i|ir ^ij'SlLio^.S^ i}J. THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUND OF 1919 VIKING ANTIQUITIES IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND EDITED BY HAAKON SHETELIG PART II VIKING ...
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^ij'SlLio^.S^
i}J.
THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUND OF
1919
VIKING ANTIQUITIES IN
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND EDITED BY
HAAKON SHETELIG
PART
II
VIKING ANTIQUITIES IN SCOTLAND BY
SIGURD GRIEG
OSLO H.
1940
ASCHEHOUG (W.
NYGAARD)
& CO.
Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in
2009
witii
funding from
Boston Public Library
http://www.archive.org/details/vikingantiquitie02scie
VIKING ANTIQUITIES IN
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART
II
THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUND OF
1919
VIKING ANTIQUITIES it
IN
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND EDITED BY
HAAKON SHETELIG
PART
II
VIKING ANTIQUITIES IN SCOTLAND BY
SIGURDGRIEG
OSLO H.
1940
ASCHEHOUG (W.
NYGAARD)
& CO.
0^1
Printed
in
Norway
AS JOHN GRIEGS BOKTRYKKERI. BERGEN
CONTENTS Vi\go.
Introduction I.
9
GRAVE FINDS The The The The
11
Mainland of Scotland
13
Islands
26
Hebrides Orkneys
72 80
Shetland II.
103
HOARDS
107
The Mainland The Isles The Hebrides The Orkneys in.
IV.
V.
VI.
of Scotland
109 112 116
119
Shetland
139
FINDS FROM DWELLING-SITES
143
The Mainland The Hebrides The Orkneys
145
of Scotland
145
148
SEPARATE FINDS
151
Mainland of Scotland
153
The Islands The Orkneys
165
169
Shetland
174
FINDS FROM PEAT-MOSSES
177
The Western
179
Islands
Shetland
181
CELTIC ANTIQUITIES FROM SCOTLAND
is,^
The Mainland of Scotland The Western Islands The Orkneys Abbreviations Inde.x of
Placc-Names
•
185 1
97
200 204 205
TNTRODICTION. In the spring of 1925 Professor A. W. Brogger invited me to take a part in the registering of Norwegian Viking antiquities in the British Isles started by < Forskningsfondet av 1919- (o: The Scientific Research Fund of 1919).
on the understanding that my share in the work was to be the superintendence of the Norwegiam malerial preserved in the museums amid private ccllectionis of Scotland.
Oslo on June 6th 1925 amd began my work in Edinburgh on June 8th. I was from the first received with tiie utmost kindiness by tiie director of Hie mnseum, Mr. J. Graham Callander, who all through showed much helpful I
left
my work at the museum. My first impreesion — strengtliened as my work went on — was tliat a much smialler number of Viking antiquities interest in
had beeni found
in Scotland
than was to be expected, considering the pro-
Norwegians over there. Probably this is chiefly due to the influence of Christianity on the burial customs, but also, I should think, to quite a number of finds having been lost as years have gone by. I began my work in Edinburgh by cataloguing all the Norwegian antiquities there. I also catalogued some Celtic relics dating from the same period and similar, in their forms, to those known in Norway. I then went on to hunt for informatracted settlement of
tion about the finds catalogued
of Scotland
During
in the library of the Society of
in the archives of the National
and
my work
in
Edinburgh
I
Antiquaries
Museum.
was, as mentioned above, assisted by
Mr. Callander, director of the National Museum, and also by Mr. A. J. //. Edwards, assistant keeper. I also visited the Royal Scottish Museum, which, however, contained no
Norwegian During
from the Viking Age. Edinburgh I received advice and suggestions from Mr. J. A. Richardson, Inspector of monuments, by Mr. A. 0. Curie, Director of the Royal Scottish Museum, by Mr. James Curie, and by several others. 1 beg to give to all these gentlemen my sincerest thanks. On July 1st I went to Glasgow, where Mr. Ludovic M'L. Mann and Mr. Erling Ansteensen very kindly helped me to find my bearings, and where. relics
my
stay in
I
1
n
f
r
d u
c
t i
o n
the courtesj' of Proifessor T. H. Hnjce,
I got an opportunity oi going Hunterian through the Norwegian relics of the Museum. I atsio beg to offer my sincere thanks to tiie gentlemen who assisted me
tliaiiks to
my
minor Scottish Museums, viz. Mr. T. Ritchie, Perth; CapBurghead; Mr. D. E. A. Home, the Dunrobin Castle Museum; Captain Lyon and Mrs. Captain Lyon, Ospisdale House. In Kirkwall I was most courteously assisted by the following geintlemen, all of them on the board of the Orkney Antiquarian Society, i'«3. Mr. John Mooney, Mr. J. Storer-Clouston, anid Mr. W. M. Traill. I am also indebted, for a great deal of important information, to Mr. J. W. Cursiter, who happened to be staying at Kirkwall in the summer of 1925. To all these gentlemen I beg to offer my sincerest during
visits to the
tain Taylor,
thanks.
From the 2nd of July to the 1st of August and private collections in Scotland.
I
visited the principal
museums
Sigurd Grieg.
I.
GRAVE FINDS
TlIlL
MAINLAND
01"
SCOTLAND.
KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE. Grave find of the Viking Age, from St. Cuthbert's Churchyard, in the Parish of St. Cuthbert, near Kirkcudbright (The Museum of Kirkcudbright, no. 2050), viz.
—
(Fig. 1).
Double-edged iron sword with straight guard; broken, badly rusted ends, and pommel-end iron-piece missing, so that the type cannot be ascertained. The sword has possibly belonged to the form Rygh 489. The tang is broadest at the base, tapering upwards. Portions of the wooden grip sticking to the tang, fixed by rust. The blade is broken about the middle where a portion is missing. Two fragments of unequal length are preserved of the lower part. Remains of the wooden scabbard are found, attached by rust, immediately below the guard. The whole blade is badly rusted. Total length at a)
present about SO cm.
Original length of blade about 70 cm. Greatest width Length of guard at present about 8 cm. Penannuliar broocli of bronze of the ordiniary Viking form with round 1)) ring of even thickness. Upper end of pin flattened and looped round the ring to hold it. The upper portion of the pin is, at the top, circular, farther down of blade about 6 cm.
rectangular in section;
it is broadest at the middle, tapering towards the lower Length about 13 cm. Diameter of ring about 2 cm. c) Small bead of jet or some other black variety of stone. It is flat on the lower side, rounded on the upper, and has a hole in the middle. Diameter
end.
about 1,5 cm.
Grave find
from Torbeckhill, Ecclefechan (National L L. 340). Double-edged iron sword from the Viking period, of the form Jan Petersen: »Vikingesverd< (o: Viking swords), p. 116, fig. 97 a, but with a more carefully elaborated central knob on the swordpommel, which latter is decorated with a stamped ornament. The upper cross-piece remains in its place, but is loosened, and imperfect at one end, where a small portion is missing. The guard is complete, but is attached to the tang, by rust, a little
Museum
of the Viking period,
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
Grave finds
14
Fig.
]
.
From
a grave
at
St.
Cuthbert's Churchyard.
Kirkcudbright.
higher up than it was placed originally. broken off and is now entirely missing, by rust. Total length at present about 42 cm., its greatest width about 5.5 cm.
Found
autumn of 1913 The locality is on
in the
at
The lower part of the blade has been and the edges are somewhat damaged 55 cm. Present length of blade about
Length of guard about 7 cm.
(Fig. 2).
the top of a mound, a couple of feet below
the western bank of the Mein, immediately below the miouth of the Amian District Waterworks, in the estate of Torbeckhill, and some 9 miles from the Solway. No other relics or any evidence of an interment accompanied the sword. Gift from John Bell, Torbeckhill, 1913. Literature. Proc. S. A. Scot. 1913—14, p. 17, and A. 0. Curie: Notices of Itie discovery of a hoard of rapier-shaped blades of bronze at Drumcoltran and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and of a Viking sword at Torbeckhill near Ecclefechan, 1. c. 1913—14, p. 335.
the surface.
Grave
f
i
n d
15
s
Joseph Anderson (Proc. S. A. Scot., X, p. .569) the Society is said to have been in the possession of watercolours representing an iron Viking sword with a short straight guard and According
to Dr.
of Antiquaries of Scotland
pommel
of similar form, an iron sliield-boss of semi-globular form,
iron spear-head; found in April 1851 at the top of a
mound
and an
called Boiden
near the Longer Bridge of Froon, Scotland. These antiquities were found together about 2 feet below the surface, lying within a space of 2V2 X 2^2 feet. The sword which is now greatly bent, is 35 in. long, the blade 2 in. wide;
The sword has a close resemsword from Westeray, in the National Museum (p. 90). The spear-head is 11 in. long and 2 in. broad. The shield-boss has a broad, flat collar, and is 6^2 in. in diameter, 2 in. deep. The water-colour representing these antiquities are no longer to be found in the National Museum. I hey were made by Mr. Hope J. Stewart, a member of the Society, to illustrate a communication about this find, given at the meeting of the Society in Fe-
the hilt
blance
is
to
nearly equal in size to the guard. a
bruary 1853. Liter atur: of the S.
Joseph Anderson:
Northmen
A. Scot. X,
Notes on the Relics of the Viking Period
in Scotland, illustrated
by specimens in the Museum. Proc.
p. 569.
Hope J. Stewart: Notice of the Discovery of some ancient Arms and Armour near Glenfruin on the Estate of Sir James Colquhoun of Luss, Proc. S.
A. Scot
I,
p.
143.
WESTERN SCOTLAND. Boat grave from the Viking period, found at Gordon Bay, Argyll (West Highland Museum, Fort William); viz. a) Iron rivet belonging to a boat, of the usual form with big square rivetplate and round head, of which latter only a small portion is now preserved. Length 3 5 cm., width of plate between 2.5 and 3 cm. Rusty.
—
b)
Very small iron
preserved.
Lumps
Head
rivet.
missing, but a flat square rivet-plate
of rust sticking to the plate.
Present length 2.5 cm., width
of plate 1.5 cm.
communication from the director of the Museum, Mr. V. in a boat-grave by Gordon Bay. Gift from Letlibridge, Waterseach.
According
to a
Hodzon, the rivets were found Mr. T. C.
SUTHERLAND. Grave-finds of the
Viking period, from a grave near Dunrobin Castle,
Golspie, Sutherland (Dunrobin Castle Museum), a)
Bronze
shell.
—
Kygh 652, badly damaged by rust, Edges imperfect. 11 by 6.5 cm. (at the widest).
tortoise broocli of the type
and lacking outer
viz.
16
(1 r
are
f
i
n d
s
^.y
Fig.
2.
Sword found
at
Torbeckhill,
Kirkciidbrisjhlsliire.
Grave finds b) Bronze tortoise brooch of the
same type
17 as the above, but in a
still
Outer plate missing; great portions knocked off the edges, and now missing; one side of the plate showing a wide crack. The holes for the knobs visible in the inner plate. 11X6.5 cm. (at the widest).
worse
state of preservation.
These brooches were found robin Castle
Museum
The Glasgow Catalogue
Literature:
—74,
p.
in a grave,
and have been kept in the Dun-
since 1855. no. 434,
and Proc.
S.
A. Scot.,
X
1872
554.
Find of the Viking period, from the shore by Dunrobin Castle, Sutherland (Dunrobin Castle Museum), viz. a) Iron axe of the type Rygh 560, but having straighter sides, le®s concave than those of the specimen quoted. The axe is very badly corroded. The portion round the eye is bent somewhat out of shape and rusty all through, so that the spur-projections of the socket are missing on one side. Length
—
about 19 cm. b) Small iron ring, about 5.4 in diameter.
the axe, and
was possibly found with
This ring
is
now
placed with
it.
Grave find from Dunrobin Castle, Sutherland. (National Museum of Edinburgh I L 209), viz. Hollow iron object, looks more like the socket of an iron spear-head than anything else. A piece knocked off at the upper end. 8 cm. by 1.5 (at the widest). Found in a grave niear Dunrobin Castle, Sutherland. Gift from the Duke of Sutherland in 1851. Literature: Catalogue of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, Edinburgh 1892, p. 276.
—
Antiquities,
Grave find
of the Viking period,
from Ospisdale House, Dornoch,
Stither-
(In the possession of Captain and Mrs. Lyon, Ospisdale House, Suther-
land.
land), viz.
—
Bronze tortoise brooch of the type Rygh 652 with outer and inner shells preserved. A side-portion of the outer shell has been knocked off, and is missing. The frames round the middle panel contain twisted silver wire. There have originally been two banjdls in each panel; but one of them is now missing in each of the three central panels, and is only preserved in one
and in the two upper and lower triangular panels. The lowest knob is damaged, and the four knobs missing in the type specimen are missing in this relic too. The inner shell has been flattened by a powerful blow from
2
—
Viking Antiquities
II.
G
18
r a V e
find Fig.
3.
Tortoise
brooch
found
at Ospisdale, Sutherland.
above, but
is
complete.
The edges are decorated with
omaitieiited panels,
but the collar lacks the six small ornamented panels found in the type spe-
cimen:
it is
quite smooth.
One
side
is
a
little
defective.
The inner
plate, apart
from the damage caused by the blow from above, is well preserved. On the reverse an imprint of cloi!h is viaiible, and both the fastening and the sheath Of the pin itself a portion, 2.7 cm. in have been of iron, now very badly corroded and bearing an imprint of cloth. 10.8 by 6.7 cm. (at the widest). (Fig. 3). This brooch was found about a hundred years ago near the houses of Ospisdale, together with the remains of an urn (a steatite vessel?) which was subsequently lost. The brooch was found about 200 m. east of the mansion of the estate, by a Standing Stone put down in the Ordnance Survey map. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 554. of the pin, both of bronze, are extant. length,
is
preserved;
it
is
seen
to
Grave finds
19
CA1TH}^ESS. Grave find of the Viking period, from Reay, Caithness (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh),
—
viz.
a) Iron axe of the type Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd, fig. 34, with edge somewhat battered, but otherwise well preserved. Illustrated in
1925—26—27,
Proc. S. A. Scot. IX,
p. 204, fig. 9.
b) Iron shield-boss, of the type Rygh 562. the shield by
means of 4
in the collar.
It is
seen to have been fixed to
iron rivets, the remains of which are
Illustrated
I.e.,
204,
p.
10.
fig.
57^
still
discernible
in diameter, 27,^ in.
in.
in height. c) Iron knife, illustrated I.e., p. 205, fig. 11.1 with slightly curved blade with thick back and comparatively long tang. The edge is badly corroded, so that one portion is entirely missing. Length 10^ 2 in., width of blade ^4 in-
d) Small iron sickle,
now
broken, two portions preserved, a small portion
I.e., p. 205, fig. 11.4. The extremity of the Length of chord 8I2 in. e) Iron buckle with oval rim and comparatively long, slightly curved
of the blade missing.
tang
is
tongue.
Illustrated
tongue 178 f)
Illustrated
bent at right angles.
I.e.,
p.
205,
fig.
Small oblong iron mounting having
with the
Size
11.4.
11,2
by 17s
in.,
length of
in. its
extremities bent at right angles
rest, 21-2 in. in length.
g) Bronze penannular brooch of the simple form, very like Oldtiden X, but consisting of a thicker ring and a shorter pin. In the spe-
p. 20, fig. 21,
cimen here before us, the pin is shorter and thicker than Its upper portion is square in cross-section at its lower p. 206, fig.
12.
fastening-place.
and 17i6
As the
in the type specimen.
part.
Illustrated
I.e.,
figure shows, the pin tapers very markedly at the
Length of pin 3^2
in.,
diameter of ring between 117,2
in.
h) Slate whetstone for needles of the form Bi/gh 425, but lacking the ledge at its upper, perforated end. i)
Two
small pieces of
Illustrated
flint.
I.e.,
Illustrated
Length 27, in. 12,2—3. May have
p. 206, fig. 12,2.
I.e.,
p. 206, figs.
been used in making fire. These relics were found in August 1920 during a casual excavation undertaken by two young boys at Reay in Caithness. They had seen portions of a human skeleton protruding from the sand. The grave was situated on the north side of Drill Hall, not far from it, on the slope covered by sand dunes at Sandside Bay. The grave had been partly exposed by the action of the wind, which had blown away the loose sand and cleared spaces between the dunes, numerous vestiges of graves or of regular stone fortifications were seen. The grave containing the relics was found about 6 feet below the
Grave finds
20
was found the skeleton of a man extended at full The head, which had rested on a flat stone, raised sligthly above the level of the others, had been turned a little to one side and the right forearm was crossed over the chest. At the bottom of the grave was a stratum of dark-coloured sand mixed with pieces of slag and burnt iron. Large stones and sand had surrounded and covered the whole burial, the orientation of which was north-west and south-east or 35° west of north magnetic. The axe was found by the left knee of the skeleton, the turfy surface.
In
it
length on a paved surface.
shield-boss about the middle of the breast, the knife by the left forearm, and the sickle by the upper part of the left arm. The iron mounting lay above the left shoulder. By the pelvis were found the buckle on the right side, the small whetstone on the left side. The penannular brooch lay by the right thigh-bone. By the right elbow were an iron rivet and a piece of flint, and another piece of flint was found by the left thigh (See the plan. I.e., p. 203, fig. 8).
Literature: Arthur
J.
H. Edwards: Excavations of Graves at Achergill and
of Earth-House at Freswick Links, 'Caithness,
very of a Viking Grave at Reay, Caithness. Session 1926—27, p. 196.
and a Description
— Proc.
S.
A. Scot
I,
of the Disco-
Sixth Series,
Grave find of the Viking Period, from Reay, Caithness (National Museum Edinburgh I. L. 334—39), viz. (Fig. 4, 5). a) Bronze tortoise brooch of the form Rygh 652 but of the variety having a round knob instead of cross-bands in the panels and below the central
—
of Antiquities,
knob. Otherwise this brooch corresponds entirely to the type specimen. The edges are som'ewliat defective at one end, and damaged at the other, the relic
being otherwise well preserved.
b) Bronze tortoise brooch, of the form
Rygh
having cross-bands from the brooch mentioned immediately above. The four knobs are missing, otherwise the brooch is in perfect preservation. Vestiges ol gilding are seen in several places, and in the grooves 652,
i.e.
in the central panels, thus diverging
of two of the central panels there are remains of twisted silver wire, which
was
originally placed
from knob
to knob.
Length 8 cm.
Greatest width
about 5 cm. c)
on the
Bronze penannular brooch of the simple form having no ornaments ring, cp. Oldtiden X, p. 20, fig. 21.
Has
The pin
itself is
rather quadrilateral
lower end broken off, and is unornamented. bronze d) Small buckle, the plate covered with some white metal, tongue missing. The plate has three holes for fixing the buckle to the belt. The buckle itself has a cross-bar of bronze and is cast. Length 4,5 cm. (including plate), greatest width about 3,5 cm. in section than otherwise.
its
Grave finds
Fig. 4 a
— b.
Fig.
21
Pair oF tortoise brooches found in a grave at Reay, Caithness.
5.
Antiquities from the
same grave
at
Reay,
cf.
fig.
4.
Grave
22
f
i
71
d
s
e) Small plain steatite sjnndle-whorl of the usual Viking flat
under side and a raised upper f)
Plain iron bridle-bit of the
t>'pe R'lgh 567,
The mouth-pieces themselves are, in quadrilateral, somewhat thick bars. that the joint caTinot now be seen. portion of one side missing.
Diameter about
side.
form having a
2,5 cm.
with large plain cheek-rings.
contrast with those of the type specimen,
They are broken off in the middle, so One of the cheek-rings is damaged, a
Total original length of the bit about 20 cm.
Diameter of rings 5 cm. This find was discovered through the wind blowing aside the loose sand
and thus exposing a human skull which was found some four below present surface level. On closer examination several other the feet vipon the links
Fig.
6.
The top
part of a
pair of tweezers, found in
another
grave
at
Reay,
Caithness.
remains of a skeleton were found, disposed in such a way as made it possible that the body had originally lain in the crouching (German: ;;hocker :) position, the knees pressed up against the body. About one foot north of the cranium lay two tortoise brooches of uniform make. Within a circumference of two or three yards of the grave the other relics were found, displaced from their original positions.
The
— 14,
find has been described by Mr.
p. 295,
where these
J.
Curie in Proc. of
S.
A. Scot. 1913
antiquities are also figured.
Find of Viking antiquities from Reay, Caithness (National Museum of Edinburgh I. L. 341 42), viz. a) Remains of a plain square iron buckle, formed by the bending of an
Antiquities,
—
iron rod. Consists at present of
many
b) c)
—
fragments. Original length about 6 cm.
Remains of a similar buckle, now consisting of many fragments. Iron pair of tweezers, cruciform like Rygh 445, but with its lower
Grave finds
Fig.
7.
Tortoise brooch,
one of a pair of brooches found in a grave at Castletown, Caithness.
Fig. 8. jet
Bone bodkin and
armlet from the same
grave at Castletown, fig.
cf.
e.
23
Grave
24
fi
ds
71
now miissimg. (Fig. 6). To its upper end is fixed a small iron ring, from which the tweezerB were originally suspended. This ring is broken, and about one half of it is miiisising. Present length about 4 cm. portion broken off and
Grave find of the Viking period, from Castletown, Caithness (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
L. (221), viz.
—
Bronze tortoise brooch of the type Eygh 655, but of finer, more elaborate than the type specimen. The central knob, particularly, is done with great care, with panels having four divisions. The other knobs are exactly like the corresponding knobs in the type specimen. Both the outer and inner shells are gilt, and verdigris is only seen in a few scattered places. The brooch is well preserved. Length about 8 cm. Greatest width about 5 cm. a)
crafts
(Fig. 7).
b) Brooch of the same form as the above. Was given in exchange to Worsaae, now to be found in the National Museum of Copenhagen. c) Round jet armlet, quite without ornaments, with a flat inner face, a rounded outer face, and quite flat edges. Diameter about 7 cm. The under face is a little imperfect. According to a kind communication from Mr. Callander, armlets of this kind are very common in Scotch finds from the early Iron Age. As a similar armlet also appears in a Viking find at Sanday, Orkney (see below, p. 87), it is probable lihat the jet-rings were originally a Celtic om'ament adopted by the womien of the Viking period. (Fig. 8). d) Bone bodkin, quite smooth without ornaments, roughly cut, and pointed at one extremity (fig. 8). Lenigth 8 cm. Widith on the top 0,07. According to information given 150 years ago, the two brooches were found with the armlet and the bodkin in September 1786 at the top of the ruins of a Pictish house in Caithness. They lay beside a skeleton buried under a flat stone with very little earth above it. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. in both places.
X 1874,
p. 549,
Archeologia Scotica, Vol.
Ill
and Xll, p. 329. Appendix II, p.
Grave find of the Viking period, from Longhills Caithness (National
Museum, Edinbungih,
I.
L. 217
— Illustrations 61.
in Westerseat,
— 218),
viz.
—
near Wick,
a) Bronze tortoise brooch of the type Jtygh 654, ornamented with distinct broad curved ribbon motives round the central knob, and with distinct cross bands in other principal panels. All the bronze knobs of the brooch are preserved. Of the collar only a small piece is preserved on either side, and great portions are likewise knocked off the edge-faces, and are missing. Length about 7 cm., greatest width about 5 cm. (Fig. 9). b) Bronze tortoise brooch, different in type from the preceding one, rather
of the type Rygh 652, but with far more elaborate details, especially in the
Grave finds
Fig.
9.
25
Pair of tortoise brooches, found in a grave at Longhills at Westerseat, Caitliness.
two panels placed along the ridge of the brooch, close to the central knob. In the specimen before us, the edge-face is preserved too, while only two pieces of the collar are preserved, one at either end of the brooch. Length about 8 cm.
Greatest width about 5 cm.
(Fig. 9).
These brooches were found in 1837 in a gravel mound called Lonqhills. below the Broch of Kettleburn on the farm of Westerseat, near Wick a in Caithness. A long stone-cist containing these relics, was found in the mound. From time to time stone-cists have been uncovered in this mound by gravel being carted away, but no antiquities have been discovered there except the little
ones mentioned. Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot.
X
1872—74,
p. 551.
Lost find from Haimar near Thurso in Caithness,
viz.
—
Pope records a remarkable find of Scandinavian weapons at Haimar near Thurso in Caithness. Mr. Pope noted about swords in this find that they were odd machines of rusty iron Proc. S. A. Soot. X, p. 563, the Rev.
resembling ploughshares«. Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot. X, p. 363.
THE ISLANDS. ARRAN. Grave find of the Viking period, from King's Cross Point, Arran (National Museum of Antiquities, Edimburgli, I. L. 333 360), vis.
—
—
a)
Whalebone
many
into
plate of the
pieces, only a
common Viking form Rygh
few of them
449, but broken
make
in such a state as to
it
possible
them together. One comparatively large piece of the smooth lower part is preserved, likewise a piece of the upper part which is ornamented with double dotted circles, comparatively large. These circles are separated from the lower portion of the plate by two horizontal lines. The two animals' heads that were probably placed a the upper end are now knocked off and entirely missing. Illustrated in Balfour: The Book of Arran, p. 165. Present length to fit
of the greatest piece about 12 cm., greatest width about 8 cm.
(Fig. 10).
b) Flat square mounting of iron having a hole in the middle.
On one
side
an imprint of cloth is distinctly visible. Length 5 cm., greatest width 3 cm. c) Iron casket hasp having a distinct projection at the bottom, where it
was
originally fixed in the lock of the casket.
Length about 5 cm. Width
about 2 cm.
Four tolerably perfect iron rivets, and fragments of several others of same kind, all of them showing the typical form with head and rivet-plate,
d)
the
known from Norse e)
Long
boat-graves.
iron nail, with large head.
About 6 cm
long.
Some melted and
indeterminable pieces of bronze, and a band-shaped bronze mounting, now bent exactly like a pair of tweezers; the piece miay perhaps have been employed as one. At the bent portion it is ornamented with a raised cast bronze rib.
Present length, bent together, about 4,5 cm. Greatest width about 1,5 cm. Bronze coin (styca), coined for Wigmund, Archbishop of York
f)
(837—854). g) Small piece of black glittering rock.
The
was made at the south end of Lamlash Bay on a rocky headland There is a plateau of rock on the headland; and on the seaward side of this plateau there is a circular fort. On the landward side, 23 feet from the circular structure, there is a grave-mound. At the first examination this mound seemed to be only an irregular heap of stones, about 30 ft. long, between 8 and 10 ft. broad, and between 1^L> and 3 ft. high. When find
called King's Cross.
Grave finds
— to
Fig. 10.
some
Fragment
of
27
:-:
whalebone, found in a grave at King's Cross Point, Arran.
of the upper stones
had been removed, what seemed
like a settuig of
was observed, and on further examination, another was found; these were about 6 feet apart. The articles described above were in the northern part of the mound, two feet above the middle. Literature: J. A. Balfovr: Notice of a Viking Grave Mound, King's Cross, Arran, Proc. S. A. Scot. 1808—9, p. 371. Balfour: The Book of Arran, p. 165. stones
settings
Grave find from the nal
Museum
7th or the 8th centuries,
of Antiquities, Edinburgh), viz.
—
from Lamlnsh, Arran (Natio-
Iron shield-boss, preserved in fragments, among which are however the whole boss proper and a good deal of the collar, about one half of the latter missing. The boss tapers evenly upwards, termninating in a point; at the bottom it passes into the collar without any narrowing. The form resembles Anglo-Saxon or Merovingian bosses somewliat more than it does Norse ones; but it is of course quite possible that the relic may be Norse, only it must in that case be of a very early date, probablj- from the 8th century. (Fig. 11). With this boss was found a single-edged sword of the longer type, evidently a scramasax of the larger kind, illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. 1909—10, p. 223, fig. 3. Judging from the illustration only one portion of the upper part of the
Grave finds
28
Fig
blade
is
11.
Iron shield-boss found in a grave at Mildhill, Arran.
preserved besides five vary biadly corroded and damaged fragments The blade evidently had a oomparatively long tang, ttie blade.
of the rest of
but the question of whether the latter was
made
a handle for both hands or only for one, is unanswerable. Only a small fragment of the wooden handle is now left. The sword has not been handed in to the National Museum. This find was made in 1896 on levelling the ground for a house at MildThe mioumd was hill, Lamlash, Arran, a small gravel-moiunid being remtoved. situated at a height of 170 ft. above highwater mark. The antiquities described above were found about 3 or 4 feet below the surface of the ground. Balfour thinks that this find must be considered Norse, and one of the earliest pieces of evidence of Norse settlement in Western Scotland; but the find can hardly date from a time later than the middle of the 8th century, which, from what
we know, would seem Literature:
surprisingly early.
Proc. S. A. Scot.
Balfour: The Book
to attach
1909—10,
of Arran, pp. 166
ff.
p. 221.
Grave finds
Fig. 12.
29
Pair of scales of bronze, two weights of lead, and a whorl of lead,
found
in
a grave in Gigha.
GIGHA. Grave find of the Viking period, from Gigha (The Hunterian Museum, Glasigow Universily, Glasgow), a)
birds,
viz.
—
(Fig. 12).
Bronze balance, consisting of the balance-beam with two scales and two which have been placed at the two extremities of the balance-beam.
One of the scales is of thin tin-plated bronze. It is illustrated in Proc. A. Scot. Vol. XLVIl, p. 437, cf. Rygh 467. The upper edge of the scale and one of its sides are broken off, the other side has a hole in it. As shown S.
in the illustration, the inside of the scale
is ornamented with semicircles and These ornaments are incised and not tin-plated, so that the original brownish bronze-colour must once have appeared in the ornaments, which are comparatively well preserved, not very badly oxidised. The under side is imomamented. Diameter 8 cm., height 2,5 cm.
circles.
The other scale is of the same form as the above, but more imperfect. About Va is missing of one side, and the ornaments of one side are covered by a thick layer of verdigris, while they are visible on the other side. The under side of the scale is unomamented. It
One half of the balance-beam is preserved, now with an upward bend. has a form like Bugh 476. The other half is missing. The fork from which
G
30
r a V e
the balance was originally suspended,
small portion of one prong missing.
f
is
n d
I
in
s
an almost perfect
The index
is
state,
also preserved.
only a
The fork
upper extremity a trefoil-shaped plate, with a hole in each leaf and two horizontal convex mouldings below, where it was held or suspended when in use. Length of the preserved half of the balance-beam 9,5 cm., length of fork about 5,5 cm., and of index 5,4 cm. Two small bronze-figtires of birds, too, belong to this balance; they were originally placed at the extreThey are illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. Vol. mities of the balance-beam. XLVII, p. 437, fig. 1. The figures have flat under sides with three loops on either and rounded upper sides having, either of them, a small cast loop in the middle of the back. The tails axe placed vertically to the tnmks and are trilateral, while the necks are quadrilateral with little pointed heads at top. Length of birds 2,5 cm., greatest width 0,7 cm. They are both well preserved. has at
its
b) Small round balance weight of lead, but with a bronze plating, of the form having a broad flat under face, a narrower flat upper face and rounded edge faces. The weight is covered with verdigris, and entirely unornamented. On the under side the lead is distinctly visible, while the bronze casing covers the upper and edge faces. Longest diameter of weight 2,5 cm., shortest diameter 1,5 cm., and height 1,4 cm. c) Flat quadrilateral balance-weight of lead, of the type Rygh 482, of the same width at top and bottom, and having flat edge-faces, two of which are somewhat imperfect. The remainder well preserved. Square: 2,7X2,7 cm.
Height: 1,3 cm. d)
Very small cubic bcdance-weight
of
lead,
of quadrilateral
form and
having a small cruciform iron rod fixed to one end. This rod probably served as a sort of handle for putting the weight into the scale or removing it. The rod passes through the weight and is visible on the under face, that is to say, it is fixed in the weight in the casting. Width 1 cm., height 0,9 cm. One side of the weight is somewhat imperfect. The height of the rod above the weight
is 0,9 cm. Small lead spindle-whorl or balance-weight, with a flat under face, slightly rounded edge-faces, and a rounded upper face. One side damaged by knocking, a considerable portion of it missing. 3 cm. in diameter, 0,7 cm.
e)
thick.
Quite unornamented.
many years been kept in the Hunterian Museum (Glasgow University), Glasgow. No circumstances are known about the discovery of this find except that This find has for
during the excavations in Gigha in 1849 and was given to the Museum by Captain Mac Neil, Ardlusa. Literature: Thomas Bryze: Note on a balance and weights of the Viking it
came
to light
period found in the island of Gigha.
Proc. S. A. Scot., Vol.
XLVII,
p. 436.
s
Grave
Fig. 13.
Sword
I'ouml
in
;i
f
i
grave
n d
at
IJallinahy,
31
Islay.
Grave finds
32
ISLAY. Grave finds belonging nal
Museum Grave
to the
Viking period, from BaUinaby, Islay (Natio-
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
L. 125
The grave was marked by
I.
— 156),
viz.
—
a line of stones forming a sort
was found the skeleton man, having its head turned towards the east. With it the following relics were found, viz. a) A badly rusted double-edged sword of iron, of the form Rygh 494, but without metal mountings on the upper and lower cross-pieces of the hilt. enclosure round each of the skeletons. of a
In the grave
—
left to us, consists of several fragm^ents, now in part glued Several pieces of the wooden grip are preserved, also perhaps a
The sword, as together. little
in
wooden
of the
part
93 cm.
the
to
sheath, but this cannot
effect
of
rust,
in part to
now be
quite ascertained, owing,
Length about Length of upper cross-piece
over-preparation.
Greatest width of blade about 5,5 cm.
about 6,5 cm., of guard about 7 cm. (Fig. 13). b) Iron axe of the form Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd fig. 28, but badly rusted and damaged about the eye, so that the wings cannot be seen
though it looks as if they were once low. Length about 14,5 cm., greatest width of blade about 5 cm. (Fig. 15). c) >B&arded« axe, very like the form Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd. fig. 31, thiat is to say it has a very large heaivy butt-portion, but the blade of the present specimen is thinner and the projections O'f the socket distinctly,
are eaten away with rust on the lower side. is
less
knocked
distinctly
off
marked than
and damaged by
The upper
side of the eye, too,
The edge portion is Length about 14 cm. Greatest width of
in the type specimen. rust.
blade about 9 cm. (Fig. 15). d) Iron spear-head, with a socket of the form Rygh 525, being very wide at the bottom about the opening, but tapering upwards. The blade, on the other hand, differs in shape from the type specimen, being very narrow and having no barbs. The point is bent back so that the spear-head was probably longer originally. As the piece has suffered much from rust, the blade may have been considerably wider originally. Length about 14 cm. Width of socket 2,5 cm. (Fig. 15). e) Iron shield-boss, funnel-shaped and terminating in a blunt rod at top. In form it is very like Anglo-Saxon and Merovingian bosses (see for instance Lindenschmidt: Handbuch, fig. 180), and the handle-mounting of the shield is of the Merovingian form too. The boss shows a narrowing a little above the ,
rim of the opening, but has no collar. The piece is suprisingly small. It is seen to have been fixed to the shield and to the handle mounting by means
Grave finds
m 4iy^ %. i>
Fig. 14.
' ,
,
33
::
Iron shield-boss with bronze mounting for the handle,
found in the same grave as
fig. 13.
of rivets with large bronze heads, these heads being on the side facing the
bearer of the shield. Diameter at bottom about 8 cm. Height about 9 cm. f) Bronze shield-handle, of a shape found in Merovingian graves (see for instance Lindenschmidt: Handbuch, p. 245, fig. 177 and fig. 179). The
mounting consists of a very thin bronze rod terminating concave, shield-shaped mountings, fixing
it
piercing the mounting and entering the wood. 1,5 cm.
Diiameter of
tliie
both ends in round by means of staples
at
to the shield
Length 21 cm., width about
rounid mountings about 2,5 cm.
(Fig. 14).
g) Big heavy smith' s-hammer of iron of the rare form having the eye in the middle and both ends blunt, one of them wider than the other. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., XIV, 1879—80, p. 51. Length about 8 cm., greatest width
about 3 cm. 3
- Viking
(Fig. 15).
Antiquities
II.
Grave finds
34
4hK..«fla^'
Fig. 15.
Two
axes, iron iniplements,
and the bronze terminal fig. 13 and 14.
of a
drinking horn,
found with
h)
Iron pair of forge tongs, approximately of the type Rijgh 391, but
without the chain for holding the limbs together, and with ome limb considerably broader than the other. portion missing. lengtli i)
The other limb
The
broaider limb
is
broken, and
lacks the extreme part of the
about 23 cm. (Fig. 15). Iron axe of the type Rygh 403. Edge
imiperfiect,
bit.
lower Present
its
otherwise comparatively
Grave finds Fig. U). Tortoise
found
in
a
35
brooch
grave
at
Ballinaby, Islay.
well preserved, but covered with rust. Length about 11 cm., width across the
edge 4 cm. k)
(Fig. 15).
Iron ferrule,
distinctly visible
made
of an iron plate bent round.
inside the ferrule,
—
Remains
possibly of a spear-staff.
imperfect at the upper end, otherwise well preserved, except that
what
rusty.
it
of
A is
wood little
some-
Length between 7 and 8 cm., greatest width between 2 and 2,5 cm.
Piece of bronze resembling a ferrule, presumably silverplated originally. The piece probably served as the terminal mounting of a drinking-horn, but its use cannot be determined with any certainty. At top, round the opening, 1)
there are two horizontal bands ornamented with cross lines, and at bnlloni
G
36
r a V e
f
n d
i
s
the piece terminates in a round knob, likewise decorated with encircling bands with cross lines, and the point of the knob is adorned with a number
meeting in the centre of the knob. (Fig. 15). of iron cauldron of the type Rygh 731. Some fragments of the plates are preserved, but far from all. The handle is made of a quadrilateral iron rod, perfect at one extremity where the bent-up hook is preserved, but broken at the other extremity, the hook missing there. Present length of chord about 24 cm. of vertical lines,
m) Fragments
Grave II. Woman's grave arranged in the same way as the preceding one. Bronze tortoise brooch, of the type Rygh 657, very fine and typical
a)
specimen, except that
the bosses are missing as in the type specimen.
all
It
differs from the latter by not having heads of animals at the edges, which
are instead decorated with small cross hatches.
This gives the piece the
edges adorned with twisted wire. There are also a number of cross lines along the lower edge of the outer plate. In the grooves that form the panels of the brooch there are, in this specimen, twisted silver wires, two-stranded wires ruiming parallel to each other in each panel. These silver wires are fixed to the surface of the brooch by a somewhat thicker silver wire made of a couple of two-stranded wires wound about one another. These fixing-bands are particularly placed near the bosses. The silver wire
appearance of having
is
preserved
in all the
its
panels except in three ol the grooves of the central
The terminal panels are adorned with bosses that are not found in the type specimen. The bronze -pin of the brooch is preserved, it is of the usual form, and has vestiges of gilding like the brooch itself. Length about panels.
10 cm., width about 5 cm. Length of pin about 7 cm. b) Bronze tortoise brooch, of the
with the silver wire preserved in
all
same form as the preceding one, and the panels except one in one side. The
top and bottom panels have central bosses amidst the animal ornaments,
which
is
not the case with the type specimen.
In this piece too, the silver
wires are fixed to the outer shell by little bands of silver wire. And the edges of this brooch, too, are adorned with a number of transverse ribs, as is
also the lower edge of the outer shell.
in several places.
knocked is
Its
edge
The brooch has
vestiges of gilding
imperfect in several places, and the pieces
now
The
pin, of bronze,
Length about 10 cm., greatest width about 5 cm.
Length of pin
off are missing.
preserved.
is
All the bosses are
missing.
about 7 cm. e)
Four round bronze
plates,
and fragments of a
of the plates have handle-shaped projections, so that
once joined on son: Scotland
to
in
it
fifth
ditto.
looks as
if
Several
they were
one another, in twos. They are illustrated in Joseph AnderPagan Times. The Iron Age, p. 27, fig. 21. The plates,
Grave finds
Fig
17.
Fragments
which are of
tiiin tin-
of
37
embossed bronze mountings from the same grave as
fig 16.
or silver-plated bronze, are seen to have been embo&sed
over a mould. They are decorated with circle ornaments and raised dots. A convex moulding runs all round along the outside; then follows a row of little dots, then again a moulding; then a row of bigger dots running all round, then a convex moulding running the central portion of the piece.
Very
all
the round plates, sufficient, however, to
round; then 7 raised dots filling
bands connecting show that a convex moulding must inside the moulding a row of dots; then a moulding; then again
little
is
left of the
—
—
once have run along their edges; then angular bands supplemented by little angular bands and dots; and lastly a moulding. All is repousse-work, probably hammered over a wooden mould. The diameter of the best-preserved plate is about 7 cm. (Fig. 17). d) Silver pin, illustrated in Joseph Anderson: Scotland in Pagan Times.
The Iron Age,
p. 27, fig. 22.
Its
head has ornaments similar
to
those adorning
the beads of the Terslev find in Zeeland (see K. Friis-Johansen: Solvskatten fra Terslev (o:
The
silver
board from Terslev). Aarboger for Nordisk Old-
Grave finds
38
—
kyndighed og Historie 1912, pi. I II). It has at its upper extremity a big head to which is attached a small ring of silver wire, adorned with transverse silver ribs. The two ends of the ring are wound about one another. The head of the pin is hollow and made out of a silver plate. It is divided into an upper and a lower half, and these halves are divided into quadrilateral panels, adorned with applied scrolls. These are executed as filigree work, of twisted wire. The pin itself is smooth and has a blunt lower end. Its upper end is shaped like a thin thread, which is bent back so as to form a loop, and wound round the pin itself; to this loop the little ring mentioned above is attached (see the illustration). Total length about 11 cm. Greatest width of head about e)
1,5
cm. (Fig. 18).
Flat chain of four-stranded silver wires.
The chain
is
at
present in
two fragments, which are almost broken into pieces. It has a horizontal cross-band at each end, and there is, fixed to one end, a small silver ring, adorned with transverse ribs, and made of a piece of silver-wire with ends wound about one another in the usual way. The chain is illustrated in Joseph Anderson: Scotland in Pagan Times. The Iron Age, p. 28, fig. 23. The respective length of the two fragments of tlie chain are 18 and 19 cm. (Fig. 18). f)
12 beads, one of them a
tall
grooved bead of green glass with bevelled
edges; one bead of greyish yellow glass, flat at the poles; three mosaic beads
bead having dotted ornaments, and two having band ornaments. Further three small beads, one of them of amber, one of green glass, and one of let; and finally a barrel-shaped bead of green glass, and three small beads of burnt clay, one of them damaged. Several of the beads are illustrated in Joseph Anderson I.e., p. 28, fig. 24. g) Bronze ladle of Viking form, illustrated I.e., p. 29, fig. 25. The handle is surprisingly long, about 27 cm. It terminates -at one end in a round plate having a round raised central portion. The handle has raised edges on the upper side. The upper edge of the ladle itself is turned outwards, and its outer side is immediately below this edge decorated with three horizontal mouldings running parallel to each other all round the ladle; these mouldings are produced by hammer work from the inside. The inner side of the ladle is decorated at the bottom with two concentric circles followed, a little higher up, by a row of three horizontal lines, and, about 0,5 cm. above these, by a row of two horizontal lines running all round the whole inside. The ladle is damaged in two places. Total length about 4,5 cm. Diameter of ladle 11 cm. of glass; one tall
(Fig. 19). tlie type Rygh 446. It is complete and well Diameter about 5 cm. (Fig. 20). Several of them i) Teeth of iron heckle (Rygh 433), all badly rusted. sticking together in rust, and some fragmentary. Length of teeth about 8 cm.
h) Glass linen-smoother of
preserved.
(Fig. 21).
Grave finds
Fig. IS.
Silver
jiiii
ami
franiiionls of silver cliain,
39
same grave
as fig 16.
Grave find
40
Fii;.
19.
Bronze ladle from same grave as
Fig. 20. Linen-smoother of glass,
from same grave as
fig.
Fig. 21.
fia;.
Fragments
same grave
16.
16.
of
as
iron heckle, from fig.
16.
k) Small cylindrical hronze needle-case of ordinary Viking shape, out of thin bronze plate bent together. At one side there
is
made
a round hole for
The lower end is imperfect and broken off, the choked by rust. Length about 4 cm., greatest width about 0,8 cm. 1) Small hronze needle that seems to be broken at the upper end, where a small piece of bronze sticks in the verdigris. Length about 2,5 cm. The the suspension of the piece.
other end
point
is
is
preserved.
m) Fragment It is
of hronze edge-mount,
broken
at
both ends. Length 3,5 cm.
may possibly have belonged to a drinking -liorn. were made in a sandy slope at Ballinaby in Islay in 1878.
curved in shape and
These two finds antiquities were discovered in consequence of the drifting of the sand showing a deposit of rust on the surface. During the excavation of the place two skeletons were found at 15 inches below the surface, lying at a short distance from each other with their heads turned to the east. There was a frame of raised stones round either skeleton. Literature: Joseph Anderson:
The
Grave finds
Fig. 22.
41
Pair of tortoise brooches found in a grave in Islay.
Notes on the Contents of two Viking Graves in
Islay,
discovered by William
Campbell Esq. of Ballinaby. Proc. S. A. Scot. XIV 1879—80, Joseph Anderson: Scotland in Pagan Times. The Iron Age.
p.
51
foil.
—
Grave find of the Viking period, from Islay (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh IL 215—16), viz. a) Bronze tortoise brooch, of the type Rygh 652, extraordinarily well preserved, with a fine greenish incrustation; the four knobs missing in the type specimen are missing here as well. The edge plate of the inner shell differs from that of the type specimen by being decorated with small square raised panels placed in a row all round the brooch. The interstices between the panels are filled with stamped dots in groups of three, now rather indistinct. The ornaments of the edge-face are now a little damaged at the upper end. Length about 8 cm. Greatest width about 5 cm. (Fig. 22). b) Bronze tortoise brooch of the same form as the preceding specimen, but still better preserved. The four knobs missing in the type specimen are however missing in this brooch too. Length about 8 cm., width about 5 cm.
—
Grave
42
f
i
n d
s
These two brooches were found in May 1788 below a large standing-stone, not far from the place in which the two graves mentioned above were found. They were given to the Museum by Colin Campbell. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. XIV 1879—80, p. 71, fig. 32, and X 1872—74, p. 554 no. 6. Saga-book of the Viking Club, Vol. II, p. 374. Grave find from 'Newton distillery, Islay (Lost find). relics were found in this place in 1845: a) Two bronze tortoise brooches, of the type Bygh 649, with iron pins. One of the brooches is illustrated in Proc. A. S. Scot. XIV 1879—80, p. 71,
The following
fig.
33.
Amber
bead. These antiquities were found in a skeleton-grave in a Newton distillery. The grave was in a gravel bank on the side of the strath. It was framed with stones, and the body had been placed with its head towards the east, its feet towards the west. When the brooches were examined by Joseph Anderson in 1879, they belonged to John F. Campbell, Islay. It is not known where the finds are kept at present. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. XIV 1879—80, p. 71. Archeological Journal XL, s. 446 foil. b)
valley near
ORONSAY. Grave find of the Viking period, from Carn Nan Bharraich, Oronsay (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
L.
329
—33
arud
I.
L. 351, viz.
a) Bronze tortoise brooch, illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. 1913
The brooch has in middle where there
—
—
14, p. 272.
the middle an oblong raised rib, smooth except in the is
a
band ornament. On either side of
this rib there is
a group of three quadrilateral knobs surrounded by semicircles, the interstices
between the knobs being filled with animal designs, one in each panel. Below these there is a raised horizontal line, and below this a row of raised dots (beading). Then follows an encircling horizontal convex moulding. The brooch is cast comparatively thick, and is well preserved. Length 7 cm., greatest width 4 cm.
(Fig. 23).
b) Bronze tortoise brooch, corresponding in type to the preceding spe-
cimen, and quite complete, as is likewise, on the reverse, the iron pin. Length about 7 cm. Greatest width 4 cm. (Fig. 23). c) Bronze pin with penannular head of the type Rygh 682, but differing
from the type specimen by the ring having three small projections, one at top, one at either side. The pin itself is flat with its narrow sides rounded, and is moreover quite unornamented. Length 11 cm. Diameter of ring 2 cm. (Fig. 24).
d
Grave
Fi". 23.
f
i
n
43
s
Pair of tortoise brooches found in a grave
Cam
Nan
Bliarraicii,
d) Fragments of iron pair of scissors of the type Biigh 442. very badly damaged by rust, and broken in several places. tolerably complete, but the point of the other
restored from a great
is
missing.
many fragments now glued
Oronsay.
The bows are One blade is
The whole object
together.
is
Original length
about 20 cm.
hollow bone object, with a hole in the middle, one half of quite green with verdigris. May have been a needle-case. Length
e) Cylindrical it
now
5 cm. f)
Diamieter 1,5 cm.
(Fig. 24).
Socket of an iron object, complete at bottom, but with one side imper-
and the upper end broken off. There is a projection close to the lower The article is so fragmentary at present, that its use cannot be determined with certainty. Present length 5,6 cm. Greatest width 2,5 cm. g) Rude quadrilateral bar of iron with an enlargement at the upper end, the lower end imperfect. Present length 9,5 cm. Greatest width 0,8 cm. fect,
opening.
h) i)
Some indeterminable
small iron fragments.
Four fragments of small iron
of them.
rivets or nails; rivet-plate missing in three
Also a small clinched iron
nail.
Grave finds
44 k)
Head
bone needle, adorned
of small
with two horizontal lines at the top, and perforated at the upper end. Present length
about
cm. (foimd some years later, in the
1
same place
as
liti^a
(a....
i)
above.
were found in 1913 by an excavation imdertaken by Mr. JVe/i Ban Mc 'Neil, in a big grave-mound in Oronsay, called These
Cam
relics
Nan Bharraich, containing three skelesome distance from each other. One
tons at
of the graves
skeleton
north jects
of
to the
mound
in the
a
contained the
woman, oriented from
the
south and provided with the ob-
described above.
From
the account of the find, built on the
information given by the finder and recorded
by Symington clearly
how
originally
Grieve:
Cam
Grieve,
the graves
arranged.
Note upon
of the
men
of the Viking time
Proc. S. A. Scot
of
it
does
not
appear
and the mound were
Literature:
Symington
Cam
Nan Bharraich or Barra or burial mound
on the Island of Oronsay.
XVII 1913—14,
pp. 272
foil.
The antiquities have been described by James Curie I.e. pp. 292 foil., and illustrated Se also Symington Grieve in The p. 293. Book of Colonsay and Oronsay II, p. 34.
—
Grave find of the Viking period, from the east side of Oronsay Antiquities, a)
later
Two made
(National
Museum
of
—
Edinburgh FC, 185 foil.), viz. bronze mounts in Celtic style, into brooches.
Fig. 24.
Bone cylinder and bronze
pin found in the tlie
same grave as
brooches
fig. 23.
Illustrated in Proc.
A. Soot. XLI, 1906—07, p. 438, figs.
1—2. They
consist of two oblong quamiddle open square frames which are now wholly open, but may very likely have been filled with some stuff earlier. The pieces have also raised smooth mouldings along the outlines, and the interstices between these mouldings and the inner frames are filled with Celtic ribbon interlacing. The lower ends of the mounts are decorated with three circular settings, once enclosing amber. The amber is S.
drilateral pieces of gilt bronze having in the
G
r a V e
f
i
n d
only preserved in two of the settings of one mount. respectively.
b)
45
s
Length 6 and
6,5 cm.
Greatest width 1,2 cm.
The lower
half of bronze penannular brooch in Celtic style.
parts of the pin, and the ring, are missing.
The lower
The upper
part of the rings
is
adorned with two settings, now empty. These two settings are connected by a small narrow cross-bar. The pin once lay in the interstice produced in this way between the two halves of the ring. Illustrated I.e. p. 539, fig. 3. Diameter 3,5 cm. Illustrated I.e. c) Round amber bead, rather big, with rounded sides. fig. Diameter about 4. 3 cm. 489, p. d) Bead of greenish serpentine, finely cut. Oblong and with a very small
hole in the middle. e) A little more than one half of a small bronze ring, once probably belonging to a simple ring-headed pin, but now damaged by verdigris. Diameter about 2 cm. Thickness 0,4 cm.
small bronze fragments, that cannot be fully determined. These were found in April 1891 during the excavation of a low mound on the east side of Oronsay near the shore. Besides the articles described above, a great number of rivets were found, measuring between IVi and 1 inches in length, and likewise a (fisherman's?) sinker of steatite. The find was made by Sir John Me 'Neill having his attention drawn to a low mound near the beach. By examining its western extremity, where rabbits had burrowed and consequent sand-drift had cut in the elevation, he found a couple of typical boat-rivets. Continuing the investigation he discovered two narrow stones (4 feet and 4 feet 4 in. long). They lay in such a position that it looked as if they had once been standing erect on the summit of the mound, whence they had fallen when their support failed on their western side. Slabs of schist were observed in various positions on the exposed section. On the 17th of April 1891 two trenches were opened on what seems to be the ground-level. In one of these two skeletons were discovered, lying near the centre of the mound, four feet under the top. The skeletons were extended at full length, their feet towards the south-east. One had by its of the skeletons of an elderly man, judging from the teeth preright thigh-bone an iron knife-blade, 7 in. long. The other skeleton seemed to sumably of a woman from the slenderness of bones and teeth be of an elderly person too. The beads and a small bone object were found near its head, and the two oblong bronze mounts lay on the left clavicle, probably where they were once worn. The two burials had evidently taken place simultaneously. On the 18lh of April 1891 a third trench was opened and f)
Some
relics
—
—
—
carried to the centre of the
mound through
—
a thick layer of charcoal, contai-
ning boat-rivets and small pieces of bronze, but adding nothing capable of
•
G
46
r a V e
f
i
n d
s
identification except a stone-sinker witli a well-drilled hole for suspension
and some curious groovings on the sides and lower end.
Malcolm Me
Literature:
Time
of the Viking
Notice of Excavations in a Burial
Neill:
Mound
—
XXV
1890—91, p. 432. Joseph Anderson: Notice of Bronze Brooches and Personal Ornaments from a Ship Burial of the Viking Time in Oronsay, and other Bronze Ornaments from Colonsay, I.e. XL I 1906—7, p. 437. Grave find nal
Museum
Oronsay.
in
of the
Proc. S. A. Scot.
Viking period, from Lochan Kill Mhor, Oronsay (Natio-
of Antiquities,
Edinburgh IT
—
84), viz.
a) 18 very small remains of iron rivets, consisting of
Only one of the rivets themselves Badly rusted.
is
complete;
it
is
heads and plates.
surprisingly short, only
3,2 cm.
b)
Some fragments
c)
Piece of iron, 2,5 cm. long and with both ends broken
of thin iron plates that cannot
One
cavity at one end, possibly the remains of a socket.
d)
Some
e)
Charcocd.
be
fully determined. off,
having a
side imperfect.
teeth.
Sent to the
Museum
1891.
in
No further information
given.
COLONSAY. Grave find of the Viking period, from Colonsay (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
L. 31.5
—
— 325),
viz.
now
fragments.
The tang too is broken, so that the guard and the upper cross-piece are loose. As far as can be seen from the fragments, the sword was of the type Rygh 495. but no pommel is preserved. Guard and upper cross-piece are thick and clumsy. The blade is badly rusted, and remains of wood seem to be sticking to it, which, however, cannot be stated with certainty, on account of the preparation. The original a) Double-edged iron stcord,
length of the sword cannot be given. of
in
Greatest width of blade 4,5 cm.
guard 7 cm. Length of upper cross-piece 6 cm. b)
Some badly
rusted
fragments
of
blade
nothing to
of
number of its own (1. L. 316). prove that it may not be the lower part
separately, with a
But as the fragments are so badly rust-eaten,
it is
Length
(Fig. 25).
iron
In
my
sword,
exhibited
opiinion there
is
of the preceding sword.
impossible to decide with
certainty. c)
Some indeterminable
iron fragments; in
one of these there
is
a rivet,
s
Grave
f
i
n d
47
Fragments of iron Fig. 25. sword found in a grave in Colonsay.
but they can hardly belong to a shield-boss as stated in Proc.
XXXIII 1898—99,
pp. 7
S.
A. Scot.
foil.
d) Blade of small iron knife, with a straight back and a curved cutting-
edge, cp. Rygh 407, having however a The upper part of the blade, and the
cm.
shorter blade than the type specimen. tang, are missing.
Present length 5,5
Greatest width of blade 2,5 cm.
Two iron rivets, and a big iron nail. The rivets are of the form known us from our Viking boat-graves; remains of wood stick to them. They are now badly rusted; their length about 3 cm. Length of nail 4,5 cm. f)
to
g)
Some bronze fragments,
evidently of melted bronze.
Among
these
Grave finds
48
is a small fragment with one thick raised end; probably belonging to an armlet, or some other small ornamental ring. There are further among these fragments two very small iron nails with bronze heads.
there
h) Wooden handle of knife, having a small slender bronze ferrule at the lower end, by means of which it was once fixed to the blade. The handle is shaped as a small female figure. The piece is illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XXXIII 1898 99, p. 8, fig. 1. This piece, however, probably does not belong
—
to the Viking period. i) A great many fragments of iron plates of varying size, several of them curved on the inside. They should undoubtedly be considered the remains of an iron pot of an indeterminable type. Impressions of cloth are visible on some of the fragments. All these fragments are badly rusted.
k) About 32 iron rivets, including heads and loose plates.
are badly rusted and with
wooden remains
sticking to them.
All the pieces
Undoubtedly
boat-rivets. 1)
boat.
Remainder
of the lower
end of an anchor-shaped
rivet
belonging to a
Length 4 cm.
m) Round
iron plate shaped like the boss of a shield; it is seen to have been once fixed to wood by means of an iron staple, the ends of which pierce the upper part cf the plate and stick out on the under side. This piece undoubtedly served as a mount on a wooden plate or a strap. Diameter 5,7 cm.
The two ends of the staple are now must undoubtedly once have been hammered into some piece wood, now missing. Length about 3 cm. n) Iron staple with big square head.
clinched, of
and
it
Some badly
among which there is a thick quadrione end. This bar is bent at right angles. Length Tliere are further a fragment of an iron ring, remains of several 8,5 cm. iron moimts, not to be fully determined, and a thick iron plate having fixed on its reverse a quadrilateral iron knob. All these objects are badly damaged by rust. o)
rusted iron fragmetits,
lateral iron bar, pointed at
The only information in
Viking graves
to
hand about these
in Colonsay.
may have been mixed up
It is
at their
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot.
Grave find
of the
Museum seum),
—
were found
consequently possible that several objects Museum in Edinburgh.
transference to the
XXXIII 1898—99,
p. 7.
Viking period, from Kiloran Ban, Colonsaii (National
of Antiquities,
viz.
relics is that they
Edinburgh; transferred from the Royal Scottish Mu-
a) Badly damaged fragments of a double-edged iron sword, rust-eaten and decomposed. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XL I 1906—7, fig. 9. The sword
Grave finds Handle
Fig. 26.
49
of
iron sword, found ia
a grave
at
Kiloran
Bay, Colonsay.
is
rust-eaten to such a degree that the type cannot be determined with any
certainty, but
it
Vikingesverd,
fig.
looks as 122,
it
if it were of the form Jan Petersen: De norske being clearly seen that the sword had once both
upper cross-piece and pommel, the upper part of the sisted of two parts. (Fig. 26).
hilt
thus having con-
The guard is straight and comparatiyely short. Over as well as under the upper cross-piece there is seen to have been a thin bronze plate. The blade is badly rusted, and its point portion seems to be missing. It is bent somewhat out of shape. On the tang, now in two fragments, are remains of the
wooden 4
—
grip.
Total length at present 87,5 cm.
Viking Antiquitiei
II.
Present length of blade about
Grave finds
50
69 cm.
Length of upper cross-piece 8,5 cm. Length of guard 10 cm. Greatest width of blade about 5,5 cm. b) Biaidly rusted and fragmentary iron spear-
head, illustrated
—
represents
I.e.
XLI 1906—07,
fig. 9.
rather than anything else
—
It
an
intermediate form between Hugh 521 and 531, cfr. Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd, figs. 16 18; for the socket has preserved rivets
—
running
all
through
it
quite like the socket of
Rygh
521, and it is long and comparatively narrow. The blade, on the other hand, is fairly wide and heav>' and has sharp edge-angles quite as in Rygh 531. The blade is now in no less
'M
than five badly rusted fragments. The socket is likewise preserved loose. Total original lenigth about 63,5 cm. Greatest width of blade about 6,5 cm. c)
(Fig. 27).
Iron axe, illustrated
Jan Petersen
of the type
I.e., fig. 9,
37. Comparatively well preserved apart from the butt being knocked loose. fig.
The projections of the socket therefore missing. The cutting-edge imperfect and rusted. Toital original length about 20,5 cm.
Widf
edge 13,5 cm. (Fig. 28). d) Iron shield-boss, illustrated
i
across the
I.e.,
fig. 9;
of
the peculiar funnel-chaped type found in several
Scotch finds of the Viking period, but in Nor-
way only found now and then in graveis from the Migration times. The extreme point of the shield-boss is eaten away by rust, and entirely missing, several pieces of one side and of the
now
On
the outside of the impression of coarse shield-boss there is an cloth. The boss shows a distinct narrowing imcollar
are
loose.
mediately above the collar, which row. Fig
27.
Spearhead from same
grave as
fig.
26.
Diameter 9 cm.
is very narPresent height 11,5 cm.
(Fig. 29).
e)
Bygh
Fragments of iron cauldron, 731,
made
of the cauldron
of the type
of riveted iron-plates. is
missing that
its
So much
original dia-
meter cannot be ascertained. Height about 12 cm.
G
ii^ i}yy-
r
a V e
f
i
n
d
51
s
^>M '^-M^-^ Fig. 28. Axe from same grave as fig. 26.
Wf)
—
538
Two 39.
iron arrow-heads, attached to each other by rust, of the type Bijgh
The type cannot be determined with
certainty, as both pieces are
badly rusted. In form, however, they approximate Rygh 538. Respective lengths 14 and 11,5 cm., respective widths 3 and 2,5 cm. g) Iron mount with pieces broken off at both ends. It is made from an
hammered out from the underside so that the upper side shows an acute central ridge. The width increases towards one end. Seems to be a fragment of the iron mount of a shield-handle. Present length 8 cm., iron plate
greatest width 3,5 cm. h)
384
Two
— 85),
fragments that m^ay have belonged
to
an iron sickle
(cp.
Rygh
but the fragments are so badly rusted that they cannot be deter-
mined with
certainty. The biggest fragment has preserved the point portion. Respective lengths of the fragments 7,7 cm. and 6,5 cm., greatest widths respectively 2,3 cm. and 2 em.
Badly rusted remains of iron knife with tang at the upper end. The is so rust-eaten that the type cannot be ascertained. The point is broken off and missing. Present length 10,5 cm., greatest width of blade 1,5 cm. k) Small plain iron buckle, oval rather than otherwise. The tongue shaped out of a flat red, the end of which is bent round, is preserved. Very badly rusted. Length 3,5 cm. Greatest width 2,5 cm. i)
blade
s
Grave
52
f
i
n d Fig. 29. Shield-boss from
same grave as
fig.
26.
is stucK. The two have probably been inserted into a wooden box or bucket. Length of staple 3,5 cm. Diameter of ring 2 cm. 1)
Iron staple, through one end of which a round ring
points of the staple
m) Iron mount bent round a round ring, possibly a mount for a box or a It is broadest at the ends, becoming narrower towards the middle. Greatest width of mount 2,3 cm. Diameter of ring 3 cm.
strap.
n)
Two
iron tangs with
wooden remains
sticking to them; possibly the
remains of arrow-heads, or ol small knives, but on account of the rust it is impossible to state with certainty how they were once employed. Respective lengths 7 and 7,5 cm. o)
A
p)
About 130 iron
great
everything
—
many badly
rusted iron fragments,
rivets
of
the usual
loose heads, and plates too
—
form.
now
quite indeterminable.
This
number comprises number of
so that the original
Grave
f
n d
i
53
s
s
Fig
ISO.
Bronze pins
;ind bioiizc
iiioiiiiliiii^ci
for
;\
harness, from saino grave as
fig.
20.
Grave finds
54
O
Fig.
.'^^samm
31.
Pair of
of
scale.?
may have been somewhat number of
bronze, from
same grave
as
fig.
26.
But it is more probable that it was have hardly been preserved. q) Fragment of small whetstone of a grey rock, pointed at one extremity, rounded at the other. Somewhat worn. Length 5,5 cm., greatest width 1,2 cm. r) Bronze ring-headed pin, of the usual Viking form, illustrated I.e., fig. 9. The ring is of equal thickness all round, but of less width where it is fixed to the pin. The pin which is circular in crosis-secticn, tapers down towards the point. The lower part of the pin is quadrilateral. Immediately below the head it is adorned with three encircling horizontal lines, and at the transition between the round and the quadrilateral portions there are two horizontal lines, which are, however, only seen on the broad side. The pin is slightly bent at the lower end, and the whole piece is heavily oxidised. rivets
greater as the whole
smaller. rivets
Lenigth 15,8 cm., diaimeter of ring 2,5 cm.
(Fig. 30).
Small hood-shaped bronze knob, of form rather like a tunnel-shaped shield-boss, provided with three small bronze loops, by means of which it was once fixed to a wooden plate or to a strap. The piece is cast hollow, and the rivets are now missing. One of the loops is damaged. Diameter across s)
the
mouth
1,2 cm., height 2,2
cm.
Grave finds
Fig.
t)
two
32.
55
Lead weights
villi bronze oriianients, partly enamelled, from same grave as fig. 26.
Bronze pair of scales, consisting of two scales, a balance-beam with and a set of seven weights. Illustrated I.e., fig. 9.
rings,
The balance-beam
is all bronze, and the standard, which is quadrilateral adorned on two sides with horizontal lines and cross lines. The illustration I.e., fig. 9, is not quite correct. The ends of the balance-beam terminate in small square castings, the ends of which were originally perforated to receive the rings from which the scales were suspended. The chains are not preserved. The scales are comparatively flat, and unornamented; but they are tolerably large, and have three holes for suspension, so that they must have hung by three chains. The edge of one of he scales is a little damaged, the other scale is complete. The pointer of the pair of scales is broken, and has no such cross as is shown in the drawing I.e., fig. 9. Length of balance-beam about 20 cm. Height of standard 6 cm. Diameter of
in cross-section, is
scales about 10 cm.
(Fig. 31).
Grave finds
56
The
set of
weights
(fig.
32) consists of the following seven itemis:
Small leaden weight, with a circular surface and four »legs« on the side. On one side the weight is adorned with a stamped circle ornament. Illustrated in A. W. Brogger: Ertog og 0re, p. 79, fig. 35. Diameter 1)
under
1,2 cm., height 1,3
cm.
Weight 12,94 grammes.
Leaden weight, adorned on the upper side with an ornamented plate of gilt bronze in Celtic style. The ornaments represent the head of an animal with big amber eyes, cross lines on the face, and a huge snout. The weight Illuis widest at top, tapering off downwards like the face of the animal. strated in A. W. Brogger: Ertog og 0re, p. 79, fig. 32. Length 3 cm, greatest width 2,3 cm. Weight 49,56 grammes. 2)
3) Leaden weight, with inlaid ornamented plate, adorned with enamel, on the upper side. The surface is decorated with a ribbon ornament in yellow enamel with green contour lines in a green frame encompassing the whole plate. The weight itself is shaped like a pyramid with its top cut off, tapering upwards as it does. The ornaments are set off against a grey ground. Illustrated in A. W. Brogger: Ertog og 0re, p. 79, fig. 30. Length Width 2,4 cm. Length of ornamental plate 2,2 cm., widht 2 cm. 2,9 cm. Weight 77,32 grammes.
Leaden weight, pyramid-shaped but with
4)
with a ribbon ornament.
whose main motive
plate
On is
adorned an inlaid ornamented
a flat top,
the surface of the weight
is
which
a yellow ribbon ornament with a
is
brown contour
on a white ground. The ornament is seen to have been originally longer, but to have had one side broken off, when it was placed on the weight. Illustrated in A. W. Brogger: Ertog og Ore, p. 79, fig. 29. Length of weight 3 cm., greatest width 2,7 cm., length of ornamental plate 2,4 cm., greatest width 2 cm. Weighing 129,60 grammes. line set off
—
5) Flat quadrilateral leaden weight, which is adorned on the upper side by an ornamental bronze plate in Celtic style, seen to have once been gilt. The ornament consists of two coiled spirals surrounded by ribbon interlacing and connected by a curved line. Illustrated in A. W. Brogger: Ertog og Ore, p. 79, fig. 31. Length of weight 3 cm., greatest width 2,5 cm. Weighing 65,73 grammes. The width narrows down towards one end. On the reverse a loop is seen, piercing the weight and fixing the plate to it.
which is a little curved so as to be adapted ornamented plate placed on the top of the lead. This plate in Celtic style is evidently a cut-off piece of a larger plate adorned with an interlaced ribbon-like animal figure. Illustrated in A. W. Brogger: Ertog og Ore, fig. 33. Length of weight 2,5 cm., greatest width 1,2 cm. 6) Small oblong leaden weight,
to the
—
—
Grave finds
57
on the upper side of which there is an ornamental plate adorned with Celtic ornamentation. The ornamentation, however, cannot be ascertained in detail, as the piece cut off a plate in order to serve as a mounting for the top of circular leaden t-ceight
7) Small
inserted
—
by melting the lead
—
W. Brogger: Ertog og 0re, p. 79, fig. 34. Greatest diameter 1,8 cm. Diameter at the top 1,4 cm. u) Five round bronze mounts adorned with open-work. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XLI, p. 446. The smooth bronze plate in the middle of each mount
the weight,
is
is
so small.
Illustrated in A.
decorated with concentric circles immediately inside the contours of the
bronze plate.
This
is,
however, not seen
in the illustration.
Diameter
2,5 cm.
(Fig. 30).
v) Bronze mounts of thin sheet-bronze, of a kind similar to what is known from Anglo-Saxon and Irish bronze work. The surface is adorned with two big rivet-heads, and the interstice between these is filled with Celtic ribbon interlacing. The two rivet-heads are surrounded by circle ornaments havinj; the kniobs as their cemtneo. Length 7,5 cm., greateist width 1,5 cm. (Fig. 30). w) Mount of very thin sheet-bronze, adorned with double contour lines and two rivet-heads surrounded by concentric circles. Between the two rivets is a longitudinal spiral ornament, incised into the plate. All the ornaments are incised in a fine thin line. The mount seems to show Anglo-Saxon workmanship. Its sides are slightly curved between the two rivets. Present length 7,2 cm. Greatest width about 1,5 cm. It seems to have had both ends broken off. (Fig. 30).
there
x) Flat quadrilateral obling
mount
of sheet-bronze, so badly verdigrised
ornaments can no longer be seen. It is seen to have been decorated with two bronze rivet-heads which are now almost entirely gone, only the remains of the lower rivet itself, with a small round knob, still sticking in its place. This small knob was originally placed under the hood of the rivet-head. Vestiges of a double contour line are still seen at one side, likewise remains of some semicircles at the upper end. The upper end of the mount is bent round and somewhat imperfect, and the whole piece is much damag?d by verdigris. Length 7,5 cm., greatest width 1,5 cm. (Fig. 30). y) Three bronze strap-mountings, illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XLf, that the
p.
466.
ring by
As is seen in the illustration, these strap-mountings are fixed means of the tapering ends which are bent round. The inner
of the ring
is
part
divided into three spaces and filled with a triangular piece of
bronze for holding the strap-mounting. Diameter of ring 2 cm. mountings about 9,5 cm., their greatest width about 1,6 cm. They at bottom tapering evenly upwards. The sides are slightly curved. mountings is broken off a little below the ring, while the two complete.
to a
The mountings were once adorned with large-headed
Length of are widest
One
of the
others are
rivets at both
G
58
r a V e
to
but they are,
all of
now
have been decorated them, at
i
n d
s
is missing. The same way as the preceding one, present damaged by verdigris to such a degree
ends. Only two of these rivets are
mounts seem
f
preserved, the third
in the
that no details can be given about the ornamentation; that there
were once
of the mountinigs. z)
circle
it
ornaments round the rivet-heads
is
seen, however,
in the
lower ends
(Fig. 30).
Small bronze strap-buckle having ring and connecting-strap. Illustrated XLI, p. 446. The buckle has an oval hoop, and the plate
in Proc. S. A. Scot. is
widest at the hoop, narrowing
down outwards. The inmost
part of the
buckle, by the tongue, which
is preserved, is decorated with two concentric and at the other end of the plate there are likewise two circles. The hindmost end passes into a thin band gripping a ring to which is fixed an oblong strap-mounting. One end of this mounting is now very imperfect, and one of the sides is likewise imperfect. Length of buckle 5 cm., greatest width 1,5 cm. Diameter of ring 2 cm. Length of strap^mounting 3,5, cm. (Fig. 30).
circles,
Mount
Oblong and with slightly curved sides. Its upper end is bent round and its form is rounded, Tlie lower end has straight sides, but the mount is imperfect. It is adorned with two big rivetheads surrounded by concentric circles. The rivets are near the ends of the mount. The interstice between these two rivets is filled with a ribbon ornament. Present length of mounting 7 cm., greatest width 1,7 cm. aa)
of thin sheet-bronze.
bb) Pin belonging to a bronze ring-headed pin, illustrated in Proc. S.A.Scot. XLI, p. 446. It is preserved in three fragments fitting in with each other, so that the length can be ascertained. The pin has at its upper end a hole for the ring. Below this hole appears a quadrilateral enlargement 0,7 cm. long; below this enlargement is the pin itself, circular in cross-section. The ring is missing; the pin tapers evenly towards the point. The piece is so badly damaged by verdigris that it is now impossible to see whether it was once ornamented. Length of pin 11,7 cm. Width of quadrilateral portion 0,5 cm.
Width cc)
of the pin itself, at the top 0,4 cm.
Two
(Fig. 30).
rough schist slabs. Either slab adomed with a roughly executed lower end. Length 77 cm., greatest width 18 cm., smallest
cross, cut into the
width 14 cm. (Fig. 33).
dd) ee)
Human bone. Two Anglo-Saxon
coins (stycas).
The were found with a third coin, the excavation had been finished,
which is not preserved, some time after and after the sand inside the stone-arrangement of the burial-place had dried and been blown away. One of the three coins was indeterminable; the other dated from the government of Eanred (A.D. 808 840), and the third was struck for Vigmimd, Archbishop of York (831 54). It would seem reasonable
—
—
Grave finds
Fig. 33.
Two
slabs
marked
willi crosses,
59
from the cnilosure
of the grave at Kiloran 15ay.
suppose that these coins belonged to the original grave furniture, in whicii case the grave must date from the latter half of the 9th century, which seems to agree well with the forms of the antiquities. The grave-nioiuid in which these objects were found, was discovered and to
partly explored
in
1882 by Sir Malcolm M'Neill, and the exploration was
subsequently completed by
William Galloway
Mr.
exploration the interment, with
its
in
1883.
In
the
first
accompanying grave-goods, was found,
in
the second the skeleton of a horse and two cross-marked slabs, and subse-
G
60
r a v e
finds
were discovered. Within an enclosure of irregular rectangular shape, 15 feet in length, 10 feet in breadth, formed by rough schist slabs there were found towards one angle the remains of a skeleton of a man of powerful build, but no great stature, and with a long narrow dolicho-cephalic skull. The skeleton lay on the left side in a crouched-up position, and around it were distributed, through the sand of which the mound consisted a number of weapons and other objects. As the plan in Proc. S. A. Scot. XLI p. 442 shows, the swoitl lay nearest the skeleton though at some distance, the shield-boss and the axe south of the sword (C and D on the plan). At E on the plan were found quently three Anglo-Saxon stycas of the ninth century
fragments of the iron cauldron.
The two
scales
were found between the
knees, and close to them the balance-beam and seven leaden weights.
The
bronze mountings (for the horse-harness?) lay scattered about the enclosure, likewise the two coins, which, however, were not found till later. With these
were found numbers of iron rivets for a boat, of the usual form with round heads and square rivet-plates. The sand within the enclosure was full of these rivets; they were also to be found between the human bones. To juidige from the distribution of the rivets, it seemed probable that the boat had once filled the whole eniclosure. Remiainis of wood wene! sticking to several rivets. At tlie seconid excavation, in 1883, tine horsie-skeletoni (as mientioneid already) was found, amd further an iron stnapbuckle, probably for the horsie harness. Besides these objects some small rivets and other iron fragments were foimd lying cntside the enclosure, though evidently beloniginig to the same burial. Onie of the hind-legs of the horse had been cut off by a powerful blow immediaitely before the burial. objects
Professor Shetelig ha® pointed out the great resiemblanoe of this burial
our ordinary boatgraveis of the Viking period. But there are some peculiarities by which this find diverges from those most commion in Norway. Pro-
to
pioints at the grave being placed below level igroimid, in a arTangement of lange stoine-slabs, and further, at two of these' -slabs being marked by crcsseis. Though these cro'Sises were very rudely executed, they muist without doubt be taken as evidence of the influence of Christianity.
fasisor Shetelig
cist-like
On
the c/ther hand,
all
the antiquities foiund in the grave
of the pair of scales, anil the balanceweiight
—
— show that
wiith the
exception
we have to do with as we know, been
a Norwegian grave. Similar balances and weights have, found in graves in Norway itself, dating from the Viking period. Literature: Joseph Anderson: Notice of Bronze Brooches and Personal Ornaments from a Ship-Burial of the Viking Time in Oronsay, and other Bronze Ornaments from Colonsay. Ship-Burial of the Viking Time at Haakon Kilroan Bay, Colonsay. Proc. S. A. Scot. XLI, 1906—07, p. 443. Shetelig: Ship-Burial at Kilroan Bay, Colonsay, Sootland. Saga-Book of the
—
—
Grave find Viking Club 1807. II, p.
— Symington
61
Grieve: The Bock of Colonsay and Oronsay,
73.
Find of the Viking period, from Ardskinish, Colonsay (National' Museum
190—191)
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C.
viz.
—
Bronze ring-headed pin of the usual Viking form, illustrated in Proc. A. Scot., XLI, p. 442, fig. 6. The head of the pin is decorated with iwo a)
S.
The thickness
vertical contour lines.
The
pin
of the ring
circular in section at top, tapering
is
as usual, quadrilateral.
Slightly
greatest widtih cf ring 1,5 cm.
curved
at
is
greatest in the middle.
downwards, its
its
lower end.
lower half being Length 11 cm.,
(Fig. 34).
b) Small bronze strap-buckle, illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XLI, p. 442, fig. 7.
The
plate of the buckle narrows
again towards the end, in which
The hoop
itself
is
down towards
the back, to be enlarged
placed a rivet with a large bronze head
The narrowest part
for fastening the buckle. ribs.
is
is
decorated with small cross lines. The buckle is
also adorned with transverse
complete. Length 6 cm., greatest width 1,4 cm. (Fig. 34). c)
Small bronze hood, for a
rivet.
Dia-
m'eter 0,5 cm.
Found
in tihe place
mentioned above. Fur-
ther details are not available.
Anderson: Notice of bnooches and personial ornaments from a shipburial of lihe Viking Time in Oronsay, and other bronze ornaiments from Colonsay. Proc. S. A. Soot., XLI, p. 441. Josep
Literature:
—
Grave find of the
Viking
period,
from
Cnoc-Nan-Gill, Colonsay (The Hunterian Museoim,
Glasgow University),
r/s.
—
a) 25 iron rivets, aiU of them the usual kind of boat rivets, with heads and plateis. Varying in lengtli from 4,5 to 2,7 cm. Remains of wood sticking to several of them.
b) Smiall c)
human
tooth.
Tooth of ox.
Fig. 34.
from
a
Hronze pin and bronze strap-buckle grave at Ardskinish, Colonsay.
o
Grave finds
62
Fig. 35. Tortoise
brooch found
iu a
grave
in Tiree.
Fig.
36.
Bronze
pin found in
grave as
These objects belong in July 1902.
A mound
to
same
fig. 35.
the collection of Mr. L. M. Mann. They were found was swept away by the wind leaving the
of sand
antiquities visible.
MULL. Lost grave find of the Viking period, from Mull (In 1877 in the possession of Lord Northampton, Torloisk), viz.
—
According to Proc. S. A. Scot. XIV 1879—80, p. 72, Lord Northampton owned, in 1877, two bronze tortoise brooches of the form described I.e., fig. 33, corresponding to Rygh 649. These brooches had been found in Mull. Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot.,
XIV, 1879—80,
p.
72.
Grave finds
63
TIREE. Grave find of the Viking period, from Tiree (National Museum of AntiquiEdinburgli, I. L. 219—220), viz. a) Bronze tortoise brooch of the type Rygh 652, but diverging from the type specimen by the central panels having, instead of cross ribbons, a cast smooth knob surrounded by ornaments. The knobs of the central panel were once connected by three twisted silver wires, placed in the cast groves seen in the type specimen too. Four pieces of this wire are preserved. The brooch Length 8,5 cm., itself is well preserved, apart from four knobs missing.
—
ties,
greatest width 5 cm.
(Fig. 35).
b) Peculiar ornamental pin of bronze, illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., X,
1872
— 74,
p.
554.
It
has
moulding. The pin at
dr.
head
at top a large quadrilateral
perforated in the middle. At the transition from head
to
of cast bronze,
pin there
is
a convex
bronze and rather heavy. It has a hole its upper end. Length about 14,5 cm., greatest width 2 cm. These relics were handed in to the Museum in 1872 as a gift from cast solid in
is
Norman Macleod. The
the discovery,
is
only information given about the circumstances of
to the effect that the objects
were found
the original find oonitained two toirtoise brooches.
In
March 1847
in a grave,
and that
(Fig. 36).
John Graham Dotzell mentioned and showed
Sir
to the
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland a similar tortoise brooch found in Tiree,
which brooch Dr. Anderson thimks may have been a counterpart of the one described here. Literature: of the S.
Joseph Anderson:
Northmen
in Scotland.
Notes on the relics of the Viking period
Illustrated
by specimen
in the
museum
(Proc.
A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 554).
According to Dr. Anderson it is recorded in "The old Account of Tiree« that antiquities were found on several occasions during the excavations in the neighbourhood of Cornaiberg. Human skeletons and horses' skeletons were found from time to time, and with them badUi rusted swords with silver-plated hilts, and also shield-bosses, helmets, and Lost finds of Tiree.
Statistical
a bronze spear.
Several of these objects must be supposed to date from the Viking period.
EIGG. Grave finds of the Viking period, from Eigg (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, I. L. 157—159), viz.
—
Grave 1. Bronze handle
a)
of iron sword, of the
form Jan Petersen:
De norske
Grave finds
64
Fig. 37.
Cast bronze handle of a sword, from a grave inn Eigg. (Grave
1).
Grave finds Vikingesverd,
Museum
p. 72, fig. 59.
It
is
65
illustrated in the Catalogue of the National
of Antiquities of Scotland,
p. 275.
The sword diverges from the
illu-
Jan Petersen by the handle being entirely of bronze, and by its surface being divided up into semicircular panels filled with animal ornamentation. The division into panels is analogous to the division found in a Danish sword illuistrated in Sophus Midler: Vor Oldtid, fig. 407. (Fig. 37). stration given by
38. Fragment of bronze mounting for a harness, from same grave as the sword fig. 37.
Fig.
A
Norwegian sword, however, comes nearer to being a counterpart of this sword from Eigg, viz. C. 4072 from Vaga, Gudbrandsdal, illustrated in Universitetets Oldsaksamlings Forer (i. e. Guide to the University collection of antiquities), Oslo 1932, pi. XV 111, and Undset: Til Kundskab om vor yngre Jemalder (Chra. Vidensk.-Selsk. Forh. 1890, no. 3). In this Norwegian sword
we
recognise about the
same
division into panels, though the details differ
from those of the Scotch specimen Bosetningshistorie,
fig.
(ep. also
Sigurd Grieg: Hadelands eldste
112).
The pommel of the present sword has in the middle a square unomamented panel. There are two panels on either side of this central one, filled 5
—
Viking Antiquities
II.
G
66
r a V e
f
i
n d
s
with animal designs, one animal in each panel. Below these panels there is a convex moulding adorned with cross lines. The upper cross-piece is divided into 10 panels line, the lines
ments (dotted
The guard
on either side, arranged on two lines, five panels in either separated by a convex moulding adorned with stamped ornacircles). is
There
is
a small animal figure in each panel.
decorated in the same way, having likewise 10 panels filled
with animal ornamentation.
The
grip, too, is of
bronze and adorned with
four semi-circular panels round a raised mid-rib formed by a row of squares
adorned with
factitious spirals.
In the panels there are animal motives.
The
grip terminates at top and bottom in a horizontal convex moulding decorated ribs. Length of the hilt about 15 cm. Length of upper cross-piece Length of guard 8 cm. Greatest width of grip 3,5 cm. b) Small bronze anvil, or possibly foot of bronze vessel, having a small projection, somewhat chipped, on one side, and a distinct concavity on the upper side. Pointed at the lower end. Immediately below the top of the piece there are two cast ribs, one on either side, probably intended to make it stronger. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., p. 588, fig. 7. Length about 6 cm.,
with cross 7 cm.
greatest width 4 cm. c) Thin bronze mounts, preserved in a very fragmentary state. Fixed one of them, is a cast ring, adorned with two small mountings, shaped as animal heads. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XII, p. 588, fig. 6. Width of mounts somewhere between 2 and 2,5 cm., original length not to be ascertained now. One side of the ring missing. The original diameter of the rings must have been about 2,5 cm. To judge from the somewhat vague reports about the finds, these relics belong to the same set. Mr. Normann Macpherson has given the following information about the circumstances of the discovery: the sword has for a to
long time
bieien in
the posisessio.n of the Macpherison family.
By
tlie
assistance
Macpherson has acquired information from a blind old main kmown to have a very retentive memory, Donald Ban Mackaij. He stated that the sword was discovered by his brother Allan Mackay, when levelling a hillock a little below the division fence in the field called Dail Sithean, that is the field of the tumulus or of the fairies, for the Highlanders called all mounds Sithean, the abode of the Daoine Sith. The spot is wellknown, half way between the chapel and the rocks to the east. A fine stone for sharpening was beside it. It seems two pieces of the blade were for some years in the possession of Allan and others. Donald's wife remembers that of the Rev. J. Sinclair, Mr.
the discovery took place about 48 years before 1878, that
The
is to
say in 1830.
above were found with the sword. Literature: 'Norman Macpherson: Notes on Antiquities from the Island of Eigg. Proc. S. A. Scot. XII, 1878—79, pp. 586 and 587. objects described
G
r
a V e
f
i
n d
s
.^••^
-,;^,
Fig. 39.
Fragment all
of
of
buckle, a girdle etrap-end, and penannular brooch,
bronze, from a grave in Eigg. (Grave 2).
Grave finds from the Viking period from Eigg (National Museum I. L. 160—172), viz.
—
quities, Edimburigh,
of Anti-
Grave 2. a) Fragments of a simple one-edged iron knife, comparatively long. The tang is now in two fragments. The blade is preserved in three fragments that do not fit in with each other. Considerable wooden remains, presumably of the grip and sheath, are attached by rust to the tang and blade. Original length of knife cannot be stated with certainty, but was probably about 21 cm. Greatest width of blade 3,5 cm. But none of these measurements are absolutely certain, the knife being so imperfectly preserved.
b) Small quadrilateral hone of a grey rock.
in
its full
c)
fig.
8.
little
Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot.
chipped
length.
three balls. is
A
at one end, but preserved Length 5,5 cm. Width and thickness about 1,5 cm. Bronze pciutnnular brooch with vestiges of silver plating on all the
XII, 1877—78, p. 589,
preserved
The ring in
itself,
fragments.
with the three balls, Illustrated
in
is
complete, but the pin
Proc. S. A. Scot. XII, 1877
— 78,
G
68 p. 520, fig. 9.
about 6 cm. fixed, is
still
r a V e
f
i
n d
s
The ring is oval rather than circular. Its greatest diameter is Thickness about 0,7 cm. The ball to which the pin was once in its original place, while the pin is loosened and broken into
severail fraigments.
(Fig. 39).
Eemains of black coarse cloth (woollen?) and a little piece of black fur, and little bits of thin figured cloth, brown with rust. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XII, 1877—78, p. 591, fig. 10. Together with these ramainis alsa two charred bits of bone. e) Oblong bronze strap-biichie, formed by an oblong bronze plate, rounded at the lower end, straight at the upper, and a hoop for the strap, now loosened. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XII, 1877—78, p. 591, fig. 11. The d)
plate
of the
buckle
is
decorated with a kind
of
plant motive
consisting
curved stems placed symmetrically in twos on either side of a raised Along the contours the plate is decorated with a convex moulding adorned with small cross-lines. Length of plate about 3,5 cm. Greatest width 2,5 cm. (Fig. 39). of
mid-rib.
^bearded^ axe of the type Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd, fig. 30, but with its blade narrowed at bottom. The axe is broken off across the eye, the whole butt portion missing. Very badly damaged by rust. Present length about 10,5 cm. Greatest width of blade f)
The blade
of an
about 10 cm. g) Badly rusted fragments of the socket of an iron spear-head, of a type that cannot be ascertained. To the inside of the socket the wooden remains of the shaft are
still
sticking.
The socket
consists at present of three frag-
ments with big lumps of rust adhering to them. Present length about 15 cm. h) Small piece of iron sickle blade, about 6 cm. long, of the usual Viking form. As far as can now be seen, it is the point portion that is preserved, but the piece is imperfect at both ends, the extreme point is missing. i) Small flat, oval amber bead. Length about 2 cm. k) Bead or small spindle-whorl of a grey, light-coloured rock, having rounded edges and flat upper and lower faces. A hole in the middle. A little chipped in two places. Diameter about 2 cm. 1) Big fine bead of reddish amber. The surface is rather badly damaged, otherwise the piece is well preserved. The edges are rounded and the piece has a large hole in the middle. Surface damaged by the bead lying in the earth. Diameter about 4 cm. These antiquities were found in a grave-mound which Professor Macpherson and Mr. Arthur Jones began to excavate m Oclciber 1875. The examination of the mound was finished after Macpherson had left the place. Though the character of the mound was unmistakably sepulchral, a depression in the centre seemed to indicate that the tomb had been at some time disturbed. It
Grave finds
Fi;j.
40.
69
Penaniiular brooch and buckle of bronze,
from a grave
in
Eigg.
(Grave
jet
beads and hone,
3).
was therefore surprising that antiquities were still to be found in the mound. Remains of cloth lay near the buckle; the knife was about three feet Ion? whem found, but broke inio three pieses when it was taken up. No skeleton was found, only small bits of bones. Literature: 'Norman Macpherson: Notes on Antiquities from the Island of Eigg, I.e., p. 589—591. Grave
3.
a) Plain bronze penamiular brooch, seen to have been once adorned wilii
a thicker portion at either end, only one of these portions being Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XII,
served.
ring
is
preserved in several fragments that
upper end of the pin meiteir of
is
broken
off,
1877—78, fit
in
p. 593,
The
with each other; but the Dia-
(Fig. 40).
b) Bronze strap-buckle, widest across the hoop, tapering is
pre-
14.
the pin being otherwise complete.
ring about 6 cm., length of pin 6,5 cm.
The buckle
fig.
now
down backwards.
decorated with two wheel-like ornaments on the plate.
These
Grave finds
70
ornaments seem
have surrounded two bronze rivet-heads that are now gone, so that only the rivet-pin is left. Length 6,5 cm., greatest width 1,5 cm. to
(Fig. 40).
Two
c)
Diameter
and
Hone
d)
heads with
jet
1
1,5
cm
flat
upper and lower faces and rounded edges.
respectively.
(Fig. 40).
of greyish slate, with a hole at one end, broken at the other.
Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XII,
much worn.
1877—78,
p.
593, fig. 15.
width 1,5 cm. (Fig. 40). e) About 12 fragments of double-edged iron sword.
lateral
ainid
Flat, quadri-
Greateisit
It
is
now
so rust-
form cannet be ascertained. Also, the guard is entirely missing. The upper cross-piece and the pommel itself recalls Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd, fig. 123, but cannot for certain be classed with this type. The upper cross-piece and the pommel are entirely without ornaments, and are badly rusted. The fragments of the blade are covered with lumps of rust to such a degree that nothing can be confidently stated about it except that it is double-edged. Present length about 87 cm., length of upper crosseaten that
its
piece about 6 cm., greatest width of blade about 6,5 cm.
These antiquities were found at the opening of another mound, smaller It was situated a little more to the south. Besides the objects mentioned, the mound contained some small pieces
than the preceding one. of flint.
Macpherson
Literature:
I.e.,
pp. 591
— 592.
SKYE. Grave find
of the Viking period,
possession of T. C. Lethbridge), a) Iron
from Tote, Sheabost, Skye (In the private
viz.
—
axe of the Viking period, big and heavy, of the form Jan Petersen: p. 42, fig. 37 (cf. Du Chailly: The Viking Age, Lon-
De norske Vikingesverd don, 1889,
166).
fig.
Remains
of the handle are
still
sticking to the socket.
b) Bronze penannular brooch, of a very simple form.
was found, some fragments
of leather
were
still
adhering
When to
it,
the brooch smouldering
away, however, when touched. c) Bone bead, about circular. d)
Hone
of close-grained sandstone.
e) Piece of it
—
wood, 2
in.
long, having a
narrow piece of iron inserted
into
along one side. f)
A
great
number
of rusty pieces of iron attached to fragments of wood,
in the opinion of the finders,
remains of a shield. Several small iron fragments. g) This find was made in the autumn of 1922 in a grass-grovATi cairn.
Grave ^inds
71
excavated by T. C. Lethbridge. The cairn was about 40 feet in diameter, and about 8 feet high. Originally, however, it had been at least 2 feet higher. There was a cup-shaped depression on the top, which may have been caused
by the removal of stones to build a rough wall not far distant, or by formed the secondary interment. On the ground level in the centre were several large boulders which formed a rude cist. This cist contained nothing but upwards of 150 flint and other flakes and two rude scrapers. Norse objects of bronze or pottery were contained in the Although no human bones were actually found, it seems probable that cist. this was the primary interment and the cause of the construction of the cairn. The secondary interment which was also central was about iy2 feet below the surface of the depression on top of the cairn; it was composed of fine sand in which were a few fragments of a human femur. There was no traces of a cist. Associated with the secondary interment were numerous either
the burial of the Viking that
articles of iron.
The grave
consisted of fine sand in which lay a few fragments of burnt
bones and one human thigh-bone. Coffin there was none. In the grave lay the axe and the other objects mentioned above; the bead was found close by the brooch. Beyond this there is no more detailed information as to how the relics were arranged in relation to one another. Literature: T. C. Lethbridge: A Burial of the Viking Age in Skye. The Archeological Journal, London, Vol. LXXIII, nos. 305 308, March-December 1920, p. 135.
—
THE HEBRIDES. BARRA. Grave find of the Viking period, from Ardvonrig, Barra, (British Museum, London), vis.
—
a)
Bronze
tortoise brooch, of the type
strated in the
1923, p. 129,
British
fig.
Museum Guide
to
Rygh
648, well preserved.
Illu-
Anglo-Saxon Antiquities, London
164.
b) Bronze brooch of the
same form. The
pin of one of these brooches
is
preserved.
number of teeth more than the half of either rib. The broad sides of the ribs are seen to have been decorated with interlaced ribbons. d) Bronze penanniilar brooch with a very plain ring. The lower portion of the pin has been broken off and is now missing. e) Fragments of iron hecle, of the type Rygh 433, but now preserved in c)
Bone comb
of the usual Viking form. Only half of the
are preserved, and a
little
a very fragmentary state.
is
f) Bronze terminal mount of a drinking-horn. The terminal knob adorned with two encircling horizontal lines. g) Fragments of bronze mount of mouth of drinking-horn. h) Small badly rusted iron knife whose tang is broken off. i) Small cylindrical bronze needle-case. k) Square iron strap-buckle.
itself
Very small bronze rod. m) Slate hone with one end broken off. The whole find is illustrated in Norges Historie I. 2^), p. 77. According to the Guide to Anglo-Saxon Antiquities, p. 128, these objects were found in 1862 at Ardvonrig. A standing-stone had been set up on a mound of sand, in which was found the skeleton of an aged man, interred with a sword and possibly with a shield. The above-mentioned objects though evidently belonging to a woman's grave were found in the same 1)
—
—
')
Norges Historie.
Kristiania 1910.
I.
2,
by Alexander Bugge.
Grave finds
73
mound. So the mound probably contained a double grave for a man and woman. Literature: Guide to Anglo-Saxon Antiquities, London 1923, p. 128. Norges Historie I. 2, p. 77. See also J. Curie in Proc. S. A. Scot. XLVIIT, 1913—14, pp. 308—09. a
—
BRISK AY. Grave find quities,
of the Viking period,
Edinburgh,
I.
L. 328), viz.
from Eriskay (National Museum
—
of Anti-
sword with bronse hilt. The sword belongs to the type Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd, fig. 104, but guard and cross-piece are quite smooth, without any ornamentation. About 6 rusteaten fragments of the blade are preserved, among these the point, showing that the sword was double-edged. Considerable remains of wood adhere to the tang. It is now broken into two fragments. The guard has a big crack in one side without, however, being entirely split in two pieces. Total length of hilt about 13 cm., length of upper cross-piece 6 cm., length of guard between 9 and 10 cm. In the initerstices between the knobs are found, in two places,
Remains
a)
of a double-edged iron
—
remiains of twisted silver wire
Iron
b)
According socket.
spear-head, not to be to
the description given,
Hone
1,7 cm.
(Fig. 41).
identified it
is
3^
2
Museum
in
the
in,
long,
Vh
in,
at
present.
and broken
at
the
wide across the middle.
portion of the blade had slightly curved cutting-edges, but the
remaining portion tapered
lateral
L. 328).
The spear-head was leaf-shaped and
The lower c)
(I.
oiff
evenly towards the point.
of grey slate, with one
in cross-section. (It is
marked
J.
Its
end broken
present length
is
off.
It is
much worn. Quadri-
12,5 cm.,
its
greatest width
Bruce 1906. Sent with a Viking sword).
These objects, which were handed in to the National Museum in 1906, were some time ago discovered by the late Rev. Macdonnld, P. P. They were presented by the Rev. Alex. Mackintosh, handed in by John Bruce.
SOUTH
UIST.
Grave find of the Viking period, from South Uist (National Museum Antiquities, Edinburgh), viz.
of
—
Bone comb of the Viking period of the type Rygh 447, but without the Only one of the teeth is complete; raised portions at the ends of the ribs. of the ribs too, much is missing; enough, however, is preserved to show the
74
Grave finds Fragments ot a sword guard and pommel ot
Fig. 41.
with
bronze, found in a grave in Eriskay.
ornamentation. The ribs were once adorned at top with two contour-lines. The middle portion was filled with an ornament shaped like a recumbent figure of 8, formed by dotted circles stamped on the bone. The identical ornament is found also on a comb from Stufstad at Tingelstad, Hadeland (Illustrated in Sigurd Grieg: Hadelamds eldste Bosetningshi-storie, fig. 90).
Of the lower rib only one end
is preserved, all the rest wholly gone. Present length of comb 14,5 cm. Greatest width of rib 2,2 cm. The comb is seen to have been kept together by means of iron rivets. (Fig. 42).
This comb was found sand in South Uist.
at the
cleaning out of a stone-cist in a
mound
of
s
Grave
Fragments
Fig. 42.
In the
As
of
n d
i
75
bone comb from South
same place were found some
far as can be seen only a flint
f
Uist.
from various periods. arrow-head can now be identified out of objects dating
the whole number. Literature:
Proc.
S.
A.
Scot.
IX 1870—72,
p.
446 (Donations
to
the
Museum).
LEWIS. Grave find of the Institute, Stomoway. viz.
Viking period, from
— Presented
—
by D.
a) Bronze tortoise brooch, of the type
J.
Valtos,
Uig,
Mac Lead
Lercis
Esq.,
May
(Nicolson's 26, 1915),
Rygh 647, and shaped exactly
the type specimen, except for the collar which
like
perhaps a little wider. which are missing, as wires the fillets, in Except for the bosses and silver is nearly always the case with brooches of this type, the brooch is complete and undamaged, and covered with fine verdigris. Length about 10 cm. GreaAesit width 6 cm.
is
(Fig. 43).
b) Bronze tortoise brooch of exactly the
same form as the preceding one,
but not so well preserved, there being a hole in the upper central panel, and the edge of the lower end being knocked off, so that a little piece of Covered with fine verdigris. Length 10 cm., greatest the collar is gone.
width 6 cm. (Fig. 43). Both brooches are illustrated in Proc. fig. 1,
nos. 1
and
S.
A. Scot., L. 1915—16,
p.
184,
2.
brooch, ornamented in Celtic style, illustrated I.e., and 2. The central portion is formed by a setting now empty, but seen to have once contained a stone, or amber. This portion is raised. Round this setting runs a fillet formed by a small feather pattern. Then c)
Circular bronze
p. 184, fig. 1, nos. 1
G
76
r a V e
f
i
n d
s
follows a wider portion sunk into the plate and decorated with Celtic ribbon interlacing.
The
is adorned with convex mouldings, Diameter of brooch 2,7 in.^) (Fig. 43).
outline of the brooch
partly smiooth, partly bead-miOiuldinigs.
To
this brooch also belongs a bronze hand, illustrated I.e. p. 184, fig. 1, which was originally placed on the reverse of the brooch. Width across the miiiddle 5 in., at the ends 4 in. (Fig. 43).
No.
5,
d) Bronze belt-buckle with quadrilateral plate p. 188, fig. 2.
I.e.,
As shown
and oblong hoop. Illustrated
in the illustration, the plate
is
decorated with
ribbon interlacing in a style rather Celtic than anything else.
ments are executed
These orna-
and the concavities are filled with niello. two corners, one of them turned in towards the upper end of the hoop, the other, the opposite one, in the other end of the plate. The belt is seen to have been fixed between the upper silver plate and a thin bronze plate on the reverse. The tongue is now gone, completely missing, but the square hole in which it was fixed, is still to be seen. The hoop is almost entirely without ornaments. It, too, has a thin silver plating on the upper side. The end of the pin is seen to have been placed in the middle of the hoop in a transverse groove, and on either side of this groove there are two convex cast mouldings. Total length 5 cm. Length of plate between 3,5 and 4 cm. Wiidth 3,5 cm-. Heiight of hoop about 4 cm. (Fig. 43).
The
plate
is
in a silver plate,
damaged
in
Bronze penannular brooch, Celtic rather than otherwise in its style, illustrated I.e., p. 184, fig. 1, no. 6. Provided with knobs at the ends like Rygh 687, but having no pin-head. The ends of this specimen, however, differ from Rygh's type specimen by having, besides the round unomamented ball, two e)
small terminal knobs on either side, so that the ball has three projections.
The
ring
the ends.
is
narrowest
in the middle, the
width increasing somewhat towards
The pin has no head, but is at the top flat and quadrilateral, and The end of the turned-back portion is filled with transverse grooves. The pin is broken off about the middle, only
bent round the ring. horizontal
below the termination of the rimg. Traces of silver-plating are found on the ring, and particularly on the pin. Much verdigrised. Greatest diameter a
little
of ring about 3,5 cm., thickmes 6,7 cm.
Present length of pin 4 cm. (Fig. 48).
formed by the bending together of small bronze rods. The joining of the links, which is very simple, is seen clearly in the illustration. I.e., p. 184, fig. 1, no. 3. The chain must once, in all probability, have been considerably longer. Its present length is between 7 and 8 cm., the greatest width of the links about 1 cm., f)
Small portion of bronze chain, consisting of short links
their lemigth likewise 1 cm.
(Fig. 43).
') During my visit to Slornoway in July 1925 and not accessible on account of the varation.
this
brooch was removed from
its
case,
d
Grave
Fig. 43.
g)
Bronze ornaiiients from
Oblong bead
of reddish
a
f
i
n
woman's
s
ijrave al V'altos. Ui^. Lewis.
brown amber, approximately
tapering off somewhat towards the ends.
A
little
chipped
cylindrical, tliongh at
one end, olher-
wi&e well preserved. Length about 3 cm. inspector of schools About this find Mr. Mac. Lead gives the lowing information: inspected Valtos School, and during On the 26th cf April in 1915
—
1
;
visit the
—
head-master, Mr. lloderhk Morrison, drew
my
fol-
my
attention to certain
and bronze which some of the school children had unearthed from a small sand mound in the neighbourhood during the current week.
articles of brass
Grave finds
78
them were found the These were again buried. During the afternoon I paid a visit with a teacher to the place where the bones and articles were discovered. We proceeded for about 150 yards due west of the school along green hummocky ground until we came upon a patch of very dry sandy soil in which potatoes are usually raised by the Along with the
articles
and
roof of a skull and other
crofter to
On
whom
it
in close juxtaposition to
human
bones.
belongs.
account of the regular cultivation of this particular area, the
gradually become very loose, and the sand
On
is
easily
soil
has
blown away by the wind.
area has gradually sunk below the level of the surface of the surrounding ground, so causing to be formed an enclosing face this account the cultivated
from a few inches to 3 feet. In the northern and higher portion of the enclosing face of sand a bone was noticed sticking out, by one of the boys during the play hour, and further investigation yielded the above articles. They lay with the skull and bones at a depth of 18 inches to 2 feet beneath the original surface. During my visit to the place I found lying about what was evidently an of sandy earth varying in perpendicular height
old rusted iron knife about 12 inches long with portion of a hollow iron
handle and broken blade. There were also amorphous pieces of iron pierced with small square holes, lined with what appeared to be thin plates of bronze.
By
D.
J.
Mac Lead,
inspector of schools.
With a detailed description of the objects by W. J. Gibson of the Nicholson Institute, Stomoway, and a note upon the find by James Curie, F. S. A. Scot., Proc. S. A. Scot. L 1915—16, p. 181 ff.
LOST GRAVE FINDS
FROM THE
Grave find of the Viking period, from
St.
ISLES.
Kilda, viz.
—
Two
bronze tortoise brooches, of the type Rygh 649. These two brooches, of which there is no information beyond the fact of their having been found in St. Kilda, have now disappeared. They once
The Andersonian Museum, Glasgow. Mr. Ludovico M. Mann has remembers having seen them as a boy, and that he has heard that they were stolen during their removal to the present building of the Kelvinigrove Museum. It has not been possible to ascerrtain their whereabouts. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1873—74, p. 555. One of the brooches is illustrated by Worsaae in Aarboger for Nordisk
belonged
to
stated that he
Oldkyndighed og Historic 1872,
p. 420, fig. 3.
Grave ^inds
79
Grave find of the Viking period, from Ensay (between Barra and Harris), viz.
—
Western Islands, p. 50, two bronze balance-scales and a small hammer were found about 1716 in a grave on the western side According
to Martin:
of Ensay.
Literature:
1873—74,
p.
Martin:
Western
Islands,
Proc. S. A. Scot. X,
p. 50.
1716,
556.
—
Grave find of the Viking period, from Sangay, viz. On this island was found, before 1848, a skeleton with two bronze tortoise brooches, placed one ait eiUher shoulder. It is stated that besides the brooches two bronze pins were also found. One of the brooches is said to have been once handed in to the British Museum, where it is, however, no more to be found.
—
—
Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1873
V,
p. 221.
—
Illustrated in Vetusta
— 74, p.
Monumenta
555. II,
— Archeological Journal
plate
XX.
THE ORKNEYS. MAINLAND. Grave find of the Viking period, from seum, Edinburgh, I. L. 211 213), viz.
—
—
a)
The remainder
Lijking,
Mainland (National Mu-
of hone comb, consisting of the half of one rib
and a
fragment, 3,5 cm. long, of the row of teeth. The rib is adorned along the upper and lower edges with two horizontal, parallel contour lines, and in the middle it
is
decorated with four dotted circles mutually connected by three vertical
Present length of comb 7 cm.
lines. (I.
L. 213).
Small plain iron spear-head, with the upper end broken
b) rusted.
The blade has
imperfect. c)
Greatest width of rib about 1,5 cm.
(Fig. 44).
Length about
a slight ridge, 8,5 cm.
and the lower end
off,
badly
of the socket
Greatest width of blade 2 cm.
(I.
is
L. 211).
Small plain iron strap-buckle, of oval form, having a big tongue. Length
Length of pin 3,5 cm. These objects were found in a grave-mound Gift from Professor T. S. Traill, 1870.
4 cm.
Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. IX, 1870
— 72,
p.
at
Lyking, with burnt bones.
4 (Donations to the Museum).
Grave find from Stenness, Mainland. In 1902 M. Charleson examined a grave-miound at Stennes. It contained a skeleton grave. The only antiquity found was a big plain bronze penanmilar brooch, Literature:
Q^'-2
in.
long.
Saiga-Book of the Viking Society IV, pp. 95
ff.
(Fig. 14).
Grave find of the Viking period, from Howe, Cairnton, Stromness, Mainland (Belongs to James G. Marwick, Stromness).
Linen smoother of black glass, of the type Bijgh 446, of the common Viking A little chipped at the edges, otherwise well preserved. Comparatively smooth on the upper side, probably to be accounted for by wear. 6,5 cm. across, about 3 cm. thick. Found with several other objects in a burial-mound situated on the farm form.
Grave finds
81
astsKjKi-cn^ii.s'
Fragment
pig_ 44_
of a
bone
comb
-'•^S"
found in a grave at Lyking, Mainland, The Orkneys.
-'^..
llllii liii'iii'iniii'titfi''
Howe, and namied
the Hillock of
properly explored,
is
Literature:
now
Howe
.
This mound, which has never been
protected as a landmark for the navigation.
James G. Marwick: Notes on some
bited before the society.
Proc. S. A. Scot LXIII,
Grave find of the Viking period, from Gyron Mainland,
viz.
relics from Orkney, exhi1927—28, p. 121.
Hill,
Sandwich under
Skaill,
—
Small ohlong vessel of steatite, adorned with an engraved sunk line immediately below the mouth-rim. The vessel is 12,5 cm. long, 11,5 cm. wide, 8 cm. high. Its form is peculiar, so that it is not quite sure that it dates from the Viking period, though this
from
its
bottom being a
little
is
probable.
The
vesisel is well
crooked.
Found in 1885 by the tenant-farmer Gyron Hill.
of South Scater in a stone-cist in
Grave find of the Viking period, from Links
Museum
executed, apart
of Antiquities, Edimbuirgh,
I.
of Skaill,
—235),
L. 230
viz.
Mainland (National
—
Bone-comb, comparatively short. The ribs are decorated in the middle Along the upper side of either rib runs a single horizontal contour line. At the ends the ribs are decorated with five vertical a)
with ribbon interlacing. transverse lines,
The
las
shown
in the illustratiion.
(Fig. 45).
by triangular pieces bone from the under side; these pieces are decorated with interlacing ribbons. Length about 7 cm., greatest width about 4 cm. The comb is broken at one end, but all the fragments are preserved. b) Bone case for above-mentioned comb. This case is in two fragments. One of them is a rib adorned with ribbon interlacing and at one end with vertical transverse lines, five in all. The other end of the rib is broken off and now missinig. Along either long side of the piece runs a single contour line. Present length about 7,5 cm. Greatest width of rib about 1,5 cm. The teeth are kept in place at both ends of the ribs
of
6
—
Viking Antiquitlei
II.
Grave finds
82
Fig. 45.
Bono comb with
case, found
in
a
"rave
at
the Linlvs of Skaill,
Mainland, The Orkneys.
too, consists of a rib seen to have been decorated on the upper side with two horizontal lines along the edges. At either end
other fragment of the case
are five vertical transverse limes, three of them
the extreme end,
two and is now missing. At one end remains are still extant showing that the case was supported on the under side by a downward cross-piece of bone. Length 10 cm.
further back.
A
at
piece of this fragment has been brol^en
greatest width at present 2,5 cm.
off,
(Fig. 45).
Small needle-whetstone of black slate, perforated at the upper and broader end, tapering off downwards (cf. Rygh 425). A little chipped at the upper end near the hole, otherwise well preserved. Length about 4,5 or 5 cm. Greatest width 0,9 cm. (Fig. 46). c)
d) h-on knife,
whose type cannot be ascertained on account
of rust.
It
is
now even
impossible to see any difference between back and cutting-edge. Sticking to the tang are remains of wood, distinctly seen and surprisingly well preserved. (Fig. 46). e)
Iron spear-head, with point as well as socket broken
off,
only frag-
ments of the latter being preserved. The form of this object recalls Norwegian spear-heads from the 6th and 7th centuries, e.g. a spear-head from Helle in the parish of Hyllestad, Valle, Austagder (C. 19075, illustrated Ab
Grave finds 1898, p. 72,
fig.
1 land
G. Gjessing.
Studier
i
83 noiisk Merovimgertid, pi. V).
The blade has sharp edge-corners at the transition to the socket, but their form cannot be ascertained on accounit of the rust. Present length about 22 cm. Greatest width of blade about 4 cm.
(Fig. 46).
Iron rod, very badly rusted, with a flat upper side and a grooved
f)
Both ends broken off. The type is quite indeterminable. Length 8 cm., greatest with 1,2 cm. g) Three small indeterminable iron fragments, perhaps originally be-
under
side.
longing to
f.
h) Small iron nail with big head.
Some very small animal
i)
Length about 2
bones.
These objects were found in a grave of sand on the southern side of the Skaill bay, close to the boat-house. When the sand was removed an interment in a stone-cist was discovered, placed to S.E., 5 feet 11 in. long, 2 feet 2 in. wide
N.W.
and 2 feet high. The ends and were formed by stone slabs, the one form-
at the bottom,
sides
ing the southwestern side being the full length
About the middle a few inches upper edge, this large slab was perforated by a hole abouit half an inch in diameter. The bottom of the grave was roughly paved with flat shore stones. The top had been covered with several large flat stones above which there seems to have been placed a heap of smaller sea-worn boulders. Unfortunately one of the side slabs had bulged out at the top, so that the cover-stones had fallen in. On these and the sand which filled the grave being carefully removed some human remains appeared, partly scattered and damaged by the falling in of the cover-stones. The skull lay in the west comer, and close Its to the head stone lay the spear-head (e). socket was under the head of the skeleton. About a foot from there where the skull lay and parallel to the southwestern side of the cist, the bone-comb (a), and the fragments of its case of the grave.
below
Fig.
its
46.
Spear-head, knite, and small wlietstone, from the
same "rave as
fig. 4.j.
cmi.
Grave find
84
Fig.
Pair
47.
of
tortoise
brooches found inn a grave on an island
near Mainland, The Orkneys.
came
in sight.
A
little
further along,
among
the bones of the hand, lay the
iron knife (d) with the remains of the handle attached to the tang, and alongside of this another small weapon, possibly a spear-head, and also the
nee die- whetstone
(c).
was a rough stone
and near it a large animal bone, thought to be one of the leg-bones of a horse. At the head of the grave, on the north-west side, were found some bones of small birds, and a bit of the jaw with teeth of the frog-fish. There was also a small knuckle-bone of some animal. Presented by W. G. T. Watt, Skaill House.
At the foot of the grave
Literature:
W. G.
T. Watt:
disc
Notice of the discovery of a stone
iron age interment at Skaill Bay.
cist
with an
Proc. S. A. Scot, XXII, 1887—88, p. 284.
Intermixed grave finds from Finstown, Fort Parish, Mainland (The Hunlater the Bishop Collection, no. 58).
terian Musieum, Glasgow, the Cursiter
(D
60), viz.
—
—
—
Grave finds Fig. 48.
Amber whorl and
85
jet
armlet from the same grave as
fig.
47.
»*^'^<'w»»«c#Tai«.-%
Very small
but smaller than the type specimen. Chipped and otherwise damaged on the lower side, but otherwise rather well preserved. Somewhat chipped, in two places, along a)
steatite vessel of the type liygli 729,
the upper edge. This upper edge and the inside of the vessel is seen to have been finely executed and smoothed, while the outside is more roughly done. Diameter across the mouth about 1,6 cm. Height about 8 cm. b) Steatite vessel of a peculiar form, hardly of the Viking period, possibly from the Middle Ages. The present object is about circular, and comparatively high and narrow. Near the upper edge are two ears, cut out in the sides of the vessel; they are shaped as triangular projections, and not perforated. The vessel was presumably carried by means of some chord-arrangement, the chords having been held by these projections which are about 3 cm. long. Diameter across the mouth about 19 cm. Height 13 cm. There is in the Hunterian Museum no information about these two vessels beyond their l>eing found in Orkney or in Shetland. According to a communication from /. W. Cursiter, in whose private collection they once were, the vessels were found near the village of Finstown in the Mainland. Mr. Cursiter remembered having found one of the vessels (presumably a) in a several-chambered mound, in which was found a small cist filled ^^ itli burnt
Grave finds
86
bones, and marks of fire on the stones.
were fitted togetlier. an older grave. As reminiscences of
He supposed
The vessel was
which
in pieces,
the steatite vessel had been placed in
whole report about the discovery is due to the an elderly man, it is possible that it may not be absolutely tlie
reliable.
Grave find
of the
Viking period, from an island near Mainland,
viz.
—
Two
bronze tortoise broodies, of the type Rygh 654, one of which is XXXVIII, 1903—04, p. 561, fig. 1. Of the preserved undamaged. It was, as usual, was brooches only one 2)ins of the of iron, and some remains of cloth, possibly linen, were still adhering to it. a)
illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot.,
The brooches are 4
in. lomg, 2V2 in. wide. (Fig. 47). b) Spindled-whorl of amber, very handsome, and well-preserved.
meter
thickness V2 in- (Fig- 48). Wristlet of bone (or perhaps rather c)
Dia-
1 in.,
jet).
Inner diameter 2V2
in.,
thickness V2 in. (Fig. 48). d) Fragment of bronze pin.
of
The following information is to hand about these finds: The discovery was made during the excavation of a big mound in search treasure, for the owner oi the farm desired to find out whether the moimd
contained valuables.
M. M. Charleson, who has described this find, only heard of it after the excavation had been finished. According to the account given by the finder, there was in the middle of the mound a layer of burnt bones, and with these lay the two tortoise brooches. These lay within a distance of 9 in. of each
and the other objects close to the brooches. M. M. Charleson: Notice of some ancient burials Proc. S. A. Scot., XXXVIII, 1903—04, p. 561.
other,
Literature:
in
Orkney.
SANDAY. Grave find of the Viking period, from a place near Broch of Lamaness, Sanday (National Museum, Edinburgh 1. L. 347 350), viz. a) Bronze tortoise brooch, of the type Rygh 654, with rather roughly executed ornaments on the surface. The ornamental panels on the edge-faces
—
—
contain animal themes, strongly disentegrated, almost entirely consisting of lines. Pieces have been knocked off the edges in two places on one side, in one 00 the other. All the knobs are preserved. Rust spots are seen in two places. Length about 8 cm., width about 5 cm. b) Bronze tortoise brooch, of the same form as the above, but having more
Grave finds
87
Fig. 49. Fragments of sword and spearhead found in a grave at Lanianess, Sanday, The Orkneys.
carefully executed ornaments in the central panel at the bottom. if
the ornaments of this panel had been elaborated by
hand
It
looks as
after the casting.
The edges of this specimen are broken in several places. Length about 8 cm., width about 5 cm. c) Jet armlet, flat
unomamented.
A
on the inner side, rounded on the outside, and quite broken at the edges, but otherwise well preserved.
little
Diameter about 7 cm., thickness about
1
cm.
d) Big, thick bead of reddish amber, quite smooth and unornamented, rounded on the outside and flat at the poles. Diameter about 2 cm. e) Badly decomposed and verdigrised fragments of bronze penannular brooch of the common Viking form. The ring is almost complete; of the pin, exactly the transition portion on the other hand, only 3,3 cm. is extant,
—
between the 2,3 cm.
and the quadrilateral portions of the pin.
flat
The ring
is
thickest in the middle.
Diameter of ring
Grave finds
88
These
were fDumd near Brodi of
oibjects
Lamiainiesis,
near the south end of
Sanday. Literature:
XLIX, 1914^15,
Proc. S. A. Soot.
p.
15
(Donations to the
Museum). Grave find of the Viking period, fram Lamaness, Sanday (National Mu-
seum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
L. 179
—181),
viz.
—
a) Double-edged iron sword, of which only the guard and a bit of the blade are preserved. The form may have been the same as Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd, fig. 87 or fig. 99; but the type cannot be properly ascertained because both the pommel and the upper cross-piece are missing. Present length of blade 5,5 cm., length of guard 7,5 cm. (Fig. 49). b) Iron spear-head, very badly rust-eaten, so that the type cannot be ascer-
has a comparatively long socket and a broad blade. Total length about 24 cm., greatest width of blade 3,5 cm. (Fig. 49). The objects are reported to have been found in 1878 at the digging out of the ruiinis of a building at Lamianess in Samday. To judge from the association, however, the objects must presumably have belonged to a grave. Proc. S. A. Scot. XII, 1877—78, p. 599 (Donations to the Literature:
tained.
It
Museum). Grave find of the Viking period, from Sanday (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh I. L. 343—346), vis. a) Bronze tortoise brooch, of the type Rygh 648, of a comparatively thinIts surface is covered with verdigris, and it is altogether so shelled form. badly preserved, that the details of the ornamentation cannot be seen. It is
—
badly broken at one side, and has several cracks. Present length about 7 cm., greatest width about 4,5 cm. (Fig. 50). b) Small amber bead with rounded sides. It is flat on both sides of the hole.
Diameter
1
cm.
bead of the siame form. Diameter about 1 cm. (Fig. 50). d) Small blue glass bead of dark-blue glass. Diam^eter 0,7 cm. (Fig. 50). These objects were found together in Sanday. Acquired by the National Museum, Edinburgh, in 1914. c)
Smiall white
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot. 1914^-15, p. 14.
ROUSAY. Grave find
seum
of the Viking period,
Edinburgh a) Double-edged iron sword of Antiquities,
I.
from Sweindrow, Rousay (National Mu-
L. 191
of the
— 192),
viz.
—
typeRygh 494, but with bronze ferrules
Grave finds Fig. of
Tortoise
50.
glass
brooch
and amber, found in
with in
89
beads
a grave
o
Sanday, The Orkneys.
o
on the tang a* the guard and the upper cross-pieoe, quite as in Jan Petersen: Vikingesverd, fig. 82. The bronze ferrules are adorned with stamped Pommel and upper cross-piece are of iron, and made in one triangles. piece; the guard, also of iron, is much damaged by rust, especially one of the sides. About 9 fragments of the blade are preserved, most of them fitting in with each other. Some remains of wood are attached by rust to the blade, probably remains of the scabbard. The blade has been so over-prepared
De norske
that
it is
now
impossible to judge of
—95 cm.
about 94
Width
it
with certainty.
of blade about 5 cm.
Total length at present
Len;gth of upper cross-piece
about 7 cm., of guard 8 cm. Length of grip bet\veen 7,5 and 8 cm. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XIV, 1879—80, p. 57, fig. 8. (Fig. 51). b) Fragments of iron shield-boss, now so badly rusted that its type cannot be ascertained. The collar all but gone. Diameter about 7 cm. e)
Some indeterminable
iron fragments, soime of
to the shield-boss, the rest possibly the
them perhaps belonging
remains of iron w.ountings.
The sword described above was given to the National Museum by the heirs of the late Professor Thomas S. Traill, tlie Rev. G. R. Omond acting as intermediary. It had however been exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland as early as 1834, and it was presumably on that occasion that a drawing was made of it, now in the Societ>''s Library. It appears, from Professor Train's note-book
— which contains
i.
a.
a drawing of the sword with a short
Grave finds
90
—
its discovery that it was turned up by a plough Sweindrow, in Rousay, near the spot where Earl Paul Haakonsen was seized by Svein Aisleifson. In this field says Professor Ttmll in his note-book, cthere are many graves, in one of which the fragments of am iron helmet (a shield^boiss?) cwere found several years ago. In a letter addressed to Professor Traill from William Traill of Woodwick, dated October 17 1836, he refers to the satisfaction which he had felt in the anticipated visit of Professor Traill to Orkney, with the view of opening some The place where the sword was of the tumuli at Sweindrow, and adds: found, I have not yet touched, as I intend to reserve it for your appearance. The sword cannot be better than in your possession and I now send some remains of what appears to me to be a helmet, found in the immediate vicinity, The supposed helmet;) is referred to in the to keep the sword company. minute of the meeting in 1834, at which the sword was exhibited as «the boss of a baldrick.) which was found near the sword. In all probability the shieldboss belongs to the same burial as the sword. But there is of course a possibility that they may belong to two separate graves. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, pp. 563 ff. The place of the find is described in Barry: History of Orkney, Kirkwall
note of the circumstances of in 1826 at
,
:
>
edition, 1867, p. 64.
WESTRAY. Grave find
seum
of the Viking period,
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
from Pierowall, Westray (National Mu-
L. 195
— 196),
viz.
—
Double-edged iron sword, of the type Jan Petersen: De norske VikingeIn the present specimen the pommel is missing; the sword is fig. 69. also badly rusted. There are only three fragments left of the blade, so that Length of upper cross-piece about it is impossible to ascertain its length. 6 cm., of guard about 7 cm., width of blade 5 cm. a)
sverd,
whose type is now indeterminable. The point seems to have been bent back and to have been attached to the blade by rust. The piece is over-prepared, and its form cannot be clearly seen on account of the rust. The width increases towards the lower end which is b) Rust-eaten iron spear-head,
imperfect.
Present length about 18 cm.
Greatest width of blade 2,5 cm. to
the effect.
The only information
to
hand about these
objects
is
that they
were found
a grave at Pierowall in Westray and given to the National Museum in 1863 by David Balfour. Balfour bought the antiquities from the Museum of Kirkwall when it was abolished, and gave them to the National Museum. Literature: Catalogue 1892, p. 276. Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1873—74, p. 556. in
s
Grave
Fig. 51.
f
Ilandlo of sword found
Rousay, Thi'
i
n d
in
a
91
gravi' at
Orkneys.
S\v(Mndro\v,
Grave finds
92
FitT.
52.
Iron buckle, rivets
Grave find
Museum
of
the
etc.
from a grave
Viking period,
of Antiquities, Edinburgli,
I.
at Pierowall,
Westray, The Orkneys.
from Pierowall, Westray (National
L. 205
— 208),
viz.
—
a) Iron buckle (for belt or strap), quadrilateral, very badly rusted,
preserved only
in fragments.
iron rod, and the tongue
It
was made by
was fixed
to a straight transverse bar,
the rod beinig bent round, but the piece
produced by this can nio longisr be seen. Lenigth
now
the bending back of a flat
6,3 cm., greateist
is
probably
so rust-eaten that
width 5 cm.
(Fig. 52).
Grave finds
Fig. 53
a— c.
Brooches and shdeld-boss from a grave
at
93
Pierowall, Westray,
The Orkneys.
b) A somewhat smaller iron buckle for a belt. It is of a similar shape, and likewise badly rusted and kept only in fragments. This buckle, too, was formed by the bending round of a quadrilateral iron rod fixed to a round transverse bar. Length 3,9 cm., greatest widtli 3,7 cm. (Fig. 52). c) 21
rivets,
They are
with remains of their heads and plates.
boat rivets three of which have remains of
wood adhering
to
them.
typical
(Fig. 52).
d) Indeterminable iron fragment, possibly the remainder of a mounting. e) Some big bones of a horse. These relics were found in July 1863 in a mound excavated by Mr. Farrer and Mr. George Petrie. With the objects were found several parts of a human skeleton and of the skeleton of a horse. Near the rivets were also foimd
several bits of oak.
XIV, 1879—80,
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot.
Grave find
of the Viking period,
seum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
p. 79.
from Pierowall, Westray (National Mu-
L. 197
— 201),
viz.
—
G
94
r a V e
f
i
n d
s
a) Bronze tortoise brooch of the type Eygh 647, quite like the type specimen. All the knobs are missing, likewise a small portion of the edge at one end. Otherwise the brooch is uncommonly well preserved, and covered by beautiful verdigris. Length abont 8 cm., greatest width 5 cm. (Fig. 53 a). b) Bronze i^enanmdar brooch type Rijgh 697, but simpler, with a quite plain tongue. The present specimen is, besides, a good deal smaller than the type specimen. Its plates are decorated with ribbon interlacing and with framies for big rivet-heads of which only two are now in place. The tongue is unomiamented. Length 10 cm., diameter of ring about 6 cm. (Fig. 53 b). c) Iron shield-boss, of the type Rygh 564, with comparatively broad collar, and a broad narrowing between the collar and the beginning of the boss itself. About half of the boss is preserved, the remainder is missing. Damaged by
Diameter aibout 11 cm. (Fig. 53 c). d) Iron axe (cbearded; axe) of the form Jan Petersen: Denorske Vikingesverd, fig. 30, but differing from the type specimen by the blade being wider and thinner, also by the eye being nearer the blade. The axe terminates at the butt by a thin hammer with a plate-like enlargement. Length about rust.
14 cm., greatest width about 10 cm. e) Small iron spear-head with a small blade having no proper mid-rib, quite even edge-lines,
and a very narrow
socket.
The
cutting-edge
is
damaged,
also the case with the lower portion of
being knocked off one side, as is Length 16 cm. Greatest width of blade about 2 cm. These objects were given to the National Museum of Antiquities by Mr. William Kendall, who stated that they had been found in one of the gravemounids at Pierowall that are not mentioned in Mr. Kendall's description (see
bits
the socket.
below), and of which there
is
no further information.
The
objects are de-
scribed in one of the reports of the meetings of the Society in June 1851. The Celtic brooch contained in this set of finds, seems to testify to a connection between the Orkneys and Ireland, just as our Norwegian viking gra-
ves in Norway testify to the same coimection.
XIV, 1879—80, X, 1872—74, p. 552.
Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. also Proc. S. A. Scot.,
p. 87, fig.
38 and
fig. 39.
— See
Grave find of the Viking period, from Pierowall, Westray (Batemann ColLomberdale House, Derbyshire). According to Anderson the skeleton of a man was found in a stone-cist formed of large stones. The skeleton lay on its left side with the head to the north, the knees drawn up to the chest. At the head was an iron shield-boss, and on the left side an iron sword, nearly 4 feet in length. The cist also contained a bone comb, some glass beads and a whetstone. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 552.
lection,
Grave finds
95
Grave find of the Viking period, from Pierowall, Westray (Bateman Collection, Lomberdale House, Derbyshire). In another grave of the same group was found the skeleton of a woman with the head to the south. On the chest lay a pair of bronze tortoise brooches and between them a trefoil bronze brooch. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 552.
Grave find of the Viking period, from Pierowall, Westray (Bateman CelLomberdale House, Derbyshire). In a third grave of this group were found a pair of bronze tortoise brooches and two long combs with semicircular backs,^) one of them above each
lection,
shoulder. Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 552.
Grave find of the Viking period, from Pierowall, Westray (Bateman ColLomberdale House, Derbyshire). A fourth grave of this group contained, with the skeleton, a pair of bronze tortoise brooches and a pair of long bone-combs, one of which is figured in Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, pp. 552 ff.
lection,
Grave find of the Viking period, from Pierowall, Westray. In a grave-mound situated at the Pierowall Bay, excavated by Mr. Farrer in 1855, were found remains of wood, presumably belonging to a shield, and boat-rivets, round-headed on one side and square-headed on the other. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., XIV, 1879—80, p. 79.
Grave find of the
Museum
(National
Bronze
Viking period, from the Links of Pierowall, Westray
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
L. 198), viz.
—
tortoise brooch, illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., X, p. 552, of the
way as the type specimen, the knobs damaged at the edge of one end. This brooch was given to the Museum in 1851 by Mr. William Rendall. It
type Rygh 648 and damaged in the same missing.
A
little
bronze oval brooch, a ring-brooch, and various iron relics, including a hatchet, spear-head and portion of the umbo of a shield, all found in one of a remarkable group of graves on the Links of Pierowall. A male human skull was also found in is
described as follows, in the
list
of donations:
the same grave.»
')
I
have had no opportunity
of seeing these objects.
^'A
Grave finds
96 Literature:
Journal V, II, p.
p.
Proc. S. A. Scot., X, 1872 221.
—
The Journal
— The
—
74, p. 552.
331.
Grave find of the Viking period, from the Links (National a)
Archeological
of the British Archeological Association
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
Terminal mount of
gilt silver,
L. 182
I.
of Pierowall
— 189),
vis.
Westraij
—
possibly belonging to a drinking-horn,
and is at the bottom, eind decorated on ome side with a kruob (siee the Lllustrajtion), and underneath with three horizontal lines across. The upper end is likewise decorated with three horizontal lines. A little damaged at the upper edge. Length illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., X, p. 573.
It
is
in Celtic style,
about 3 cm. (Fig. 54). b) Iron sickle-blade of the type Rygh 384, with the end nearest the handle
broken
Very badly rust-eaten, so that it is now impossible to see if the was originally serrated or not. The extreme point is missing.
off.
cutting-edge
Chord
lemigth aboul; 11 or 12
c) Iron
cm. Greaitest width of blade about 2 cm. (Fig. 54).
knife, consisting of blade and tang,
The blade
but fitting in with each other.
is
now preserved
very badly rusted; but the cut-
The upper end
ting-edge seems to have been straight, the back curved.
the tang
is
between
1,5
bent round.
and 2 cm.
Fragment
"d)
e)
One
Two
Oif
other
Total length about 11 cm.
is
of
Greatest width of blade
(Fig. 54).
of iron knife-blade, with the tang
portion of the blade
separately,
likewise missing.
The piece
broken is
off.
The lower
very badly rust-eaten.
indeterminable pieces of wood, with adberiinig remains of iron. (I. L. 183) is perhaps the remains of a knife-handle, the
the pieces
(I.
L. 184) the plate, witli adhering
This cannot, however, be
fully
wooden remains, of an Length
ascertained.
4,5 cm.
iron rivet.
and 3 cm.
respectively. f)
Iron key, illustrated
fig.
a bent bit with a cross-bar.
wide handle, and badly rusted. Length very
54, with a proportionately
The whole key
is
about 10 cm.
round bead of burnt clay. Found in a grave on the Links near Pierowall.
g) Small
No further informa-
tion given.
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot., X, 1872—74, p. 573,
Lost grave finds from Pierowall, Westray. In Proc. S. A. Scot., XIV, 1879—80, pp. 85
Mr. William Kendall
to
ff,
and
a letter
Captain F. W. L. Thomas, R.
N.,
II,
is
p. 158.
published from
Pierowall.
In this
Grave finds Fig. 54.
97
Silver terminal of a drinking horn,
a small bead, iron iaiife, sickle, key, and rivets, from a grave at Pierowall, Westray,
The Orkneys.
letter Mr.
Kendall describes the excavation of some grave-mounds situated The letter runs as follows:
in the burial-field of Pierowall.
Pierowall, Westray Oct. 18, 1849. I have made a hurried copy of my notes on the excavation in the buryingground north of Pierowall. If 1 had been able to show the various articles found, the notes might have been of service, but unfortunately nearly all the specimens have been given away, so that only the notes are to hand. The records of graves situated near the shore in a line from north to south: No. 1. The grave had been previously disturbed. Found so much of the skeleton as to show that the body was lying north and south rather inclining Only half of the skull was to the right side with the face toward the sea. have cleft before being buried. appearance it may been found, and from its
Found a small iron hatchet lying before the body, also several small pieces of iron were found round the grave, plainly showing that there had been armour attached to the person buried. Half of a helmet was also found. No. 2. Found a grave containing part of a human skeleton with that of a horse. The horse was laid on its belly with its head towards the sea and directed north-east with its hinder part towards the south-west. The horse's head was resting on the nose, and quite entire, of rather small size. After removing it, a piece of iron was found between its paws, plainly showing that Found immediately it had been a bit, with one of the rings for the bridle. before the horse's head part of a human skeleton lying with the feet towards 7
—
Viking Antiquities
II.
Grave finds
98
No head could be found. The thigh bones were crossed. Found much remains of iron rust, with a small piece of iron, either a spear-head or a
the north.
small sword.
A
buckle was found on the right
which had been attached found in the grave.
to metal.
side, also a piece of
bone
Part of a skeleton of a dog was also
3. Found a grave containing part of a human skeleton, with a small dagger lying beside it. The position could not be ascertained. Part of a skeleton of a horse was also in the grave, with remains of bits of iron.
No.
Found a skeleton a considerable way towards the north, lying on knees drawn up toward the abdomen. No remains of armour were found. No.
its
4.
right side, with the
Graves found round a Mound of Sand and Small Stones
at a
considerable
distance from the Sea in a line running north-west from the former Sites of Graves.
No.
1.
Found on
the southmost site of a
mound
male skeleton,
a large
nearly entire lying north and south, having large stones set round
it
in a
square form. After carefully removing the sand, the skeleton was lying rather on the left side with the knees drawn up and the arms crossing over the breast. About two inches from the top of the head was found a cup-like piece of iron, evidently the part of a helmet (undoubtedly an iron shieldboss). On the left side was found a sword measuring about four feet in length. A large sharpening stone was found in the grave, with a comb and several glass beads. of a shield,
No.
2.
Bits of iron
and wood attached, probably the remains
were also found.
Found on the north
side of the
mound
a small skeleton lying north
and south having two hollow copper ornaments on the breast, with a circular piece a little lower down, right over the region of the stomach. Supposed to be of a female. No remains of iron rust were found near it. No.
3.
Found on
the north side of the
mound between
a
row
of small
stones a small skeleton, with two hollow ornaments and a small pin like No remains of iron were found. Two long combs with ornamen-
the former. tal
carving on each side were found, one above each shoulder.
combs were fastened between two plates with copper nails. Supposed to be a female. of the
Found part of a skeleton on the north had, however been previously disturbed. No.
4.
of
The
teeth
bone riveted together
side of the
mound, which
No. 5. Found part of a small skeleton on the north-east side of the mound, with the ornaments, pin, and combs, described above, and evidently a female.
Grave
Fig. 55.
Bronze ring and iron
rivets
f
i
n d
99
s
from a boat-grave
at Gill,
Westray, The Orkneys
The head of no. 1 was lying toward the north and the heads of nos. 2, 3, and 5 towards the south. Believe me to be, Dear Sir, Yours very truly William Kendall. Capt. Thomas.»
Grave find of the Viking period, from of Antiquities, Edinburgh, a)
I.
Round smooth bronze
small ring, which makes
it
L. 193
— 194),
ring, to
which
Gill, viz. is
4,
Westray (National Museuni
— fixed the remaining part of a
possible that the whole thing
ring of a bridle. Diameter df rinig 9 cm. thickness about
was once part 1
of the
cm. (Fig. 55).
b) Nine iron boat-rivets and fragments of several similar rivets.
Remains
wood adhere to several of the rivets. Length of some of the rivets varying between 2,5 and 3 cm. These articles were in a boat-grave. It was excavated in 1841 by Mr. George Petrie. of
Grave finds
100
The
objects lay in a little
skeleton of a
man and
mound
of sand
by
Gill with
remains of the
a horse.
were originally preserved in the old Kirkwall Museum, The but were bought by Colonel Balfour on the abolition of this museum, and antiquities
given to the National Literature:
Museum,
1863.
Museum
of Antiquites in Edinburgh, in 1863.
Proc. S. A. Scot., Vol. V, 1862—64, p. 16.
— Proc.
S.
Donations
to the
A. Scot. 1879—80, p. 79.
Grave find of the Viking period, from the Orkneys and the Hebrides (Western Isles) (Perth Natural History Museum, Perth, 1891 ^92), viz.
—
—
Bronze tortoise brooch, of the type Rygh 647, illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., XXII, p. 549. The brooch is damaged in one of the two central panels, which has now a hole, and in two spots at the edge where the bottom portion is knocked off. The ornaments are identical with those of the type specimen. The present specimen differs, however, from the type specimen in the following features: the triangular panels at the ends of the framing mouldings are filled with ribbon ornaments of the form seen in the sketch, but absent from the type specimen. The two central side-panels have, moreover, a mask on either side, in the spot where the type specimen has an empty panel a)
for a knob.
The masks represent
adorned with transverse
full-faces,
surrounded by a raised oval setting
ribs.
This brooch also differs from the type specimen by the lower edge of the plate having a convex moulding adorned with cross-ribs. The collar itself has a smooth inner portion, but is decorated along the outside edge with a convex moulding, adorned with crossribs, so that the whole arrangement looks like am ornament of twisted wire. The reverse still keeps the remains
and the sheath of the pin, both knocked off. The pin is missing. The reverse shows distinct impressions of cloth. Length 11 cm., greatest width 6,5 cm. (Fig. 56).
of the fastening arrangement
b) Bronze tortoise brooch of the same form as the preceding one, with
two miasks and ribbon ornaments
at the
end
of
every moulding.
from the preceding specimen in the following features; the settings round the masks have no transverse ribs, and the edges and collar of the brooch have no ornaments whatever on any of the three sides. The brooch has a hole in the upper central panel, and the edges are imperfect at the upper and lower ends, and somewhat imperfect along the longer sides too. The reverse shows no impression of cloth, and only small, rust-marked, remains of pin fastening and sheath. The pin is missing. Length 10,5 cm., It
differs
greatest width 6,3 cm.
Grave finds
tt
..^^H^^^
101
Grave finds
102
Grave find from an unknown place Antiquities, Edinburgh,
A
C
51), viz.
—
in the
Orkneys (National Museum of
one half of an iron shield-boss, approximately of the type Rygh 564, but having a somewhat lower «crown». The object is badly rust-eaten and consists at present of a great number of fragments putted together. Diameter about 11 cm. This shield-boss once belonged to Professor Traill's collection of antiquities from Orkney. According to a notice in his hand-writing, it was found in a grave-mound in the Orkneys. Literature: Joseph Anderson: Notes on the relics of the Viking period of the Northmen in Scotland. Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 571. little
less than
SHETLAND. UNST. from Unst, Shetland (National Museum 313—14). a) Bronze tortoise brooch, of the type ^ygh 647, with mouldings and with ornaments similar to those of the type specimen. The ornaments of two panels on the sides of the brooch are however greatly decomposed, and this is apparently also the case with the four panels placed two at either end. The two principal panels, placed at the long sides, are, on the other hand, decorated with two opposed animal figures (figiu-es of birds) facing each other. The heads of the birds are perched on long necks, and their legs are long and slender. Between these birds is a raised bronze knob, decorated with a kind of face. Length about 7 cm., greatest width 4,5 cm. Grave find
of the Viking period,
of Antiquities, Edinburgh
I.
L.
b) Small circular bronze box, probably a case for a bronze balance. is
now
that
it
It
but vestiges are seen of a hinge arrangement on one side, so likely seems that the object was originally provided with a lid. without
lid,
The box
is at present entirely without ornamentation. It is broken at the upper edge on one side, and there is a small round hole in one of the sides. Diameter across the mouth about 5 cm. Height about 4 cm. These relics were found in 1861 in a grave at Unst, Shetland. They were acquired by the National Museum' of Antiquities in 1893, and belong to the so-called Bateman Collection, consisting of objects bought when that Collection was put up to auction. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. XXVIII, 1893—94, p. 5.
Grave find tional
Museum
Viking period, from Clibberswick, Unst, Shetland (Naof Antiquities, Edinburgh, I. L. 222 224), viz.
of the
—
—
Bronze tortoise brooch of the type Rijgh 646, with large, raised, perIn details the ornaments of the surface differ considerably from those of the type specimen. Immediately above the edge there is a convex moulding encircling the brooch; this moulding is decorated with transverse lines; above it follows a smooth encircling moulding, and then an encircling band decorated with transverse lines (see fig. 57 a). Above this arrangement there are at either side three medallion-like ornaments, placed a)
forated knobs.
Grave finds
104
Fis. 57
Tortoise brooch found in a grave at Clibberswick, Unet, Shettland.
a.
between the knobs. These medallion-like ornaments are seen to have been onoe adorned with knobs or rivets, now gone. The brooch has had one end knocked off, and is damaged at the edges. One end also has a crack. Length about 8 cm., greatest width 4,5 cm. b) Bronze tortoise brooch of the fect
edges
at
one
same
formi as the above, but with imper-
side, while the other side is complete.
Length about 8 cm.,
greatest width 4,5 cm.
brooch of the usual Norwegian form with a colled up animal figure placed in each lobe (cf. The addition to the Stavanger Museum, Oldtiden IX, p. 74, fig. 2). The middle portion is, as is usually the case with c)
Bronze
trefoil
The brooch was origisomewhat well preserved. On the reverse hinge
this type of brooch, filled with a star-like
nally
gilt,
as usual with this kind of brooch.
imperfect edges, otherwise the object
and catch of pin are
still
is
ornament.
Two
of the lobes have
seen. Length about 4 cm., greatest width about
4 cm.
(Fig. 57 b).
The
objects
were
foumid in 1863 in a grave at Clibberswick in the northern
part of Unst.
With the objects described above were also found a smooth armlet (wristof silver, tapering off towards the ends, and two glass beads, one round and flat, the other made of lobes or rolls of twisted white or blue glass. let)
Grave finds Bronze
Pig. 57 b.
trefoil
brooch found
same "rave as
105
in the
fia;.
57
a.
The armlet and the beads have disappeared after having been described by Mr. T. T. Irwine in the Proceedings of the Archeological Association (Archeological Journal,
The
XIX,
p. 313).
was made while the farm-yard was being dug up. The antiquities were found mixed up with the earth filled in, and the covering earth above them had often been moved about by digging. This time, the people by going
find
down
to the rock
— found the
—
relics lying
on
it
in a layer of black soil,
presumably formed by decomposition of the body and
From
coffin.
its
clothes or of a
the situation of the objects the finder concluded that the two
had probably lain close by, or on, the shoulders, and the brooch on the middle portion of the chest, while the armlet lay farther
tortoise brooches trefoil
down by
the left wrist.
earth filled
The
in,
The two
glass beads
were found mixed up with the
so that their original place could not be ascertained.
objects originally belonged to the old
abolition of which they
were transferred,
Museum
of Lerwick, on the
in 1893, to the National
Museum
of
Antiquities, Edinburgh.
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Soot.
XVII, 1882—83, 300.
p. 17.
— Archeological
—
I.e.
XXVIII, 1893—94,
X, 1872—74, p. 556,
Journal XIX, p. 313.
p. 6.
—
—
Proc. S. A. Scot.
and XLVIII, pp. 299,
II.
HOARDS
THE MAINLAND OF SCOTLAND. KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE. Silver armlet from Blackerne, Crossmichael, Kirkcudbright.
The
Proc. S. A. Scot., X, 1872
mented on the punch,
is
flat
— 73,
p. 586,
mention a silver armlet, orna-
side with parallel markings
precisely similar in character to
some
made by
of those
These objects are said to have been found with an cairn at Blackerne, Crossmichael, Kirkcudbright. objects
it
seems probable that the find
Literature:
is
From
a chisel-shaped
found
at
Cuerdale.
amber bead
in
a
the nature of the
a treasure trove, not a grave find.
Proc. of S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 586.
RENFREWSHIRE. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. E. 60), viz.
—
Two
fragments of a gold ring that fit in with each other, making the ring It is adorned with cast grooves, and is quite smooth at both the ends, which are cut off short. Thickest at the middle, tapering off towards complete.
Diameter 3 cm., greatest thickness 0,5 cm. of this object is uncertain. Found near Glasgow in 1873. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. XXVIII, p. 371. Donation by R.
the ends.
The dating
\V.
Cackran-Patrick.
ROSS-SHIRE. Small hoard from Tarbat, Ross-shire (National Museum Edinburgh I. L. 272—«1), viz.
of Antiquities,
—
a) Small silver armlet, or rather piece of ring-money, quadrilateral in cross-section. Thickest at the middle, tapering off evenly towards the
rounded
Diameter about 6 cm., greatest thickness 0,5 cm. b) Piece of silver ring money of the same form as the above, but willi
ends.
"Without ornaments.
flat ends.
The other portions are quadrilateral
Diameter about 5 cm., greatest thickness
in section.
0,7 cm.
It is
unomamented.
H
110
a r
d
s
Small finely made piece of silver ring-mcney, comparatively slender cross-section. The width is greatest at the middle tapering off towards the pointed ends. Greatest diameter about 5 cm., greatest thickc)
and having a round ness 0,5 cm.
d) Fragments of small piece of silver ring-money of the
same type
as the
above, but quadrilateral in cross-section. Both the end portions are preserved,
but a
little
middle portion
of the
is
Original diameter about 5 cm.,
missing.
thickness of the ring about 0,5 cm.
With these rings were found six silver coins, viz. one Anglo-Saxon, struck for Eadgar (959 975), five Frankish coins, struck for Louis le Begue
—
(846—879). This find was made on the 28th of March in 1889 by the grave-digger at Tarbat Church while engaged in digging a grave some few yards from the east gate of the churchyard. At a depth of 5 or 6 feet he came upon a line of hewn stones. They were apparently laid in a direction nearly east and west, parallel, that is, with the walls both of the church and the churchyard.
He
continued to dig
from some crevice
down beside them and
there fell at his feet apparently
masonry several pieces of old silver. A. Scot. XXIII, 1888—89, p. 314 and pp. 316—17.
in the
Literature: Proc. S.
CAITHNESS. Hoard from Kirk o' Banks, Battar Dunnel, Caithness 1873 (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh 1. L. 114 18), viz.
—
—
approximately quadrilateral in cross-secround, only pointed towards both ends, where the ring is also somewhat flattened. Quite without ornaments. Diameter about 6 cm. Greatest thickness 0,7 cm. b) Silver ring of the same type as the preceding one, but with somewhat blunter ends. Diameter 6 cm. Greatest thickness abont 0,7 cm. a) Silver -piece of ring-money,
tion,
of pretty
even thickness
all
c) Piece of silver ring-money of the same type as the above, but with a wider opening between the ends. Diameter 7 cm. Greatest thickness about
0,8 cm.
same type, flattened towards- the ends, but quadrilaand without ornaments. Greatest diameter 6,5 cm.,
d) Silver ring of the teral
in cross-section,
greatest thickness about 0,7 cm. e) Silver ring
pointed ends.
of the
same type as the preceding one, but with
No ornaments. Greatest diameter about
7 cm.
flatly
Greatest thick-
ness about 0,7 cm. This find originally consisted of 8 rings in all, 5 of which are preserved in the National Museum of Edinburgh, while 8 were deposited in the Museum
Hoards Two
Fig. 57 bis.
111
sil-
ver armlets found in Scotland.
At my visit to this museum I inquired about these 3 rings, but at Thurso. they are no longer to be found there, and nobody knew anything about their whereabouts. This hoard was found in 1872 by some woriimen in cutting a drain through an ancient enclosure on the southern shore of the Pentland firth. There is an old chapel in the spot, called Kirk o' Banks, standing near the mouth of the
Bum
of Rattar.
The workmen came upon
which was about 2 feet long and 18
The
in.
a small stone cist, the cover of
wide, and lay about 6 inches under
was filled with earth and small the silver armlets were found. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 585, and
the surface.
cist
stones,
IX,
among which
1870—71,
p. 422.
Two silver armlets from an unknown place in Scotland (British Museum, London. Department of British and Mediaeval Antiquities, no. 7 15 9 (8)). Two uniform silver armlets, similar to Rygh 711. (Fig. 57 bis). One of the rings, which has an enlarged middle portion, is decorated witli
— —
a stamped cross in the widest part, and besides with cross lines all round.
The other
is
on both sides of
decorated with stamped cruciform figures this
These rings were found is to
hand.
in the
middle and
with stamped angular lines. in Scotland in 1851, but
no further information
—
THE
ISLES.
SKYE. Hoard from Skye (National Museum of 122), viz.
—
Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
L. 119
a) Heavily oxidised piece of silver ring-money, with a comparatively wide opening between the ends. Quadrilateral cross-section with acute angles. The ring is flattened at the ends. Greatest diameter about 7 cm. Thickness about
0,7 cm.
b)
Fragment
of a similar quadrilateral silver ring, cut off at both ends.
Greatest present diameter about 5 cm. Greatest thickness about 0,5 cm. c) Silver ring of same form as the preceding one, broken off at both ends.
Presumably only one half of the original ring preserved. Greatest diameter 5 cm. d) Fragment of small piece of silver ring-money, quadrilateral in crosssection. One end and part of the ring itself preserved. Comparatively slender. Greatest thickness 0,4 cm. Present length 4 cm. These rings are said to have been found < in a sepulchral mound» in Skye in 1850, and to have been presented to the Museum by Dr. Daniel Wilson in June 1863. According to the Catalogue, p. 271, they were found «in a caim'». From the nature of the relics it seems probable that they belong to a treasure trove, not to a grave find. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. V, p. 127, no.
7,
and X, 1872—74,
p. 585.
— See
also Catalogue, p. 271.
Hoard from Skye (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, I. L. 123 —24), vis. a) Very small slender piece of silver ring-money, or armlet. At present
—
two fragments
each other. Tlie ring is Diameter 5 cm., greatest b) Small piece of silver ring-money, complete at broken off, the end portion missing. Diameter 5,5 in
fitting to
flattened towards the ends.
section.
circular in section, but
thickness 0,4 cm.
one end, the other end cm.
Circular in cross-
Hoards According
to the
the Rev. Donald
113
Catalogue, p. 271, these rings from Skye were given by
Macqueen
in 1781.
It is
possible that these rings wers men-
tioned by William Smellie in the Account of the Institution and Progress of the Society of Antiquities of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1780, p. 122, in the Account
where it is stated:
of the Antiquarian Society, p. 122,
in diameter,
made
of a black glossy substance like coal, an ancient Druidical amulet
the lapis steatite.
Literature:
I.
—
Catalogue, p. 271.
William Smellie:
Hoard from Storr Kock, Skye (National Museum 282—312), viz.
—
L.
a) Silver ring, bent tcgether,
The ring
broken and missing.
made
I.e.,
p. 122.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
of a solid bar
and now with both ends
decorated with slanting grooves, seemingly
is
they are discontinued towards ihe er.ds which are quite smooth.
cast;
lently bent
of
and somewhat shortened, which makes it probably that The greatest diameter of the ring is 7,5 cm.,
a piece of ring-money.
it
Vio-
was once
its
greatest
thickness about 0,5 cm.
Fragment of silver mount, decorated with ribbon motives and small stamped semi-circles. One comer has a silver rivet with large, smooth head. Two of the four sides are imperfect. Length 2,5 cm., greatest width b)
about 2 cm.
Fragment of plate of
c)
decreases towards one end.
silver ring, with both It is
ends broken
off.
The width
decorated with stamped ornaments of the
same kind as in Rygh 703. Lenigth 1,5 cm., greatest width 0,8 cm. d) Fragment of silver plate, decorated with stamped squares separated by horizontal lines. May have belonged to a ring, but both the ends are now broken off. The interior of the square is filled with dots. length 1,5 cm., greatest width about
1
cm.
approximately quadrilateral in cross section. Decreasing gradually in width towards one end, now with both ends broken off. Length 3,5 cm., greatest width 0,6 cm. f) Small fragment of trilateral silver ingot with both ends broken off. Pre-
Fragment
e)
of quadrilateral silver ring,
i.
e.
sent length about 1 cm.
End
g)
portion of one of the
One end is now broken h) Very short piece
common
silver ingots of the Viking period.
off.
of silver ingot
now
length about 0,5 cm., gr&atest width about
with both ends cut
off.
Present
1 cm. fragments of round, slender silver ring (piece of ring-money) about 0,3 cm. thick. It has had both ends cut off, and is bent together. Lengtii in tiie bent state about 4 cm.
Two
i)
S
—
Viking Antiquities
II.
Hoards
114 k)
End
portion of silvar ingot, irregularly quadrilateral in crass-section, off. Present length about 2 cm.
with one end broken 1)
Flat silver ingot,
damaged test
at
width
but with rounded edges.
quadrilateral,
the imperfect end. Oxidised. Present length about
1,3
2,1 cm., grea-
cm.
same form as the one end, and at the Length varying from 1 to 2 cm.
m) Six small fragments of silver ingots of about ones described above. The fragments are all broken other end rounded as they were originally.
(They are the following I.
Somewhat
nos.:
I.
L
296,
I.
L. 297,
I.
the
at
L. 298,
I.
L. 299,
I.
L. 300,
L. 301).
n) Small quadrilateral silver ingot, with one end cut off slantwise, while Lengtli about 2,3 cm., greatest its original shape.
the other end has kept
width 0,7 cm. o) Small silver ingot, comparatively narrow, and with one end broken Greatest width 0,6 or 0,7 cm., length about 1 cm. p) Piece of silver, cut out of shape, and with both ends broken
Length about
number
off.
cm.
1,3
With the objects described above were found of this
off.
in all 108 silver coins.
Out
9 are Anglo-Saxon, the rest Cufic.
Of the Anglo-Saxon ooims 31 + 1 fragment were struck for Eadward the Elder (901—925), 56 + 1 fragment for Athelstan (925—941), 1 for Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury (891—923), 1 for Sitric of Northumbria (914—926), and lastly 1 of a similar type with uncertain attribution. Total: 90 coins and 2 fragments. These coins have been examined by A. B. Richardson (see the reference below).
The Cufic
coins have been
examined by Mr. Grueber. Of these the
lowing are to hand: Ismael Ibn Ahmad. A. H. 279—295, A. D. 892—907. Samarkand, A. H. 282 1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
— — Esh-Shash —
Ashmad Ibn 6. 7. 8.
—
— — —
286
286 286 292
Ismael, A. H.
Esh-shash,
— Samarkand
295—301
=
A. D.
907—913
A. H. 297
— —
298 300
Esh-Shash (The year not to be ascertained). Nasr II Ibn Ahmad, A. H. 301—331 = A. D. 913—942 10. Esh-shash A. H. 309 310 11. Samarkand
9.
—
fol-
Hoards 12.
Esh-Shash
A. H. 318
—
13. 14.
Samarkand
15.
Esh-Shash
—
16.
115
— — —
319 319 320
(The year broken
off)
to be ascertained Abbasse, name and year not to be ascertained. This hoard was probably deposited about the middle of the 10th century. About the circumstances in which the finds were made the following informa-
17.
Not
18.
tion is to hand:
On
the January
7.
sent to the National
1891 Mr. Reginald Macleod, the Queen's Remembrancer,
Museum two
silver coins,
foimd on the shore near Storr
Rock, about eight English miles from Portree, in the Isle of Skye, requesting
Anderson to inform him what the coins were, and asking for informiation as to whether they were wanted for the National Museum. The Museum thereupon requested that further researches might be made on the spot, and this further examination resulted in the hoard comprising 108 coins and Dr.
23 pieces of silver being discovered. Literature: A. B. Richardson: Notice of a hoard of broken silver orna-
ments and Anglo-Saxon and Oriental silver S. A. Scot. XXVI, 1891—92, pp. 225 ff.
coins,
found in Skye.
—
Proc.
THE HEBRIDES. Hoards from the Hebrides (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, 17—26), illustrated fig. 58, viz. a) Gold finger-ring, made of a number of small links intertwined, and overlaid by a twisted gold ribbon. The ends of the ring are kept together by a small plate, formed by the ends of the gold wires cast together. Diameter 2 cm. Greatest thickness, in Ihe middle 0,5 cm. (Fig. 58 no 17). b) Gold finger-ring, formed by the interlacing of three rings, each of ihem formed by the interlacing of slender gold rods, so that the ring is comparatively thick. Its two ends are connected by a plate of the form Rygh 714 b, and decorated with small stamped dots and a single row of dots across. Diamieter 2,3 cm., greatest thickness 0,5 cm. (Fig. 58 no 18). c) Small gold finger-ring, formed by the intertwining of a great many slender rods, which gives the ring a chain-like appearance. Thickest at the middle, tapering off towards the ends. The two ends of the ring are connected by a square plate, made by the ends being cast together; this plate is decorated with dots along the edges. (Fig. 58 no 19). d) Small plain gold finger-ring, formed by a quite simple intertwining of three slender gold rods. The ends of the ring, also intertwined originally, are now in part imperfect. Diameter about 1,8 cm. Greatest thickness 0,6 cm. (Fig. 58 no 20). e) Gold ring, of quite the same type as the above, made of three slender gold rods intertwined, but preserving the plate between the ends of the ring. The plate is square and adorned with stamped points which are in part somewhat irregularly arranged. Diameter 1,9 cm. Greatest thickness about 0,5 cm. (Fig. 58 no 21)^ f) Fragment of gold ring, presumably an armlet, made of twisted gold wire, and with both ends broken off. The core of the ring consists of a plaited gold ring, made of three rods, but this inner ring is covered by another consisting of two intertwisted gold rods fixed on the inside. One end of the ring which is cut off terminates in gold wires. The other end preserves a triangular piece of a gold plate similar to the one described above. For the ring is cut across exactly in the middle of the plate that once connect3d
—
F. E.
—
—
,
Hoards
117
pennies of King David I of Scotland, Kenry I and Stephen of Eng^land under a stone on tho fariTi of Plan in the sotsth end of the Island of Bute. Treasure Trove.
with. 21
FE 19.
•'"
31.
luol.
Ring found in Fladda Chuinn Hebrides.
it* 1
Fig.
58.
Hoard
Island ot Bute,
of
—
gold comprising seven finger-rings and thr^e ingots found in and one gold finger-ring found in Fladda Chuinn, Hebrides (F.E.
tlif
31).
H
118 its
a r d s
The piece of plate preserved is decorated with a simple conno 22). Small plam gold ring quadrilateral rather than otherwise in cross-
two ends.
(Fig. 58
tour line. g)
section.
Possibly piece of ring-money.
It
is
widest at the middle, tapering
The ring towards the ends, which are quite thin and cut off short. Greatest thickalso have been used as a fingerring. Diameter 2 cm. ness 0,3 cm. (Fig. 58 no 23). h) Small gold ingot, formed by a rod that is thicker at one end than at the other. Both ends broken off and bent together. Length, in its bent state, 1,7 cm., greatest thickness 0,5 cm. (Fig. 58 no 24). i) Cut off piece of gold ring or of a gold bar, now with both ends broken off. Circular in cross-section and quite smooth. The piece has now been off
may
straightened out somewhat, being only slightly bent. greatest thickness 0,5 cm.
(Fig. 58
no
Length about 3 cm.,
25).
k) Small fragment of a gold ingot, oval rather than otherwise in section. Complete at one end, with the other end cut off. Cast, and without ornamentation.
Present lengt about 2 cm.
Greatest thickness 0,2 cm.
(Fig. 58
no. 26).
Several of the rings are illustrated in Joseph Anderson: Scotland in pagan
The iron age, p. 107, fig. 87. The complete rings weigh respectively
times.
143, 210, 130, 234, 198,
and 214
grammes. About the circumstances of the discovery nothing is known besides their having been found in the Hebrides. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. VI, 1864—66, p. 86 (Donations to the Museum). Joseph Anderson: Scotland in pagan times. The iron age, p. 107.
—
THE OIIKNEYS. THE MAINLAND OF ORKNEY. Lost Hoard from Caldale, near Kirkwall.
number of silver armlets were found at Caldale, with a horn containing more than 300 silver coins of King Canute. One of these (rings?) are illustrated by Richard Gough in his Catalogue of the Coins of It is of the same Canute, King of Denmark and England^ England 1777. In 1774 a great
form as those found near
Skaill.
Literature: Proc. S .A. Scot., IX, 1872—74, p. 584.
Great hoard from a
mound of sand by the Burn of Rin, near Skaill, SandMuseum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, I. L. 1 113), viz.
wick, Mainland (National
—
Large silver penannidar brooch, of the type Rygh 680, illustrated in J. Anderson: Scotland in pagan limes, p. 79, fig. 59. The ring is adorned with three balls. The pin passes through one of these. It has a large head decorated with two rows of hatched angular ribbons, separated by a convex moulding adorned with transverse lines. The pin is soldered to its head by means of a small tenon; it is hollow and circular at top, but passes into a quadrilateral cross-section further down. It is unomamented. The balls are, all of them, decorated with animal designs in the Jellinge style. See the illustration in Joseph Anderson, I.e., p. 79, fig. 59, and drawings of the details, p. 95, figs. 71, 72, and p. 96, fig. 73. Diameter of ring about 14 cm., thickness about 1 cm. Length of pin 36 cm. On the top of the head of the pin there is a ribbon ornament of the same kind as in Anderson, I.e. fig. 1.
69
(I.
L. 1).
(Fig. 60).
Rygh 680, but a little smaller. head missing, but all the balls preserved, likewise the small tenon by which one of the balls was once fixed to the pin. The two ends of the ring are decorated with hole ornaments and angular ribbons and convex mouldings adorned with transverse lines. The ball to which the pin 2.
Silver penannular brooch, of the type
The pin and
was
its
originally fixed,
is
smooth, but the transition to the pin and the ferrules
Hoards
120
OOOOOnoo OOO
ooooo o
<%
fT\
*f
^ t Fig.
O
"—
(1
I
nr.
40 59.
Part
cl'
hoard found
at
SkaiU, Sandwick, Mainland, Tlie
Orkneys
•
Hoards
121
convex mouldings and cross-lines. of ring about 14 cm., thickness about 0,8 cm. (1. L. 2). of the ball are decorated with
3.
Silver penminular brooch, of the type
Rygh
Diameter
680, but both the pin and
head entirely gone. On the other hand, the ring
is complete. It is smooth, except that the balls are richly decorated. Firstly, the ferrules at the transition to the balls are decorated with three convex mouldings, and the interits
between the ferrules filled with angular ribbons. Secondly each of the balls is adorned, on one side, with a circular medallion enclosed by a setting of oblique lines. In the medallion is placed an ornament illustrated in Anderson: Scotland in pagan time, The iron age, p. 94, fig. 68. It consiits On the reverse the balls are decorated with rows of ribbon interlacing.
stices
of small cast dot-ornaments, gathered in a large panel.
The same kind
of
ornaments is seen in Anderson, I.e., fig. 60. Either end of the ring is divided into two oblong panels by a convex moulding. One of these panels is filled with an angular ribbon, the other with a ribbon ornament. Illustrated in Anderson, I.e., fig. 70 (p. 84) (I. L. 3). (Fig. 60). 4.
Silver penannular brooch, illustrated in Anderson,
The pin
missing, though put
down
I.e.,
p. 81, fig. 60.
Anderson^s drawing. But the head of the pin is preserved. It is decorated with two convex mouldings adorned with transverse hatching: The ball to which the pin was once fixed, is smooth, but the two openings through which the rimg passes, are decorated with mouldings adorned with cross-hatching. The two balls at the ends of the ring are, on is
in
one side, decorated with raised cast dots, making up the striated design seen in Anderson's drawing, fig. 60. This ornament is, on the lower side, separated by a three-line setting from a ribbon ornament rendered in Anderson's detail drawing, fig. 60. The two ends of the ring are decorated with three convex mouldings filled with cross-hatching. Diameter of ring about 13 cm., thickness about 1 cm. (I. L. 4). (Fig. 60). 5. One end of the ring of a silver penannular brooch, of the type Anderson, I.e., p. 81, fig. 60. It is broken off where the smooth portion of the ring begins. The end portion is filled with three convex mouldings adorned with oblique lines. The interstices between these mouldings are filled with angular ribbons adorned, inside the angles, with oblique lines. The ball now extant is on one side decorated with small cast knobs, which form striated ornaments as in Anderson, fig. 60. This panel is separated from the panel on the other side by two convex mouldings having a sunk line between them. The other panel is filled with the ornament in the Jellinge style illustrated in Anderson, p. 96, fig. 74. The ferrule to which the ring was fixed, has the same ornamentation as the ends of the ring, viz, angular ribbons and convex mouldings. Length of the fragment about 7 or 8 cm. Thickness of balls about 3,5 cm. (I. L. 5).
H
122 6.
a r d
s
Silver penannular brooch, of the type Rygh 680 as far as the head of
tlie ring are flat and quadrilaornaments on the ring. The pin-head, on the other hand, is adorned as seen in Anderson's drawing, fig. 61, illustrating the brooch. The head itself is decorated with a band of oblique cross-ribs, and the transition between head and ball is adorned with a similar ornament, also fouinid ait the transition from ball to pin. (Fig. 60). On one side the ball is decorated with a circle enclosing a cross, both adorned with cross-ribs. Adjoining this ornament are three pointed ribbon lobes that split up on the other side forming the contour lines of a square panel adonied by cast dots that miake up a striated ornament. Illustrated in Anderson, I.e., fig. 61. The lower part of the pin is broken off and missing. Diameter of ring 11 cm., thickness about 0,8 cm. Length of pin 18 cm. (I. L. 6). Silver penannular brooch of the same form as Anderson, fig. 60 (Rygh 7.
the pin
is
teral like
concerned, whereas the two ends of Bjigh 686, only without
But the ball of the pin is still in place keeping the head of the pin as well as the tenon by which the pin was fixed. The pin-head is, on its flat top, decorated with a ribbon ornament rendered in Anderson, fig. 69. Immediately below this there is, on the lateral
680), only that the pin
face, a ribbon
is
not preserved.
ornament formed thus:
AAA
•
Below
this
ornament there
follows a convex moulding filled with cross-lines, below that an angular ribbon, next a band of cross-ribs, and then the ball. It has on one side a striated 60), and on the other an Below Anderson, fig. 77. animal design in the finally ribbon, angular and then an the ball follows an ornament of cross-ribs, the tenon fixing the pin. The two balls at the ends of the ring are on one side decorated with cast knobs, making up the above-mentioned striated band. In a panel on tlie other side, enclosed by sunk anid raiseid lines, are the animal
panel, filled with small knobs (cp. Anderson, Jeillinge-istyle,
fig.
illusitrated in
motives, in the Jellinge-style, illustrated in Anderson, figs. 75, 76.
(Fig. 60).
The ends of the ring have the omamentation that is found on tlie flat top Diameter about 16 cm., thickness 1,5 cm. (I. L. 7). of the head of the pin. 8. Silver penannular brooch, of the type Rygh 686, only smialler, and particularly having a shorter pin. The lower end of the pin is bent back, having now the form of a hook. The head of the pin is, like that of the type specimen, decorated with stamped ornaments, viz. a row of small circles at the separated outside, and inside these two rows of mutually opposed triangles, by a row of dots. These ornaments are placed lengthwisei in the direction of the pin. The small triangles are filled with stamped dots. Tlie lower portion of the pin, apart from the point, is also decorated with stamped ornaments. At the top are two rows of dotted circles, separated by cross-lines. The lower
—
Hoards
Fig.
60.
Penaiimilar brooches of the
123
hoard found
a;reat
at
Skai
part of the pin has dotted circles arranged in rows of three. of the ring are of the in the type nesis
about
same form, and decorated
specimen (Bygh 686). 1
cm.
(I.
L. 8).
in
Tlie
exactly the
two ends
same way as
Diameter of ring about 12 or 13 cm., thick-
(Fig. 60).
Rygh 686, but of much ruder workmanship. The head of the pin is decorated with two rows of plain stamped circle ornaments, separated by a single circle ornament at the upper end. The stamped ornaments pass the top of the head and continue on the back of it. The upper part of the pin is circular in cross-section. Farther down the pin is flat with bevelled edges, and the lower end is quadrilateral in crosssection. The ends of the ring are flat, wide, and massive, and have no ornaments whatever. Diameter 12 cm., thickness about 1 cm. Length of pin 15 or 9.
Silver penannular brooch, of the type
16 cm. 10.
(I.
L. 9).
(Fig. 60).
Silver necklet, illustrated in Anderson,
ends of the ring are bent back, as shown itself is fect, viz.
made
in
I.e.,
of four intertwisted solid silver rods.
the side in which the big silver bead
p. 85,
fig.
63.
The upper The ring now imper-
Anderson^s drawing. is
One
placed.
side
is
The bead seems
to
Hoards
124
Fig. 61.
Penannular brooch
oi
the great hoard found at SkailL
have been melled on- lo the ring in a lump after the ring was finished, and it was presumably subjected to further shaping by hand afterwards, gaining thereby its present smoihness and fineness. The bead is decorated with a cruciform ornament, made up of mutually opposed triangles. Diameter of ring about 14 cm., thickness 1,2 cm. 11.
(I.
L. 10).
Silver ring of the type Anderson,
I.e.,
twisted silver wire seen in the type specimen.
fig.
64, but without the fine
The ring
is
made
of six
com-
paratively thick silver rods which were first intertwisted by twos, then by the
The ends of the ring One end is now missing, the preserved. It is quite unornamen-
three twisted strands being twined round each other.
were
originally flat as in the type specimen.
other, terminatinig in an ted.
up-tumed hoop,
Diameter of ring about 12 cm.
(I.
is
L. II).
(Fig. 59).
H
a r d
125
s
to the type Rygh 714, but without the thin two comparatively thick silver rods. The two ends of the ring are not intertwined as in the type specimen: one of them is made into a Diameter about loop, the other into a hook to be attached to each other.
Silver armlet, an apprcach
12.
wire, and
made
of
10 cm., greatest thickness oiff
1
cm.
The
ring
is
thickest at the middle, tapering
towards the ends, which have no plates
(I.
L. 12).
Splendid silver ring, illustrated by Anderson,
13.
I.e.,
(Fig. 59). fig. 64.
It
is
made
between which are inserted several very thin twisted silver wires, giving the whole thing a beautiful appearance. The two ends of the ring terminate in plates. One end has a loop, the other a hole, The plate as appears from Anderson's in which the loop was fixed. fig. 64 was decorated with contour ornaments of stamped triangles mutuof thick intertwined silver rods,
—
—
ally opposed.
Dianiieler 12 cm., greatest thicknes 1,5 cm. (I. L. 13). (Fig. 59).
Silver armlet of the type Anderson, p. 84,
14.
fig. 62.
It
is
made
of three
some thin silver strands. These between the thick wires and consist of a twisted wire surrounded by two smooth wires, as in Anderson, fig. 62. The two ends of the ring pass into flat rods that terminate in coiled up spirals that form loops serving Diameter about 1,2 cm., greatest thickness about 1,3 cm. to shut the ring. thick intertwined silver rods separated by
are
wound
(I. L.
14).
in
(Fig. 59).
form Rygh 703, but can at present only be have been made of two smooth silver wires intertwined. As in the type specimen, a third twisted wire may originally have been inserted between the others. Remains of such a wire are at any rate seen at one of the ends of the ring. The ends terminate in plates, as in the type specimen, but these differ from its plates by being almost entirely unomamented. There is only a stamped triangle on the perforated plate. Diameter about 10 cm., 15.
seen
Smiall silver armlet, of the
to
thick-ness 0,8 cm. (I. L. 15). 16.
(Fig. 59).
Quite plain silver ring, of nearly the same form as the preceding
It is made of three smooth rods intertwined, terminating at both smooth round rods. By this means two loops are formed for the shutting of the ring. Diameter 10,5 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (I. L. 16). (Fig. 59). 17. Small silver armlet, of the type Rygh 703, made of two smooth, thick rods intertwined, between which is inserted a thin strand consisting of two thin twisted wires. The ends have loop and hole as in the type specimen, but are entirely unormiamented. Diameter 9,5 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (I. L. 17).
specimen.
ends
in
(Fig. 59). 18. Silver ring, of the same type as Rygh 703, made of two smooth rods and a twisted wire. It differs from the type specimen by its ends terminating in hooks made to grip each other for the purpose of closing the ring. Their extremities consist of plates decorated with two rows of mutually opposed triangles filled with dots. Diameter about 12 cm., thickness 0,8 cm. (I. L. 18).
Hoards
126 19.
made of two thick smooth silver The ends terminate in flat plates Bygh 703 (hole and loop). The point
Silver ring, of the t>'pe Bygh 714,
rods, separated by a thiciv twisted wire.
with the same closing-arrangement as in of the loop is
ness about 20.
1
now cm.
bent back in a spiral. (I.
L. 19).
Greatest diameter 12,5 cm., thick-
(Fig. 59).
Silver necklet, illustrated in Anderson,
I.e.
p. 84, fig. 62,
made
of thick
smooth silver rods, separated by a thin twisted silver wire surrounded on each side by a smooth wire. The ring terminates in flat plates bent up so as to form square loops terminating in spirals, by the means of which the ring was closed. The end plates of the ring are entirely unornamented. Diameter about 16 cm., greatest thickness
1
cm.
(I.
L. 20).
(Fig. 59).
Silver ring, of the type Rygh 703, made of three smooth silver rods, between which is inserted a thick twisted wire. The ends of the ring terminate in plates, one of these being perforated, the other provided with a loop, for the purpose of closing the ring. The plates are decorated along the edges with triangles turning an angle inwards and filled with a dot. These triangles are very nicely and regularly stamped. Diameter about 14 cm., 21.
greatest thickness about
1 cm. (I. L. 21). (Fig. 59). Thick massive silver armlet, illustrated in Anderson, I.e. fig. 65. The nearest Norwegian approach to it is the gold ring Rygh 704, but its ends differ
22.
from those
Orkney specimen. As
be seen
Anderson, fig. 65, the ring is made of a great many Their ends pass into smooth round rods forming the necks of two animals' heads with distinct eyes and ears, and with jaws that grip a thick silver rod. This rod forms the connecting link between the heads. The heads as well as the connecting rod are adorned with stamped dots, in part connected by horizontal of the
will
in
thick silver rods intertwined.
lines.
Greatest diamieter 11 cm., thickness 1,5 cm.
(I.
L. 22).
(Fig. 59).
Unusually small silver armlet made of three intertwined comparatively thick, bevelled silver rods. The ends of the ring are melted together, so that they are now connected with each other by a short smooth portion. Diameter about 7,5 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (I. L. 23). (Fig. 59). 24. Silver armlet of the type Rygh 711, illustrated in Anderson, I.e., p. 88, fig. 67. It differs from Rygh's specimen by a piece being broken off one end. The ring was originally closed by a loop, and the hook complementing this loop is still preserved at the other end. The ring is made out of a thin silver plate cut into such a shape as to be widest at the middle and decreasing in width towards the ends. As shown in Anderson's drawing, it is adorned with stamped triangles mutually opposed; these triangles are rudely executed, the workmanship being often at fault by two lines having been made to form one side in the same triangle. The triangles are filled with two or three dots. Diameter about 7,5 cm., greatest width 1,5 cm. (I. L. 24). (Fig. 59). 23.
Hoards Silver armlet quadrilateral in section, illustrated in Anderson,
25.
The two
66.
fig.
127
front sides of the ring are decorated each with
I.e.,
one row of
The triring. The cut short punched into the ring is angles have been at both ends. Diameter about 7 cm., greatest thickness 0,8 cm. (I. L. 25). 26. Silver money ring (?), quite smooth and with quadrilateral cross-sec-
triangles filled with dots, turning their points towards each other.
Rygh
tion (cp.
cut off short.
It
iis
any closing arrangement, both ends being
entirely without ornainents
Diameter about 7 cm., thickness
one.
L. 27). 28.
0,7 cm.
L. 26).
(Fig. 59).
same type
as the preceding
Quadrilateral in cross-section
(Fig. 59).
Two
one
one,
(I.
Silver ring (piece of ring-money) of the
27.
(1.
707), but without
of
silver rings (ring-money), both of the
them a
little
same form
as the preceding
thinner, 6,7 cm. in diameter, 0,7 cm. thick, the
other thicker and heavier and having both ends cut off short, 8 cm. in dia-
meter, 1,5 cm. thick.
28—29).
Both rings are entirely without ornaments
Silver ring (ring-money) about the
29.
in section.
ends
—
is
30.
(I. L.
(Fig. 59).
Though the
as,
but
more
circular
sides of the ring are bevelled, the cross-section of the
nearly circular. Silver ring
same form
Diameter about 7 cm., thickness 0,8 cm.
(ring-money)
circular
in
cross-section,
(1.
thickest
middle, tapering off towards the ends, which are cut off short.
L. 30). at
the
Greatest dia-
meter 7 cm., thickness about 1 cm. (1. L. 31). (Fig. 59). 81. Silver ring (ring money), of the same type as the preceding specimen. Circular in cross-section, and very thick at the middle, both ends cut off short. Diameter 7,5 cm., thickness 1,1 cm. (I. L. 32). (Fig. 59). 32. Silver ring (ring-money), possibly also used as an armlet, as it has ornaments. Octagonal rather than anything else in section. At either end the ring is decorated with a cross made up of cross lines. Above and below the two crosses are oval concavities. Greatest diameter 7,5 cm., greatest thickness 1,2 cm. (1. L. 33). 83.
(Fig. 59).
Silver ring (ring-money), circular in cross-section, a
little
bevelled
which are otherwise entirely without ornaments. The ends are cut off short. Greatest diameter 8 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (I. L. 84). (Fig. 59). 84. Silver ring (ring-money), of the same form as the preceding one, now consisting of two fragments put together. The ring is circular in section, but both ends are pointed, not cut off short like those of the preceding ring.
at the ends,
Greatest diameter about 6,5 cm., greatest thickness 0,7 cm. (I.L. 35). 35. Silver ring (ring-money), comparatively small. Quadrilateral in section.
Without ornaments. Pointed towards the ends. Diameter 6 cm., greatest
thickniess, at the middle, 0,7
86.
cm.
(I.
L. 36).
(Fig. 59).
Silver ring (ring-money), approximately quadrilateral in cross-section,
Hoards
128
Greatest 37.
diiaimieter 7,5 om.,
greatest tliicknes 0,7 cm.
(ring-money) of the same
Silver ring
Greatest diameter 7 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. 3o.
(ring-money) with
Siirer ring
Both ends cut off short.
Quite without ornaments.
but circular at the ends.
its
(I.
(I.
L. 37). (Fig. 59).
type as the preceding one.
L. 38).
whole length about evenly
thick,
and so somewhat different from the preceding specimens. Circular in section •s\\ through. The ring is cast, and it is now bent a little out of shape. Quite without ornaments. Greatest diameter 7 cm., greatest thickness 0,7 cm. Cut off short 39.
ait
the ends
(1.
L. 39). (Fig. 59).
Silver ring (ring-money) of the
same type
as the preceding one, only
thicker at the middle than at the ends, which are cut off short. Circular rather
than otherwise
section.
in
Diameter
7,5
greatest
cm.,
thickness
0,7
cm.
(I.L.40). 40.
same form
as the preceding
thicker at the middle than at the ends.
Diameter 6 cm.,
Silver ring (ring-money), of about the
one, but a
little
greatest thickness 0,7 cm. 41.
a
little
Very small
L. 41).
(Fig. 59).
silver ring (ring-money).
thicker at the middle than at the ends.
thickness 0,6 cm. 42.
(I.
(I.
The
ring
is
circular in section
Diameter about 6 cm., greatest
L. 42).
Silver ring (ring-money), circular in cross-section, a
little
thicker at
the middle than at the ends, which are cut off short. The ring is entirely without ornaments, and is now bent somewhat out of shape, the two ends pointing askew; also, the openinng of the ring
been
originally. Greatest
is
narrower than
it
must have
diameter at present about 5,5 cm., greatest thickness
0,7 cm. (I. L.43). (Fig. 59). 43.
Thick,
massive silver ring (ring-money), a
and rounded on the outside. There is end, presumably produced in the casting. Greatest diameter 7 cm., greatest thickness side,
44.
little
thicker than
the
on the inner small thickened a edge at either The piece is without ornaments.
preceding one, semi-circular in cross-section.
It
is
almost
flat
0,7 cm. (I. L. 44). (Fig. 59).
Silver ring (ring-money), circular rather than otherwise in cross-sec-
though the ring is bevelled at the ends. Near these there are, too, some rough marks of punching, so irregularly placed, however, that they can hardly be called ornaments. Greatest diameter 7 cm., greatest thickness 0,6 cm.
tion,
(I.
L. 45). (Fig. 59).
45.
Silver ring (ring-money), circular in cross-section, quite without orna-
Cut off short at both ends. Greatest thickness, at the middle, about 0,8 cm.; greatest diameter 0,5 cm. (I. L. 46). (Fig. 59). 46. Silver ring (ring-money). At the ends, which are cut off short, octagonal in cross-section rather than anything else. Greatest diameter 6,5 ments.
cm., greatest thickness 0,7 cm.
(I.
L. 47). (Fig. 59).
Hoards
Of the same without ornaments and is
SihJer ring (ring-money), quadrilateral in cross-section.
47.
type as no. cc
now
129
(I.
L. 29), but thinner.
bent somewhat out of shape.
The ring
is
Thickest at the middle, and decreasing in
width towards the ends, which are cut off short. thickness 0,8 cm. (I. L.48). (Fiig. 59).
Diameter
7,5 cm., greatest
48. Slender silver ring (ring-money), with flat lower and upper sides, and bevelled edges. Thickest at the middle, but tapering a little towards the ends, the extreme points of which are however somewhat thickened. Greatest diameter 6 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (I. L. 49). (Fig. 59).
Silver fish-hook with quadrilateral head, in which is placed a small
49.
The upper portion of the hook is rounded, terminating in a round point. Length about 11 cmi. (I.
movable flat,
ring.
lower portion
its
L. 50).
Fragment of silver ingot, of the type Rygh 484. Consists portion. Length 2,5 cm., greatest width 1 cm. (Fig. 59). 50.
Small pieces of silver ingot, purposely cut up.
51.
0,5 to 2 cm.
(I.
L.
52—54).
(Fig. 59).
of an
end
Length varying from
(Fig. 59).
52. Silver ingot, approaching to the type Eygh 484, but a little wider at one end than at the other. Length about 7,5 cm. Greatest width between 1,3 and 1,5 cm. (L L. 55). (Fig. 59).
One end
53.
of flat silver ingot that
comparatively
flat
width 2,5 cm.
(I.
was
originally
rounded
and with rounded edges. Present length
at the edges:
3,5 cm., greatest
L. 56). (Fig. 59).
Long, narrow silver ingot, approximately quadrilateral in cross-sec-
54.
is rounded at both ends, and a little wider at one end than at the Length about 9 cm., greiaitest width 0,8 cm. (I. L. 57). (Fig. .59). 55. Silver ingot with quadrilateral cross-section. On the two sides turned upwards it is decorated with two rows of mutually opposed triangles. Possibly the remainder of pin of large penannular brooch similar to Rygh 680 or 686, but this cannot be fully ascertained. Each triangle is filled with a dotted circle. The piece is broken at both ends, but decreases evenly in width towards one end where the point may possibly have been. Present length 8 cm., greatest widfth 7 or 8 cm. (I. L. 58). (Fig. 59). 56. Remainder of ball belonging to silver penannular brooch, of the type Rygh 680. The ball seems to have belonged to a ring of the same type as no. 7 above, and to have been the end piece of a ring; but it is so badly damaged that this cannot be fully ascertained. The ball is seen to have had striated panels, and is besides decorated with rows of dots and with angular
tion.
It
other.
ribbonjs. 57.
680, 9
Length
Head
broken
—
1,7 cm., greatest
width about 2 cm.
(I. L. 59).
(Fig. 60).
of pin belonging to silver penannular brooch, of the type Rygh
off a little
Viking Antiquities
II.
above the beginning of the
ball.
It is
decorated with
Hoards
130
horizontal lines and two convex mouldings adorned with cross hatching. Cut
lower end. Cast hollow. about 1,5 cm. (I.L.60). (Fig. 60).
off at the
58.
Head
Present length about 2 cm., greatest width
Rygh
680, broken
at the top
with a con-
of pin of silver penannular brooch, of the type
off exactly at the beginning of the ball.
It is
adorned
vex moulding, below which follow first a row of horizontal cross-ribs, then some horizontal lines, then a convex moulding adorned with cross-ribs, and at the bottom an angular ornament. Below this there is a convex moulding adorned witli oross^ribs. Length 2 cm., greatest width 1,5 cm. (I. L. 61). (Fig. 60). 59. Head of silver pin of penannular brooch of the same type as the preceding specimen, likewise broken off at the beginning of the ball. The sides are decorated with two horizonlal angular ribbons, separated by cross-ribs. Broken off close to the beginning of the ball. Length about 2 cm., greatest width 1,4cm. (I.L.62). (Fig. 60).
Small fragment of silver, presumably part of pin-head or ball of penannular brooch. Adorned with two raised angular ribbons. Length about 1,5 cm. Having both ends cleft lengthwise (I. L. 63). (Fig. 60). 60.
I3 of ball of
penannular brooch of the type Rygh 680. The holes of the ball are seen to have been decorated with convex mouldings and with small cross-ribs placed below the mouldings, but the flat portions of the ball itiself are smooth. Grreatest width about 2 cm. (I. L. 64). (Fig. 60). 61.
About
62.
Head
of pin of silver penannular brooch of the type Riigh 680, deco-
rated with three convex mouldings, two of which are adorned with cross-ribs,
but otherwise unadorned. Broken off a (I.
little
above the beginning of the ball
L. 65). (Fig. 60). 63.
Small fragment of
1,5 cm. (I. L. 66). 64.
flat,
Present length
quadrilateral silver ingot.
(Fig. 59).
Piece cut off silver ring (ring-money) of intertwisted strands. Present
length 4 cm.
(I.
L. 67).
— Further
Small piece cut off silver ring (ring-money). Length 0,8 cm. silver rod, wil!h both ends broken off. Length 22 cm. (I. L. 68—69).
65. flat
66.
Piece of slender silver ring, cut off and bent together.
small armlet; adorned with small stamped triangles.
broken 67.
at the
Fragment
LenigUi 7 cm. 68.
other
(I.
(1.
L.
70— 71).
of slender
(Fig. 59).
— Piece cut
Pointed
at
off
one end,
(Fig. 59).
round
silver rod with both
ends broken
off.
L. 72). (Fig. 59).
Fragment
off (ring-mioney).
of slender quadrilateral silver ring, with both ends broken
— Small fragment of
ring, decorated with cross-ribs.
about 1,5 cm. (ring-money) (I. L. 73, 74). (Fig. 59). 69. Bit of slender silver ring, with both ends broken
off.
Length
Length 1,3
cm.
Hoards
—
Small
131
piece of ribbon-shaped silver, with both ends cut off
flat
(I.
L.
75, 76). (Fig. 59). 70.
Several fragments of silver miostly from ring-money
(I.
L. 77, 78, 79,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90). 71.
broken
Fragment
off at the other.
middle, 1,3 cm. 72.
(I.
Diameter about 0,6 cm.
Greatest thickness, at the
L.80). (Fig. 59).
Flat quadrilateral silver bar, tapering towards one end, but with both
ends broken 73.
of bevelled silver ring (ring-mioney), pointed at one end,
off.
Present length 8 cm., greatest width 0,6 cm.
Possibly the remainder of pin of penannular brooch.
width 0,5 cm. 74.
(I.
L. 91). (Fig. 59).
Similar silver bar, pointed at one end, but with both ends broken
Small
(I.
off.
Length 6 cm., greatest
L.92).
flat
quadrilateral silver bar, with both ends broken off.
Pre-
width 0,6 cm. (I. L. 93). (Fig. 59). 75. Quadrilateral silver bar, pointed at both ends; very badly oxidised, but otherwise undamaged. Length about 9 cm., greatest width about 0,5 cm.
sent length 4,5 cm.,
gireiatest
(L L. 94). (Fig. 59). 76. Small fragment of silver ring, with both ends cut off (ring-money). Length 3 cm. (I. L. 95). (Fig. .59). 77. Straight slender quadrilateral silver rod with rounded edges. Both
ends broken off. Undoubtedly used as money. Length 9 cm., greatest width aboiut 0,7 cm. (1. L.96). (Fig. 59). 78. Straight, round slender silver rod, flattened so as to approach a quadrilateral shape at the complete end, circular in cross-section at the other end, which is imperfect. Length 8,5 cm., greatest width 0,5 cm. (I. L. 97). 79. Round silver-rod, quite straight and comparatively thin, with both ends broken off. Beyond a doubt used as money. Present length about 12 cm., greatest width 0,7 cm. (I. L.98). (Fig. 59). 80. Quadrilateral silver rod, whose lower part passes into a flat portion terminating in a small hook. Difficult to determine. Upper end broken off. Present length about 10 cm. Greatest width about 0,5 or 0,6 cm. Possibly the remaining part of the loop of a closing arrangement like those found in necklets (I. L.99). (Fig. 59).
Pin-head with ball of silver penannular brooch of the type Rygh 680, but only decorated with convex mouldings without cross-ribs. The main panels of the ball itself are smooth. The tenon to which the upper end of the pin was once soldered is still found at the lower end. Length about 81.
5 cm., igreatest width 2,5 cm. 82.
(I. L.
100). (Fig. 60).
Silver chain, with both ends broken off;
made
a form approaching to Anderson, I.e., p. 28, fig. 6 cm., greatest width 0,7 cm. (I. L. 101). (Fig. 60). of
23.
of plaited silver wire,
Present length about
Hoards
132 83.
Rygh
Ring and pin-head with ball of silver penannidar brooch, of the type The ends are
680, but lacking the balls at the two ends of the ring:
octagonal in section, and quite without ornaments.
Otherwise the ring
is
and smooth. The pin-head is smooth and unadorned, likewhich the pin was fixed. The pin is missing, but the ball has at its lower end a small ferrule into which the pin was once inserted. Thickness at the ends 0,7 cm. (I. L. 102). (Fig. 60). circular in section,
wise the ball
to
The following
coins belong to the Skaill find:
2 Anglo-Saxon coins:
1 of
Athelstan (about 925), struck at Leicester and
penny, struck at York. Further 4 coins of Abbaside Caliphs from the period A. D. 887 945, and a great number of fragmets of Cufic coins. The hoard must consequently have been deposited after the middle of the i Peter's
—
10th oenitury. (Fig. 59).
To this find belong the following objects, now in The Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, originally belonging to Cursiter's collection: 1. Half of silver ring of the form so well known from the Skaill find. The ring is circular in cross-section, and is seen to have been thickest at the middle, where it is now broken off. The other end is preserved, in its original form, viz. blunt with rounded edges. Length of chord 6,3 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (C. 75). 2.
End
portion of silver necklet, approaching to the type Rygh 708, but
it by the flat plate terminating in a hook that is bent back The ring is made of three thick interwined silver rods, between which is wound a twisted strand of two intertwisted silver wires. Broken off about 11,5 cm. from croe end of the ring. Present length (of chord) 11,5 cm., greatest thickness 1 cm. The ring has been shortened by cutting in olden times, and must have served as ring-momiey (C. 74). There is in the Archives of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, a drawing representing a silver penannular brooch from the Skaill find that is not to be foimd in the Museum. The drawing was handed in to the MusiS'um by Dr. Traill, the ring having once belonged to one of his friends. It is a silver penannular broch of the type Rygh 680. It is seen to have been decorated at its upper end, on the top of the pin-head, with a wheel ornament. The sides of the head are seen to have been adorned with stamped dots and convex mouldings filled with cross ribs, the boittom with an angular ribbon. The transition between the balls and the ring are seen to have been adorned with convex mouldings filled with cross lines, and the two extreme ends to have been decorated with dotted circles. Then follow ribbons or mouldings adorned with cross-ribs, and inmost, close to the ring itself, an angular ribbon,
differing from vertically.
and finally a convex moulding with Length of pin about 20 cm.
cross-ribs.
Diameter
of ring about 14 cm.
Hoards
133
This find was made in March 1858 between the parish church of Sandwicl< and the Burn of Rin in the parish of Sandwick, in the Mainland. The locality is situated not far from the beach of the Skaill bay. Tlie find was made by a boy chasing a rabbit into a hole. At the entrance of the hole he found a few fragments of silver that had been unearthed by the rabbits at the mouth ol their burrow. As soon as the news of the discovery spread, a great miany neighbours took part in the further exploration, and the articles were speedily dispersed in various quarters.
Owing
to tlie
prompt and zealous exertions of Mr. George Petrie, one
corresponiding
Members
was recovered
for the
in the National
of the
of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, all the silver
Exchequer as a trasure-trove, and ultimately deposited
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh.
somewhat. According Mr. Cursiter, the Skaill hoard was brought communication from the oral light < on the north side of the bay, very near the Church on the west side
About the
locality itself the information varies
to
to
of
the road.»
made about 800 m. north spot where the silver was
Storer-Clouston supposed that the find had been of the mansion-house of the estate.
found, there was once a farm,
now
Close to the
gone, called Stove (Stufr), comprising
three holdings. Literature:
XV, 1880—81,
Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, pp. 575
—
ff.
— Proc.
Archeological Journal LX,
S.
A. Scot.
—
Joseph Anderson: Scotland in pagan times. The iron age, pp. 48 ff. A series of detail drawings (pp. 95 ff.) and many illustrations of the objects of the Skaill hoard, pp.79 97, figs. 59 77. One of the penannular brooches is illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XI, 1874 76, I, p. 48, and one of the silver-rings is illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot. XLVII, 1912—13, p. 447. pp. 286
—
ff.
469
— — —
Hoard from Stenness, Mainland (National Museum burgh, F. E. 27—30), illustrated a)
p.
fig. 62, viz.
—
of Antiquities, Edin-
Gold finger-ring, of the type Rygh 724, but with the ends of Bygh 723.
Quite without ornaments.
middle, narrowing off towards the ends. b) Gold finger-ring, chain-like appearance.
It is widest at the about Diameter 2 cm. (F. E. 27).
Quadrilateral in cross-section.
made of intertwined gold wire, which gives the ring a The two ends of the ring are connected by a small
oval plate decorated with stamped dots along the edges and a ribbon across the plate. Diameter about 2 cm., greatest thickness 0,6 cm. Illustrated in Joseph Anderson, I.e. p. 106, fig. 86- (F. E. 28). c) Gold finger-ring, of the form of the armlet Rygh 714, but without plate, the ends of the ring being interlaced. Tlie ring is made of three tiiick gold
Hoards
134
fig.
6'2.
Hoard
of
four
gold
finger-rings
found
at
Stennes, Mainland,
The Orkneys.
wires, without any thin wire wound in between. It is thickest at the middle, tapering off evenly towards the ends. Diameter about 2 cm., greatest thickness between 0,5 and 0,6 cm. Illustrated in Joseph Anderson, I.e., p. 106, 86' (F. E. 29).
,fiig.
d) Gold finger-ring of the same type as the above. The ends of the ring are pointed as in Rygh 723, while otherwise it has the appearance of Rygh
Diameter 2 cm., greatest thickness 0,6 cm. One of broken off, but the fragments are to hand, making the Illustrated in Joseph Anderson, I.e., p. 106, fig. 86' ring almost complete.
724, being unornamented.
the ends of the
riinig is
(F. E. 30).
According to the communication of the late Mr. James M. Macbeath of Kirkwall, the find was made in August 1879 in a small holding. The locality was a field near the shore of the Loch of Stenness. AnderLiterature: Proc. S. A. Scot. XIV, 1879—80, p. 174 (Donations).
—
son,
I.e.,
p. 106.
Lost silver find from Brodgarringen, Stennes, Mainland. James Wallace says in < An account of the Islands of Orkney», p. 58: cin
one of these mounds, near the big ring of standing stones at the northern end of the bridge of Stenness, were found nine fibulae of silver, shaped like horse-shoes.';
Wallace's book contains an illustration of one of these, and to judge from it looks as if we are here face to face with the discovery of
this illustration,
nine silver rings (ring-money), of the type known from the Skaill find. Literature: James Wallace: An account of the Islands of Orkney, London. Printed for Jacob Tonsom within Gray's Inn Gaite next Gray's Inn Lane, 1700.
—
M. Martin:
MDCCXVI,
A
Description of the Western Islands of Scotland.
p. 365.
—
Proc. S. A. Scot. X, 1872—74, p. 584.
London
Hoards
135
BURRAY. Hoard from Burray (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgli, 236—271), viz.
—
I.
L.
30 Silver rings (ring-moiniey) of the siaime type as those of the SkaiLl find: a) Silver ring (ring-money) of quadrilateral cross-section but pointed
Diameter 6 cm., greatest thickness
towards, the ends.
0,7 cm. (I. L. 236).
b) Silver ring (rinig-money) of the same type as the preceding one, but circular in cross-section, pointed towards the ends.
thickness about 0,8 cm.
The following
7'ings
Diameter about 5 cm.,
(I. L.
237).
muist
be determineid as being of th© same
itype as
the above: c)
Circular in cross-section, tapering off evenly to the ends that are cut
Diameter about 5,5 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (I. L. 238). Comparatively slender, circular in section, thickest at the middle, d) pointed at the ends. Diameter about 5,5 cm., thickness 0,5 cm. (I. L. 243). off short.
e) Silver ring (ring-money), circular in section, but narrowing off evenly towards the ends, which are cut off, both the end pieces missing. Diameter about 5 cm., greatest thickness 0,5 cm. (I. L. 264). f) Thick silver ring (ring-money), circular cross-section, pointed at one
end, the other
end
cut off. Unusually massive.
greatest thickness 0,8 cm.
Greatest diameter about 7 cm.,
L. 251).
(I.
g) Small slender silver ring (ring-money) of the same type as the preBoth ends cut off short. Greatest diameter about 5 cm.; thick-
ceding one.
ness, at the middle, 0,5 cm.
(I.
L. 255).
h) Silver ring (ring-money), quadrilateral in section, but flattened at the ends.
Diameter 5,5 cm., greatest thickness 0,6 cm. (I. L. 239). as nio. a belong also the following rings:
To the same type i)
diameter 5,5 cm., thickness 0,6 cm.
(I.
L. 246).
k) Thick silver ring, quadrilateral in section, with flattened ends.
Dia-
meter 6 cm., thickness about 0,7 cm. (I. L. 238). 1) diameter 5 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (I. L. 244). m) diameter 5 cm., thickness 0,6 cm. (I. L. 257). n) diameter 5 cm., thickness 0,6 cm. (I. L. 261).
somewhat
o) Silver ring,
ken
off,
the other
is
One end is broDiameter at present 5,5 cm., greatest thickness
thick, quadrilateral in section.
flattened.
0,7 cm. (I. L. 262).
p) Silver ring (ring-money), quadrilateral in section, but pointed towards Diameter 5 cm., greatest thickness 0,6 cm.
the ends.
The following rings must be determined as belonging as no. p:
to the
same type
Hoards
136 q)
Very
r)
diameter 6 cm., thickness 0,8 cm. (I. L. 240). diameter about 5 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. (I. L. 249). Comparatively thick silver ring. Diameter 6 cm., thickness about 0,7
s) t)
cm.
(I.
thick silver ring. Diameter about 6 cm., thickness 8 cm.
(I.
L. 242).
L. 250).
u) Comparatively thick
sillier
ring.
Diameter 7 cm., thickness
0,7 cm.
(I.L.241). v) Thick silver ring, quadrilateral in section, with
one end broken
off,
Diameter 5,5 cm., greatest thickness 0,7 cm. w) Silver ring (ring-money), quadrilateral in section, pointed at both ends, and comparatively slender. Diameter 5 cm., thickness 0,5 cm. (I. L. 254). x) Silver ring, of the same type as the preceding one, but thicker an:! with one end broken off, the other pointed. Diameter 6 cm., greatest thickness 0,7 cm. Somewhat imperfect at the broken-off end (I. L. 252). y) Silver ring (ring-nicney), qurdrilaleral in section, and with comparathe other pointed.
tively blunt ends. z) Silver
(I.
L. 263).
Diameter about 6 cm. greatest thickness 0,8 cm. (I. L. 256). (ring-money) of the same form as the preceding one, section, but with pointed ends. Diameter 6 cm., greatest
ring
quadrilateral in
thickness 0,7 cm.
(I. L. 258). aa) Silver ting (ring-money) quadrilateral in section, with pointed ends.
Diameter about 7 cm., greatest thickness 0,8 cm.
(I.
L. 258).
bb) Silver ring (ring-money) quadrilateral in section, with pointed ends. Diameter about 5 cm., greatest thickness 0,6 cm. (I. L. 259). cc) Silver ring (ring-money) of the same type as the preceding one, but with one end broken off and part of the ring missing. Diameter 5 cm., thickness 0,5 cm. (I. L. 265). dd) Silver ring (ring-money), circular in section, with pointed ends. Diameter 4,5 cm., greatest thickness 0,5 cm. (I. L. 260). ee) Silver ring (ring-money), quadrilateral in section, flattened at both
Diameter 5 cm., greatest thickness 0,5 cm. (I. L. 247). Small quadrilateral silver rod, narrowing off towards the ends, one of which is narrower than the other. Length 6,5 cm., greatest thickness
ends.
ff)
0,6 cm.
(1.
L. 266).
gg) Silver armlet, cp. Rygh 703; but the present ring is smaller than the type specimen, and made up only of three intertwined silver wires with no thin silver wire wound in between. The ends of the ring pass into plates,
which are unomamented. Tlie extreme part of either plate passes into a hook for the purpose of closing the ring. Diameter about 11 cm., greatest thickness 0,8 cm.
(I.
L. 257).
hh) Fragments of big silver necklet, made of four silver wires intertwined, probably by two wires being intertwined first, then the two strands so pro-
Hoards The
however,
137
preserved in such a be ascertained. At the row plates or ribbons, but the ends of these are so that the closing arrangement can no longer be
duced.
ring,
is
original appearance cannot
follows a portion
Ertog og 0re,
The other
made up
seen.
Inside either plate
of short thickly interlaced links (cp. A.
W. Brogger:
fig. 16).
parts of the ring are cut up into so
possible to ascertain thick-Ties 0,8
fragmentary state that its ends it has as usual narboth of them broken off,
cm.
(I.
many
bits that
it
is
not
original appearance. Original diameter about 16 cm.,
its
L.270).
About 108 pieces,
and as a rule greatly shortened by further same kind as the ones described above. There are two of the pieces that fit together, and are seen to belong to one ring, quadrilateral in section. Origianl diameter about 5 cm., greatest ii)
cut off
cutting, of silver rings (ring-money) of the
thickness about 0,6 cm.
(I.
L. 271).
kk) Remains of wooden bowl, in which this silver hoard had been deposited. The fragments are very small, so that it is impossible to form an idea of the size of the bowl.
A
silver ring in this
Edinburgh. 11)
It
Length of greatest fragment 5 cm. (I. L. 269). hoard belongs to Mr. /. W. Cursiter, 56 Broad Road,
may be described
as follows:
Silver ring (ring-money) of the usual type, quadrilateral in section,
and with plate-shaped ends, hammered decorated with stamped dotted
circles.
flat.
Length
The
plates are on the outsido
6,8 cm., width
between 5 and
between 0,7 and 0,8 cm. With these objects were three Anglo-Saxon coins, 1 struck for Eadward the Elder (901—925), 1 for Eadgar sole monarch (959—975), 1 for Ethelred II (978—1013, and 1014—1015). This find was made on the 10th of April 1889 by George Petrie of Little Wart in a clump of peat called the North Town Moss. The finder was cutting peat when his spade, at the depth of two and a half feet below the surface, struck against a small wooden bowl, which immediately fell into pieces, so that the silver came to iighl. The silver was found in a little clump of peat that had been left standing for years as not worth the trouble of cutting, as the soil had to be removed to a depth of two and a half feet before burnable peat could be procured. This was the reason why the silver had not come 5,6 cm., thickness
to light earlier.
The
find
was
first
requested Sheriff
reported to Mr. Pease, the Provost of Kirkwall,
Armour
seized and appropriated for
who
accompany him in order to have the silver the Crown. Mr. Cursiter gave me in July 1925
to
the following information about these happenings:
When
the find
in order to
was made, the sheriff was at first unwilling to interfere the silver on the part of the Crown. But at last. Mr. Cur-
demand
—
Hoards
138
induced him
As the
wanted to keep one of the rings, him; but Mr. Ciir siter protested, maintaining that the sheriff had no right to do this. He was, however, willing to recommend to the National Museum that the tinder should receive a ring later. But the sheriff using his authority permitted the finder to choose one of the rings for his wife, and he chose the only one that was ornamented. Some time after this Mr. Cursiter again visited the locality of the find, and asked the finder how his wife liked the ring. The man answered that he believed his wife would like to sell it, and, sure enough, she sold siter
the sheriff
to
do
was willing
so.
to give
one
finder
to
—
—
the ring to Mr. Cursiter for 10 sh. Literature:
It
is
still
in his possession
James W. Cursiter: Notices on a hoard of
(11
above).
ornaments XVIII, 1888
silver
and coins discovered in the Islamd of Burray. Proc. S. A. Scot. C. L. Acland: Norse Remains in North Britain. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society with Communications made to the Society, Vol. IX, Cambridge 1894—98, p. 114. 89, p. 318.
—
SHETLAND. THE MAINLAND OF SHETLAND. Silver penannular brooch, found in a moss between Lerwick and Scalloway.
(Belongs to James M. Goudie, Esq., Lerwick). Thistle brooch of the type Rygh 680, but smaller
—
63 a ^b). Of the balls, only the one to which the pin is fixed, is preserved, while the two others have fallen off and are missing. The ring itself is entirely without ornaments, approximately quadrilateral in cross-section, narrowing down towards the
The upper
ends.
portion of the pin
is
circular
(fig.
in section, but
portion rectangular, the widest part being immediately above
its
lower
the point.
The
on the obverse, decorated with dots and an angular ribfilled exclusively with dotted circles. The head is also adorned with three convex mouldings, between which the ornaments are placed. These mouldings, too, are decorated, with knobs. The ball of the brooch is on the obverse decorated with the striated design kaiiown from Anderson: Scotland in pagan times. The iron age, p. 81, fig. 60. The panel
head of the pin
is
bon, the reverse
is
is
divided into lozenges,
all
of
The two convex mouldwith a row between the mouldings
them
filled
with cast raised knobs.
ferrules at the transition to the ball are decorated with ings filled with raised dots,
and
—
—
The reverse of the pin ball is decorated with a trefoil ornament produced by incised arches. Between the arches there are circle omiaroents, viz. staimped dotteid circles, also adorning the sides, where they are arranged in groups of five (see fig. 63 a b). Below the ball at the transition of dotted circles.
—
to the pin
is
a small ring.
It
contains convex mouldings adorned with small
knobs, exactly as on the head of the pin. The transition between the obverse
and the reverse of the ring, is marked by separating the two ornament groups.
The
a
sunk
line, encircling the ball
and
and the extremity of the and missing. The ring seems to be bent somewhat
balls at the ends of the ring are missing,
pin itself
is
broken
off
out of shape.
As
for quality, this penannular brooch
is
somewhat
inferior to the spe-
Hoards
140
Fig 63 a
cimen
in
the
—
b.
and back view, found between Lerwick and Scalloway, Shetland.
Thistle brooch of silver, front
Skaill
find.
Diameter 11 cm.
Length of pin about 22 cm.
Greatest diameter of ball 4 cm. to be examined by the National Museum on June consequence of a letter from Director J. Graham Callwnder to James Goudie, Lerwick. Mr. Goudie at the same time stated that the brooch had been found in a bog between Lerwick and Scalloway, and that he wished to keep it.
This brooch was sent in
22, 1925, in
Lost silver find from Garthe shanks, Quendale, Mainland. In 1830 six or seven silver wristlets
were found
at
Garthesbanks, along
with a horn filled with Anglo-Saxon coins, of Ethelred, Athelstan, Edwy and Eadgar. They were found in the ruins of a built structure, and with the silver
were found
Literature:
five
broken
steatite vessels.
Proc. S. A. Scot. X,
1872—74,
p. 584.
Hoards
141
64.
Gold finger-ring found
at
Marrister in Whalsey, Shetland.
Fig. .r-
^.rr'/.-i
*it--
6.5.
Gold armlet, found
in
the Island of O-xna, Shetland.
^.-
WHALSEY. Gold finger ring from Marrister, Whalsey, Shetland (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. E. 76;
— 1921).
Small gold finger ring, made of three slender twisted gold rods. It is of much the same form as Rygh 714, but has no thin wire, and is quite small. Very well preserved. The transition between the two ends of the ring consists of a
small smooth gold plate.
off in width
towards the ends.
about 0,4 cm. (Fig. 64). Found in a peat-moss
at
The
ring
is
thickest at the middle, tapering
Diameter about
2,2 cm., greatest thickness
Marrister in WJialsey, at a depth of 2 feet 5
in.
below the surface. Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot.,
XVI, 1921—22,
p. 23.
OXNA. Gold armlet from Oxna (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. F. E. 71).
Small gold armlet, made of slender gold rods intertwined as to give the ring a chain-like appearance (cp.
in
such a
way
Rygh 704); but the ring
very slender and much lighter than the Xype specimen.
Its
is
two ends are
H
142
a r d
s
means of a plate cast in gold at the ends, exactly as Bygh 714, but entirely without ornaments. The ring is thickest at the middle, tapering off evenly towards the ends. Diameter about 6,7 cm., greatest thickness 0,6 cm. Weight 946 grains troy. (Fig. 65). The ring was found in Oxna some years before 1912 by a little boy at play. The spot where the armlet was found, is a bare spot the surface of which had been scalped over and over again to provide extra soil for the adjacent arable land woTn out by prolonged cultivation. It is thought that 18 or 20 inches of the original soil had been removed by this scalping process, so that the braclet lay in all probability at a little more than that depth beneath the former surface. The finder saw the ring glittering in the sunlight in the earth, and with some pains he pulled it out from the strong attachment of fibrous roots in which it was embedded. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. XLVII, 1912—13, p. 444. joined to each other by in
UNKNOWN PLACE Silver
Museum
find,
formerly belonging
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
a) Silver ring
to I.
L.
IN
SCOTLAND.
the Advocates'
225
—226),
viz.
Collection
(National
—
(ring-money), quadrilateral in section, with sharp edges,
Diameter 6,5 cm., greatest thickness 0,8 cm. in two fragments. Its form is somewhat peculiar, the ring being made of three thick smooth silver wires intertwined; these wires are nearly as thick as slender rods. Between these thick wires is wound a thin twisted silver wire (cp. for instance Rjigh 714). Either end of the ring passes into a silver knob terminating in a plate. This ring form seems to be rare. Greatest diameter about 6 cm., greatest thickness 0,7 cm. flattened off towards the ends.
b) Very small silver armlet,
—
now
III.
FINDS FROM DWELLING-SITES
THE MAINLAND OF SCOTLAND. ELGINSHIRE. Cullin (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh). Small bronze ring-headed pin, whose pin is now thickest at the top, tapering off evenly downwards. It is trilateral in cross-^section. The ring, quadrilateral in section, is of even thickness all round, except that it decreases in thickness at the middle, and has a narrow opening at the spot
where
it is
fixed to the pin.
Length 9,5 cm.
Diameter of ring about 0,8 cm., thickness varying from
0,4 to 0,5 cm.
Found cm
Cullin Sand, which
was inhabited from the Stone age down
to
the Middle ages.
The finds are very comprehensive and consist partly of bronze objects, and, indeed, partly of medieval brooches.
As
late as the
end
of the 17th century the Cullin estate
flint,
partly of
was very extensive
and a considerable part of the area was cultivated. About the end of 1694, or the beginning of 1695, it was entirely covered by drift-sand. Literature: Transactions of the Invemes Society and Field-Club, Vol. VII, 1906—1912, p. 73.
THE HEBRIDES. NORTH
UIST.
Find from earth-house at Cattlefold, Vallaij, North Uist (Excavated by Erskine Beveridge, National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, G. T. 150). In this find mainly comprising bone objects similar to those known to us from Norwegian cave finds we have the bronze ring-headed pin described below. Also two circular medieval brooches of a Scotch type. The bronze ring-headed pin is of a somewhat unusual form, the pin being rectangular in cross-section at the upper and the lower ends, while the rest of the pin, very narrow at the middle, is circular in section. The pin is
—
10
—
Viking Antiquities
—
II.
— Finds from Dwelling-sites
146
comparatively short;
end holding the
it
ring,
has a wide ribbon-shaped enlargement at the upper is evenly thick all round. Length about 8 cm.,
which
diameter 1,5 cm. Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot, LVI, 1921—22, p. 13.
Find from Carnan Mor, Otternish, quities,
'North Uist (National
Museum
of Anti-
Edinburgh, B. T. 1912).
common Viking
form, with heads and plates. between 4 and 5 cm. Eadly rust-eaten. Length somewhere Gift from Sir Arthur Campbell-Orde, Bart., of Kilmary and North-Uist, Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., XLVI, pp. 327 and 381. Six iron boat-rivets of the
Find from earth-houses at Foshigarry, North-Uist, the Hebrides (The Erskine Beveridge Collection in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh).
The
objects contained in this find
Edinburgh
in 1925.
The
the Scottish Archeologists
The
were not catalogued during my stay in why this was not done, was that like
chief reason I
referred these antiquities to the earlier iron age.
oldest of the objects contained in this find are probably contemporaneous
with our Norwegian cave-finds from
The
Roman
times.
antiquities mainly consist of borie objects, such as whale-bone knives
and spear-heads, bone daggers, bone bodkins, bone-combs, and weavers' reeds; and cups cut out of whale-bone, and bone spindle-whorls. There are among these antiquities objects dating from several periods. Besides bone objects from the earlier iron aige, there are penannular brooches dating from the Viking period, and, indeed, mediaeval objects. excellently adapted as they are to the needs of a populaThese sites are thus seen to have been inhabited tion of hunters and fishermen also bowls
—
—
through ages.
HARRIS. Find from the Island of Bararay, Sound of Harris (The Erskine Beveridge National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh G. T. 238
Collection 1921. 240), viz.
—
Bronze ring-headed pin with a large thick oval ring joined tightly to is dcorated with stamped dots. The pin, circular in cross-section, is comparatively short and slightly bent at the point. Length about 9 cm., greatest diameter of ring about 1,5 cm. a)
a quadrilateral head, which
b)
Bronze ring-headed pin with small quadrilateral head and unusually The latter is damaged by verdigris.
thick ring tightly joined on to the head.
Finds from Dwelling-sites
147
The pin
is circular in cross section and narrows down evenly towards the Length about 10 cm., diameter of ring 1,5 cm. c) Bronze ring-headed pin with quadrilateral cast head and comparatively thick pin narrowing down evenly towards the point. The pin is circular in
point.
cross-section;
head
1,5
it
is
somewhat verdigrised.
Length about 10 cm., width of
cm.
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot, LVI, 1921—22, p. 16.
Find from aw earth-house at Calson, Borve, Lewis (Nationial Museum of John Morrison and Norman Mackay, 1922). In this earth-house, which came to light by the covering sand being blown away, were mostly found bone objects of the kinds mentioned above. Among them are also a silver coin of Eadgar (995 975) and a bronze ring-headed pin. This pin is of Viking form, but has a smooth quadrilateral head at top, decorated with stamped dots. Below the quadrilateral head there is a convex
Antiquities, Edinburgh.
—
moulding, then follows the pin itself, circular in cross-section at the top, but rectangular in section further down. The pin is a little bent at the lower end, thickest at the middle, but tapers off towards the ends. about 16 or 17 cm., diameter of ring 1,4 cm. it is
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot., LVII, 1922—23, p. 12, and
Length of pin
I.e.
LVI,
1921—
22, p. 260.
THE HEBRIDES.
(Locality unknown).
Find from an ancient shell-bank in the outer Hebrides (Inverness Museum,
Case
C.
1.
no. 8), viz.
—
a) 16 iron boat-rivets, including loose plates
and heads, only two of the more or less fragmentary, only loose square rivet-plates being left of most of them. The rivets are beyond a doubt boat-rivets. Their length seems to vary between 3 and 4 cm. Most of them, however, are too fragmentary to be measured. Remains of rvood are still found sticking to some of them. One rivet has a triangular plate, a very short rivets being
now
complete.
The
rest are
middle portion, and a circular head. b) Thick iron nail, 9 cm. long, made of a quadrilateral rod, having a big circular head that seems to have been made of a flat iron plate and to have been riveted to the rod. Tlie lower end of the nail is broken off. c) Small straight iron rod with a semicircular ring fixed to it. Length 2,5 cm. d) A great number of indeterminable iron fragments. The objects described above may possibly have come from a boat-burial or from a landing-place, but no further information is available. Neither is it, for the matter of that, certain that the objects date from the Viking period.
Finds from Dwelling-sites
148
Fig. 66.
Bone handle and part Orphir,
of
bone comb found
at Earl's Bu.
Mainland, The Orkneys
THE ORKNEYS. THE MAINLAND. Find from the Earl's Bu, Orphir, Mainland (National Museum of Antiquites, Edinburgh, I. L. 326—27, A. W. Johnson, 1905), viz.
—
a)
Bone
one half
is
ribs of
bone comb. One of the ribs
preserved.
The
latter is
is
complete, of the other about
decorated with cross-lines, and
its middle Length about 10 or
portion with oblique lines, cross-lines, and dotted circles. 11 cm., greatest widtli 1 cm. (Fig. 66).
b) Bone handle of comb. It has at one end a horizontal hole, in which the comb was fixed. Somewhat damaged at the lower end, otherwise well preserved.
Length 6 cm.,
Found
at the
greatiest widith 1,5
cm.
(Fiig.
examLniation of the remains of
66). hoiuise
sites at Earl's
Bu
in Orphir.
Literature:
the Saga
Book
Proc. S. A. Scot., of the
XXXVII, 1902—3,
Viking Society
pp.
22—24.
—
See also
III, p. 207.
Find from Broch of Okstrow, Birsay, Mainland, of Antiquities, Edinburgh, G. D. 1—54, 1875).
Orkney (National Museum
This find contains objects dating from- several periods, e. g. Roman (Samian) fragments of pottery and bone implements, similar in form to those described above. As the find as a whole must be older than the Viking
Finds from Dwelling-sites Fig. 67.
149
Brooch and ringheaded
pin of bronze found in the Broch of Olistrow,
Mainland,
The
Orlineys.
we will describe here only a bonze ring-headed pin and a brooch found among the objects of this find (fig. 67). This brooch (G. 0. 51) is of the common Viking foirm (illuistrateid in the Catalogiie, p. 235), but the pin is quadrilateral in cross-section all along, from point to head. About the middle as well as immediately below the head the pin is decorated with a smiall angular ribbon made of transverse lines. Its upper end is a little wider than the rest period,
and bent round the ring. The latter is thickest at the middle, tapering off towards the ends. It has a narrower portion at the spot where it is fixed to the pin. Lengtli of pin 10 cm. Diameter of ring 1,5 cm., thickness 0,4 cm.
Literature:
Catalogue of the National
Proc. S. A. Scot., XI,
1874—76,
p. 81.
Museum
of Edinburgh, p. 234.
—
Finds from D ic e
150
Fig. 6S.
Bone comb from
a
dwelling
1
i
1
site
n g
in
-
s it
e s
Sanday, The Orkneys.
SANDAY. Find from a Kitchen-midden Kirkwall.
The Museum
Bone comb
is
in
Sanday, Orkney (Free Library Museum,
managed by the Orkney Antiquarian
Society).
of the Viking period, mainly of the type Rygli 447, but without
the offsets at both ends of the type specimen.
The two
ribs of the
comb are
joined to each other by iron rivets, of which there were originally 7, but several are now missimg. The ribs are slightly curved. Near the ends the
comb
decorated with three vertical cross-lines; then follows a smooth and them two vertical cross-lines. Along the edges run two horizontal lines widest apart from each other at the middle. Between these and the contour lines are oblique lines forming two sets of angular ribbons on is
interstice,
either side.
The upper part
glued together.
A
great
many
of the
comb
teeth are
is
now
broken
into five pieces, partly
all the teeth at one end and several in the middle. At the other end, which is complete, the teeth have been cut out of a massive piece of bone that forms the external comer (cp. the type specimen). The other side of the rib is said to have different designs from those described here. Original length of comb about 16 cm.,
gneiatest wiidth 3,5
missing, thus
cm. (Fig. 68).
Find from a Kitchen-midden
at
Library Museum, Kirkwall, No. 28.
Four jneces of one or more of them, so
Howar near Lambaness, Sanday (Free The Orkney Antiquarian
steatite vessels,
Society).
one perforated for
ears.
The
fragmentary that the size of the vessels as they were once, cannot be determined. Impossible to determine whether these pieces date from Viking times or belonged to the coarse vessels of the early iron age, know from the Orkneys or Shetland. Their thickness suggests the probability of the latter conjecture, but nothing can be ascertained. Length of pieces respectively 14, 13, 8 and 9 cm. pieces are,
all
IV.
SEPARATE FINDS
MAINLAND OF SCOTLAND. KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE. Axe from
the Loch of Boon (Museum of Kirkcudbright, No. 3756). Iron axe from the Vii
from socket
The socket portion
is wider and longer than in the type specimen, and the spur-projections at the socket must have been longer and narrower on the under side than those shown in the Rygh
lines
to cutting-edges.
one of them is now knocked off. The cutting-edge is ground wider than in the type specimen, and the spur-projections at the socket must have figure, but
been somewhat damaged by Greatest width about 19 cm.
rust near the socket.
—
Length about 20 cm.
(Fig. 69).
According to the New Statistical Account, Ayrshire, three wooden canoes were found in Loch of Doon in 1823. In one of these cances were found a wooden club, and the axe described above, which has now been deposited at the Museum by Major /. A. Calchart, Drumganze.
DUMFRIESSHIRE. Iron axe.
(Dumfriesshire and Maxwelton Museum, Maxwelton).
Iron axe of the Viking period, of the type Rygh 560, but with pointed spurprojections of the eye portion, both on the upper and on the lower side.
Like the type specimen
shape, and vestiges of
hammer
it
has
its
cutting edge distinctly
scales are seen on the broad faces.
ground
The
into
cutting-
edge and one broad face are a little imperfect. Otherwise well preserved. Length about 19,5 cm., widtih across the cutting-edge about 18 cm. (Fig. 70).
WIGTOWNSHIRE. According to the communication of Ludovico M. Mann, Glasgow, a bronze have been found at Ltice Bay in Wigtownshire. This ring was carried away to Antrim, Ireland, by a clergyman, and is now in his private collection. finger-ring, bearing a runic inscription is said to
Separate finds
154
Fig. 69. of
Battle-a.xe
Doon,
found
in the Locli
Kirkcudbriirhtshire.
—
in his private According to a cominunicatioin from Mr. Mann he has the Kelvingrove Museum, Glaswhich now packed and stored in collection, is It was found at Glen Luce, gow a bronze padlock, of the form Rygh 453. Wigtownshire.
—
AYRSHIRE. According to a communication from Ludivico M. Mann, Glasgow, a fingerring, presumably of bronze is said to have been found in Cleaves Cave, parish of Dulry, Ayrshire. Literature: Prehistoric
Man
in Ayrshire, by
John Smith, London, 1895,
p. 66, fig. 151.
From
the
same
locality
Both these objects are Ayrshire.
comes an iron arrow-head of Viking form. now in John Smithes private collection, Dulry,
Separate finds
Fig. 70.
155
Battle-axe found in Dumfriesshire.
LANARKSHIRE. Ring-headed
pin
from
Lanarkshire
Edinburgh). Bronze ring-headed pin, 4
in. loing,
which the ring passes. The ring pirn is
now
is
V,
(National
Museum
of
Antiquites,
and with a quadrilateral head through diameter. The lower end of the
in. in
slightly bent.
The exact
locality of the find
Presented
to the National
is
unknown,
Museum by
pin belongs to the collection of the late Mr. Literature:
Proc.
S.
A. Scot.,
XVL
it
may have been
in
Lanarkshire.
Mrs. White, Netherud House.
Adam
1881—82,
Sim, of Culter.
p. 145.
The
Separate finds
156
Fig. 71.
Penannular brooch found
at
Cogar
Fig. 72.
Burn, Mid-Lothian.
Linen-smoother of black glass found in Perthshire.
MID-LOTHIAN. (National
Museum
of Antiquities of Scotland, Edinburgh, F. C. 153).
Bronze ring-headed pin, of Finnish tijpe (Rygh 675 cp. G. Gjessing in Universitetets Oldsaksamlings Arbok 1927, fig. 7 The pin is illu9, p. 31). strated in the Catalogue, p. 207, F. C. 153, and this illustration is correct except that the surface of the piece is decorated not with zig-zag ribbons, but with two rows of mutually opposed triangles that have been punched into the surface. The outward side of the pin is also decorated with a row of triangles that point upwards. Diameter of ring 6 cm. Length of pin about 6 cm. The pin is slightly curved and uniormamented. (Fig. 71).
—
—
This object, without doubt of Finnish origin, was found in 1811 at Cogar in Mid-Lothian, and was handed in by Mrs. Bell in 1866.
Bum
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot., VI, 1864—65, p. 311,
fig. 4.
—
Catalogue
1892, p. 207.
PERTHSHIRE. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, M. E. 276).
Linen smoother of black glass, of the type Rygh 446. It is rather a big specimen, with an upright piece of glass on the back. Diameter 6 or 7 cm., greatest thickness 2,5 cm.
From
Perthshire.
(Fig. 72).
Separate finds (National
Museum
157
of Antiquities F. C. 235).
Bronze ring-headed pin, of the common Viking form, with a semi-spherical head.
The ring
is
thickest at the
middle, tapering off evenly towards the opening for the
The pin is thick at the top, tapering downwards, circular in cross-section. Length of pin about 9 cm., diameter of rinig 2 cm. (Fig. 73). From Dunkeld, Perthshire. Gift from Muirhed Moffat. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., LVII, 1922—23, p. 11.
pin at tha upper end. off
(Perth National History Museum, Perth). Bronze brooch, of the type Montelius: Svenska forn-
saker 535, but without the raised portions at the upper end. It is
decorated with a row of stamped dots. is reported to have been found in the neigh-
This piece
bourhood of Perth. There is no objection to supposing this object to have been carried to Scotland during the Viking p9riod, though its type is distinctly Swedish. But there is also a possibility that it may have come from Sweden through the hands of a seller of antiquities, or brought by a tourist, the findreport in that case being unreliable. At all event? the object holds a very isolated place in the Scottish material.
WESTERN SCOTLAND. (Hunterian Museum, Glasgow). Several objects foimd on the western coast of Scotland, viz.
—
a) Flat, quadrilateral iron rod, thick and wide at the upper end, narrowing off towards the lower end, which is broken off. Very badly rusted and over-prepared. May passible have been used as a chisel. Present length
—
Fig. 73. Riog-lieaded
pin of bronze found at
Dunkeld, Perthshire.
9 cm., greatest width 1,9 cm. b) Round, flat iron ring, quadrilateral in cross-section,
Diameter
3,9 cm.,
greatest thickness 1 cm. c) Hone of a greenish rock, with the widest end knocked off, tapering off evenly towards the other rounded end, which is still complete. Present length 11 cm., greatest width 4,5 cm. d) Five fragments of rivets, three of them rivet-plates.
e)
Three iron
nails.
The length
varies between 3,7 and 4 cm.
Separate finds
158
Fig.
74.
Sword found
at
Strathspey
near Gorton, Elginshire.
f) Three small indeterminable fragments of thin iron mountings, and a fragment of a bronze plate, 3,7 cm. long. g) Small piece of burnt bone, with both ends broken off. Two parallel contour lines are seen incised at one side. Posisibly the remains of a comb,
Separate finds 75.
Fig.
Silver mounting
159
for
a drinking horn, found at
Burghead, Elginshire.
T
» •
preserved that nothing can be ascertained. Present length 2,5 cm., greatest width 3 cm. h) Small fragment of burnt bone. i) Small smoothed piece, possibly of whale-bone, but the stuff cannot be ascertained. Its use uncertain, and the piece is not finished. Both ends are broken off. Present length 3 cm. k) Two small worked pieces of jet, with marks of blows. but so
little
is
ELGINSHIRE. Iron sword from Strathspeij, near Gorton, Elginshire (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, L. A. 1).
Double-edged iron sword, illustrated in Anderson: Notes on the Relics, p. 36, of the type Jan Petersen, fig. 109, but with more strongly curved upper cross-piece, and less curved guard. Both cross-pieces are decorated with appliied silver anid copper wires, placed at equal distanoe from each other and hammered into the iron, so that the latter is distinctly seen in the interstices, which sets off the shining wires very effectively. The wires are plain and smooth, not twisted as in the type specimen. The blade shows vertiges of damascening, now hard to distinguish on account of over-preparation: It seems to have had a wide fuller with damascening on either side. The cuttingedges of the blade are a little imperfect at the lower end. Total length about 88 cm. Length of blade 77 cm. Length of upi>er cross-piece 6 cm., of guard 11 cm., greatest width of blade about 5 cm. (Fig. 74). Found at the excavation of a railway cutting at Strathspey, near Gorton in
—
Elginshire.
Literature: figs.
4
—
Proc. S. A. Scot., V.,
1862—64,
p. 215,
and plate V, 1862—64,
5.
Silver mounting for the shire (National
Museum
mouth
of a drinking-horn
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
from Burghead, ElginL. 214).
160
Separate finds Fig.
76.
Four
bronze
found at the Hill
of
pins,
Reluges,
Elginshire.
Silver mounting for the mouth of a drinking-horn, illustrated in Joseph Anderson: Notes on the Relics of the Viking Period, p. 54. The mounting has at the top a rounded rim, made of a piece of silver hammered into shape, and to one side of the mountiinig is fixed a silver loop made of a slender round To the upper silver rim are silver rod riveted to the rest of the m.ounting. now fixed remains of a silver mounting made of a silver plate decorated with stamped ormaments. The ornaments consist of triangles terminating at the bottom in a knob. These knobs are connected by lines adorned with cross-lines, and the triangular panels are filled with small animal themes. The ornaments recall some pieces illustrated by Shetelig in Urnesgruppen,
Separate finds Fig. 77. at
161
Iron plough found
Swordale, near Bonar Bridge, Sutherland.
—
Arsberetning 1909, pp. 91 92. Diameter across the mouth 6 cm. (Fig. 75). Found in 1926 by some working-men digging for tiie village of Burghead on the ground of Houngs. Gift from Lady Dick Lauder. Literature: Transactions of the S.A.Scot., Vol. Ill, Edinburgh 1831, p. 39. Proc. S. A. Scot., IV, 1860—62, p. 378.
Fortidsforeningens
—
Four bronze ring-headed pins from Hill (National
Museum
of Reluges, Elginshire. of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 131 134), viz.
—
—
a) Bronze ring-headed pin, with oblong, quadrilateral head without orna11
—
Viking Antiquities H.
Separate finds
162 mentation. It
The pin
is
thickest at the middle
is circular in cross-section
9 cm.
Diameter of ring
and tapers
1,4 cm.
off
and tapers off towards the head. towards the point. Length about
(Fig. 76).
b) Bronze ring-headed pin of the usual Viking form, without head.
wide upper end of the pin is
fixed to the pin.
The
is
bent round the ring, which
is
The
narrowest where
it
latter is at the top circular in cross-section, but
becomes rectangular farther down.
— Lerngth 10 cm.
Diameter of ring
1,5
cm.
(Fig. 76).
Bronze ring-headed pin with quadrilateral head decorated with a horizontal contour line at the upper and lower edges. The pin is circular in crosssection, and is bent a little out of shape. The ring is missing. A comparatively thin pin. Length somewhere between 7 and 8 cm. Greatest width of c)
head 0,5 cm.
(Fig. 76).
d) Bronze-ring-headed pin with quadrilateral head divided into square panels, and decorated at the top with a single contour line. The ring has fallen off, and is missing. The pin is circular in cross-section, and tapers off evenly towards the poinit. Lenigth 8 cm., width of pin-head 0,5 cm. (Fig. 76). These pins were found at Doune Hill of Reluges; they were once in the
possession of the late Sir Thomas Dick Lauder. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., IV, 1860—^2, p. 187.
SUTHERLAND. (The Dunrobin Castle Museum, Golspie). Iron plough of the Viking period, but a little larger and wider than the usual plough-shares of that time. Has a wide opening for the insertion of the wooden part of the plough. Length about 18 cm., greatest width 12 cm. Badly rust-eaten. (Fig. 77). Found in September 1880 with a stone vessel (steatite vessel)
at
Swardale
near Bonar Bridge, Sutherland. (The Dunrobin Castle Museum, Golspie). Very large pair of forge tongs of iron, of the type Sigurd Grieg: Smedverktoi norske gravfund (Oldtiden XI), p. 41, fig. 14. Very badly rust-eaten; both limbs now loose, as the rivet keeping them together is worn away i
with rust.
(Fig. 78).
lower end is gone, the other, though likewise far gone, is fairly complete, so that it can be seen that its upper end is quadrilateral in cross-section. This limb has a kind of handle,
One
of the limbs is so rust-eaten that
its
circular in cross-section, at the lower end.
Found near Dunrobin
Castle.
No
further information to hand.
Separate finds
163
(Dunrobin Castle Museum, Golspie). Badly rust-eaten fragments of a short single-edged iron knife, possibly from the 8th century. It is very badly corroded, the point and a piece of the blade missing.
Present length 26,5 cm., greatest width of blade 4 cm.
Found near Dunrobin
Fig.
78.
Pair of
Dunrobin
forge
tongs
Castle.
found
Castle, Sutherland.
No
near
further information given.
Fill.
"''
Spear-head
found
Caithness.
at
VVatten,
Separate finds
164
CAITHNESS. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh,
I.
L. 210).
Iron spear-head with narrow blade and increasing width down to the sharp cutting-edge comers a little above the socket; below these corners the spear-
head again narrows down towards the socket, which latter is widened at the Lower end of socket somewhat imperfect. Length about 20 cm., bottoim. greatest width of blade (between the cutting-edge corniers) 2,5 cm. (Fig. 79).
Found beside (National
a cist at Watten, Caithness.
Museum
of Antiquities, F. L. 13).
Small amber bead with
rounded
lateral faces.
flat
upper and lower faces
Width across
From Mound, Caithness. The bead may belong to
1,3
(at the poles),
and
cm.
the Viking period, but
it
may
also date from
belongs to Sir Francis Barry's private collection, now in the National Museum, but cannot be seen to have been entered into the catalogue
earlier timies.
It
of this collection.
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot., XLIII, 1908—1909, pp.11
ff.
—
THE ISLANDS. BUTE. Sword-handle (belonging to the Marquess of Bute, Montstuart, deposited Bute Natural Museum, Rothesay). Handle of double-edged iron sword of the form Jan Petersen: De norske
in the
fig. 85 and without pommel, exactly like the illustrated specimen. Of the blade only about 3 cm. at the upper end is preserved, and besides that 6 very badly rusted iron fragments now loose and presumably parts of the blade. Remains of wood are seen adhering to two of these. The upper cross-piece is complete, but very rusty. The tang is complete, and the grip has at the top some small remains of wood sticking to it. The tang is 2 cm. wide at the top and widens downwards to the guard where it measures 3 cm. Tiie guard is badly rusted and is cleft at one end, but is still in its original place. Total-lenigth of the sword fragments at present 17,3 cm. Length of 11cm., tang of grip 8,5 cm., of upper cross-piece 8,5 cm., of guard 10,5 cm. Width of blade 5,5 cm. Thickness of upper cross-piece 2,5 cm. (Fig. 80).
Vikingesverd,
—
Found
in Bute.
Literature:
Glasgow 1911.
Scottish Exhibition
—
of
National
History, Art,
Palace of History, Catalogue of Exhibits,
and Industry,
p. 806, no. 430.
ISLAY. (Lost find).
In Thomas Rennant: A Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides, Second Edition, London 1776, there is an illustration of an iron sword, found in Islay (pi.
XLIX,
fig. III).
To judge from the illustration, the sword must have been of the type Rygh minus the pommel. The upper and lower cross-pieces were once
494, only
plated with copper or bronze ribs. Literature: 74, p. 567.
Rennant,
1.
c, p.
XLIV,
fig. III.
—
Proc. S. A. Scot., X, 1872
Separate finds
166
Fig.
Linen-smoother
81.
of
black glass,
found at Dalvadie in Islay.
Fig.
the
80.
The handle
of a
sword, found in
Island of Bute.
(The Hunterian Museum, the Glasgow University Collection, Glasgow, the M. Mann). Linen smoother of black glass, of the type Rygh 446, well preserved and of the usual Viking form. The lower face is flat with a concavity in the middle, while the upper face is convex as usual. Width across 7,4 cm. Thickcollection of L.
ness about 3 cm. (Fig. 81) Found at Dalvadie in Islay.
According to Proc.
S.
No
further informationi available.
A. Scot., XIII, 1878
—
79, p. 72, a
bronze tortoise
brooch was found at Mull, in Islay. This brooch was in 1877 in the possession of Lord l^orthampton, where Dr. Joseph Anderson saw it. Its present where-abouts unknown. Literature:
1.
c.
XIII, 1878—79, p. 72.
COLONSAY. (National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. G. 27). Bronze ring-headed pin of the usual Viking form, now verdigrised and
Separate finds
167
Fig. 82.
Fig. 84.
Fig. 83.
Fig.
82—84.
fig. 83,
Three ring-headed pins
in the Island of Eigg; fig. 84,
of
bronze.
—
Fig.
82
found
in
Colonsay;
near Uie Earl's Palace at Birsay, The Orkneys.
Separate ^inds It is preserved in two fragments, and little bit of the pin slightly bent. seems to be missing. Present length about 7,5 cm., width across about 2 cm. The ring is thickest at the middle, narrowing down about the spot at which Pin and ring are alike unomamented. No further it is attached to the pin.
—
information available. (Fig. 82).
EIGG. (National
Museum
of Antiquities,
Edinburgh
B. N. 51).
Bronze pin with looped head, oval rather than circular, and with quadrilaobverse amid reverse of which are decorated with square stamped ornaments. The pin is quadrilateral in section at top, but circular Length about 12 cm. Width across farther down, terminating in a poinit. teral head, the
ring 1,5 cm. (Fig. 83).
Found in 1882.
in Eigg.
No
Deposited in the
Museum by
Professor
iV.
Mackpherson
further information to hand.
BARRA. Museum, London. Department of British and Mediaeval Anti95—6—13). quities, Fragments of bronze tortoise brooch. The type cannot be ascertained. (British
Foimid at Ardvonrig in Barra.
THE ORKNEYS. THE MAINLAND. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 135).
Quite plain bronze ring-headed pin with quadrilateral head and smooth ring. The head is decorated with stamped dots that are rather indistinct, and the pin has, immediately below the head an angular ribbon.
Tlie pin
is cir-
more oval further down. Length about 13 cm. The ring tapers oiff towards the pin-head. (Fig. 84). Palace at Birsay, the Mainland. Deposited by Colo-
cular in section at top, but .
Diamieiter of ring 1,5 cm.
Found near
the Earl's
nel Balfour in 1863. wall, but
was
The brooch
originally belonged to the
bought, at the sale of the
Museum
of Kirk-
Museum, by Colonel Balfour and
deposited in the National Museum. Literature:
(National
Proc. S. A. Soot., V, 1862—64,
Museum
p. 16, no. 19.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. N. 22).
Stone bead of a greyish-brown colour, with a big hole through it, with thin slightly roimded sides, and comparatively high. Width across 1,5 cm.
Foimd
in the parish of St. Ola, in the
Mainland.
Date uncertain.
Gift
from G. Petrie in 1877.
The Hunterian Museum, Glasgow
University, C. 66.
The Cursiter-Bishop
Collection).
Bronze-pin, illustrated in fig. 85, of a peculiar form, the upper end of the pin being bent upwards in a spiral. The bent portion is decorated with stamped dots, while the quadrilateral top end is filled with line ornaments. These
on one side of incised angular ribbons, on the other of crosses placed The upper portion of the pin is quadrilateral in crosssection. The pin decreases in thickness towards the lower end, which is circular in cross-section, and terminates in a point. Length 12,2 cm., greatest thickness 2,2 cm. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., XXI, p. 343, fig. 4. According to a communication from /. W. Cursiter this pin was found in a plough-field at Quoybanks in the parish of St. Ola, in the Mainland, Orkney. A similar pin is reported to have been found in Biirray. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., XXI, 1886—87, p. 343, fig. 4.
consist
beside each other.
Separate finds
170 (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 193).
Bronze ring-headed pin of the usual Viking form, with quadrilateral head, divided into panels decorated on the obverse with horizontal cross-lines. ring
is
broken and only one fragment
is
preserved.
The pin
is
The
circular in
cross-section at top, but passes into a rectangular cross-section further down,
the transition being decorated with two horizontal cross-lines.
broken
According
(National
Museum
to the old register of the
the Mainland of Orkney.
in
Its
point
is
off and missing. Present length about 10 cm. Diameter of ring 1,5 cm.
Museum
this pin is
in
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. N. 21).
Bead of greyish stone flat at the poles, with rounded it. Width across about 2,5 cm. Date uncertain.
From Deal
from Stenness
Not published.
Evie, parish of St. Ola, Mainland.
Literature: Catalogue of the National Edinburgh, 1892, p. 218.
(Natiomal
Museum
Museum
of
sides
and a big hole
G. Petrie in 1877. of Antiquities of Scotland,
Antiquities,
Edinburgih,
F. N. 146).
Four very small beads of some greyish-white Two of them are quadrilateral, two circular. Possibly dating from the Viking period.
material.
Found at Skaill, Sandwich, Mainland, Orkney, The Lady John Scott Collection.
in
1920.
Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot., LV, 1920—21, p. 20.
(In the possession of Mrs. Watt, Skaill House, the
Mainland, Orkney).
Small urn of green steatite with small projections on the sides, onoe serving as ears like those found in a similar, but larger vessel in the Cursiter collection in the Hunterian
The
vessel
is
Museum, Glasgow.
roughly cut into shape on the outside,
but complete and polished smooth on the inside. Diameter 9,5 cm. Height 6,5 cm. It has not been possible to procure further informiation.
Fig.
85.
Bronze
pin,
found
Mainland, The Orkneys.
at
Quoybanks,
Separate
f
i
n
d
(In the possession of Mrs. Watt, Skaill House,
Mainland, Orkney).
Linen smoother of black, ground stone, of the usual Vifcing type, exeeipt that
it
is
of stone, not
Well preserved, with rounded upper face and flat lower face. Diameter 6 cm. of glass.
Found at Skaill, Sandwich, the Mainland. No further information to hand.
SANDAY. (The Hunterian Museum, Glasgow UniverGlasgow.
sity,
The Cursiter-Bishop
Collection,
C. 60 A.).
Badly rusted double-edged iron sword, so more be fully
far gone that the type can no
ascertained, but everything points to the probability of its
belonging to the form Jan Petersen:
De norske Vikingesverd,
Pomp. 163, fig. 128. and upper cross-piece are unornamented and seem to have been forged in one piece, though with a marked division between pommel miel
—
and cross-piece. On the tang which is now severed from the upper cross-piece, but still connected with the guard are remains of the wooden grip. The guard is quite straight, quadrilateral, and rather clumsy. It is considerably
—
thicker than that of the type specimen, but
it,
The blade is broken immediately below the upper end, and the
too,
is
badly rust-eaten.
remainder
some
is
of tliese
preserved in 10 fragments. Only fit in with each other, so that the
length of the blade cannot be determined. Length of pommel 8 cm., its height about 4 cm. Length of upper cross-pi ece about 9 cm., of guard about 10,5 cm. Present length of tang 7,5 cm. Greatest width of blade 5,5 cm., its preoriginal
Fig. 86. in
Sword found at Sties The Orkneys.
Sanday,
s
171
Separate finds
172
sent length 49 cm., and the total length of the sword at present about 67 cm. It must, however, undoubtedly have been a very long and heavy sword. The badly ooirroded blade may possible have remains cl the wooden scabbard sticking to it, but this cannot now be deienmined with certainty. Altogether,
the sword
is very biadly preserved. (Fig. 86). According to Proc. S. A. Scot., X, p. 566, this sword is reported to have been found at Sties in Sunday; it once belonged to Mr. Walter Denison, WestBrough, Sanday, Orkney. The sword was some time ago bought by Mr. I. W. Cursiter, and added to his collection; it is mow in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow. Scottish Exhibition Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., X, 1872 74, p. 566.
—
of National History, Art,
Catalogue of Exhibits,
and Industry, Glasgow 1911.
— —
Palace of History,
p. 807, No. 445.
(The Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, Glasgow). Iron cauldron of the Viking period, from the private collection of Mr. Cursiter, was exhibited at the Glasgow Exhibition. (At the exhibition it was takemi to be a helmet, see the Glasgow catalogue, p. 807, p. 446). According to a communication from Mr. Cursiter this cauldron was bought, with the rest of his collection, by Mr. Bishop, and was afterwards deposited in the Hunterian Museum, where it now proved impossible to find it. Found at Sties in Sanday, Orkney, with a skull, reported to have been found lying in the cauldron. Literature: Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art, and Industry, Glasgow 1911. Palace of History, Catalogue of Exhibition, p. 807, fig. 445. (Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, Glasgow).
An
was exhibited, from the private collecGlasgow Exhibition of 1911 (see the Glasgow cata-
iron axe of the Viking period
tion of Mr. Cursiter, at the
logue, p. 807, No. 447).
According
to a
communication from Mr. Cursiter
a carefully executed
this
axe was
fitted with
wooden handle.
Found at West-Brought, Sanday, by Walter Denison. The axe cannot now be identified in the Museum. Literature:
Scottish Exhibition of National
Glasgow 1911. Palace of History Catalogue
UNKNOWN LOCALITY
IN
History, Art, and
Industry,
of Exhibits, p. 807, no. 447.
THE ORKNEYS.
(The Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, Glasgow). Bronze ring-headed, pin of the usual Viking form. The ring is thickest at the middle, tapering off evenly towards the portion to which the pin is fixed,
Separate finds
173
narrow at this spot. The pin is rectangular in crosswhere it is bent round the ring, the rest of it approximately circular at the middle, and rectangular towards the point. Length 12,7 cm. Diameter of ring 2 cm., thickness 0,5 cm. The pin is unomamented and somewhat verdigrised. Found in Orkney. No further information to hand. the ring being quile section at the top,
(National
Museum
—
of Antiquities, Edinburgh).
No. 785. Fragments of iron shield-boss, probably of the type Rygh 562; but the type cannot be ascertained, the fragments being so small and in such a state of decomposition.
Reimains of an iron spear-head, whose type canmot be asceris in two fragments and the socket missing. The blade is seem to have been long and narrow, and comparatively thick, with a Total length at present 18 cm. Greatest width markedly raised midrib. of blade 4 cm. Unnumbered, but presumably No. 783. Badly corroded remains of iron axe whose type cannot be determined on account of its present state. It seems to belong to the somewhat heavy type approaching in shape to Jan Petersen: De norske Vikingesverd, fig. 40. A good deal of one end is knocked off the cutting-edge. Length about 15 cm. Width across the edge 9 cm. No. 782. Fragment of iron heading-tool of the usual Viking form, but considerably larger than those foimd in Norway so far. Portion of it broken off a little below the middle and all through one of the holes, so that the lower portion is missing. Present length 9,2 cm., greatest width 3,7 cm. This number also comprises some indeterminable iron fragments, long, narrow pieces of iron, all of them badly rust-eaten. It is possible that the spear-head and the axe described above may have come from the Orkneys. For the National Museum received an axe and a spear-head from Orkney, in 1909. But these objects can no longer be identified (see Proc. S. A. Scot., XLIII, 1908—09, p. 293). No. 786.
tained, as the blade
—
—
SHETLAND. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, A. Q. 48).
728, but much smaller and Width across the mouth 8 cm. Length 15 16 cm. The vessel is cut roughly into shape, and not smoothed afterwards. This vessel, however, may possibly date from the Middle Ages. The vessel was handed in to the National Museum in 1870 from the Museum of Lerwick, which was then abolished. The object is not mentioned in the inventory of relics originally belonging
Small
steatite vessel witli a handle, cp.
Rygh
with a thick, massive handle.
to the S.
Lerwick collection and sent
A. Scot., XVII, 1882—83,
that
it
belonged
to the
p. 13),
Lerwick
to the
Museum
Museum
in
1870 (Proc.
collection.
UNKNOWN LOCALITY (National
National
but the label affixed to the object states
IN
SCOTLAND.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh), vis.
—
a) Iron socket of spear-head, with the upper end broken off at the beginning of the socket. Wooden remains are found sticking to the shaft-hole. Present length 12 cm., greatest width 3 cm.
b)
Some badly
rust-eaten iron plates, possibly remains of iron cauldron,
but the plates are so fragmentary that nothing can be stated conifidently. At all
events thev do not belong to a shield-boss.
FROM SOME UNKNOWN LOCALITY. (National
Large bail and
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh).
type Rygh 729, with thick sides, but without The finely worked and smoothed outside and inside.
steatite vessel of the
ears.
It
is
seen to have been onoe broken into pieces, and the pieces to have been subsequently joined together, so that a small piece of the bottom and of one side is missing. Diameter about 85 cm., height 20,5 cm. ves.sel is
Separate finds The other large and coarse
steatite vessels of the National
175
Museum
without
doubt belong to an age anterior to the Viking period. They are all of them of forms unknown in Norway, and were as a rule found alone or with burnt bones, never with Viking relics. These vessels must consequently be classed with our Norwegian steatite vessels from the earlier iron age.
(The Kelvinignove Museum, Glasgow, the Mann Collection). Bronze pin belonging to ring-headed pin. It has at its upper end a small circular head, to which a ring was once fixed. The pin is about 8 cm. lomg. It is quadrilateral in cross-section, and it is slightly bent. Immediately below the head are two horizontal convex mouldings.
V.
FINDS FROM PE AT-MOSSES
12
—
Viking Antiquities
II.
THE WESTERN ISLANDS. EIGG. (National a)
Museum
Stem or
of Antiquities, Edinburgh), viz.
stern-post of
oaken
boat, of the
ted before in Proc. S. A. Soot, XII, p. 577,
As
will
be seen from the
—
form shown
in fig. 87.
Illustra-
fig. 16.
illustration, there are cut out in the
inward face
stepped set-offs, to which the strakes of the boat were once fixed; but no holes for the riveting of the strakes are to be seen now. Everything is shaped
from one timber, and the set-offs on both sides of the inward face correspond to the two sets of strakes fixed to it. The piece is very well preserved. Total length of chord 1,93 m., greatest width 30 cm., greatest thickness 10 cm. b) Stem or stern-j)ost of boat, probably of oak (illustrated in fig. 87). Stepped set-offs, probably fixed to the strakes of the boat, have been cut out at one end of the innier side. The other end of the piece is cut into shape so as to terminate in a quadrilateral tenon. It is all shaped from one large piece of wood. Illustrated I.e., fig. 17. Length of chord 1,8.5 cm., greatest width 30 cm., greatest thickness 10,5 cm. Unusually well preserved. These two objects came to light by the draining of a peat-moss at the west side of the island of Eigg. Deposited by Professor N. Mackpherson in 1878. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., XII, 1877—78, part 2, p. 594. According to a communication from M. L. M. Mann a similar boat-find was in a peat-moss near Tormore in Arran. This find, which has not been published, is reported to be in the possesion of Lord Graham, and to be kept
made at
Brodic Castle, in Arran.
Finds from Peat- Mosses
180
•
>
Fig. 87.
Stem or slern-posts
of oak,
found in the Island
of Eigg.
SHETLAND. THE MAINLAND. Museum
(National
of Antiquities,
Edinburgh
T. J. 54
—63),
viz.
—
10 heads of glass, of viarious shapes. Four of them are mosaic beads, comparatively flat at the poles, with yellow as their ground colour, and adorned with black and red inlays. Onie of them has rosettes, another multi-coloured panels, a third
ments.
One
is
decorated with line ornaments, and two with wheel orna-
of the mosaic beads has flat faces at the poles, rounded lateral ground colour, and round inlays with chess-board designs,
faces, red as its
black and white. One bead of the same form as the preceding one is of light blue colour with inlays of yellow dots surrounded by red cros.s-lines, i.e. more like a decomposed rosette than anything else. Finally, a small yellow mosaic
bead with rounded
lateral faces,
and two high beads with faintly arched
sides decorated with grooves.
These
beaids
Literature:
were Proc.
fo'imd in a peat-moss at Hillswick, Mainland, Shetland. S.
A. Scot.,
XX, 1885—86,
p. 8, no. 3.
UNST.
Museum
(National
of Antiquities,
Edinburgh A. Q. 2—5),
viz.
—
one side-portion knocked off, about one third of the may belong to the type Biigh 728 as well as the type Hugh 729; but it is impossible to decide to which of these two types The outside of the it belongs, as so great a portion of one side is missing. vessel is decorated with an encircling horizontal line immediately below the Steatite bowl, with
bowl missing.
upper edge.
It is
circular and
— Greatest
diameter about 23 cm.
and differing in that from the type specimen, Rygh 728. The bowl is circular and has a convex moulding immediately below the upper edge. The handle terminates in a blunted point, tapering off evenly, as it does, and being cut short off at the end. It has a Steatite vessel with handle, quite small,
Finds from Peat-Mosses
182
upper side, while the lower side is more oval, and bevelled. On the edge are two horizontal coTiitour lines. Length about 20 cm. Greatest width somewhere between 7 and 8 cm. Steatite vessel with handle of about the same form as the above. The
flat
and decorated immediately below the upper edge The portion to which the handle was originally fixed, is knocked off, so that the handle is preserved loose; but it is complete. The handle has a flat upper side, and is about semi-circular in cross-section. On either side below the upper edge and all along it, there is a horizontal line which seems to have been filled with black colouring. On the upper side of the handle is a contour line along either edge, and likewise a line midway between them, passing at the root of the handle into two lines. Length about 18 cm. Greatest diameter of bowl somewhere between 8 and 10 cm. The steatite vessels described above were found in a peat-moss at Houndland on the bank of the Loch of Eilif in Unst in 1878. The vessels lay at the depth of 5 feet below the surface of the bog. One of them was found after the others, but in the same spot. Donation from the Rev. Z. M. Hamilton, D. D., Bressay, Shetland. Literature: Thomas Edmonston: Notes on some recent excavations in the Island of Unst, Shetland. Proc. S. A. Scot., IX, 1870—72, p. 283. vessel
itself
is
circular
with a groove cut into the steatite.
—
VI,
CELTIC ANTIQUITIES
FROM SCOTLAND
Most of the Celtic antiquities Scotland, must have come to that country from Ireland, brought, for instance, by Irish monks, and so without any connection with the Norwegian settlement. Also, several of these ornaments may have been made in Scotland. As will be seen from the as direct imports
inventory below, most of them were found outside the tracts occupied by the
However, as some Celtic ornaments have been found in tracts that were once Norse, e.g. in Orkney, we shall affix a list of the Celtic relics in Scottish Museums, acquired down to and including the year 1925. Norse.
THE MAINLAND OF SCOTLAND. AYRSHIRE. (National
Museum
of Antiquities,
Edinburgh, F. C.
8.
The Hunterston
brooch).
Splendid silver penannular brooch, of Celtic workmanship, called the
Hunterston brooch. It is of the type Bygh 697, and is illustrated in the Catalogue of the Museum, pp. 202 f. As will be seen from the illustrations thi-^ brooch is far more splendid than the type specimen. The pin has a large quadrilateral head, widest at top and tapering off towards the pin. It is decorated with an animal design in the central panel, and with ribbon interlacing on the sides. The whole ornamentation is filigree-work. Tlie lower
end
of the
head has a setting
filled
with amber.
The two upper
settings are
now empty. The lower part of the pin, including the point, is broken off. One portion of the lower part has a deep groove decorated with cross-lines. As will be seen from the illustration, the wide faces of the ring are decorated partly with panels filled with animal ornamentation, partly with square set-
amber or red lower ends by means of
The two
plates of the ring are connected
tings containing
glass.
at the
a square ornamented plate, once decorated with
now dropped
and also with filigree ribbon ornaments. seem distinctly in the illustration. Four of the settings of the plate are now empty. Diameter 10 cm. Present length of pin about 9 cm. The brooch is ornamented on the reverse, and the loop of the
stones that have
The
out,
rest of the ornamentation is
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
186
Fi<;.
pin is,
is
88
a.
The Hunterston brooch,
front
likewise decoraied, with ribbon interlacing.
besides, filled with
inscriptions. (Fig. 88
Found
some
West Kilbride, Ayrshire, not
at the foot of a steep
mountain, about
George Stephens: Note on the Hunterston Brooch, Ayrshire,
with a reading of the runic inscription on it. Proc. S. A. pp. 462 ff., and Proc. S. A. Scot., XXV, 1890—91, p. 417. National
of the ring
a. b.).
in 1826 -on the estate of Hunterston,
Literature:
The reverse
loosely incised ornaments and with two runic
from Largs. The brooch was found a hundred yards from the sea. far
view.
Museum
of Antiquities of Scotland,
Scot.,
VII, 1866
— Catalogue
Edinburgh, 1892,
p. 202.
— 67,
of the
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
Fig.
!
b.
187
The Huiiterston brooch, back view.
RENFREWSHIRE. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. E. 11).
Small bronze penannular brooch of the Celtic type with expanded terminal The plates have a triangular panel filled with an animal design, and they have as usual a setting in the upper corner, now empty. The ring its^eli' is decorated with a convex moulding filled witii cross-lines, i.e. a rope-like ornament. Between the terminal plates is inserted a triangular plate filled with the typical Celtic ribbon ornament. The inserted plate, too, has plates.
a circular setting in each cornier.
The pin
is
fixed behind;
its
lower end
is
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
188
Fig.
89.
Peiianiuilar
bronze,
broken
off,
and
loi-alitv
its
brooch
Fig. 90.
of
unknown.
upper end
is
near
Brooch
Dunipace,
of silver,
found
Stirlingshire.
attached to a semicircular panel cast in one
piece with the upper edge of the ring. ring 3 cm.
The brooch was acquired to
Length of pin 7 cm. Diameter of the 1868—69, p. 307. (Fig. 89). Glasgow in 1868. No further information
Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., VIII, in
hand. Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot., VIII, 1868—69, p. 307.
STIRLINGSHIRIE. (National
Museum
of Antiquities,
Edinburgh
F. C. 10).
Silver penannular brooch of Celtic type, but very small.
behind and
— as
in
Norwegian penannular brooches
—
The pin
is
fixed
to a relatively nai
row
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
189
It is decorated with ribbcn interlacing in Celtic styic, having the ordinary ribbon motive also found in our brooches with disc on bow. The two emifls of the plate are connected with each other, held in place by an oblong setting filled with amber. In each of the corners of the plate we likewise find the two usual settings. Each of the triangular panels of the plate is decorated with an animal pattern. Between the plates and the ring is placed a circular setting, now empty, connected with the ring by two narrow oblong settings filled with amber, one ow either side. Diameter of ring 3 cm.
portion of the ring.
Length of pin 8,5 cm. (Fig. 90). This brooch is illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., VIII, 1868—70, p. 308. Found near Dumpace, Stirlingshire. The Bell Collection in 1868. Catalogue of the Literature: Proc. S. A. Soot., VIII, 1868—70, p. 308.
—
Museum,
p. 202.
PERTHSHIRE. (National a)
Museum
of Antiquities, F. C. 3
at
—
top adorned with a full-face
4), viz.
—
style, origiTiially gilt, illustrated in the Ca'a-
Bronze mounting in Celtic
logue of the Museum, F. C. 3
—
4.
As
will
be seen from the
human mask. From
this
illustration,
it
is
mask two semi-arches
run along the edges of the piece, terminating in animals' heads with eyes cf amber. In the centre is a circular white stone in a setting, and the sunk portion round this frame is filled with ribbon interlacing. Length 4 5 cm. Greatest width between 4 and 5 cm. Vestiges of gilding. (Fig. 91).
—
same type as the preceding specimen, and
b) Bronze mounting of the like
it
seen
to
have once been
semi-circular panel for a
gilt.
human
Like the above specimen it has at top a This is, however, now missing.
face which
has in the centre a setlinig, now empty but once enclosing a stone. The ground is adorned with ribbon initerlacing, and the animals' heads Length about 4 cm., width at the sides have settings filled with amber. mounting,
too,
about 4 cm. (Fig. 91). Presented by Mrs. Hugh W. Young (1888), who had got the relics at Crieff in Perthshire; no further information is available. Catalogue of the NatioLiterature: Proc. S. A. Scot, 1888—89, p. 123.
—
nal
Museum
of Antiquities of Scotland,
Edinburgh 1892,
Finds from Tummel Bridge, Perthshire (National Edinburgh, F. C. 162—170), viz.
p. 201.
Museum
of Antiquities,
-
a) Plaim silver p. 208.
The ring
penannular brooch, illustrated is
made
of a flat silver plate,
in the
and
its
Catalogue of 1892,
two terminals are
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
190
Fig. 91.
Bronze mountings, found
considerably wider than the ring
at Crieff, Perthshire.
and consist of triangular plates (see the illustration). Along the edges of the plates are stamped dots. The pin is at the top wide amd ribbon-shaped and bent round the ring. At the middle it is approximately oval in cross-section, while it is rectangular at the lower end, but unorniamented and pointed towards the extreme end. Length about 8 cm. Greatest diameter about 6 cm. itself,
b) Silver penannular brooch of the
same form as the above, but without
One of these is broken, and the fragments are put The end portion of this plate is broken off, two fragments missing. The pin is of the same form as the above. It is decorated with stamped dots orniaments on the plates.
together.
in
two rows. Diameter of ring 6 cm., length of pin 9,5 cm.
Small silver penannular brooch of the same form, but with a slenderer pin, quadrilateral in cross-section all along. The end of one of the plates is knocked off. Unomamented. Greatest diameter of ring 5 cm. Length of pin 6,5 cm. c)
and shorter
d) Fragments of the upper edge and of the bottom of a bronze vessel, of
—
Rygh 725 26; but the fragments are so small that nothing certain can be said about the form. Present length 17 cm., greatest width 3 cm. the type
e)
Two
very small pieces of the upper edge of a bronze vessel of the to which specimen, however, the fragments can
same form as the above, hardly belong.
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland f)
191
Small bronze edge-mounting, of which only a small porlion
is
pre-
served, evidently the mounting of the miouth of a drinkingliorn, about 4 cm. g) Small bronze
edge-mounting, of which only a small portion is premouth of a drinkinghorn or something
served, evidently the mounting of the
Incomplete, having parts kiniocked off and broken off, Th? upper edge has a convex moulding. Present length 2 cm. Greatest width of that kind.
1,5
cm.
Found
in the
objects lay in the
Literature:
National
Tummel Bridge
Proc. S. A. Scot., XXII, 1887—88, p. 268.
Museum
(National
eighteen-eighties at
in
Ths
Perthshire.
ground under the root of a tree that had been blown down. of Anitiquities of Scotland,
Museum
— Catalogue
Edinburgh 1892,
of the
p. 208.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 176).
Rygh 697) wilih triangular specimen. The ring has at but very details from the Rygh plates, different in the middle a circular setting, now empty. On either side of this setting are Silver penannular brooch of Celtic type (cp.
common meek, and with their mouths turned towards the setting. The neck passes on either side into a serpenit-like body that runs as a smooth convex moulding all along the ring to the beginning of the terminal plate. Along this moulding is a row of punched dots mutually connected by an oblique line. Either terminal plate is decorated with tliree circular settings, now empty, and the interstices between these are filled with Celtic ribbon interlacing, in this case consisting of wide ribbons filled with cross-ribs. The contours of the plates are adorned with ribbon interlacing placed two animal figures on one
placed in oblong panels. The pin has at top a panel filled with a Celtic ribbon theme. Further down it has a small oblong panel adorned with dots.
Otherwise
it
is
smooth.
—
Diameter about 8 cm. Length of pin about XIV, 1879—80, p. 4.51, fig. 3.
1.5
cm.
Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot.,
Literature:
(National
Proc. S. A. Scot., XIV,
Museum
1879—80, pp. 451
ff.
of Antiquities of Scotland, Edinburgh, F. C. 177).
penannular brooch in Celtic style. The pin is quadrilateral in and its upper end is bent round the ring. Along its edges is a raised setting filled with motives resembling scroll-work. In the centre is a sunk portion, filled with a gold plate adorned with in part damaged applied filigree spirals, separated by a middle line. At the middle the ring has an oblong panel now empty. Its sides are at the middle decorato
cross-section,
—
—
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
192 circular.
which
Towards the ring
is still tilled
itself
they have two semi-circular panels, one oi
with ribbon-interlacing
made
of gold filigree.
The
lermi-
nal plates have in the middle a setting of amber, then follows a circular
panel ornamented with ribbon interlacing of gold filigree, then again one with interlacing silver ribbons, and finally the extreme edge adorned partly with ribbon interlacinig, partly with rows of continuous spirals. Across the
two uttermost panels are, on either side three animals' heads cast plastically, and further elaborated by hand. The heads turn their mouths towards the central knob of the plate. Diameter 7 cm. Length of pin 10 cm. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., XIV, 1879—80, p. 450, fig. 2.
—
The two penannular brooches described above (F. C, 176 177) were at Perth in the eighteen-eigbties. They are reported to have been
acquired
found
in the
neighbourhood of Perth. Proc. S. A. Scot., XIV, 1879—80, pp. 450
Literature:
ff.
ABERDEENSHIRE. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 158).
Facsimile cast of small Celtic penannular brooch of bronze with square expanded terminals. It has at top an oblong panel with rounded ends decorated with ribbon interlacing, and in the centre a setting, sides of the ring are smooth except for a ribbon
made
of
now empty. The
two horizontal lines
along the edges; the interstice between these lines is filled with small crossribs. The two terminals of the ring are square. In the middle is a circular setting which is now quite empty. Round this setting there is Celtic ribbcn
and in the comers small mushroom-shaped ornaments. At top, immediately below the head,, the pin is adorned with a ribbon ornament. Otherwise the pin is smooth, except for a panel farther down with a row of dots in it. Diameter 6 cm. Length of pin about 7,5 cm. interlacing,
Found near Banchory
in
Aberdeenshire. Acquired in 1888.
No
further
information to hand.
The
object
is
not mentioned in Proc.
S.
A. Scot., XXII,
1887—88 and
XXIII, 1888—89. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 216).
Ring of Celtic penannular brooch of bronze, minus pin. The central poris decorated with a square panel, filled with zigzag ornaments. At the transition to the plate, on either side of it, is a circular setting, and the triangular portions are on each side adorned with cross-lines
tion of the plate itself
—
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
193
mutually opposed and separated by horizontal lines. Diameter of the ring between 8 and 9 cm. P'ound between Abergeldie and Birkhall in Aberdeenshire. The ring was found at the digging of a hole for a boundary stone. Literature: Proc S. A. Scot., LIV, 1919—20, p. 214.
INVERNESS-SHIRE. Scottisli
hoard from Cray, Inverness-shire (National
—
12—25), vis. Celtic silver penannular brooch,
Edinburgh, a)
F. C.
The ring
p. 204.
is,
at the
Museum
of Antiquities,
illustrated in the Catalogue of 1892,
middle, decorated with a circular setting surrounded is gilt. The two terminal plates are circular and are
by ribbon interlacing. It seen to have been adomied with amber settings, only a little of the amber, however, being now left in one of them. Round these settings, are two rope-like ornaments made of two emcircling hatched mouldings. Diameter
The pin
6 cm. 589,
—
Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., XI, 1875
76, p.
fig. 1.
One
b) is
mi&s.ing.
of the terminal plates of a Celtic
broken off
at
the beginning of the ring
a triangular interlaced ribbon filigree spiral ornaments.
—
ornament
penanmiJar brooch
itself.
Adorned
in a setting,
which
Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot.,
of silver.
It
in the centre with
surrounded by 1885 XX, 86, p. 91, is
—
Length of fragment 2,5 cm., greatest with about 1,5 cm. c) Half of silver penannular brooch in Celtic style. The plate of one side is square and ornamented with ribbon motives. The ring must have had, at the middle, a panel similar to that of no. a (FC 12); the Catalogue, p. 204), but is broken off short in the middle of it. Present length 6 cm., thickness 0,7 cm. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., XX, 1885—86, p. 92, fig. 2. d) Balance-beam of bronze pair of scales, with one end broken off. The other end is decorated with an animal's head above the hole. This head is turned inwards. Only a small piece of the loop at the middle is preserved. Present length 9 cm. Greatest width 0,5 cm. Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot., XX, 1885—86, p. 95, fig. 6. e) Three amber beads with rounded sides, flat at the poles. Width 1,7 1,5 and 1,3 cm. respectively. f) Four small mosaic beads of glass, decorated with green, white, or yellow ornaments, partly lines, partly dots. Width 1,3 and 1,7 cm. respecti\ely. g) Small fragment of the typical Scottish bead, adorned with black lines on a yellow ground. h) Chain of interwined silver wires, quite flat and made of many twisted fig. 1.
—
silver wires. 13
—
Illustrated in the Catalogue of the
Viking Antiquities
ii.
Museum,
p. 204, F. C. 25.
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
194
Both ends of the chain are broken off. Present length 13 cm., greatest width 1 cm. i) Coins of Coenwulf, King of Mercia (796—818 A. D.). Illustrated in the Catalogue quoted, p. 204, F. C. 23. which must date from the first half of the 9th century This find should in all probability by regarded as a Scottish hoard. The hoard was sent in to tlie National Museum, Edinburgh, from Croy in
—
—
Invemeiss-shire, part of
it
in 1875, the rest in 1886.
The
first
part was
handed
in by the Rev. Fraser, who imparted the following information about the find: The spot where the find was discovered is sitiiated about one mile from the church of Croy, at the northern end of the hill-range that formis Culloden
Moor. The objects lay on the top of a low gravel ridge in a corn-field that had been filled for the first time only 8 years before 1875, i.e. in 1867. There were no traces of a grave-mound, but there seems to have been a small cairn on the spot, removed when the area was brought under cultivation. The find was made by a little girl planting potatoes. She found all the relics in one spot, within an area of 1 m. square. She became aware of some of them, which lay on the surface, and found the rest by diggiriig up the earth with
her fingers.
The
locality
of the find
is
near the road leading from Croy
cross Castle. Literature:
Proc. S. A. Scot.,
XX, 1885—86,
p. 91.
—
to
Dal-
Proc. S. A. Scot.,
XI, 1874—75, p. 588.
SUTHERLAND. Finds from Rogart, Sutherland. burgh, F. C. 1—2),
viz.
—
(National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edin-
Penannular brooch of gilt silver, illustrated in the Catalogue, p. 2C0, and in Proc. S. A. Scot., XXII, 1887—88, p. 273, fig. 4. The ring is at top decorated with ribbon interlacing in an oblong panel, while the terminal plates are circular in the centre and of tri-Iateral form with a)
F. C.
1,
arched sides. It is provided with settings, now empty, and, besides that, adorned with ribbed interlacing in the usual Celtic style. Diamieter 6 cm. Length of pin 10 cm. The pin is decorated at top with an interlaced-ribbon
ornament, and farther down with cross-lines. (Fig. 92 b). b) Large bronze penannular brooch in Celtic style, illustrated in tiie Catalogue, p. 201. As shown in the illustration, the ring has at the top a is a large animal's head with muzzle turned inwards. They are shaped spontaneously and plastically. The backs of the heads are adorned with cross-lines, and the eyes are dis-
circular cemtral panel, on either side of which a long
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
195
Fig. 92 a— b. ?The Cadboll brooches? found at Rogart, Sutherland.
tinctly seen.
will
The
central panel has, in the middle, a round
be seen from the
illustraitiom,
amber knob. As
the ring has two terminal plates, decorated
with four plastic animials' heads of the same type as the two at the top of the ring;
one of these four heads are now missing. The rest of the ring
lengthwise into two panels filled with ribbon interlacing.
head are likewise decorated with Celtic ribbon in the middle of the pin-liead is gone. Diameter about 15 cm. (Fig. 92 a). These two broiocheis, called
<
Literature:
of ring 10 cm.
the Cadboll brooches»,
Anderson: Scotland
p. 293,
—
pin-
Lengtii of pin
were found
Proc. S. A. Scot., XXII, 1887—88, pp. 271
XXVI,
divided
interlacing, but the stone set
in Sutherland.
Journal, Vol
is
The pin and
ff.
at
Rogart
— Archeological
Proc. S. A. Scot., VIII, 1869—70, p. 305.
—
in early Christian times, II, p. 7.
(Dunrobin Castle Museum, Golspie, no.
8).
Small Celtic bronze penannular brooch with square terminal plates decorated with raised knobs. The pin is adorned with a triangular panel filled 13*
—
viking Antiquities
II.
1
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
96
with cross-lines on either sides of a long narrow panel. The lower end of the pin is seen to have expanded in width and to have been adorned with oblique but
lines,
extreme portion
its
is
now
missing.
Diameter of ring 4,5 cm.,
present length of pin 6,5 cm. No further information to hand.
CAITHNESS. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 9).
Pin and small fragment of ring, belonging to penannular brooch, of gilt As shown in the illustration, the central panel of the terminal plaite is adorned with a filigree animal ornament, silver, illustrated in the Catalogue, p. 204.
as
is
likewise the panel preserved in the fragment of the ring
animal ornameinit of the terminal
is
itself.
The
somewhat damaged. The edge panels of The three circular
the plate are decorated with filigree spiral ornaments. settings
and the square one are
filled
with amber.
Greatest width of plate 2,5 cm. Illustrated in Proc. p.
446,
S.
Present length 5 cm. A. Scot., XIV, 1879—80,
fig. 1.
Found at Achavrole, Dunheath, in Caithness in 1860, and acquired in 1879. Found close to the farm-house during the digging of a ditch. Below the as far as can be brooch were found remains of leather or cloth, and ascertained the brooch was complete when found. It was broken to pieces by the mattock, the stones fell off, and only the half described above was
—
—
preserved. Literature:
Proc.
S.
A. Scot.,
XIV, 1879—80, pp. 465
ff.
THE WESTERN ISLANDS. COLONSAY. Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 189). penannular brooch of bronze, illustrated in Proc. of S. A. Scot., XLl, 1906 07, p. 441, fig. 5. Adorned with circular cast ornaments at both ends, like the terminal plates, which have semi-circular enlargements, as shown by (National Celtic
—
is quite plain and bent round at top. It is quadriDiameter of ring 4,5 cm. Length of pin 8 cm. Machrins in Colonsay in 1891. No further information is to hand
the illustration.
The pin
lateral in cross-section.
Found
at
about the circumstances of the find. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., XLI, 1906—07,
p. 441.
MULL. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 5).
Penannular brooch of gilt bronze, of the type Bjigh 697. The pin differs from that of the type specimen by having a quadrilateral oblong head with a circular setting in the centre, now empty. This setting is separated by a square frame from four corner panels filled with ribbon interlacing. The ring itself has in the panel immediately below the pin an animal ornament in Celtic style. The two other panels contain Celtic ribbon interlacing. Tiie two terminal plates of the ring are not connected at the ends. In the upper comer they have two circular settings which are now empty, and at the two expanded ends of the ring there are in each corner three square panels, originally containing stones, now missing. Each of the triangular central panels of the ring-plate is filled with an animal ornament in Celtic style, and surrounded with edge framings containing Celtic ribbon interlacing. The pin is complete; it is circular in cross-section. Diameter of the ring between 8 and 9 cm. Length of pin 14 cm. (Fig. 93 a b). Found in Mull. Transferred from the New College Museum, to which it had been sent in 1845 or 1846. Deposited in tlie National Museum by Professor
Duns
in 1879.
Literature:
the National
Proc. S. A. Scot., XIII, 1878—79, p. 68,
Museum
fig. 1.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, 1892, p. 202.
— Catalogue of
Celtic Anti quill
198
Fisj.
93
a— b.
(National
Penaniuil;ir brooch
Museum
e s
from Scotland
found in the Island
of Antiquities,
Edinburgh
of
Front and back view.
Mull.
F. C. 6).
Plain penannular brooch of bronze, of Celtic type, but without ornaments. plates are quite smooth, and likewise the pin. Ornamented only with two knobs a little above the termination of the plates, and with
The terminal
some expansions
of the ring at the transitions
between ring and
plates.
Dia-
meter of ring 5 cm. Length of pin 9 cm. Found in Mull. Transferred from New College Museum to the National Museum by Professor Duns in 1879. Catalogue, p. 202. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot., XIII, 1878—79, p. 71.
—
THE HEBRIDES. (National
Museum
Bronze ring-headed lateral pin-head.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 138). -pin,
The pin
with thick ring, closely connected with the quadrishort and circular in cross-section, tapering off
is
evenly towards the point. The pin-head
is
decorated with
square panels filled
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland with lozenge patterns.
formed of short 1,5 cm.
The ring
199
decorated with a ribbon ornament, Length about 7 cm. Diameter of ring about
cross-lines.
itself is
(Fig. 94).
Found
in a burial-ground in the island of Heisher
the Hebrides. Deposited in 1856 by T. L. Muir. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot.,
II,
1855—56,
near North
Uist, in
Illustrated in Proc. S. A. Scot.,
p. 176.
— Catalogue, 1892
p. 206.
(Nicolson's Institute, Stornoway, Lewis).
Small bronze ring-headed pin, an approach
to
the type with entirely
The ring is evenly thick, and likewise comparatively short and tapering off towards the
quadrilateral head adorned with stamped dots. small.
The pin
point.
Length about 7 cm.
is
No information about
the locality.
(Nicolson's Institute, Stornoway, Lewis).
Ring of small ring-headed pin of bronze, of Celtic style, with square endplates which seem to be decorated with Celtic ribbon interlacing; only, the
ornaments are hardly
visible.
Diameter of the ring about 4 cm. Length of
plates nearly 2 cm.
No information about
the locality.
Fig. 94.
Pin
of
bronze found
Heisher, North Uis*.
in
THE ORKNEYS. (National
Museum
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, 44).
one of the long sides, adorned with intagliated semi-arches, the rest with two animals' heads in Celtic style, their muzzles turned towards one of thei narrow sides. Length 4 cm. Greatest width at pre-
Square bronze mounting, with a raised portion
The
the other long side imperfect.
sent about 2,5 cm.
raised portion
in
is
(Fig. 95).
1889 on Monker Green in Stromnes, Mainland, during some drainage work made necessary by the enlargement of the cemetery.
Found
in
Literature:
(National
Proc. S. A. Scot.,
Museum
j)late,
of a brooch. Illustrated in Proc. is
p. 86.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 160
Small circular bronze surface
XXVI, 1891—92,
—61).
possibly the remains of the central portion S.
A. Sect., XXI, 1886—87,
decorated with Celtic ribbon interlacing.
p. 345, fig. 6.
The
(Fig. 96).
This object was found at Stromness in Mainland some time before 1887. According to Proc. S. A. Scot., XXVI, 1891—92, p. 86, it is said to have
been found near Monker Green Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot.,
(National
Museum
Stromness.
XXI, 1886—87,
p. 346.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 160
Grave-find from the
Some
at
Knowe
of
— 61).
Moan, Moan, Harray, Mainland, Orkney. known from facsimile casts, others
of the objects in this find are
only from descriptions;
viz.
—
a) Cast of bronze brooch, consisting of a circular ring connecting square
square panel and, at bottom, two circular panels, seen to have been^ once decorated with stones or amber. Diameter somewhere between 3,5 and 4 cm. (Fig. 96). panels adorned with interlacing ribbons.
In
the
centre a
b) Cruciform bronze inounting, an approach to Rygh 620, illustrated in
Proc. S. A. Scot., XXI, 1886—87, p. 344. in the centre a setting once
As shown
adorned with a stone.
in the illustration,
The upper
it
has
face of the
mounting is decorated with ribbon interlacing, but not with animal ornaments. Length about 3,5 cm. (Fig. 96).
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
201
Bronze mounting, found on Monker Green, in Stromnees, The Orkneys. Fig. 95.
Bronze mountings found Moan, Mainland, The Orkneys, and, to the left, the bronze ornaFig. 96.
at
ment from Stromness.
c)
A
great
number
of beads,
whose present whereabouts are
not
known.
8 of these beads are said to have been of amber, 34 very small ones of blue glass; further, 3 plain beads, varying in size, of blue glass, 2 double beads
and of the same sort of glass: 1 triple bead, 2 quadruple beads, quintuple bead. Besides these, there were a large bead of blue glass with a raised ring in the centre, 1 bead of dull, amber-coloured glass, 2 small of blue glass, 1
beads of yellow, porcelain-like glass, 2 small beads of light green glass, 1 large ornamented bead of blue glass with ribs of fine white and blue spirals and yellow dots. Further 1 cornelian bead, 1 of blue glass with white lines. d) In addition to the above, the following objects: blade of bronze-spoon handle, bit of slag, fragment of white pebble, and piece of Finally
— found
in the
same spot
at a later
flint.
exploration on July 29, 1886,
—
by 7. W. Cursiter four fragments of a clay urn with encircling projections; and a semi-circular piece of badly oxidisied metal.
The
objects described above
Knowe
to
of
Flett.
of Moan, situated close Moan, belonging to George
were found
in
a small
hillock called the
the public road through Harray, in the farm
»During July 1886, in the course of ploughing this mound the plough removed the covering stone from a cist about the centre of the top of the mound. The cist appeared to be half-full of fine earth, and seemed to have been about
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland
202
18 inches square originally.
Mr. Flett describes the earth as moss-like
among
(i.e.
found some beads, which, exciting the curiosity of himself and the children about the place, led to a search, with the result that the find was made and preserved. Mr. Flett reports that five or six feet north-east from the cist above mentioned there was a hollow space uncovered not set about inside with stones, but did not observe any relics or marks of interment. He says that the beads were found both inside and outside of the cist, and is unable exactly to localise any of the individual relics, but thinks the bronze articles were both outside of the cist. The children found most of the beads on repeated searches in a short time.<; The objects were later added to the private collection of Mr. Cursiter, but I have not been able to identify these in; the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, fine black); and looking
where Mr.
Cursiter's collection
Literature:
it
is
now
deposited.
Proc. S. A. Scot., XXI, 1886—87, pp. 343
ff.
—
Catalogue,
1892, p. 207.
UNKNOWN LOCALITY
SCOTLAND.
IN
(The Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow. The Mann Collection),
more
viz.
—
form than anything else, with large ring with blunt, rounded terminals and very short pin. The terminal plates are adorned with crosses, the plate itself with stamped dots. The pin is surprisingly flat, and quadrilateral in cross-section. Length about 5 cm. Diameter of the ring 3 cm. a) Small bronze ring-headed pin,
Celtic in
b) Bronze ring of ring-headed pin of the
its
same type
as the preceding
one expanded end. The ornamentation of the other end cannot now be seen owing to verdigris. On either side of the square are placed two vertical lines. Diameter of ring about 4 cm. specimen, decorated with a hatched square
at
Very small ring of bronze ring-headed pin with ends somewhat thicker Damaged by verdigris. Diameter of ring is missing. about 2 cm. The ring is now broken into two pieces, both of which are, c)
—
than usual. The pin
however, to hand. d) Small ring of bronze ring-headed pin, beyond a doubt Celtic.
It
is
same form as the preceding specimen, but has more distinctly marked end-portions, bevelled and adorned with stamped dots. The ring itself seems likewise to have been decorated with stamped dots, but is now so badly damaged by verdigris that this cannot be ascertained. Diameter
of about the
about 2,5 cm.
No further information three rings.
is
available as to the original locality of these
Celtic Antiquities from Scotland The
Kelvinigroive
Museum, Glasgow. The Mann
Bronze ringheaded
pin,
Collection).
presumably more
else, with quadrilateral bevelled head,
Celtic in its form than anything decorated on the obverse with ribbon
smooth and unomamented. in cross-section, and tapers off evenly towards the end, which interlacing.
The pin
itself is quite
No further information (National
Museum
203
It is is
circular
blimt.
available.
of Antiquities, Edinburgh, F. C. 137.
The Sim
Col-
lection).
Small bronze ring-headed pin with large quadrilateral head, and thick The pin is short and comparatively thick. The head is adorned with square panels filled with ribbon interlacing. The lower end of the pin is slightly bent. The ring is thickest at the middle, but tapers off evenly towards the head. Present length about 0,8 cm. Diameter of the ring 2 cm.
ring.
ABBREVIATIONS.
— —
Aarsberetning. Foreniiigcn til Xorske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring. Catalogue of the I'niversity Museum of Antiquities. Oslo. C. Christiania \'iden.skabs Selskabs Chr. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh.
Ab.
—
Forhandlinger.
—
Scottish E.xhibition of National History, Glasgow Catalogue Art and Industry. Glasgow 1911. Palace of History.
Catalogue of Exhibits.
Lindenschmidt Handbuch. der deutschen
ISSO— 1889. Proc. S. A. Scot.
—
L.
Lindenschmidt, Handbuch
Alterthuniskunde,
Vol.
I,
Braunschweig
— Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries
of Scotland.
Rvgh.
— O. Rygh, Antiquit^s Norv^giennes. Christiania 1885. — Jan Petersen, De Norske Vikingesverd.
\'ikingesverd
Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter
No.
1,
Kristiania 1919.
II
Hist.-Filos. Klasse 1919.
INDEX OF PLACE-NAMES Aberdeenshire. 192. Abergeldie. 193.
Clibberswick. 103.
Garthesbanks. 140.
Cnoc-Xan-Gill. 61.
Gigha. 29, 30.
Achavrole. 196.
Cogar Burn. 156.
Gill.
Achergill. 20.
Glasgow. 109.
Ardskinish. 61.
Colonsay. 46, 166, 197. Cornaiberg. 63.
Ardvonrig. 72, 16S.
Crieff.
Argyll. 15.
Crossmichael. 109.
Golspie. 15.
Arran. 26, 179. Austagder. 82.
Croy. 193.
Gordon Bay.
99.
Glenfruin. 15.
Glen Luce. 154.
189.
Cullin Sand.
15.
Gorton. 159.
145.
Gyran
Ayrshire. 154, 1S5.
Hill.
81.
Dail Sithean. 66.
BalHnaby. 31, 32. Banckory. 192. Barra. 72, 168.
Doune
Birkhall. 193.
Birsay. 148, 169. 162.
Hall.
Brodic Castle. 179. Brodgarringen. 134. Burghead. 159. 119.
Burray. 135, 169. Bute. 165.
19.
Heisher. 199. Hillswick.
189.
195.
15,
17,
162, 163.
Earl's Bu.
181.
Houndland. 182. Houngs. 16L Howar. 150. Howe. 80.
Dunheath. 196. Dunkeld. 157. Dunrobin Castle.
Hunterston. 185. Hyllcstad. S2.
148.
In\erness-shire.
Ecclefechan. 13. Eigg. 63, 67,
Cad boll.
Hebrides. 116. 145, 105, 198.
Dumfriesshire. 153.
Dumpace.
Borve. 147.
of Rin.
Drill
Harris. 146.
162.
Hill.
Dulry. 154.
Blackerne. 109.
Bonar Bridge.
Hadeland. 74. Haimar. 25. Harray. 200.
Dalvadie. 166.
Deal Evie. 170. Dornoch. 17.
Bararay. 146.
Burn
Dalcross Castle. 194.
168,
Elginshire. 145,
179.
159,
Islay.
32.
41,
193.
165.
Idl.
Cairnton. 80.
Ensay.
Caithness. 19, 110, 164, 196.
Eri-skay. 73.
Kilbride. 186.
Calson. 147.
Finstown. 84.
Carnan Mor. 146.
Fait Parish. 84.
Kiloran Bay. 4S. King's Cross Point. Kirkcudbriyhl. 13,
Cam Nan
Fort Parish. 84.
Kettleburn. 25.
79.
Caldale. 119.
Bharraich. 42.
Castletown. 2i, 24.
Foshigarry.
Cattlefokl. 145.
Freswick Links. 20. Froon. 15.
Cleaves Cave. 154.
14(>.
2().
U>,
153.
Kirk
o'
Banks.
Kirkwall.
Knowe
of
1
10,
119.
Moan. 200,
109,
206
T n
il
e
.r
Place- X a
of
iii
e s
Lanianess. 86, 88.
Oronsay. 42, 44.
South Uist. 73.
Lambaness. 150. Lamlash. 27. Lamlash Bay. 26.
Orphir.
Stenness. 80, 133, 134, 170.
Lanarkshire. 155.
14,S.
Ospisdale House. 17.
Sties.
Otternish. 146.
Stirlingshire.
Oxna.
Stornoway. 75. Storr Rock. 113.
141.
Largs. 186.
Perth. 192.
Lochan Kill Mhor. 46. Loch of Doon. 153. Loch of Eilif. 182.
Pierowall. 90, 92, 94, 96.
Perthshire. 101,
156,
189.
Portree. 115.
Quendale. 140.
Ouoybanks.
25.
188.
Stove. 133.
Lerwick. 139. 174. Lewis. 75. 147.
Longhills in Westerseat. 24,
172.
169.
Shathspey. 159. Stromness. 80, 200. Stufstad at Tingelstad, 74. Sutherland. 162, 194. Swardale. 162. Swcindrow. 88.
Liicc ]3av. 153.
Rattar Dunnel. 110. Reay. 19, 20, ZZ.
Luncarthy. 101. Lyking. 80.
Reluges. 161.
Machrins. 197. The Mainland 80,
119,
148,
Renfrewshire. 109, 187.
Orkney,
of
169, 200.
Mainland of Shetland. 139,
Tiree. 63.
Torbeckhill. 13, 16.
Rogart, 194.
Tormore. 179.
Ross-shire. 109.
Rousay.
Tarbat. 109. Thurso. 25.
Tote. 70. 88.
Tummel
Bridge. 189.
181.
Mid. Lothian. 156. 28.
Moan. 200.
Monker Green.
200.
Mull. 62, 166, 197, 198.
Newton North North
Uig. 75.
yard. 13.
Mein. 14. Mildhill.
Church-
St. Cuthbert's
Marristcr. 141.
distillery.
Town Ui.st.
42.
Moss. 137. 145, 199.
Unst. 103, 181.
St.
Kilda. 78.
St.
Ola. 169, 170.
Sanday. 24, 86, 150, 172. Sandside Bay. 19. Sandwich. 81. Sandwick. 119, 170, 171. Sangay. 79.
•^2.
Vaga, Gudbrandsdal. 65.
Scalloway. 139.
West-Braught. 172.
Sheabost. 70.
AVesterseat. Z5.
Shetland. 103, 139. 174, 181.
Westray. 90. Whalscy. 141. Wick. 24. Wigtownshire. 153.
Okstrow. 148.
Skaill. 81, 119, 140. 170, 171.
Orkneys. 80, 119, 148, 169,
Skyc. 70, 112.
200.
Valle.
Valtos. 75.
South Scaler.
81.
s> 2.
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