllis fortress !'t'(l'lil'ed lines 01 cil'Cmll\'lllalion foul' lIIiks IOllg. $ollie 1000Iliolls aI'(' I'kh ill mqt-Ililhk Illonuments, ;mel mall)' lIa\!; bcell in lISC sinn'l':lrlv ill the 1;'''1 mill.·lHli\lI1l, Sc"el
locations, with exccllclll views of thc 'ItlIToumling cOlllllrysidc, in '\tHill' CL'it..'S I'VCll as f:tr:Ci thc COC'l how OdI)1>ian l1mlcio\Jlo; fiJ;htinJ; in Bith)'niil buill :1 fonilietl GUll)), .....ilh :1 ...uxk.OIde Ihal \Ii.'ief! the 1'riballi when Ihf')' were occupied in pitching c:.llnp, bUI t\rri:m docs nOI s."l.)' if il '\":IS fOl'lilled or Illli. Xt'lIl1phllll alsu SOI)'S Ihat cach hotl'IC ill a 111)'ni "ill:l~e W:IS surrounded by a high. Strong WoodCIl pali5
Sge.... and lNTOWhead' from

,,",tA, PI_n, 'nd other "t•• '" Bulprl•. Th,.. prinelp.1 J.....I!n .,..d 'hapee In UN between lhe 5th and 3rd canturlu BC. TlI.- .1....lght·.ldad lype had • pronounced midrib, lhe bla. lNlNJuttfng Ih.rpl)' _.y from the sock.t; thl. w•• lhe commone.t form used by the Oet.l. Wfth I.,. leaf-.haped type, lhe blade lNl. . curved _thl)' Into the sockeL The third type wa. lhe lNl!'bed Skythlln .tyle. TtMt number and ....nge of type, Increased 'n the fater 41h .nd during the 3rd century. to Oan'ella Cannon 200 II

w.,.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY A completc bibliognlph)' and further informalion is available :It the :l1I11,or's web site: flllP:!!lUlUW,lhr-tllmcilllu.("olll. Zofi,l Archib.ald, Tile (JiJrysilffl Kingdom oj Thmu, Clarcndon Ilrcss, Oxford (1997) j.G.P.RCSI, '1'hrad:Ul I'chasts and their infillCII(;C 011 Creek ....carfare' (Volllllle I of the Sllldil'.S of tilt /)/l/,1I A Irlweo/OJ..,rir.a1 & f-li,~{mir.al Sociely), \'VOilcl's-r\uordllOIT, Cl'Ollingen (1~69) St:lllk"}' Casson, Mam/oll;a, Thmct', /llyn", Crol1iltgcl1 (19G8) Alcxanclt:r Fol & I\'all Marazo\', Thmunlld IIII' Thmcinlls, St :\'lanin's Press, New York (1977) Alcx:mdCI' Fol, AI/cit"t Thmu, Soli;. (2000) Duncan I lead, Armies (Iml Enemies afOl1' MflUdoll;l/11 mul Plllli, \IYH~, 2nd edilion. WRe, Dc\izes (1982) K.F.Hoddinoll, Thl' 'nmu:ia"s, TIlamc... & IllId'\Ol1, London (1981) K,F.lloddinOll. IJu/Karia ill A1Ili'luily. 5, M:lrlin's Press, New York (1975) Margarita Tache"<1 CI ai, AntiL,,' Gold. '17u: I\'tn/lh of th, Thrtu:illrls. TrtllS,,,?S fr()I1l/ht IYpIWliG of Bulgaria. :"olew York (1998) h~1II VCIIl.-diko\, & Tooor GcnL"-Simo\', rhmJtudJI' KIUU/, Vcb EA Seeman Verlag, Leipzig (1976) L)'udmila ZhivkO\':I, Th, Koumlllk 'lomb, Verlag t\ul'el llongers KeckinKhaw.cn, Soli:! (1975)

43

THE PLATES A: THE INVASION OF MACEDONIA, 42. BC A,1: KIng Sltalkes

Thrt Thraoarl lung IS based on archaeotogll'.al ~ and a brcwlZe befl cu..-ass. b!Olve Olalloon helmet

w""

brOl'\lIl "'~. alld a T~I tJoa!I. lie CMJI8S IWO~veluJS and a l.oplS. I lis breast plale IS decorated wIth dragons> heads and hos helmel wIth a gllll.l a'lCl palmettos !he 1M!lme1 <:0tn8S from an uok.nown 5<111 10 Bulgana aAd IS dated 10 the :second hatl of Ihe '>111 rfOOtur)' The SIlII. harness Ol'nalTlilflIS come from Ek1O'lla IlIlTll~'~., Bu'gall3

"'2: Early Odry.iil,.. light cavalryma,..

fus horseman IS based on II paJrllng on a ~h century pehke from AooIlol'lla He ~I~ two ",Ve/IOS. and ;;) pella IS sll.-Jg on his bal.;\( Gree\( vaS& pa,nhngs show nll'.loClafl light cavalry dressed Uoe same as the pejlasls .n pallwned lunlC, loxskln cap lawns....l booTS and !of do3k Other Jess sophistICaTed examples or Greek POl1"'Y .tlOW TlUac13l1 caval'Y dressed very SImply In ill polI1led hat and long I10Wlng IUIlC, and they ale uld'Sllllgur;hablll Irom Skyth'an cavalry Some 4th century Thrac•.:m l11elalwOIk show~ the cavalryman balehlladed and WIth bare feel. a medllllTl lenglll UOWlIlQ cloak and sunple tl)fllC A3: Macedonian Illiantrynlan The stncken Macedonlan lrllantryman comes Irom lhe earty 3l'd century Kalarlluk tomb pall'lt'"9S..... thought to be M.acedonclln because 01 IllS Ioca!,on on the lneze and tllS peoukal hal resemb6100 the kau$UI oIlhe M3cedoI_1 wamar noboUty. but he may be Thl'acs.I. beCaUse the Mace
I.

did not use oval shl9lds alld because 01 hiS slIlulanty to the Thracaan wamof'S on the same pamtlOO He wears a blue cloak and caruK a kopfS and two I3\'illIns HIS stll8ld '5 oval ....,'h the 109 .1<1 bollorn cut squ;we lethe taler CeltIC thureos. A :»ell eentlrY Macedol'l1iWl lrll,lnlryman would be t:aI'T'flOO a C.CUIaJ WICker ~. antmal stun cloak and weaong sandals lor- g
st.

C: ATTACK ON A TRI8ALLl HILL FORT, 0&24 BC C1: Tnbalh peltast In 424 Seta es allacked the lribi111 and die
Lat. 4th c.ntury Be

,~-...... PftI' I-h;~

found In 1M Oolruo

KoVlitz. mound ,.... I(~tendil. " ..... thIn. f!'a9m."t.,;!

bronu tllC1ne_ IAuthor's pholographl

RIGHT Bronz. helmet lrom .n unknown alt. In Bulll.Ii•• 4S0-400 BC. lt ta deeortlled with griffons on both aid. . of the en>wn, and pelmenOli on lhe . , ~ lt Ie badl, 6em~ end the cheek"9uarda ....

missing. lSofte An:n.eotogk:.1 M_,lnv.No.40131

FAA RIGHT ReconstrucUon 0' the grlflon hefmet. (Cl DtInieU. c.rta1On 2001)

D: THYMI MIGHT ATTACK, 400 BC In winter 400. Xenophon visited 5euthes 11 in hls tyrsolS (fortifl8d palace). The Greek offloen were invited to a MJokeo least. dI.nlg whlch Seuthes was presented with a white horse by a 1lYaclan. The Gteeks agreed to help the lung In a short-term operauon In south-easlem Tlw'ace againsl the Thynl and other' TtraCIans who !\ad broken away from hls auIhority. Xenophon praised the Thyni. saying that they took the Odrysian long Teres' baggage ttaII1 despite the latter's large a!'lTlY. and that lhey were Sl'PPO'ed to be the mosI dangerous of all the tribes. especlatly ., nght fight.-ag. They were also fond of attacking and wreckmg shlppr.g that passed their shores. The plan was to take the Thyni by surprrse by marchlllQ at light (seuthes had been 00 many night marches) and falling 00 them the next day. To koop the army logether, the hopIites marched at the lronl of the column and 5euthes' armoured cavalry and pellasts at the rear. When day came the cavalry and peltasts moved 10 the lronl; by midday they had crossed the mountains, and Wfl1'8 then unleashed upon the villages. The auack was a great success, but 5euthes' men scattered in pursuit, so Xenophon and the younger Greeks seiZed lhe heights while the oIdef troops occupied the villages. Having gothered a large amount of booty, they then pitched camp. A large number 01 Thyni !\ad abandoned their homes and fled to lhe mountaios, so Seuthes burned down some of the villages, and threatened to do lhe same 10 Ihe rest and their corn if they did not come back. The women, children, and older men did come down, but the younger men bivouacked WI the villages uncIeI'" the mountain. During the night Seuthes ordenild the youngest 01 the hopIltM to move ott and make a dawn attacl< on these V11'ages. Mosl 01 the villagers escaped. but the res! Seuthes shot down. Seuthes then encamped on

!he plain while the Greeks took quarters III the uppehhost village below the WTITIIt. After a lew days the ThynI sent t10stages and opened negotiations. but in reality Ihey wetll spying out the enemy disposrtions. The Greeks were so co6d that they sutlllfed frostbrte, and envMld the Tlvaoans' traelitiorIaI clothing.

The Thyni attacked the following f1lQht. They thnlW javetll'lS into the houseS. set !hem on flf1!l. knocked otlthe heads of the out-thrust Greek spears WIth clubs. and taunted Xenophon to come out and be killed. 01 Is the archetypal Thraaan peltast, armed WIth two javelins and a knife or sword. He IS based on a vase 10 the AstmoIean Museum. His doak reaches to the ground. and hls shield IS decorated WIth good luck symbols. D2's club IS shown on one of lhe AIexandrOvO tomb painlings. whlch feature hl.IOtJng scenes. but may have been used otty for killing rabbits. In thai case he would have used a smpIe knobbed stick instead. His cloak and stlleld come from a pIale in the Fogg Art MUS8I.I"O al Harvard. 03 Is described by XellOplholl as a 'beautiful youth with a shield' who was aboullo be kJlled but had nIs life saved by one 01 Xenophon's amorous offlCefS. His ptCIure Is based on an Allie vase showing a similar semi-naked pettast, who Is armed with a bundle 01 short jaV9lins. When, at a trumpet signal, the Greeks leapt out with swords drawn. the llYacians ran away. The Greeks suffered only a lew casualtlM When some of the Thyni turned about and I'lurled javelins at men wtlo W8l'9 running pasl a bu"ning hoUse. E: THYMI MIGHT ATTACK, 400 BC At this point, $euthes afflved with seven bodyguard cavalrymen and his Thracian trumpeter - the latter had helped scare oft the Thynl by the cootlnual sounding of his horn. The garmOlllS, hOrSe lraPPIngs. and Olhe!' equipment illustrated hel"e are based 00 those shown 00 a horseman in

the AJexandrovo tomb. E1: Thraclan trumpeter

The trumpet is shown In the Kazanluk paintings. He has a composite corselet and an early type 01 Chalkidian helmet. WIthout I'lInges. He wears a gold pectoral 00 hls <:hesI as a sign of rank. E2: Thraclan bodyguard cavalryman

The ~ IS a 4th centt.W)' horned bronZe-iron example found near Bou'gas. The laler style of 'beN' cuirass has targer arrnt'des, a low coItar, and a sitvet-eovered iron pectoral amund the ned<: tftcs latter was a dlStlnctrve lhracian feature.

45

Tfadftl0f\81 Thnocl.n light u,,"rylmln with. c...Kent· ~ W1..ld .lunog on hi. back, fro.., • 5tt1 cen1UfY Be red flgunl pel/ke lound near Sozopol

BELOW 0eU1l from a 2nd centwy Be

~

boWl from

~~tem~a

Thrac:lan ......... _ltiple tOfQ around his ...ek.

Seuthes agreed to MIp X8nophon anack the Thyni on the mounuun the next day, but when the Thyni saw tM masses of t1opIiles. pehasts and hcnemen I'nOVlOQ to attack them they offered 10 surrender. Seuthes now had a force three IJmes as large as befOn!l, lor the 0drysIans wanted a part in 5euthes' success. UnfOt1unatety Seuthes had obtained Xenophon's services almost as a king wilhout 3 kingdom. and he was unable to pay anything like lhe agreed wages.

48

F: THE KALLINIKOS SKIRMISH, 111 Be Uvy says that the VICtorious Thraclan trooPs returned to their camp swaggenng. singing and dancing, with severed Roman heads on their rtlOmphaias OS trophies. F1: Thraclan infantryman He has the late 4th century Shield, Chalkldian helmet. and greaves found in the OoIna Koznitza mound near Kyustendil. together with a rhomphaia and the black tunic described by Plutarch. The Thraclans at PycIna may have tooked Ilke this. as they are described with 'glillering' shields and black tunics. Alternatively. thIs bronze-faced shield may be a parade piece - Instead he might carry an Ofdlnary white thuroos. F2: Thrae!an slinger There are only rare mentions and no known deptctions of Thraclan s1ingers. and this reconstruction is based on an audiaty stinger from TraJan's Column. F3: Thraelan infantryman This figtn is shown in the Clothes worn by a hunter in the A1exandroYO lomb paintmgs, and armour and equipment found together in the B1agoevgrads region of Bulgaria: bronze Thracian helmet, bronze greaves, three bronze t0fqU8S. and an iron rhomp/lailt. They are dated to around tM end of the 4th century. He carries an oval thureos like those shown in the Kazanluk tomb paintings. The mompIlaa had a large ring in lhe centre. which could haw been used for a carryng strap.

An unusual TlYacian tactic was the use of wagons as a defenSive ObStacle or as a terror weapon. Arrian (1.1.6) describes how 'a large force of natives unoer arms and the free Thracians' defended a pass in the lower slopes of the Haemus mountains against Alexander. 'They had collected large numbers of carts, which they Intended to use, if they were hartt-pressed, as a sort of defensive palisade, with the further idea of sending them crashing down upon the Maoedonian phaIan_ as tM men were dimbing the steepest pat! of the slope.' The wagons were I08ded with rocks to make them more effective.

INDEX

....., ... ,

,,

II. ,; ~ ..... 1'~.I:!.'l
, I

\I. "',

•• :-'·.,, I' ~ n."'.~ 1 " 1:Z ... ,~ "

I

~.

II> II. ":':. "

\,,,"""'~Ill

......, .... ,

... _ .., '.1

10.

~,

b,.,'.",

"........ ~'"\1'."'."

I'

r~

Il~

.....,

"

I'. 'i." I-u.•"h,l " ...

1', ".17 , .... I ~ .... U II•.-t... .. 7

••• ~~. '\1 ,;: 1;1 IlJ•.\

",•. ,·...·...... "'.'l7

~

MIt

'''!I

~~

T\

tI.U" 1'0-1...

...""",.

"~

H·IM ~

,,,

,"'.... q '\ I~, II

""

,~

1'1711<

'''''1

,','j

,... '~

4;, ....~.11 •.

.~ ~."

.• ~."

''''1<''''

, I'.

~~,

II

It.,,~.,

~~

Lt.

,.~"

u;

4

1\" .. 11, ,,,, (;1 '~~".I" '\'1, II ':.'~ "

''',.~ '1" ... I

~

..

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The Thracians 700 Be - AD 46

TIuoughout the seven centuries before Christ many hundreds of thousands of Thracians, In more than 40 tribes, occupied the area between northern Greece, southern Russia and north-west Turkey. Skilled horsemen, masters of light infantry fighting In broken

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terrain, and renowned for their ferocity, the Thradans were feared by even the greatest of their contemporaries, who were eager to employ them as mercenaries. After surviving

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Invasions by the Persians, Grl"eks, Macedonians and Celts, the 'l1uadans were finally conquered

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