Titanic Legacy of the Worlds Greatest Ocean Liner

mm

LEGACY OF Jik

0\er

Mm mW^J

eighty-five years

ago the world celebrated

its

greatest

mourned

its

greatest

mantimc achievement, and shordy maritime r."

Since diat time,

loss.

OCEAN LINER

thereafter

numerous books have been written

increased the Titanic and her Icgao,' has certainly garnered an -rietN'.

Now,

in

the

most complete and

definitive

book ever

published, Titanic: Legacy of the V/orldh Greatest Ocean brings to

life

1900s to her present-day exploration

early

Uner

die entire Titanic ston,'— fi-om her construction in die at die

bottom of die

North Adantic. Published in cooperation with die guardians of die Titanic

wreck

site,

RMS Titanic,

Inc.,

and die Discovery Channel, Tttanic

from historians John Eaton and Charlie

features contributions

Haas, and personal dioughts from William

week

explores die

nearly

site

two and

F. Buckley, Jr.,

while he

a half miles beneadi die

expedition cKcan's surface. Discovery Channel documented die latest

and provided die first

how

time

critical scientific expertise

Throughout collection site

while

its

of foscinating it

her notable

needed to

reveal for die

the Titanic sank. pages. Titanic showcases die

artifacts tiiat

immense

have been recovered from die

renders die history of her construction and launching, first-class,

second-class,

and

diird-class passengers, the

events diat led to die tragic sinking, her ultimate discovery in 1985,

and die most recent expeditions to die wreck in significant scientific

and

site

diat have resulted

historical discoveries.

Unlike any other b
dirough years of

individuals

siud\

exploration,

hundreds

if

people

historical

and

scientific

and preservation—an appropriate

who

lost dieir lives

on

research,

tribute to die

diat dreadfol night.

I

^F

PASSFNGERS AND

TITANIC

To the men, women,

and

children

on the night of April 14, 1912;

who

on were forever altered;

May

lost their lives

to those

who

and

— whose

to those

the pages of this book succeed in conveying the

tragic sinking of the Titanic.

in the waters of the

stirvived

who

and

magnitude of the world's

efforts help

—

the passengers, crew,

as a result of the

the concerted efforts of many to conserve

memory of the

and

Titanic

builders of the Titanic

is

and

site.

safeguard our world from future maritime disasters

ensure that the To you

loss

of the continuing scientific

preserve all that can be rescued from the wreck

May all of these

that night

built the Titanic,

And may they convey the significance

study of the Titanic on the ocean floor

North Atlantic

lives from

and

never forgotten. this book

is

respectfully dedicated.

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LEGACY OF THE WORLD'S GREATEST OCEAN LINER RY Susan Wels TjME

DisQovery

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I

am

extremely grateful to everyone who offered

Most of all, I owe deep thank in so

many

ways,

and sheer optimism

persistence,

Georgakakos,

and

Haas provided Perle

to

inspired

team

the entire Tehabi

me

this book,

and

lam

my

profoundly indebted

were, as always,

a joy

to

Tom

husband, David Hngcrman,

and

to

Susan

to

the preparation of this hook.

and

who,

Allan Carlin, a dear friend whose

Lapis, Chris Capen,

Andy Lewis, Nancy

Cash,

vision,

Laura

work with. George Tulloch, Matt Tulloch, Jack Eaton, and Charlie

and were immensely generous with

indispensable help

and support in

Web, who was born the year after the Titanic sank

also

infused this project.

McKenna, David Cohen, and Devyani Kamdarfor to

their Pienerom assistance

my father, Richard H.

was the guiding spirit for

their time

and

their guidance

and

expertise. I

to Christy

Wels—S«» Francisco,

am

especially indebted to Eliz^ibcth

Tripp for her research assistance. I owe thanks

our daughters, Emily and Casey, for

their endless love

and patience.

California

TIME®

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BOOKS

BOOKS Time-Life Books

Titanic Wis conceixed and produced by Tehabi Books.

Managing Editor Copy Editor

Art Director Webmaster Editorial Assistant Editorial

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Director

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Director of Special Sales

1997 by Tehabi Books,

All rights reserved.

reproduced

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Executive Editor

Associate Publisher

Additional support for Titanic was pro\ided by

Image Resourcing

Inc.,

of Time Life

I

Vice President ofAcijuisitions

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a Dixision

TIME LIFE INC. PRESIDENT and CEO George Artandi TIME-LIFE BOOKS PRESIDENT Stephen R. Frar\' TIME-LIFE CUSTOM TUBLISHING VICE PRESIDENT AND PUBUSHER Terry Newell

Nanc)' Cash

Tom

is

and

RMS Titanic,

part of this publication

may be used

Managing Editor

Inc.

Research

or

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Inger Forland

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any manner whatsoever without written permission from

the publisher except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles

TIME-LIFE

embodied

Wels, Susan-1956-

of the world's greatest occa

"Preface by William F.

a

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Inc.

USA

Books produced by TIME-LIFE Custom Publishing are available special bulk discount for promotional and premium use. Custom adaptations can also be created to meet \'our specific marketing goals. Call 1-800-323-5255.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Titanic: legacy

is

and reviews.

Buckley"— Jacket.

Includes bibliographical reference and index.

ISBN 0-7835-5261-0 I

.

Titanic

G530.T6T58

(

Steamship

)

2

.

Shipwrecks

10 9 8

CIP

7 6 5 4 3 2

Photo captions pages:

View

of the

Atla:

97-16404

xxii. Ship's bell.

watch the great ship go down, vili.

—North

1997

910'.9I6'4—dc2I

wreckage,

vii.

xlii.

The

xxi. Leaving Belfast,

The launching of NautileTitanic propeller

iv.

The

xix. xi.

Steaming across the

Atlantic,

Naulile descends to the wreck

fifanic three

days before

sinking,

xvii.

The

site.

x.

ill.

Titon/c's hull

View

scropes against the iceberg,

of the wreckage,

Men dwarfed by

ix.

The

xv. Survivors

ship's telegraph

the hull of the triple screw steamer

in

lifeboats

on the ocean

floor.

at

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189

OE

BMS IllANIC,

II

IK. ^

f

V

The tender vessel

is

bound

For

for the

spot where the Titanic sank on the night of April

1912. Along with a crew of

14,

fifh'-three,

it

aboard

carries

a half

A

Left:

of the

scientists

make up

who

and entrepreneurs

teacup, perhaps the personal

A

site

and reco\ering

from the floor of the ocean, two and beneath the ocean's surface. There

might expect

tli\ing

is

Although

it

a half miles

tension, as

is

still

is

the

is

it

widely

thought of as an international moiuunent, incorrupt ibie in its chaotic

shown ill-

There has been no maniian-

submersible with prcliensilc

tiny

front ha\c been bringing

continued to Since

ha\e brought

artifacts that

on the ocean

rest

1987,

four

floor.

summer-long expeditions

team to the Titanic because

this

up

would otherwise ha\c

it

won't

be long before the w reck deteriorates entirely into an

the Titanic.

Titanic

a

a marsupial

only loose-lying

indiscernible

are only a few survixors of that li\ing,

is

glamorous,

dling of the ghostly carapace, and di\crs in

arms and

one

has been eights -five years since

went down, and there haunted night

artifacts

deep into the ocean, but there

also a different tension because this

tenderness

Star's

view of the anchor attached

to the hull of the Titanic.

the joint U.S. and French expedition de\<)t-

cd to studying the wreck

tated vessel.

properly of a Titanic passenger

dozen

this reason, great

toward the White

arraniiements on the ocean floor.

mound

At ele\en of

New York

after

Cjt\',

453

being asked one

claustrophobia,

of debris on the ocean

in the

1

miles south of

final

am

floor.

morning, 963 miles northeast

time whether

directed

to the

Newfoundland, 1

suffered from

shoulder wide

opening of the

submarine, leading to vertical iron railing

little

standing by our portholes.

steps descending into the tubular control center of the Nniitilf.

though the water

A

our

vessel built with titani-

$25 million underwater exploratory

um,

the NniitHf

6

is

diameter

feet in

at its

widest point and

light's

copilot.

The starboard berth

me. Each of us has

The

copilot, in

screens.

The

for the "observer," in this case

is

porthole built of one-foot-thick

a

two

addition, has

plastic.

of 8-inch television

sets

at close

range and

The second

set

longer range the exact

at

operation of the mechanical arms operating from either side of

it is

it

happens;

We

These,

like objects.

the

bow and

few

of the tableau to

to

up, which requires

sit

knees

stretch

me

—there

inches or so

six

them

breakfast,

and

out.

is

a display that

liken the sheer neatness

I

might have been prepared

We

I

trol les'ers that

cat

engines shut

My

moment

is

ti\'e.

William

We

And

M\' problem

will

reach the bottom and Georges, our pilot, will

turn on the outside beams.

are

in

had

down job

window now

recon-

fallen

from the bridge,

is

was

hit.

to constandy strain

my

after the iceberg

place.

F.

Buckley,

Jr.,

by the objec-

I

But soon

I

find e\'erything especially

prepares to

explore the Titanic wreck

aboard IFREMER's

glide

think especially interesting.

I

that

is

we

to direct the attention of Georges

to any object

We

man's

third, the loose-lying con-

eyes to the right, lest

an

coming.

a

from which the captain had ordered the

to

few cushions.

But the great

and the

my

might not have been

extra million dollars a

missing fi-om the larger structed;

v\'hether

one of them

the second, a part of a leaded window,

did not. There arc

moments when you wonder

for a

specific objects pre-

proceed ahead, looking for three

tr\

no room

was advised not to

I

dutifully

dredged up to add

to raise

between

painting by Salvador Dali.

a half miles

I

There must

survey,

snow-white teacup. Just

feet, a

thank you, on the sand.

valise;

nvo and

coal.

we

the area

the stern.

Just off to the right a sitting there,

in

instruct the arms.

the

thirty feet ahead,

of

transpires, are pieces

it

be a hundred thousand of them

viously photographed:

To descend

see,

descend slowly to what

aid of the video, the operator can exactly

to the ocean floor takes ninen,' minutes.

Nothing to

diaphanous to the extent of

pitch dark out there.

Then, gradually,

up objects from the seabed. With

the Naiitik, designed to pick

lights flash on.

looks like a yellow-white sandy beach, sprinkled with black rock-

looks ahead via remote video, one camera

first set

trained to look dead ahead, the other to pivot.

of videos portrays

the

is

The

startlingly clear,

beam, an apparent nventy-five to

never mind that

weighs only 18 tons. The chief pilot occupies the berth on the port side. Behind him, sitting on an abbreviated chair,

is

interesting.

come

to

know when

to bid

site

Naulile.

legitimately for the attention of Georges

and when

.£.

simply to think. Forget

We

half cold hours.

am

I

as

—onh' deep

singular because

is

thought

et heretofore

the

Finally,

microcosm,

is

I

am

about

hatch

this

being conducted in a part of the plan-

adventure,

I

the focus change?

only

I

mother

tales

of

comes from

all

When do you

distress

put

down

museums

because thev

sit

I

have

to

Otherwise, in

lean 1

my

April

forward.

one

just slightly back,

me

and,

that will toss

who knows,

me

flip

and

the one

is

time

at

historic

one-hundredth

the fast-changing depth meter. This

The

it.

joyfully tells

me

that

we have

just

No

research and recov-

make

possible scientific

discoveries,

they preserve

other things, they

days of daiitly

tir

my

time

—

about reachi reach a feet

maximum

on dives up

depth of 20,000

to twelve

hours long.

in

their

consumed

willingly

rewarded.

The tfiree-man submersible can it

that night in

those things.

of extrahuman conceits. And,

pursuit

among

look for the

deny

will

all

generations will be cautioned

6,000 pounds

per square inch. I

unique, or

are

artifacts for public exhibit so that fijture

out with the teacups

the pressure out there

set,

artifacts

whatever reason?

for

the\'

was certainly

the Titanic, they

one of those hundred toggle switches behind

on

does

ery efforts therefore refresh the legend of

might brush up against

I

left

the glasses that see

What happened on

bones. But

slightly

just

I

match' associated with a great historic event.

up, just to find some-

might lean

which case

arc

1

When

on surviving

history,

the sort of things that bring us to

requested

permitting a sharp increase in our rate of ascent.

try to

tace,

and suffering and pick up the other

weight

I

mv

these efforts? Before

Because they are beautiful, or because

thing different to do with

womb. The

was contemplating the question.

over the radio (permission granted) to jettison one of our n\o leadballasts,

But

ship's crane.

ship's

climb out, a Superman grin on

which focuses on science and

to terminate our sortie, to is

turned and

So, what

in the

now. The excava-

begin our slow ascent. After a few minutes, permission

is

coming down from the

are airborne into the

have to admit.

totally inaccessible.

moment comes

we

eventually

vivid, exhila-

men and women

the water as

seems an age before the frogmen are there to

It

secure us to the halyard

of an archaeological venture that

about 150

in

it is

in

the surface.

Titanic.

and one-

six

an>' philosophical misgix'ings

a passive part

adventure

also an

and scooping, for

But the sensation,

world ha\e dixcd tion

one more teacup from the

lust

and uncomplicated by

rating,

our mission. is

it.

are below, searching

William

R

Buckley,

Jr.

given

ten

and

"Our lifeboat, with seamen

thirty-six in

it,

began lowering

all giving different orders.

No

at one time was in such a position that

and we drew nearer and nearer

together,

came

to

me

as a last good-bye to

bad been a

We

much

all felt so

exaggerated,

safe

less.

scented

As

we must

the great confusion.

At last

capsize in mid-air.

the black, oily water.

and so we put off^a

amid

Rough

only one side of the ropes worked, the lifeboat

tiny boat on a great sea

days. TIjc first wish on the

the ropes

worked

The first touch of our lifeboat on that black sea

part of all was

—rowed away from what

to stay

near the Titanic.

safer near the ship. Surely such a vessel could not sink. I thought the

and we

growing

life,

home for five

it

This was done

to the sea.

officer aboard.

danger must be

could all be taken aboard again. But surely the outline of that great, good ship was

Tlje

bow of the boat was getting

black. Light after light

was disappearing.

." .

.

Elizabeth Shutes, First-Class Passenger

Her name

for Yard

nation

is

publicly announced

rudder and stem castings from Darling-

1908. The lading of keel blocks

in April

No. 401

—begins

—her

the worid o\'er to

and Wolflf shipyard

H.irland

die

builders' desig-

—

on March 31, 1909.

During the ensuing two

From

ton, Durh.im.

Belfast, Ulster

years, pai"ts ajid

by

built

^parts for

an

at

Irish sliip,

Irish workers.

This intricately etched sterling silver

plating

and pieces come from

all

parts

of die

cufflink

the

globe to be assembled into the world's mightiest ship: steel from Scodand; teak from

wreck

still

site. Its

held several pairs of cufflinks

off

Her

strength and classic beauty

cloth-lined interior

as well OS a woman's

and hat

Siam; fabrics from Holland; die immense

box was recovered from

pin. Left:

The

bobby

pins

would astound the world. Her sad

fate

would become the world's

Her

77ton/c sets

on her maiden voyage.

name

.

.

.

TITANIC.

grief.

While the Titanic

Southampton taking aboard

at

lies

cargo and supplies, carpenters, painters, and plumbers work. fe\erishly to

complete a number of cabins prior to the

sailing date, while

belowdecks an ominous condition has developed. strike.

Titanic was unable to take aboard fuel

gle source, so coal liner's

from

bunkers. In the

sc\eral \essels

Due

at Belfast

Boarding the

gentleborn; merchant, teacher,

The Titanic^ passenger manifest

from

socieries

aft

starboard side

on both

The

was loaded into the new-

number 10 bunker of the

artist;

to the coal a sin-

maiden voyage

liner for her

is

a true cross-

section of Victorian/Edwardian society: aristocrat, millionaire,

sides

servant, laborer, farmer.

as varied as the multilayered

is

of the Atlantic.

ship triumphantly departs her

ing on time,

Southampton moor-

12:15 P.M. The departure's sheen

at

somewhat

is

of the number 6 boiler room, the spontaneous ignition has

tarnished by a slight incident involving a near collision,

occurred, and e\en before the liner's Belfast departure, the coal

after leaving the

smoldering. Round-the-clock control the

fire,

shifirs

of trimmers arc assigned to

shoveling away the top layers to get at the glowing

embers beneath. Chief engineer Joseph Belfast,

and

his staff are fijlly

reports at both Belfast and

Captain Smith

is

who

Bell,

joined the ship at

aware of the condition:

Southampton

as well. Plans for

taking

Bell

his daih'

York,

moored

ficult\'

hours

Even though the

for

Wednesday

at

10,

—

a

the crew

is

(boats 11 raised)

is

over.

gust\'

The

lists

are lowered, floated

Titanic

is

safet)'

devices

is

to passengers of

class as

recendy

as

High on

Workers loaded 5,892

inspection

completed.

ready to receive passengers.

tempt

open deck spaces

for

the forward na\'igating

or unauthorized crew, the Titanic^ cap-

drill

and

soft lights, cuisine to

palates,

bridge, far from intrusion by passengers

By 10 A.M.

sky.

The Board of Trade and

Her comforts would

unknown

strolling or relaxing.

'"'

Titanic for her

tons of coal

aboard

maiden voyage. Due

to

the

a coal

miners' strike, several liners relinquished their

coal to

of muster

aboard.

and

mustered, and the lifeboat

and 15

only about nmet\-

—gende music

Southampton, with bright

clouds scudding across a sunlit

now

n\o decades ago

all

1912

is

any shipboard

fire

report of the occurrence. April

all

ha\e been

no public record or

is

dif-

Titanic and her appointments provide enjoyment

on

continues up to and past sailing time, there

New

from her

awa\'.

The

mitn ha\e notified

liner

and enabling her to steam away occupies the better part of

cargo and for on-time departure are modified.

immense

nearby. Extricating the

an hour. Her rendezvous with history fi\e

moments

dock, between the Titanic and the liner

fill

the Titonic's bunkers.

tain,

Edward John Smith, and

seven officers look after the

his staff

of

liner's naviga-

She burned 690

don and

operation. Plotting and main-

tons per day. Several thousand tons of cool

remain scattered across the debris

field.

taining the ship's course

is

perhaps their

The Olympic (right) in

one

(left)

and her

afloat together This

in Belfast, Ireland.

the

ship the Titanic

when

they

photograph was taken

outer berths of the Horlond

and

sister

of the few instances

The

were

in

the

and Wolff shipyards

Titanic

was being

Olympic had returned

to the

repairs to a propeller Lower right: telescopic pencil recovered from the

bears the inscription "R.L.B.

Xmos

fitted

yards

A

out

for

gold

wreck

site

most important function. But ing the quality of overall safety.

Though

all

in the

company's

and navigational

sengers.

service, the

But

his greater dun,'

harming the ship and

to avoid tents

the ship's captain. a

pas-

was to the company, to the owners

and managers of the White Star Line

fi.mctions lies with

As the Titanic makes

Atlantic passenger liner of

1912 would have done. Smith's duty was to the ship and her

ultimate responsibilit)' for all administrati\c

to the back of his mind, as

commander of any North

perhaps the

the officers have been selected for their

competency and accomplishment

them

these facts, or at least relegated

their duties also include maintain-

aboard ship and providing for the vcsscPs

life

and to bring the

con-

on

By speeding Titanic through

schedule.

sweeping

its

vessel into port

port turn around Ireland's southernmost

the dark, moonless night. Captain Smith

coast and heads out into the Atlantic's

at

gentle swells. Captain Smith

least

— howe\er

ing

perhaps, with an almost unconscious t\\ingc

to the ship and

of apprehension.

e\'ents

has been a coal

duty to

fire

know

is

his

dim

lo

know

number

that

6;

1912

the ship'

know

his

2,228 passengers

and crew aboard;

duty to heed the

it

is

along

his

his

course that will

Yet, in the end, E.

J.

ice-

written,

hero-

tragedv',

ha\c been chronicled,

ha\e been con-

sidered and interpreted.

What emerges

the Titanic debris field. Clockwise from top: Safe

door from the

purser's office; chandelier from

public room;

a

five-dollar

bill;

a

a

the

plated serving dish first

class

aboard

made the

the paradox that t)f

the

silver-

especially for use

Olympic and

is

Titanic was concurrentlv one

darkest

ships.

Smith ignored

all

inspiring

sacrifice, all

Nearly 5,000 objects have been recovered from

first-class

soon be relayed by wireless from other

been

has

and

terror

that there are lifeboat seats suffi-

ice

much

moments of unselfish

duty to

cient for only 1,178 of the

warnings of

encounter with an

ism and cowardice, episodes of

to keep his vessel afloat under ceris

events that followed the

fatal

much pondered. Deeds of

bulkhead heights are insufficient

it

his dut\'

berg on the night of April 14-15,

it

watertight compartmentalization and

tain circumstances;

—

passengers he initiated

of cataclysmic consequence.

litnnic\

smoldering up to and

past sailing time in bunker

unconsciously its

Of the

that there

greater

that

company. But by disregard-

experiences a sensation of pride mingled

It is his

fulfilled

partially

dut\- to the

no doubt

Titanic.

moments

in

maritime history and

in

one of the

brightest.

Though soon

displaced

by the Great War's awesome e\er the

and

\\a\-

terror, the

humans considered

their relation to Nature.

development of many

and whose benefits

The

disaster also

significant safety

will

Titanic^ loss changed for-

themselxes, their en\ironment,

brought about the

measures

still

in use

today

extend into the future.

Today, many decades after her

loss,

Without the nar\'

inspiration

and leadership of uvo extraordi-

men, Paul-Henri Nargeolet and George Tulloch,

and protected. Sharing

Titanic's

their efforts are the divers, the crew,

the technicians of the French research vessel

the grace and glory

tlie

legacy might have been lost at sea forever rather than preserved

ators of the submersible

Nautilc.

and

Nadir ind the oper-

Risking their

lives

on an

of the Titnnic\ beaut}' also promises to extend into the future.

almost daily basis, these

men and women

Following the wreck's discovery

raderie of exploration

and achievement seldom equalled

in

1985, several

scientifically-

oriented expeditions have devoted time and pioneering effort to

modern

the recovery of objects from the sea's floor adjacent to the wreck,

n\o and

a half miles

below the North

Atlantic's surface.

Handled

and regarded by the recovery crew with respect bordering on reverence, the objects are

initially stabilized

aboard the recovery

being landed, they are taken to the LPS Conserva-

vessel; after

tion Laboratory at Semur-en-Auxois, a thirteenth-century French village

where, subjected to centuries-old techniques

as well as

cutting-edge technologies, the objects are lovingly and

skillfully

conserved and preserved.

The

objects

open

a

window

to history.

They permit

the

ple,

and her

entists to

times. Recent recox'eries

understand the wreck

and scrutiny ha\e enabled

in detail

sci-

and formulate answers to

hitherto unfathomable mv'steries of the disaster's causes and effects.

camain

enterprise.

Paul-Henri Nargeolet and George Tulloch recognize the

burden placed on them by History.

RMS Titanic, Inc. — the

pany that financed, organized, and directed the recovery observes

its

The

—her beauty

all

TitaJiic's hull lies rusting

toll.

The wreck and

verance of those

in

shall

realin-.

our

on the

sea floor.

all

no longer

exist.

P.

in a

M>th and legend

time,

wc

shall

now and

always have

time, the beaut)- and integrity of a

enduring significance. John

Soon,

activit)' shall

But because of the dreams and perse-

own

before us, preserved for graceftil liner's

as

generations.

generation, possibly two, corrosion and bacterial take their

com-

efforts

responsibility to preserve the Titanic

well as her story for

will replace fact

viewer to look through and better understand die Titanic^ her peo-

participate in a

Eaton and Charles A. Haas

IH[ 1IM[ IF IH[ IIIANIC

The North Atlantic, e\tn montiis,

a cruel,

is

howl across her

hurricanes

in

bad-tempered icy,

Wild

grants,

gra\'-green

waters. Blinding fogs raxage the sky, gales shriek \iolently

ind crew members

the mild

sea.

their freezing deaths.

and An

from the north and

1

8-karat gold pocket watch,

perhaps belonging Tifanic's first-class

was found

from the frozen wastes of Greenland, then deadly drifting islands south past

Labrador to the Grand Banks.

on

a calm,

White Star

still,

in

Atlantic. Left:

under construction

on her maiden

ice.

\'oyage to

Suddenly, almost

an iceberg scraped her starboard

one

side.

tragic loss

The

of the

And

had

dangers of the North Atlantic passage that the

Titanic, oxerconfldently,

Titanic

in Belfast.

had been designed to overcome.

The hazards and discomforts of were especially notorious tury,

—to

of the

the spring, in

1912, sped across the quiet North Ariantic

into a massive barricade of ly,

was

to

passengers,

at the bottom of the

moonless night, that the great

liner the Titanic,

New York in

It

The

e\er seen, was proof, once more, of the

perils North

April,

and emi-

millionaires

Titanic, the greatest ship the world

west. Icebergs thunder to the sea, cracked

float like

—

men, women, and children

when

ships

the crossing

in the early nineteenth cen-

began to hurtle passengers and mail

across the furious Adanric according to fixed schedules,

silent-

heedless of the vicious storms, wind, and ice that lay

within

ahead.

The

grueling voyages could take a

month or

three hours, the immense, luxurious r?m«/f had disap-

more and were

peared beneath the ocean, carrying 1,523 passengers

passengers, packed into unsanitary quarters, struggled

frequently a terrible ordeal. Steerage

But thanks to new shipbuilding designs and robust com-

to survive starvation and the deadly contagions that often killed

dozens before the ship steered into port. Even for

first-class pas-

sengers, the crossing was often a misery because of crowding,

poor food, and the a ship,

of ventilation belowdecks. Being on

total lack

Samuel Johnson once commented,

the chance of being drowned."

"is

being

in a

jail,

Most people dreaded and

ocean \o\ages, with good reason;

as

many

as sixteen

with

feared

out of every

pedtion, the transadantic experience vastly improved between

1859 and 1900

—so much so that modern

liners

could transport

passengers and mail across the perilous Adantic in just one week, in

unuiiagined luxury. Ocean-going steamships had become mag-

nificent fioating hotels

equipped with every device for the

safet)',

comfort, and amusement of passengers. By 1906, a British na\al

"we

hundred ships ne\er reached port or mysteriously disappeared

architect could boast that

without a

the saloons of our best ocean liners to the halls of kings' palaces."

trace.

North

Later, in the early days of steam navigation, the

Adantic passage could

still

be

a

nightmarish experience. Charles

Dickens crossed from Liverpool to Boston

in

1842 aboard

Cunard's Royal Mail Ship Britannia and wrote

this

dreary

account: "Before descending into the bowels of the ship,

we had

passed from the deck into a long and narrow apartment not unlike a gigantic hearse with

windows

in

the sides."

Of

the

Bv the

cabin, and the upper deck,

w here genriemen could attempt some

conversation surrounded by crates and poultry coops. According to

Mark Twain,

repulsive

no

place to

smoke except

a

den made of rough boards; there were

"the seas broke while

the ships offered

in

through the cracks every

and drenched

the

Fresh milk was supplied to

cavern

women,

children,

its

way

and

shipbuilding journals.

new

to keep water out of ships, were touted vessels "unsinkable"

—

a

word

that

"We

ha\'e

come

to believe," the liners,

New

York

with their

water-tight compartments, safeguarded by unceasing vigilance

and

rigid discipline, are secure against loss

most violent shock they

will

Many of The Olympic under construction the

The march of

luxury resort. By 1911,

Times editorialized, "that our great modern

after the

in

also believed to be sea.

into both newspaper headlines and conservative

litde

thoroughly."

air

making the most modern

found

gather aside from the cramped dining saloon, a confining ladies'

were

of the

was belie\ed, would soon make ocean \oyages nearK'

compressed

that used

made except

for passengers to

perils

marine technologies, from watertight compartments to schemes

as

There were few places

decade of the twentieth century, an opti-

as safe as a holiday in a seaside

berths, he lamented, "nothing smaller for sleeping in was ever coffins."

it

without exaggeration, liken

transatlantic liners

impervious to the

practically

progress,

first

modern

mistic age,

ma\',

Horland and Wolff

Atlantic in the

by

collision, that

even

be kept afloat."

the

travelers

new seagoing

crossing

the

were

rich,

palaces

free-spending Americans, Britons, and Europeans

shipyards, Belfast, Ireland. The

invalids by an unfortunate seagoing cow,

who

who was Titanic

kept in a padded deckhouse.

is

barely visible at the

edge

of the scene.

shuttied back and forth ben\'een the conti-

left

nents during the carelessly extravagant Gilded Age.

^mms'i'm

By

the late

ships

1

890s, Germany's

were challenging

Britain's

fast,

luxurious

domination of

the profitable transatlantic passenger trade.

Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse Blue Riband for speed

in

1

won

The

the coveted

897 by steaming

across the Atlantic at 22.5 knots. Other fast

German

liners quickly followed, including

Kronprinz Wilhelm, Kaiser Wilhelm

II,

and

Kronprinzessin Cecilie. Britain's Cunord Line

responded

to

German

competition

by introducing two luxurious new

in

1

907

liners

— the

legendary, 31,000-ton tusitania (pictured

above) and the Moureton/o record-setting speeds of

26

— which to

28

reached

knots.

Nearly

fifteen

employed largest

thousand yordworkers

to build tfie

moving objects

structed. Tfie Titanic

the

left

liners,

gantry.

is

(left)

were

tfiat

fiad ever

visible in tfie

been con-

background

in

Above: To accommodate the giant

Harlond and Wolff removed three existing

slipways from

its

Queens

concrete 4-1/2-feet

Olympic and Titanic— \he

Island, Belfast,

replaced them with two huge reinforced with steel

new

yards and

slips,

and a massive

specially

layer of

1

thick.

Towering above them was

75-foot gantry, the largest ever erected

the world. Right:

When

the Titanic sailed

in

on her

maiden voyage, her crew included an engineering staff

with nine of the best engineers

men from

the

wrench from

and draughts-

Norland and Wolff yards. This the Titanic

bottom of the ocean.

was recovered from

thi

r-

<:

r

r '^

li

^

^^

Known

as a

driven

"triple

screw steamer" because

by a combination

bronze propellers, the

and

tfie

was

and

Titanic (previous spread)

Olympic (above) feotured gigontic wing

propellers that

were over 23

center propeller that Left:

it

of three cost steel

feet in

diameter and

spanned more than

6

1

feet.

The center anchor of the Olympic and

r/toni'c

weighed 15

1/2 tons.

Each enormous

ship required three anchors to restrain

it.

Accustomed panied

b\'

to luxurx; pursued

Adantic crossings

sixt\'

b\- societi,-

personal maids and valets, in their lives.

Germans by producing

columnists, and accom-

some had made

as

But helowdecks,

in less ele-

man\' as

the biggest, fastest, and most comfort-

able ships afioat. It

was

Britain's

White Star Line

that

had

first

set

new

stan-

gant and well-appointed quarters, were masses of emigrants

who

dards for steamship comfort and design with the launch of

had scraped together savings for the ocean passage to

new

Oceanic

homeland w ho, by profits

in

America

— men, women, and children of

little

numbers, were swelling the passenger

their sheer

a

roomy

means

lists

and

of trade. The established

British lines

— Cunard, formed

1839, and the younger White Star Line, purchased by

1867—dominated

Henr\' Isniay

in

run

1890s,

until the

especially

shipping Britain's

from

the

North

Gcniininc,

Star's

traffic,

a pace greater than

in

16

lion

North

Though

reached cruising speeds as high as 20 knots.

By the

entered with

down

mil-

fieet

lived

A

The

Titon/c's

was the most formidable

marine

produced half of the vessels,

emigrants Titanlc'i

passengers spend

many

who

sailed

on the

maiden voyage,

America promised

to

the trip

race liners

records for speed.

outdone by the upstart Britain's

Cunard

threv\

1907 by

the gauntlet in

atjainst the rival

Lmitniiia and Mnurctnuia. Driven

able

advanced

new ships proudly reclaimed the speed record

for Britain with their record-setting pace

28 knots, enabling the the

bv'

turbine engines and four propellers, the remark-

liners to

dash across the

a dream, offering

chance of a new

of 26 to

be the

and she was fulfillment of

determined to protect her lead

of luxurious

on-shore moments

under her

to

world's merchant

decisively

transatlantic

introducing two enormous and

before boarding. For

the vvDrld, her shipyards

1890s, how-

magnificent new ships, the legendary, 31,000-ton

their final

in

new

to be

Germans,

Atlantic

of the world's population

the slew

a

that set

Not

late

Germany had

ever,

her supremacy «

dominion, her naval

Star then bettered that perfor-

they

being challenged. Great Britain ruled the waxes. fifth

the compa-

Taitonic and Majestic, launched in 1889, which

people bctAveen 1891 and

1911.

White

Atlantic

its

German

more than 9

kjiots.

mance with

comfortable pas-

ferrying

after,

1874 and 1875,

in

growing reputation by achieving new speed

Thomas

senger steam-ships captured the biggest share of

Soon

completed

its

other innovations,

records, crossing the Atlantic in few er than seven and a half davs at

Nevertheless,

lines.

fast,

the liicratne

among

a ship that featured,

competition,

increasing

faced

when

—

cabins complete with running water.

enhanced Wliite

Shipping firms competed \igorously to capture both classes

1870

Brirnmiic and

ny's

of the Atlantic steamship companies.

in

life.

North

Atlantic in fewer than five davs.

The

Titanic's

in

diameter,

Left:

place

A

twenty-nine boilers, each

1

5

feet

forward launching cradle held the

until

she

was ready

Opposite page: launched

9 inches

were constructed by Hcrland and Wolff.

to

On May

into the River

be released

31

,

1

Lagan,

91

1

still

,

Titanic in

into the

water

the Titanic v/as

without her four

majestic funnels. Following spread: After launching, the Tifarac spent ten in

months being

fitted

out

and

furnished

Harland and Wolff's deep-water basin.

^i

...^''

-ir. ;i

I

\[[\J^

ft-'**!'?

f^^. •Zi>

While Cunard took on competitors set

out to surpass

the comfort of

ri\als in

gance of their appointments. Even on challenger

man. Their \astness would be equalled

in speed, Wliite Star

its

ships and the ele-

and

\ariet\'

pampered

this score, ho\\e\cr, its

Cunard had the obvious advantage. The Lmitnuia

of

b\'

first-class

passengers.

intended to set speed records, cruising

at

a moderate

would

knots,

cious than White Star's largest and newest ship,

unmatched

the 24,541 -ton Adriatic. Clearly, White Star's

without the annoying

The

best chance for

action was needed.

White Star to bolster

weakening competitixe position was to do

no passenger a trio

had e\er done before

line

of astounding superships that

their almost

dwarf and

unimaginable

eclipse

all

size

\\

\\

would be

IN

ember

16,

.ithan,

and Mnnrctanin were nearing comple-

l.iisitnnin

of 22 to 23

clip

the

Atlantic

and comfort within

three of the

Harland and

names would be

in

week,

a

commonly

\-ibration that

^^11

new

liners

Wolfil''s Belfast

the Royal Mail

Construction work began

ould, by

and elegance,

spring of 1907, while the

built at

cross

Ships Olympic, Titanic, and Gijinntic.

other vessels.

THE

safet\'

shipyards. Their

hat

— build

Morgan was a

J.

Dec-

the Olympic, was laid

down

first

at the

P.

guest of honor

at the Titanic's launch

on

1908, when die keel of the

Harland and Wolff shipyards. The keel of her

American millionaire

ONK KVENING

traxclcrs

aftlicted faster \essels.

its

most

Although the giant ships were not

and Maiivctnnia were considerably more spa-

management knew, bold

the unrivaled laxishness

dieir appointments, calculated to attract the

— not as

\'ounger later,

sister,

the Titanic, was laid se\eral

months

on March 31, 1909. One by one, the mas-

a spectator but as owner of the tion,

J.

Bruce Ismay, White

managing

director,

home of Lord

met

chairman and

Star's

for dinner at the

William James

Pirrie,

London

chairman of the

stupendous ship. Morgan had

bought the White Star Line 1

902, hoping

to profit

on the

Atlantic passenger trade,

renowned shipbuilding firm Haiiand and Wolff Together, the n\o

men

laid decisive plans. Wliite

Star

would indeed build three

and

Pirrie

feet

longer than the

in

at

a

gigantic ships, Ismay

—each 50 percent

decided

nev\'

would be

the largest

and 100

Cunard goUaths. Weigliing

largest ships afloat

moxing

it

to his

huge

sive

frames of the giants gradually emerged, loom-

ing o\cr the Ri\er Lagan and ever\' structure in the Belfast yards. Soon, an obser\er wrote, "the

and skeleton

within the scaffolding began to take

Inter-

national Mercantile Marine

(IMM) consortium of shipping

of which

shape, at

the

breaths. It

was the shape of a

sight

men

held

their

ship, a ship so

mon-

companies. Construction of the larger

stupendous 45,000 tons, the leviathans

would not only be the

he added

in

objects e\er

—

magnificent liner was funded

by an

issue of

made by

stock.

Although Morgan had booked

passage on the the\'

IMM

Titanic's

strous

and unthinkable that

it

towered there o\er

the buildings and dwarfed the \ery mountains the water. ...

A

rudder

as big as a giant

elm

b\-

tree,

maidbosses and bearing of propellers the size of wind-

en voyage, business affairs forced him to cancel his plans.

mills

—exerything was on

a

nightmare

scale.

..."

The

and

Titanic carried sixteen

four collapsible boats

wooden

lifeboats

on her spacious

boat deck. Although the ship had lifescving capacity for

1

,178 people— less than

half the

3,547 passengers and crew she was designed to

carry— she surpassed by over

1

7

lifeboat requirements

percent. Right: This sand-cast

bronze bench end, recovered from the ocean bottom, once

odomed

ifie /(tonic's

boat deck.

0L.

The Since

1

870, Harland and Wolff

had been responsible detail of hulls

White Star

and machinery

every

for

nous glass dome.

and

On

the

and

Harland

was

Olympic and

passengers were

surrounded by the most lavish possible appointments, including the magnificent after grand case. Below: The forward

bronze cherub, recovered from wreck

site in

1

987,

stair-

grand

ifie

days

Atlantic

Ocean a few

after ttie Titanic sank. Rigfit: Tfiis

staircase.

Below

after

right:

clock from the elaborate staircase.

ifie

may have come

grand

Wolff's commission

ships. Left:

A

from the area of the Tiianids

simply to build the best possible

Titanic, first-class

left:

Staircase

from the grand stairway was found

was never

price;

lumi-

piece of intricately carved railing

walls of first-class cabins

on agreed-upon

Lower

Grand

from

carved paneling that adorned the

reception rooms. There

was crowned by a

ornate

liners,

to the

staircase

The

grand

The immcnsin' of

the ships was nearly inconcei\'ablc to

who

man\' of the nearh' fifteen thousand yardworkers

hammered

forged, and

the great liners into being.

each "monster of the sea" was

The double-bottomed

rivets.

tons and stretched 882 feet length

in

— from

more than

at

The

,t

bigger than the Olympic.

it.

A

their

double-ended and

enough to contain superships was

engineering

fi\e

a

b\'

for the Pirrie

powered by the

—an inno\ative,

latest

)rd

And

engines e\er ery was so

*"_'.

^'

„„=«« "^

'^

built.

one, the

advances in marine

slip.

strength of three for

men

that

to

connecting engine

it

lift

occasion,

J.

took

Bruce Ismay and Lord

were joined by notables including the

Ma\'or of Belfast and John Pieipont railroad, coal,

(J. P.

and

I

steel

and

British

from the giant gantry beside

flags fluttered

To

wooden supports

ease her

that held the Titanic to her

immense bulk

had

into the water, workers

greased the 750-foot sliding way with 22 tons of slick tallow, oil,

and soap. hot up

This propelling machin

immense

\is-

MP \ie\\ing

the White Star pennant, workers knocked away, one bv

each of the

bine and the most powerftil steam reciproca

^tar 1>I^

a special

As the eager crowd waited and

titan.

American

n\enn--fo

combination

efficient

On

Morgan, the ^American

single-ended boilers, each hug

double-decker tramcar.

ri\er banks, straining to see the gai'-

stand, decked out with red and white bunting

/

The enorm^

was generated

She was

thousand tons

her historic launch, more than a

ere present, too.

single link in the gigantic anclior

dri\e each ship

sister into the river.

gantuan ship released into the water. Distinguished

rudder, the height of a house, weighed 20,250 pounds.

Steam to

warm, sunny morning of

the

vessel ever built, a

To watch

and

nearb)' rooftops, masts,

center anchor akine

chains weighed in at 175 pounds.

\\|V\>t«-

most wondrous

15 tons, needed a team of horses to trans-

port

on

hundrecl thousand spectators crowded the ship\ard and clung to

million

football field

tremendous mass, each colossus required three it.

the largest and

of

weighed 26,000

hulls each

— nearly three

end to end. Because of

anchors to restrain

hull

later,

Ma\' 31,1911, the Titmiic followed her

made of more than n\o thousand

one-inch-thick steel plates, held together by steel

The

months

Ri\er Lagan. Se\en

ri\eted,

tin

HinalK', a red flag

was

raised,

in the sky, whistles shrieked,

:

noon, the immense

and

Iter,

at thirteen

min-

hx'draulic triggers that

he colossus were released.

a single

bolts.

warning rockets

Si.xt\'-r\vo

seconds

the Titanic slid quickly and quietly into the

CONCERT.;"; Work proceeded on the

ships,

quickls'

and on October 20,

This telegraph from the Titanic,

used

to

communicate desired

speed from the

1910, the

Olympic was

at

last

to the

readv to be launched into the

The

great, much-anticipated e\'ent

had

ship's officers

engine room, was

recovered

ater of the Ri\er Lagan.

in

1

987.

nded, and the VIPs retired to ,ord Pirrie at the

a

lunch ht)sted by

Grand Central Hotel. But

for

The

Titanic featured

packed with the

a gymnasium

latest athletic

equipment, including mechanical bicycles, "camels," Left: First-class

and

"horses."

passengers on the

Olympic could work

off rich

meals

by exercising with a punching bag.

tsiwiRsiumliRij

»<;;[»* TITANIC StRViaWRlL 19121

UN

OLYMPIC 882/.fEtTL0N6

gZ'AFEtTBROM 4532,T0HSR[6IST[R

882'/3ftE^"'N6 92'AFEO BROAD ttflOOIOHSRlSISTER

The Titanic's Specifications Length

the Titanic, the

work was

Her

beginning.

just

enipt>' hull,

Stylish

not \et Glamorous

sporting

four majestic tiinnels, was towed to Harlaiid and

its

WoifPs deep-water

basin. There, for ten

months, she was

fitted

first-class

on the Olympic and fitted

suit

out

in

Titanic

a range of

any expensive

Staterooms

staterooms

were

styles to

taste, including

out with engines, boilers, and other mechanical equipment. Louis Seize, Empire, Italian

C'raftsmen adorned her with stained-glass windows, rich carpet-

and magniticenth' car\cd paneling.

ing, elaborate chandeliers,

Renaissance, Georgian, Regence,

Queen Anne, and Old best

Nothing of the

scale

and

lu.vury

Dutch. The

accommodations aboard

of the Titanic and Olympic had each ship were the parlor

ever been seen

immense new

before.

In

special

a

dc\'oted

edition

to the

industry journal Tlic

sister ships, the prestigious

each consisting of a

sitting

suites,

room,

two bedrooms, and two wardrobe rooms, as well as a private both,

Shipbuilder reported that the greatest pains were being taken "to lavatory, and, exclusively

provide passenger accommodation of unrivalled extent and magnificence,"

and the excellent

result "defies

improvement." Other

ships ma\' have featured impressive decor, but the Olympic

Titanic

literally

redefined

They were the \ery

first

modern shipboard

the

ocean

liners to

pamper

and

experience.

their passengers

with the noxelt)' of an on-board squash court. In addition to a sw

imming

the

latest

pool, they each had a

gymnasium

mechanical bicycles, "camels," and "horses." bath, decorated in the

couches and

inlaid

tables,

and

maids and

a wireless

valets, a

lending

provided guests with other

make

the first-class

in

also featured "a

room,

library, a

telegraphy installation,"

"Indeed everything has been done fittings to

— including

A sumptuous Turkish

Both ships

large barber's shop, ... a clothes-pre.ssing for

equipped with

of the mysterious East, with low

st\-le

Damascus

intriguing recreation possibilities.

room

fully

equipment from Wiesbaden

athletic

Tljc

a special

dining

telephone system,

Shipbuilder

wem

on.

regard to the furniture and

accommodation more than equal

to that prtnided in the finest hotels

on shore."

Titanic,

on

the

a private promenade

deck. Below: This solid silver lamp

from a

first-class

ered from the in

1987.

cabin was recov-

Titanic's

debris field

ill

While the Titanic was slowly being

New

maiden \oyage to

fitted out,

with great fanfare and

ship, the Olympic, set sail

York on

June

greeted with enthusiasm and astonishment

her sister

publicit)-

on her

"She looked to be

1911,

leaving

gawked

14,

Southampton with 1,316 passengers and SSO crew members aboard.

Her

ciptain was

Hdward John

most popular commanders of his

(H.

I.)

Smith, one

for his

and pleasing

as skipper

personalit\-,"

Majestic for nine years.

had served

Smith's honor to take comniand of

many White

Star

liners

on

^^|^^^^Bf|^^M

jabs.

A New

as

"the ,ichie\e-

of the

the main alley-

a

deckhand

"*

w

.

One

passenger, however,

ciintessed to having worried

the treacherous Ariantic

first

liner.

On

about crossing

on the untested

any untried ship, no matter

maritime nation of the world." She was so

how grand, he noted, "there

huge that to accommodate her the White

feeling of an

Star Line had persuaded the harbor author-

What

ities

to lengthen

feet into the

New

Hudson

York's Pier 59 River.

b\-

Although

90

happen

nei

speed records. Captain Smith proudly trans

mitted a wireless dispatch from midocean that the

different

A

Georgian-style reading and

writing

room (above and

was provided

for the

Olympic had actualh' exceeded the speed promised first-class ladies

by her builders.

Her

arrival in

New

York, attend-

ed by twelve tugboats, on June 21, 1911, was

if this

estimate,

ther she nor the Titanic were designed to set

Olympic and Above:

A

right)

always that

if

for just

or that has erred in his the unexpected should

once, what

if a

dozen

should develop to upset the

calculations and bring

you

face to face with the

hitherto unencounteredr"

But those totally

glasses, belonging to a passen-

wreck

in

fears,

it

turned out, had been

the

Titanic.

pair of reading

Titanic'%

man

what

;/}

is

added element of chance.

comfort of

aboard

ger or crew member, was found

near the

said, "take a

—on second thought," he recon-

The Olympic^ maiden \oyage was an

the largest and finest skill

down

York Times cartoon depicted a well-

unqualified success.

_^

product "of the stupendous

walk abreast

sidered, "take the subway."

^^^^^^^^^^/

The Olympic was acclaimed

size.

York reporter

and noxel recreational attractions even provoked

red car and

their

her fantastic

New

he enthused, that "It would not be very

board racetrack. "Walk up two blocks,"

Star's

maiden journe\s.

ment of the age,"

size

at

a

dressed passenger asking directions to the Olympic's fictitious on-

had been

It

.spacious,

good-natured

"engaging manner of White

Her

ways."

The uhite-whiskered com-

da\'.

modore, "a splendid seaman" known

genuine sea monster,"

difficult for n\'o elephants to

the

tif

— so

a

1

987.

unfounded. The Olympic wis

triumpliantly at port.

safe, secure,

ii^:

r^

Ui^'k.

The

first-class

luxury

room (above and

dining

top) seated passengers in

and comfort. Second-class accommodations were so

appointed that they equalled or exceeded the

aboard other modern

ships. Right:

A

well

first-class facilities

1920s photo shows passen-

gers enjoying the second-class Olympic dining saloon, paneled the Early English style.

On

the

Olympic and

passengers had better accommodations than

had enjoyed

in

in

Titanic, third-class

first-class

eadier days of transatlantic

passengers

travel.

Both the Olympic

and

Titanic featured

a popular

Verandoh Cote and Palm Court. Only

the Titanic,

however, offered passengers the Cafe Parisienne, a trellised replica of

Rubberized floor in

a French sidewalk

tiles,

recovered

a number of second- and

Following spread:

A

in

1

cafe.

Left:

993, were used

third-class

areas

rendering of the Cafe Parisienne

^r^.

«

i ^1

Il[ MAIDfN VOVAe[

III Nearly ten months after

the

clientele.

Olympics grand debut, the Titanic was at last

ready to set

that further elevated the Titanic abo\'e

One

on her own maid-

sail

White Star added subtle touches

of the Tilanic's great triple-

her

rivals.

The forward end of

the great

toned whistles, the largest ever

en voyage to

New

The

York.

great

built,

wreck

Titanic was everything that the Olympic

Titanic

was, and more. She was larger than the first

that

made her even more

windows

sister.

on B deck, were graced with

instead of portholes,

and two had the in part to the

Olympic's great success, White Star had transatlantic line preferred

more

steamship

first-class

line in history.

become

the

by millionaires, transport-

passengers in

To

1911

cater to

993.

Lough on her sea

splendid than her

added luxury of private decks. Thanks

1

its

than

Left:

The

glass to eliminate the

annoying seaspray

steaming out of Belfast

of her opulent new cabins, including twent\'-

eight extra staterooms

ing

site in

promenade was enclosed with

ship's

retrieved from the

ship by a thousand tons and featured refinements

Manv

real

was

any

gilt-edged

that occasionally splashed the Olympic's

trials.

first-class strollers.

The

Titanic's restaurant

was larger

than the Olytnpic\ and included the tantalizing addition of a Cafe Parisien, a a

French sidewalk

lionaire suites" first-class

charming trcUised

cafe. In

to her special

dogs, the

new

replica of

every way, from her "mil-

accommodations

ship was built to

satisf\'

for

the

craving, particularly of rich Americans, for unbridled

luxury

in

travel.

Olympic^ "but so

one of the

The

Titanic was

much more

similar

to

the

elaborate," explained

ship's bakers, Charles Burgess.

"Take the

Olympic didn't e\en have

dining saloon Titanic

—ah, you sank

furniture. it

in

it

So heavy you could hardly

was the care and

a

carpet,

up to your knees. Then

effort that

lift it.

went into

And

her.

but

the Titanic

tlie

there's the

that panelling

She was

.

.

the

known

morning of April

2,

trials.

In the Belfast

Lough and

the

open waters of the

his ears to sail

sea

abilities.

command of Captain

modore had been

transferred

E.

1.

Smith.

with the White Star Line.

first-class

under,"

on

favorite,

and

commented

the Titanic.

passengers that he was

and he was equally popular

man

a

anv officer would give

Officer Charles Lightoller,

The

immense

pride in the technologv' that could produce liners as

splendid as the Olympic and Titanic. "I cannot imagine

The famous com-

tion

which would cause

a ship to founder.

.

.

Modern

.

1907. The master was equally

ly in

of

of

record

his

safe

describe sea,

in

Smith,

E. J.

known as

the "Millionaire's Captain,"

It

was

to

have been

the popular captain's last

aboi

1

my experiences

merely

"how

of nearly

uneventful.

sa\-

"When

1

can best

1

fort)'

years

have never

an accident of any sort worth speaking

....

I

never saw a wreck and have never been

com-

on her maid-

the Titanic

en voyage.

condi-

pridefiji

crossings.

anv'one asks me," he said,

manded

an\'

ship-build-

ing has gone bevond that," Smith stated definitive-

from the Olympic to take charge of

Captain

who

highest paid captain afloat.

Smith had logged 2 million miles aboard White Star ships and had

and inaneu\ering

Like her sister ship, the Titanic was placed under the

experienced

— "a great

served with him

Irish Sea,

her crew put her through her paces, adjusting her compasses and testing her speed, handling, stopping, starting,

command before retiring from

as the "Millionaire's Captain,"

with die crew

1912, the Titanic, the largest

on her

Adantic crossing. The voyage was to be the

Smith was so beloved by wealthy

wonderful ship."

On

first

master's very last

his distinguished twenty-six-year career

.

a beautihil

ship the world had ever seen, steamed out of Belfast

on her

sixt) -t\\'o-\ear-old

wrecked, nor was

1

ever in any predicament that

threatened to end in disaster of any sort."

com-

Despite

that

boast,

however. Smith's

mission before his planned retirement.

buttons

Above: These brass

worn on

White Star

the uniforms of

officers

were recov-

safer\'

record had, in

1899 incident, when

command,

a

tact,

been marred by an

White Star

liner

the Germanic, capsized in

under

New

his

York

ered from the Titanids debris field. Right:

The

Harbor

as a result

of heavy

icing.

Other

distress-

Titanic in

Southampton on April 10, 1912.

ing situations had

more

recentiv occurred

when

Passengers crowded the White Star Dock at

Queenstown, (now Cobh), last

Atlantic. to

Ireland, the liner's

stop before steaming into the

Shipping

lines

open

competed vigorously

capture the profitable trade of

first-class

passengers as well as the millions of emigrants

who were heading

to

America.

command.

the Olympic was under his

damaged

a

In June 1911, Smith had

tugboat while guiding the Olympic into her

York berth on her maiden voyage.

September 20, 1911,

a

And

a

tew months

New

lionaires aboard, including

Waldorf Astor. The huge

Southampton

command when

later,

York with

under

sixt>'

American liner

New

weeks of

on

repairs.

Although

Navy

hole caused her to

a

Court of Inquiry

list

six

later faulted the

Olympic for the accident. Smith's passengers and employers

esteemed commander. "E.

remained unflinchingly

was

never took a risk," attested the Bishop of Willesden.

loyal to the

man

Smith's

cruiser

The gaping

mil-

in

whom we

J.

"He was

a

had entire and absolute

confidence," White Star's Bruce Ismay

suddenly collided with

it

the 7,350-ton Royal

York.

badly to starboard, and she was forced to return to Belfast for

harrowing accident occurred when the

Olympic was departing for

leaving

not continue to

New

Hawkc,

later

pointedly declared.

nearly capsizing the smaller vessel and

On the

evening of April

no passengers were

cessfijlly

completed her sea

injured, the impact gored the Olympic in

TitaJiic

set

two

Southampton. Near midnight on April

crumpling

its

bow

.\lthough fortunately

like

tin

a

can.

places, ripping a 40-foot-high gash in

course

for

2, having suctrials,

the

of

port

the

3,

the great ship gently pulled up at the vast,

her starboard side that penetrated 8 feet into her hull. Remarkably, howe\er, there

new

was no panic among the Olympic\ gen

ed especially for the Titanic and Olympic.

teel

when

cool

passengers;

they nearly

all

sat

stewards rang the

minutes after the clear,

The new

and unflappable,

down

luncheon

for

gong

collision. It

just

was quite

liner's arrival

ebration

in

was

a cause for cel-

Southampton

— not

just

x'cause the gargantuan ship was antici-

ten

however, that the Ohwprc c
16-acre White Star Dock, construct-

Emigrants at Queenstown waiting to

board the

class to

Jilanic. All third-

passengers were required

pated to be "the

last

word

in

ocean

travel,"

but because she brought with her the promise

of

employment

for

increasingly

desperate

be examined by a doctor

before boarding.

White Star luggage

Southampton men. The town had been Left:

Line second-class

tag, indicating

age from Southampton York,

a voyto

was recovered from

Titanic's

wreck

site in

suffering

This

severely from the effects of a six-week national coal miners strike, the largest in the nation's his-

New tory.

With no

fijel

for their

coal-hungry ships, the

the

1993,

transatlantic lines

had idled their

vessels

and were

no dockworkers or crews. More

hiring

men were out of work, and

local

th,in

More

sexenteen thousand

were

their f.iniihes

Despite the strike, however, White Star was determined to maintain

its

3, die

announced schedule

Olympic

enough

out of Southampton

sailed

crammed with

dining saloon to

fuel

announced, would scheduled, at

also depart

was not \et

her departure.

fill

at

Titnnic,

April 10.

on

finally settled

On

it

fliel

the harbor

seemed

practically

the Oceanic, Majestic, Philndclphin, St.

Louis, St. Pniil,

and

would ha\e

tourist,

"was huge,

was

I

was \ery oxerawed,

as

Although the

been canceled.

Officers and crew

as well

—and some passengers w

In

On

Atlantic, newspapers in

New

proclaimed

"New

their

.

.

a ship that

cit\'

if

.

,"

Times, is

blocks long

stood on end. teet

higher

than the Metropolitan Life

i^

nj^F

tower and 270

... As

i

accommodations,

tor the passenger

the\' are

most gorgeous of any ship ever

bookings had su

leviathan rested in

feet higher

than die Singer Building.

f.

The

illustration at left

first-class bath.

porcelain sink

seemed

Yorkers will see

York

would be 181.7

hardware, similar

berth, she

New

and which,

f

denly been changed to the Titanic.

As THK NKVV White Star

the

more than four

f.

^^

a

York crowed o\er

"Wlien the Titnnic steams into the Hudson

the Titanic for

York, Ptnlndclphin, Oceanic,

and Adriatic found that

too big,"

"It's

the other side of the

the behemoth's eageriy expected arrixal on April 17.

April 6, fi-esh

had planned to cross aboard the

New

was magnificent." Her

Cornishwoman judged.

—

were taken on from the odier ships

it

left

one

Titnnic, enthused

was even frightening;

scale

M'li' Yo7-k

whose scheduled crossings had

cockleshells beside her,

The

speechless by her size.

with 4,427 tons of coal scaxenged

—

mere

streamed into Southampton to see the giant, and some were

her giant bunkers, she was loaded

from other I.M.M.-owned ships

Other

elex'en stories high.

cliff,

like

according to an American passenger, Charlotte Collyer. Sightseers

April

her berth, the

on her maiden crossing

available in time to

To

up

crafts in

planned, her third-class

as

The

noon on Wednesday, was

tied

coal to ensure that she

her voyage.

bitter labor dispute

coal

Olympic and Titnnic.

for the

same day that the Titnnic was

than a sixth of a mile long, the towering Titnnie\oomcA over

the water like the side of a \ast

liungr\'.

lie

truly to be a "Wondership.'

illustration,

In

shows a

Above: This

and faucet

safet)',

too,

it

among

die

built."

was believed, the Titanic

was the ultimate achievement. "None of us had the slightest fear for her safety,"

remembered one

to those in the

were recovered

from the sea bottom.

\isitor

who

was the

toured the ship in Southampton; "she

last

word

in

modern

efficiency

and was

\1

\''

e -t=

1

^^_ *^p^

-1

"H""""i<"iHinimt||1||||||j|i|ui|]llllllf "niniiirrrn nfimmmTni—irnTrmrrrrnrnrTrTTiTiniri i

\

1

|£t

said to ho literally unsinkahle."

would

even

float safeh'

water

with

The

Titanic was equipped with

watertight compartments, designed

sixteen

— an

two

the

if

st)

largest sections

exceedingly unlikely event.

that

ship

the

were flooded

Electricallv

could he instantly closed from the captain's bridge. The journal lavished praise

Eujjiiiccriiijj

state-of-the-art

Titanic

.

.

embodied

.

on the

features.

safety

that

all

mous

shortfall, she

all

her

watertight

invincible

disaster."

her sixteen

wooden

Titanic was

a

considered

mere

Olympic

liner's

"The

original plans

wooden

four

judgement

were

.

.

.

much

Many of the

on from

ter

resembled

a

vast ship's ros-

luxury hotel's, with

ranks of carpenters, bakers, icemen, scullions, plate stewards,

stewards,

lift

pressers, barbers,

for sixn-

in

That num-

addition to navigating officers,

Quartermasters,

and

bers signed on, too,

installed, a

had actualh- been

mere quarter of the

a

original

number.

First-class Titanic's

Even fy

so, sixteen boats

were quite enough to

the archaic Board of Trade regulations.

the

addition

of four collapsible

female

stokers.

crew

mem-

among them

eighteen stewardesses, two cashiers,

the shipyard, only six-

left

clothes

and linen keepers

thirn-two, and by the time die

lifeboats

bedroom

attendants,

'r\\ent\'-three

Titanic

workers

London,

Belfast,

The

ber had later been cut in half to

teen

The

Southampton seamen, and

ancT Liverpool.

were

safet)-.

better than the

observed the captain's steward,

others joined

With

The Titanich

had called

"

gratefiil

anachronisms,

lifeboats.

qualms about her

James Arthur Paindn.

concessions to the skittishness of the traveling public.

i\:\v

cut above, "a fine ship

design,

lifeboats

enor-

Most of the more than nine hundred crew members who signed aboard the Titanic had

and knowledge could devise to make her

immune from

carry. Nevertheless, despite the

exceeded existing lifeboat requirements by

over 17 percent.

con-

doors separated the compartments, which

trolled, watertight

crew she was designed to

passengers

stroll

the

gant, silk-paneled postcard

With the

a Turkish

third-class

matron,

a

masseuse,

bath attendant. There were a

num-

deck. Top: This ele-

satis-

lifeboats,

and

from the Titanic was posted from Queenstown, Ireland.

ber of "special" employees as well. These includ-

ed the ship's n\<) wireless operators, John G. Phillips

and Harold Bride,

who were

technically

Previous spread: The stately

Titanic had

enough

lifesaving capacit\' for

1,178 Titanic,

people

—

less

than half the 3,547 passengers and

"Queen

of the Seas,"

on her maiden voyage.

employed by the Marconi company but received their

pavchecks from the White Star Line. Other

First-class

passenger Frederic O. Spedden

watched

his six-year-old son,

Robert

Douglas, play with his top on the promenade deck. Both would survive the disaster. This

deck chair from the

Titanic

Left:

was found

floating in the sea after the sinking. Following

spread:

An

artist's

second-class

rendering of the

T/tan/c's

promenade deck.

u

K"«

Ct,

special

members included

staff

Italian chefs

restaurant's

Royal Mail Ship, the Titanic also carried

three

Americans

— Oscar

Logan

Gwinn

William

by

and the eight members of the

rateur Luigi Gatti, a

the

who were employed

and waiters,

Southampton Post

Woody, John

S.

— and

two

French and

London

"Putting a

As

ship's band.

"is,

Starr

March, and

from

the best of times, a pretty strenuous job." But

reached

The

some

and treasure, but

less

sundries,

wines,

linoleum,

as

sponges,

At long

— including — was destined

Much

laces, silks,

New

and

time ran short, workers rushed to apply finishing

make them

immense

about to swarm." Soon

and every

detail of her construc-

He was aboard

of buff-colored

paint and frantically struggling to finish carpeting,

night

on

The

eighteen

men were lowered

in

lifeboats

and "rowed around

a

Officer Harold

Titanic,

nvo of the

drill:

ship's

couple of turns,"

the vessel

late into

her

Lowe

recalled.

Shordy afterward,

lost

potential refinements to

the ship.

perhinctory thirn-minute boat

a

director,

fianneis to

making notes

sparkle with a last coat

a hive

dawn, crew members began to come

formed managing

supervised the Titanic's design

tion.

fi-om the

resembled

aboard, changed into their uniforms, and per-

York

spring displays of European fashions. As

—dangling

day arrived, and,

Thomas Andrews, Harland and for

Wolff's

touches

last sailing

ship which for days had been like a nest of bees,

surgical

after

cargo

and oxersaw every

electric tans,

Lightoller recounted, "from end to end the

now

retail

and

aspect of the great ship's final completion.

books, drug

frames, ostrich feathers, and tea.

Titniiic's

ship, bus-

ladders,

likeh

in gi

window

Manchester conon

owners around the

— most

instruments, pamphlets, scientific equipment,

of the

no

meticulous

and subcontractors, discussed

plans, toured the

than half a million dollars'

worth of ordinary items, such

his

activi-

detail,

ied himself adjusting racks, tables, chairs, berth

fortune

later believed, a

escaped

No

and tableware.

Freight was carted aboard, too not, as

small,

neers, officials,

ship was loaded witli

crystal,

of the frenzied

attention as he endlessly conferred with engi-

Titnnic\ last-minute preparations

of provisions,

vast stores

how

matter

a fever pitch.

all

was the Titanic\ designer, Thomas Andrews.

ty'

As the April 10 departure date drew the

on the

was night and day work, organizing here,

the different contrivances." Supervising

Bertram Williamson.

closer,

harsh.

ship in commission," Officer Lightoller reflected,

receiving stores there, arranging duties, trying and testing out

the

John Richard Jago Smith and James

Office,

at

new

Titanic, he noted, "it

five postal clerks:

Englishmen

on the Titanic was unusually

schedule, and the pace

restau-

Andrews

the Titanic's passengers began to stream into the

White Star Dock. At 9:30

in

the morning, the

once remarked, was "as nearly furnishing, and decorating the

huge

ves.sei in

time perfect as

for her sailing date.

Work was

frustratingly

behind

make

her."

human He

boat train

from Waterloo Station

in

London

brains can

did not survive.

arrived in

Southampton, discharging many of the

on board the Titanic

Luxury

The

Titon/c's

wealthy passengers

Gordon

Titanic's first-class

known as

the cou-

pampered

"Madame husband,

Lucile," Sir

and her

Cosmo

Gordon. The couple were ing first-class under the

"Mr.

Duff

travel-

name

of

and Mrs. Morgan" and

boarded the

Titanic at

France, the

Cherbourg,

liner's first

stop after

leaving Southampton. Both surthe sinking.

sumptuous cabins

From

to their

their

elegant

dinnerware and magnificently

style.

From

rooms,

public

included Lady Duff (right), better

turiers

appointed

in

th

unporalled shipboard

A

left:

first-class

silver

chocolate pot, emblazoned with the

White Star (its

logo, recovered in

deformations

may

likely

used

in

in

1

993 and most

the first-class d

carte restaurant; a bottle of

pagne,

996

after the

Spode dinner-

Titanic sank); gilded

ware, recovered

1

hi

caused by water pressure

recovered

with

its

intact in

had

passengers

chamcork

1

996

tainted

its

Royal

(alttiough sea

contents);

Crown Derby,

which manufactured

White Star

Line's chir

i

water

and

the

ship's

271 second-class and 712

could not sink

Stepping

third-class passengers.

off onto the platform was sixteen-year-old Edith Brown, her father,

Thomas, and her mother,

Elizabeth.

The

The

family had trav-

new

traxeling to the

life

Other second-class passengers

in Seattle.

White Star Dock, that day were

named "M. Hoffman," with

his

two dark-eyed

Michel and Edmond, and Lawrence Beesley,

who was making

from Dulwich

study American education.

a

a

nervous

— English,

monium

sons,

as

who

assembled

French,

Dutch,

Polish,

Italian,

and Syrian

stewards pointed

Russian,

— added

them along

England to

Finding

his

wa\'

among

named Henry

.AniciK.in

the

The

Jr.

Titnnic\ \ast

accommodations.

crowds was

steerage

Sutehall,

CMiincsc,

to the pande-

the

labyrinth of corridors and stairways to their

the passengers transferred to

White Star

at the

o\er the worid. Their proftision of lan-

all

Swedish, Norwegian,

a science teacher

his first trip outside

Among

guages

Frenchman little

proclaimed one deckhand to

third-class travelers

Dock came from

eled from South Africa and was boarding the Titanic en route to starting a

this ship,"

second-class passenger.

a

N'oung

t\venty-six-year-old

home

was

Kenmore, New-

the Titnnic from other liners were

returning

the Harts: seven-year-old Eva, her

York, after an extended round-the-

to

world

trip

Esther.

Although Mr. Hart was

good

finend

excited

about the switch to the

two young men, who

lather,

Benjamin, and her mother,

grand new ship, reason

his wife for

some

interiors,

her

life,

was the

first

time in

lars

monition,

a

mother crying: "She had most unusual thing

this pre

for her."

Mrs

Hart's dread of the Titanic wis so great that shi

The Olympic and

among

the

feature

swimming

first

Although

a

to

bed

at

number of

night aboard the ship

others were also anxiou:

about crossing the Atlantic on the

water

liners to

baths, deep, filled

with

Titanic's

wreck

1987, was probably used

communicating from the

maiden voyage, most were reassiued by impressive reputation for

safet)'.

"God

hei

himsel

were

salt

Right: This telephone,

found at the in

Titanic''

Titanic

ocean

marble-tiled pools

go

refused to

Irwin. b\'

tra\'eled

and

a

violin.

good fortune and

Eva recalled, that she had

ever seen her

had

.New York State with

about the prospect of crossing on It

the compan\' of his

Howard

The

trade were

trimmers of coach and automobile

was desperately unhappy

the Titnnic.

in

docking bridge

to the

room or navigation

site

for

after

engine

bridge.

of experiences,

the\'

had made

Lake

Cit\',

San

fift)'

dol-

Somehow, with a world's

their

worth

way from

St.

Louis, Denver,

Francisco,

Los Angeles,

Buffalo to CMcveland, Chicago, Salt

west from

just

Scanlc, and Pordand, then

Now

on

to Australia, the Suez, and Europe.

home on

Sutehall was returning

however, Irwin himself was not hooked

maiden

Titaiiic\

as a

in the

who was

regarded as the most

invited

arrixals,

him to at

critic

and

Isidor Straus, an

member of Congress, was

many accompanied

was the

New

give a speech at the

York

at

who

had

Another distinguished

George Widener, scion of the

and

fort>'-one-year-old military aide

fatigued

he

and

had

been

stressed.

and

ed

passen

President.

to

He was now

of

his

good

the Titanic in the

friend, the

famous

artist

was

on the

trip

Rome

$100

former his

Riviera.

wife and nventy-

owner of more

builder and

million.

company

and former

society-

divorce in Colonel John Jacob Astor

at

$100

an\'

other New-

Money, however, had not

holiday abroad, he ing

home

had

1909 and

later to a scandalously

teen-year-old

his acceptance in the

circles.

bitterly his

New

Y'ork

and

opposed Astor's

remarriage two years

young woman,

the eigh-

Madeleine Force. Ostracised by

a fortune estimated

million. After

Madeleine,

home on

his

and skyscrapers than

sought-after social

Newport

the wealthiest passenger

a

at

lost

meet with the pope and King Victor Emmanuel

returning

on the French

been enough lo purchase

Titanic with

on behalf of the U.S.

a

worker, Astor had a personal fortune estimat-

exceedingly

might do him good, he had traveled to

The

Astor. )tels

close per-

Persuaded that

and

York with

on the luxurious new ship was Colonel John

the

novelist. Lately,

feeling

New

even year-old son Harry. The wealthiest passenger

sonal adviser. Butt had enjoyed multiple careers as soldier, journalist, diplomat,

to

Titanic, too.

store

richest family in Philadelphia,

boarded the Titanic with

intlu

1

first-class

home

returning

wife, Ida, after spending a winter holiday

\V. T. Stead,

Worid Peace

Carnegie Hall on April 2

booked passage on the

owner of Macy's department

ger was Major Archibald Butt, Taft's popular

however,

published his book

voyage home.

Millionaires had

journalist in

brilliant

request of President Taft,

Conference

rich blue upholstery

a relaxing

boat

of the Review of Reviews and the Pnll

Mall Gazette; he was traveling to personal

first-class

maids, and other servants, was

England. The \\hite-bearded social ential editor

just

himself and research his next book and was looking forward to

gold braid. i\mong the noteworthy valets,

Colonel Archibald Gracie,

about Chickamaujfn, had traveled abroad to refresh

TIjc Ti-rith

morning, many of the Titanic\ wealth-

from London, ornamented with

by personal

who had

passenger on the

passengers pulled up at the dock on the special

train

Millet.

an amateur military historian

\o\'age.

At 11:30 iest

war correspondent Francis D.

the Titniiic. Mysteriously,

th his

a long

was

return-

young

who was

five

social arbiters, the

a

couple had tied

New

York

for

tour of Egypt and Paris. Astor and his young

wife,

wife,

who was

fi\e

months pregnant, were now

months

pregnant. She survived the sinking but he did not.

returning home, hoping to reenter societ)' after their

extended

trip.

/

\ *«'""U»»UJ,,.

u

amiiiiji

iiiiii^mi^

''^iiiiiiiiiiiiin,

Before the Titniiic's scheduled noon departure, passen-

and

gers, reporters, electric

lifts,

wandered

visitors

all

o\er the ship

ed for

disaster.

their remarkable time-saxing contraptions, exploring the libraries

berthed

and other public rooms, peering into the squash court, and anius

like

on

Wallace Hartley, regaled the crowd on deck with

time and operetta tunes. Then, promptly

at

pierced the

three times,

air

and the great

tors debarked,

majestically got

underway,

by the tugboats Hcctoi\ Ni-ptniii\

Vulcan.

her

flut-

and

at a stately

the magnificent Titauic\cfi an indelible

The

Titanic

many

in

the

crowd

that

"She looked colossal

and so queenly,"

wrote, as

a reporter

Southampton on her

left

moiden voyage

shortly after

after leaving her berth,

the Titanic narrowly

with the liner

midday

91 2 (opposite page).

1

Above: Minutes

ings

lined the shore.

New

escaped a

enormous wake.

collision

whose moor

York,

had snapped from

the T/fonic's

Right: In this

posted from Queenstown,

letter,

first-class

passenger Hugh Woolner described the near disaster Following spread:

passengers

wa\ed

spirited

good-byes

from her decks and u indov\s.

a report

6-foot gangway crashed into the water, and the

New

fast

Turk

rammed

straiglit

ahead for the Titanic.

maneuvering by the harbor

pilot,

It

George Bowyer,

a terrihing collision. "It

whose tugboat Vulcan

naughr\'

"I'liat's a

the

speed of about 6 knots. The sight of

impression on

snapped with

New

child."

inauspicious start to

on April 10,

steamed into the River Test

thick ropes

a

assisted

berth

The

caught hold of the

tossed flowers into the water as the left

York.

dale,

\isi-

Ajnx, Albert Edward, and

slowly

much

was

a

narrow squeak," noted Captain

tered in the breeze, and passengers

Titanic

Nor

and Captain Smith that averted

noon, the Titanic\

HeiriiU's,

docks cheered, handkerchieft

A

was onlv

lively rag-

liner

The crowds thronging

liner

untethered

immense, triple-toned steam whistle

Titanic had displaced so

gunshots and flung themselves perilously into the dockside

crowd.

the g\'mnasium's mechanical equipment. All

the while, the ship's band, directed by thirt\'-threcyear-old violinist

The immense

water that her wake had busted the stout moorings of the

inspecting the purser's office and the kitchens with

ing themselves

howe\er, the great ship's maiden voyage head-

histantly,

— riding the

rendering of a

first-class

A

stateroom as

may have appeared

in

1912.

it

It

finally

York "like

seemed in

some aboard,

bad omen," sect)nd-class

/^^*'«.,

— [Hh

%.mmm,^

J.

45V!

On

the Titanic,

men enjoyed

the

sanctum of o sumptuous, Georgian-style

room

first-class

similar to this

Olympic (above and finest

paneled

apartment of in

mahogany

smoking

one on

the

— "the kind" —

left)

its

with mother-

of-pearl inlays. Top: Cigarettes

and a pipe recovered from Tilanic'i

wreck

site in

1

the

987,

passenger Edith.

Thomas Brown

One

grimly remarked to his daughter,

crew member. Able Seaman Joseph Scarrett, was so

shaken bv the near miss that he was ready to abandon the ship: "I said to a

Knr

chum

of mine

'I

am going

York drops alongside I'm going

For most,

,"" .

.

.

ho\\'e\er, the close call

the enchantment of the

first

hours

my bag and

to get

the cheery bugling of

the

at sea. It

was

summoned

in

a bright spring

Southampton

to their

first

after

spending the

meal

b\'

"The Roast Beef of Old England." The

John

B.

port

in

Den\ er. The estranged wife of Leadville, Colorado, Mrs.

Egs'pt and

sun

set,

the

Titniiic

rested

pany

additional passengers

who

were

ferried out

c.ibin

1

on the

New

to

York.

:rnmc

at

a

Ltisitnuin but transferred to the

Cherbourg when the Cunard

ship

Thirt)' second-class passengers also abi lard, including

was

^m

documenf

the property

of second-class passenger

Franz Pulbaum, was also recovered from the ocean declared the

It

twenty-seven-yeor-old

German emigranfs

intent to

emigrated to die United States t\

millionairess Mrs.

n.\o

new home,

Joseph Brown, popularly

remembered as

Left:

he

A

sapphire and diamond

belonging

citizen of the

United States.

Left:

Denver

.\fter tra\eling to

was returning to

to

one of

countr>' in grand style, est,

most fabled ship

More

his

in his

Europe,

adopted

on the poshin

the world.

than a hundred steerage pas-

the Tilanic'i passengers, .sengers

become o

age of t\\en-

"the unsink

able Molly Brown."

ring,

Pulbaum had

at the

and had e\-idendy done quite well

James

came

Franz Pulbaum, a twent>'-seven-

\car-old machinist ft'om Germanx;

by ten-

bottom.

order to accom-

iillcd tor repairs.

The 142 new This

in

crossing

and smelting magnate, had originally booked

ip.

2~4

the

fi-oni

the Astors in

Benjamin Guggenheim, the .American mining

-\-

taking aboard mail and

newly minted millionaire

a

Brown had befriended

them on

Cherbourg's deep-water harbor. ',

Grand Trunk Railroad;

had booked passage on the Titanic

Cherbourg;.

France, at 6:35 in the evening the

four-

American millionairess Mrs. James Joseph ("Molly") Brown of

the English Channel, arrixing at first

Among them

Thayer, president of the Pennsvlvania Railroad; and

gentlv crossed the open waters of

her

Europe.

teen trunks, four suitcases, and three crates of baggage; Charies

afternoon passed comfortably as the majestic liner

W£.

social season in

w ere Mrs. Charlotte Drake Cardeza, who came aboard with

Melville Hays, president of the Canadian

he declared.

was soon forgotten

afternoon, and as the great ship headed out of

Water, passengers were quickly

if

included wealthy Americans heading to Nev\-

first-class arrivals

York

was found near in

1987.

the

boarded

at

Cherbourg, too,

wreck man\' of them emigrants from S\ria

First-class

passengers on the Titanic and

Olympic hod the convenience tric

elevators. Second-class

the

first

time on

the luxury of tie

any

of three elec-

passengers— for

transatlantic liner— had

an elevator as

recovered from the

well. Left:

Titanic'i

debris

A bow field.

Decorations

..i

tfie f.rst

class

lounge aboard the Olympic and 77ton/c

labove and

left)

were mod-

eled on the Palace of Versailles. Top:

A cfiandelier from one of the

Tifanids first-class public rooms.

A Among

the Titanldi third-class

passengers was an American carriage

and automobile tradesman

named Henry Sutehall

Howard

and

his

Sutehall, Jr

good

friend

Irwin

were

originally

from Buffalo,

New

York,

had been

traveling

and

around

home

returning

list;

passenger on the

and was

as a

Titanic

evidently

passenger

perhaps he was not aboard the

ship

or

was

traveling

assumed name, a

mon

practice

containing

listed

Titanic's

1

in

the early twentieth

of Irwin's personal

was recovered from

bottom of the Nortfi

Atlantic.

of his papers, including sheet

com-

relatively

993, a wooden trunk

many

possessions

under on

music,

were

in

the

cloth

bag

inside

beginning at

right):

a

the Cooc/imafcers' Journal,

music stand

made

to

be

attached to a clarinet; sheet

music for a popular tune of the day; a clarinet; a leather belt

decorated with

floral

embossing;

New

and a North

Buffalo Lodge

South Wales, Australia, where Irwin

membership

list

an industry publication from

and

Sutehall

work

in

their

may hove trade;

the

sought

wooden

handle of a leather trimming Ijo

and

II.

letters

a

in

The discoveries included

(clockwise

copy of

Many

remarkably

had

condition because they

the trunk.

world together, earning money by

was

good

been packed

century. In

working occasionally as day

extended

journey Irwin, however, does not

appear on the

the

laborers. Sutehall

Passenger's Belongings

after his

Hiilpiau,

K.

ward

tool;

Howard

Irwin's

Irwin's friend

in

which

name

Henry

is

seen.

Sutehall, Jr,

did not survive the voyage home.

Lewis K.

Humphrey, William C.

llumplirey, Richard

Hutt, Irwin,

Harry K.

Howard A. Clharles A.

THE PJEW SOUTH -WALES

Coachmakers' journal.

}m^^

The

o

T/tonic's first-class

lounge was

social gathering place for

wealthy passengers.

many

and Croatia. And twenty-two passengers ended age

in France,

ashore under a pile of empty mail bags. "I

their Titanic voy-

including eleven-year-old Eileen lxno.\-C;on\'ngham,

who was headed on

holiday widi her mother, her

her ten-year-old brother, Denis.

The

Aunt

Alice,

...

and

a letter

"wanted the

thc\'

"Her

settled

on the French

from bow to

stern,

gleamed

coast,

Babylon"

the

on the ocean fort,

swells.

his sister

journalist

W.

like a star."

filled

The

incomparable luxury and com-

clouds

Cocooned

in

an

orchestra first

bilitv'

of the world's

ship.

In

April

11, they sighted land again, as

port of

largest,

her

The blue-green ocean

sea.

^Ulb^i

couldn't be

a

at

mail.

Queenstown

fireman,

John

A

maiden \oyage. Passengers whilcd ay the hours reading, writing letters, strolling

on the

decks.

Others

hands of bridge or poker,

lis-

myself," Colonel Oracle wrote, "as Second-class passengers gaze

a

summer

rounded with

on another 7 second and

120 second- and

passengers and mail

himself

1

94

palace

e\'ery

comfort

on

if

die seashore, sur-

—

there was nothing to

third-class

sacks of

were brought aboard

Titanic at

a twenty'-four-year-old

who smuggled

..." There

coffee at the Cafe Parisien. "1 enjoyed

at the

few travelers got off the ship

Ctiffey,

of

not

tened to orchestra concerts, or enjoyed

third-class passengers,

—including

who had

smoother, more delight-

out over the deck of the Titanic.

194 sacks of

one

sci-

in a sky

tul

pl.ixed

Left:

113

class passengers,

behind us

,iw

and

Anchored some two mile

offshore, the Titanic took

Queenstown,

after leaving

crossed the ocean before.

Queenstown (now Cobh) on

the rugged Irish coast.

open

as a beautiful sight to

grandest

last call

and 908 crew members aboard, the

otc, "the sun rose

morning, on Thursday,

made

and most other passengers

leviathan steamed out for the

ex'cning at sea, lulled by the calm sta-

the Titanic

T. Stead

was calm, and on the morning cher E

concert, and settled in for their

the

in

Irish port.

massive ship's great whistles intoned again three times, and the

ten past eight, her great mass riding stead\'

enjoyed

like this ship.

with delights. At 1:30 on the afternoon of April

passengers chatted and renewed

acquaintances,

don't

still

wrote Chief Officer Wilde

it,"

from the

11, with 1,321 passengers

like a float-

magnificent Titanic, queen of the seas, glided gracefully out of at

posted to

To

outline was etched clearlv in light," an

obser\er recalled, "with each porthole gleaming

Cherbourg Harbor

queer feeling about

the Titanic. She was a pleasure palace, "a monstrous floating

As darkness slowly

ing cin' on the sea.

a

aboard, however, there was nothing the least bit sinister about

largest,

safest, steadiest ship afloat."

lit

have

four had chosen to cross the

Channel aboard the Titanic because

Titanic, magnificenth-

I

the

indicate or suggest that Atlantic

we were on

the stormy

Ocean." The sea was so calm that most

Queenstown. Besides

mail, the ship

was carrying one

motor car crated as cargo.

were c\cn able to indulge meals that were served

in

the luxurioush' rich

in the first-

and second-class

saloons. Third-class passengers ate heartily, too as first-class passengers

on older

ships.

\\

as

as well, ball

it

was

se\eral ice

piano

On

steer-

that she

first

in fact,

time

were

Irish pipe

at leisure, in

and

The ocean was

in their lixes.

like a

A

the

bunkers ever since the evening

steadily in

liner

had

left

the

one of the Titanic^ coal Belfast.

And on

a massi\e field

drifi:ing further

North

liner

Atlantic lanes.

Many

five

ing,

ice alerts,

was

at last

invincible

nothing

ftirther

in

by den,se

Ckmard fields

of

on the quiet

sea after leaving

Smith gradually unleashed the power of the

386

ing speed as she steamed

on

Barrett, the

put out.

Friday, April

miles

recalled

3,

No later,

would

There was

out of the ordinary to concern

the captain or the crew, save for the wireless

warnings of ice that the Titanic had been

on

and

recei\

Harbor. This chocolate pot

and vermeil

sauce boat were used Titanicfs first-class

to serve

thi

passengers.

Both were recovered from the

wreck

site in

1

987.

miles

S19

546 miles on

on Wednesdax',

Three days

April 17, she

glide proudly into

The engines churned, and

hip steamed steadily ahead.

12,

Saturda\', April

Sunda\', April 14.

to threaten

Titnnic.

jamming

howe\er, the Titanic raced across

on Saturday morn-

fire

huge numbers years,

fifi^'

Titanic\ great engines, proudly noting her increas-

tinalh

more dangers appeared the

Cliptain

problem

Lead Fireman Fred ct)al

in

Cannania, had reported being shut

Despite these

operators,

and by noon,

Saturday,

vessels, including the

Queenstown,

bv

And on

for ice, but bergs in

south than they had

The

and Bride,

ice field."

of ice. April was known to be one of

the \ast and calm Atlantic. Each day

Phillips

Thursday,

chart room.

low-lying ice "growlers" on every side of the horizon.

Friday

at eleven o'clock, the ship's wirel

fixed the circuit

%

French steamship La Touraine had telegraphed

svstem unaccountably broke

Marconi

in the Titanic

had passed through "a thick

most dangerous months

were

was not so quiet and serene, however, belowdecks.

had been smoldering

fire

Friday, the

encountered

millpond, jour-

Titanic was a floating pleasure garden, "as firm as a rock" in the sea. All

warnings had been posted

the steamer Rnppciljntmock alerted the Titanic that she, too, had

comfortable surroundings,

Stead wrote to his wife, the weather was fine and cool, and the

nalist

On

ing from other ships in the North Atlanric lanes.

said,

games on

fiddle or the

age passengers, for the

—

played

pro\ided for their entertainment. Quite a few of the

deck and danced to the music of an that

Many

New York the great

BOOK POST

'"^^^^9^.

^i -V ^^

JW.^.^ci^ ^y^

^^..fel^j^'

This extra-large postcard, almost

long,

was a

novelty

in

its

a

foot

day. The card

was

mailed from the Titanic and postmarked at

Queenstown,

Ireland,

Following spread: The

on April 13, 1912. Ti\ar\\c

steams off

the sunset on April 14, 1912.

into

(^^^p^.

Ju>

.jto*SS«^''>ii-

--
^

/^ wmM%

^ISS^'

nRROR

The

sea was

smooth

as

AI S[ll

on

glass

gets

out

A

In the clear, cool morning,

at sea.

pair of opera or field glasses

found near the

strollers

paced the deck, braving the

wind before

breakfast.

chill

Left:

Many

Titanic's

in

rooms or

lured by instructor T.

in the

ered in the

W. McCawley,

crisply dressed as

morning, passengers from

first-class

gymnasium,

drifted into the

usual in his impeccable white flannels.

10:30

icefields in April

dining

room

A all

bit later, at

classes gath-

own

down

gers relaxed before sitting

first

passento an

elaborate luncheon. For many, the voyage

floating

had

1912.

less

.settled

round of dinner

into a sublime routine, an end-

parties, bridge parties, dancing,

auction pools, and rich repasts. "The days passed too quickly," recalled first-class passenger Mrs. "I felt as if I

would

like

to

go on

until the

Rene

Harris.

end of time."

Things were not so luxuriously paced, however.

for Divine Services.

Captain Smith himself led the shipboard congregation,

at sea. Instead,

wreck.

North Atlantic shipping lanes

Others began the

the v\'arm comfort of the great

ship's public

calm Sabbath day

ships reported that the

were jammed with

day

and crew. Captain Smith elected to

forego this formality on the Titanic's

Sunday, April 14, the Titanic's fourth day

in

the

Titanic\ wireless room.

The

ship's

Marconi

Harold Bride,

operators, John Phillips and

iiis

while a five-man orchestra directed by Wallace Hartley

were

and

accompanied the hymns. Although Sunda\'

telegrams across the ocean for the Titanic's wealthy

reading from the White Star Line's

were customarii\' followed by

prayer book,

scr\ices

a lifeboat drill for passen-

hectically

passengers

receiving

—including

assistant

transmitting

a substantial backlog

private

of personal

messages that had piled up while the wireless had been broken

intercepted yet another warning from the eastbound liner Amcrika:

down on

"Two

Whenever

Friday night.

Morse

the splutter and buzz of

code communicated a warning from another ship related to

icebergs in 41° 27'

N, 50°

To most of those on

safetT,-

8'

W on April 14."

board, the only sign of changing sea

or naxigation, Phillips and Bride interrupted their personal trans-

conditions was the sudden drop in temperature as the afternoon

missions and brought the message to the attention of the captain

wore on. By 5:30 RM., the

and the

ship's officers. The\'

igation alerts

were receiving

number of these

a

on Sunday. At nine o'clock

in

Cavonia had signaled: "Bergs, growlers and

W." The captain had been given

this

radioed the Titanic of

at

11:40

"Much

the

and

patience,

in

his

s

route. This warning, too,

Bruce Ismay,

siding over the Titanic

Ismay et

are

show

a

^^/y

number of

it

he temperature continued to

replied, she recalled.

"On

"Oh, no,"

her run

the contrary,

a great deal faster

we

are

Before going

lsma\'

going

passenger Lawrence Beesley

(above) recalled gazing at his

and get out of

baggage

receipt,

it."

kept by the purser,

At three minutes past

fixe o'clock, Phillips

die

for his

room and

fall

rapidly, pluni-

By 8:40, the unusual cold

and Bnde

water suppK',

freeze.

in to dinner.

Captain Smith

the Titonic's final day, second-

that

No. 208. The

other half of his receipt, which let

7:30.

which he worried was about to

you

class ice.

out

awa\' the increasingly bracing afternoon

ship's carpenter to look after the fresh

On

to

I

going to slow her down," commented Mrs.

die Titanic was approaching

at

had alarmed Second Officer Lightoller; he sent the

out

when he remarked

had gi\en him

plaving cards in their smoking

nKtingU)33F by

'

,

passengers. "I suppose

Ai-thur Ryerson to Ismay

that the purser

filling

idl\-

dancing in the third-class general room. Outside,

"'AHIO,"

'

liiled

b\'

Mit'

Later, the

brought

—No. 208 —

"~

pre

on her maiden voyage.

Star chairman casualh'

covered promenades. In

'

*W^ttc"ar*A^ „

placed the warning in his pock-

before going in to luncheon.

White to

silentiv

who was

strolled the ship's

aluables, an envelope containing cash. Below, in steerage,

« J.

and

emigrants w

was handed

the captain. Smith then passed the message o to his employer,

pas-

indoors.

and Gilbert and Sullivan

baggage declaration foim, glancing

receipt

41° 51' N, 40° 52' W," a position close to the

Titanic

and

of the main lounge, where bandwaltzes

the library, Lawrence Beesley passed time by

Nonrtiniii

Baltic cautioned: "Icebergs and large quantities of field ice

Strauss

chill rapidl\-,

warmer comforts

melodies. Others relaxed oxer tea and toast, played hands of

1:42 P.M., the

at

had begun to

for the attractions

members performed

for his officers.

.-K.M.,

ice,"

42° to 51°

message on the bridge

and had then posted the information

Shordy before noon,

Some opted

the morning, the

field ice

air

sengers abandoned their deck chairs for

nav-

was found

bottom of the sea

in

1

had tracked down Ismay

room and asked him ing so

it

in the first-class

smoking

to reuirn the Baltic's ice warn-

could be posted

in the officer's chart

room.

was

Meanwhile,

Phillips

and Bride were continuing to

at the

987.

receive ice alerts.

At 7:30,

tiie\-

intercepted a caution

from the ncarb\- Cnliforninn: "42 Three

3"

N, 49

large bergs 5 miles to the soutliward

C'aptain Smidi, ho\\e\er,

9'

W.

was not informed of

this

navigation warning, since he was being feted in the restaurant as guest b\'

the VVideners.

of honor

"was

ing tables people were making bets

would

.

.

.

dinner

The mood of e\er\-one

rant, recalled a first-class passenger,

record-breaking run.

at a

on

hosted

in the restau-

and

ver\- ga\-,

part)'

neighbor-

at

the probable time of this

Mr. Ismay said that undoubtedly the ship

establish a record." .\fter dinner, C'aptain

gered over a cigar; other passengers enjoyed

Smith

very glad that the

The

of us."

ship and noring changes that should be

excessi\e

class

men

sea.

rr

had confided to

brains can

make

"as

thi

her."

he

a friend that

neariy

perfect

as

While the design-

continued to focus intendy on

his notes, se\

Pennsylvania Railroad vice-president, decided to stretch

Millet,

his legs

for

fi

1

smoking room, where

and adventure. In the second-

out on die Boat Deck. Wandering under the the cold mid-Adantic

air,

"It

was

Tilanids

prominent passengers

a brilliant,

starry night," he vixidlv recalled.

"There was no

moon, and

the

I

have

never seen

brighter; they appeared to stand out

The

stars

he was struck by the

immense beauty of the evening.

John

they talked politics and traded stories of travel

first

from the

cnteen-year-old passenger Jack Thayer, son of thi

Thayer, Colonel Gracie, and George Widener retired to the comff)rtable

notice,

stateroom hat racks to

in

Titanic to be

the

man

made, based on the

pebble dashing on the private deck;

Earlier in the day, he

belie\ed

lin

dow n

Many prominent

— including Major Butt, Francis

.\ndrews, however, had

had escaped Andrew's

number of screws

color of the

romantic music from The Tales of Hoffmann.

another quiet evening on the

No detail

four days at sea.

coft'ee in the

settled

Thomas

spent most of the evening alone in his cabin studying plans of the

Palm Court, where the orchestra entertained them with

As the hours passed, passengers

voyage was coming to an end."

Titanic's designer,

sparkling like diamonds.

...

It

shine

stars

of the

sky,

was the kind of

included John B. Thayer, second

^lass

dining saloon, a hundred passen-

Li;crs

gathered to sing religious hymns,

led by the

Reverend E. C. Carter, and

night that vice-president of the Pennsylvania

Archibald Gracie (top

war correspondent in steerage, small

groups of emigrants (lower

sat talking

the

new

lives

about their new country and

they would be starting in onl)- three

left);

member

and George Widener, a of the richest family

Philadelphia (top

third-class

my companions," remembered

passenger

Abraham Hyman, "were

right).

in

Facing J.

glad to be alive."

goodnight to

survived.

at

his

dinner companions and stopped

the bridge, where he instructed Lightollcr to

in

him immediately

if

notifr-

condirions became hazy.

The

Titanic was speeding across the sea at a brisk pace of

Bruce

Ismay was also aboard. Only Ismay

and Gracie

feel

Francis D. Millet

page: White Star chairman

short days. "All of

fornner

left);

made one

A litde before nine o'clock, the captain bade

Railroad (above); Colonel

22.5 knots, the

fastest

she had ever steamed on her

maiden crossing. "If it becomes

at

all

doubtful," the

captain warned, "let

from the

failing

me know

temperature,

once.

at

was

it

be

shall

I

as

calm as a

lake.

.

.

.

E\er\body was

good

in

a

There was no

wind, remembered Able Seaman Joseph Scarrett; "the

was

under

just inside." .\sidc

a perfect night.

spirits,

when

se:

By 10:30, however, the

ing

up

air

sea's

Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee, strained their to watch out for ice, as they had

The

best

way

was

foam made by wa\es

lap-

from

ping against the base of the exposed clearly visible in

wind or

there wasn't a ripple

though, smell of

a strange,

it," a

fact,

clammy

(Klt)r in

the air

lookout on the previous

guessed, "there had, in

ice, a sign

the water. There

is

ice

about."

More

continued to come

throughout the

e\'ening.

in

ice

By

1

the

1

1

ights

Phillips's

was completely blocked by

am

bus\'.

I

am working Cape

Marconi

tired

ice.

Race."

on

operator

the

:40,

STEWARDS WERE

last social

The

straggled off to bed. silent,

the

gatherings were finally

had

great ship was calm and

from her grand saloons to her empn'

ridors, as she raced

night.

Up

through the the

in

crow's

brilliant,

nest,

cor-

moon-

howex'er,

Frederick Fleet was increasingh' alarmed by

warnings

At 9:40 P.M. the Mcsnbn

down

breaking up. Most of the passengers had already

*<

w

o\er the wireless

turning

throughout the Titanic's emptying public

rooms, and the y

"By the

shift

when he

elcncn o'clock,

i

Tonight, howe\'

swell.

on

to the bridge

Califomimi turned off his receixer and went to bed.

been instructed. a distance

to see an iceberg

to spot the ring of white

e\

it

his table at

the radio intrusion, Phillips signaled back,

at

Rebuffed,

two lookouts,

the crow's nest, the

in

that she

"Shut up. Shut up.

cold rush

on

still

nearby ship, the Californian, interrupted

Anno\'ed

temperature ha

in the bitterly

a

was

It

Morsing to report

and

everything throughout the ship was going smoothh'."

plunged to 3 1 degrees, and

paperweight, intending to deliver pare the time.

The

ship's boiler

and engine

rooms were separated by massive

strange haze he noticed directly ahead

horizon.

He and

a

on the

Lee struggled to make out what

watertight doors that were

had telegraphed: "Ice reported

in latitude

42 25'

la\-

electrically controlled

N, longitude 49 to 50" 30' W. Saw much pack

ice

and great number large icebergs;

hea\-\'

recorded

this

also field

should ha\e been

base of the foremast recovered

some reason

Titanic's

message; howFollowing page:

ever, his attention

was focused on the \olume of

private messages he

needed to send

now

that the

wreck

An

in

1

tion at C^ape Race.

He

set the ice

sta-

jerked

warning aside

the ship,

missing. Suddenly, Fleet frantically

the warning bell three

phoned the bridge,

showed an

an erroneous but

commonly

the binoculars that

the crow's nest were for

rimes and tele-

illustration

published a month after the Titanic disaster

in

987

iceberg ripping a huge gash

Titanic\vd& in range of the land-based Marconi

e\-es;

from the

bridge. Top: Large bell from the

from the ice." Phillips dutifijjly

ahead with their bare

held belief.

sputtering, "Iceberg, right

ahead!" into the mouthpiece. "Thank you," Sbith in

Officer

Moody

briskly replied.

The

Titanic was

hurtling directly toward a pinnacled black mass of

and Fleet and Lee steeled themselves for

ice,

sion.

But below.

First Officer

a disastrous colli-

Murdoch took quick

William

partments. Sea water was

— ordering the ship's engines stopped, reversed, then hard to port —and instantly shut the ship's waterThe lookouts clung on

the Titnnic^

as

prow swerved

ftnir

the sea out ot boiler

on, she scraped against the looming ice for a

the forepeak to boiler

on

ten seconds

her starboard side.

^____^^^_^__

Captain Smith into the chart

Murdoch?"

Murdoch

felt

the impact and rushci

room. "What

he

replied.

we

struck, Mr.

iceberg,

sir,"

room

6,

ic-\'

room

weight,

another

and

I

filling

but she was too

officers quickly sent for

Andrews

tray.

after

"How

Thomas

Andrews. Harland and Wolffs managing director scribbled

^*«^

figures

on

he judged. "Possibly

Not much

Titanic, they

ing

some

of paper. "An hour and

a half,"

two.

I

Thomas

—^who, engrossed

first

keeping

sank under the

long ha\e we?" Captain Smith asked

^^, -A»/-

a piece

could not do any more." The

tar

bursting in fi"om

bow

of an ice-cube

like sections

was

close.

com-

one watertight compartment

going to hard-a-port around it,

now

water was

S as the ship's

hard-a-starbi

"I

rc\'ersed the engines

ha\'e

"hn

inquired,

first five

abo\e the keel

feet

compartments flooded. Although pumps were so

slowly to port; instead of smashing into the towering berg head fijU

the ship's

and the Titanic was incapable of floating with more than the

fifteen

tight doors.

of her watertight com-

six

now rushing into

partments and had already climbed fourteen

si\c action

turned

and perhaps

thick plates in at least five

eva-

certaint}',

longer."

knew with

The

terrify-

was doomed. At

the captain's request, Boxhall quickly estimated

in his After the collision, the Tilanic'i

work, hadn't noticed the

collision

Officer Boxhall was ordered to

— and

make

a

Fourth cursorv

wireless operators, Phillips

and

Bride, ceaselessly transmitted

and jotted

their position

commander took

it

on

of paper. The

a scrap

die note to the wireless shack and

telegrams pleading for urgent

inspection of the forward areas. Although Boxhall assistance, until

returned with no report of damage. Smith and

.Andrews decided to reconnoiter for themseh-es,

lost at 2:

1

all

the ship's

horrifying.

A

spur of

What

the

two men saw was

ice jutting fi-om

the iceberg

feet,

damaging the

ship's inch-

because

CQD,

MGY,

and the

Marconi

set

down

Marconi

call

followed by the Titanic\

for assis-

call letters,

ship's position.

hear the

The its

officers

were not the only ones

who

wireless

operator was asleep and

off. Phillips,

below the waterlinc had scraped along the Timnic'% underside for 300

to

told Phillips to send out the

tance,

companionways to avoid distress calls

alarming passengers.

their

nearby ship— the

efforts,

CoWorn/on — failed

moving along

power was

7 A.M. Despite

its

had been turned

already boiler

knew

room

the graveness of the situation. In 6, leading stoker Frederick Barrett

twenty-eight, went

had been

startled

by

a noise

like

thunder,

fol-

with the ship. Bride,

twenty-two, survived.

lowed by

a

gush of water that surged

in

through

ing a smoke

the ship's side just V.vo feet in front of him. As the watertight

door between stoker

boiler

rooms

5

who were

and 6 suddenly began to descend,

emergency escape

safet)'

the Titanic\ post office was already flooded with

two

feet

hundred sacks of mail to

a

dry deck above. As soon

and they struggled with the sacks again,

this

time up steep

in great peril.

one

"sounded

—nothing more, only

CO It

cr,

in a

good

air

sleep."

Podesta and

his

the .starboard

no alarm

Mrs.

no

given;

Stuart White

J.

bitterly

if

came from

it

a

Duff Gordon

cave." Lads'

heard a noise that sounded "as

someone

though i

drawn

a

a quiver.

along

the

Screws,

still

all

of the

side

site in

1

life

He

belt

began

lifeboats,

was

had been cnjoy-

the

wooden

a quarter of the number

Below:

.

.

Had

she been asleep

it

wouldn't

Mrs. Hart

E\-a, recalled.

woke her husband and

sent

him

to

993. The Titanic

she had originally been designed to hold.

it

.

ha\e wakened her," her daughter,

Titanic

were recovered from

lifeboats

bump.

pulleys from a

carried only sixteen

laughing and simply lay back again, thinking Scarrett

and

once held

sleeping in

bunk, saying, "'Come on Gus, get a sinking.'

bolts,

davit that

wreck

who was

and go to your boat, she's

had

giant finger

boat." Mrs. Hart "felt this little

mates could hear water rush

Seaman Joseph

remembered only

pouring into her stateroom and a

like

Soon, howe\

fireman Gus Stanbrook,

a joke."

on

.

the night;

clammy

i

ing into the forward hold, and he began shaking

his

in

wake those who

did not even

.

strange odor, "as

Fireman John

tearing a strip off a piece of

were

.

very serious so went

for disturbing us."

Elizabeth Shutes

cold

bunk when he heard that

it

the ship "went over a thousand marbles."

Podesta had been lying

crash

rushed on

noticed a strange vibration during the collision, as though

stair-

were unaware of the dang(

his

did not think

There was "no cry

Other workers, how

in.

all

found the ship had struck an

afraid," Beesley recalled. In her cabin,

cases to another level.

they were

We

Man\' of the passengers, too, had no idea that die ship was

had

as they

We

below again, cursing the iceberg

of

however, sea water was already foaming around them,

finished,

of the foredeck.

side

two

water, and the fi\e postal workers were scrambling to lug

bunks turned out, and ue

iceberg as there was a large quantit)' of ice

up an

ladder. Just fifteen minutes after the collision,

"Those of the crew

the ship started shaking.

deck to see what was the matter.

George Beauehamp and engineer John Henry Hesketh

dashed through, and Barrett narrowly climbed to

when

asleep in their

A

question a

sailor.

remembered, and

He came said,

back, his daughter

"'We'xe

hit

an iceberg

.

they're going to launch the lifeboats but you'll

.

all

nameplate from

be back on board for breakfast.'" one

of the lifeboats that carried

survivors from the ship.

.r/TANI£*

Outside, several steerage passengers were entertaining tlicmsehes by kicking around the deck, and ball

some

matches

Soon, howexer

morning. Three French passengers had Mr. Smith of Philadelphia when

been playing bridge with

a

"crunching mass of

packed

ice

would merely be delayed two hours before steaming

on to New York, some passengers even headed back to bed.

passengers laughingly arranged snow-

first-class

for the next

Immediately

that the ship

had dropped onto the

ice that

eral

—

despite the tact that

warning had been issued

passengers on deck with

a

up against the portholes."

dress

gamblers were gath-

life

belts

"»\ll

on." In states of

and undress, some barefoot or

in

their

stocking

feet,

ering up their cards, which had fallen to the floor, and were deal-

bulk)'

xests o\er

ing hands again, hi the smoking room, one of the card players

motor coats, kimonos, and

pointed to his whiskey glass and jokingly suggested that someone

oxer their nightclothes. "It was," remarked Helen

run out on deck for

C^hurchill C-andee, "a fancy-dress ball in Dante's Hell

after the collision, professional

Some ing.

ice to chill his drink.

awakened "by

Elizabeth

Eustis,

when

npping and

a terrible jar with

cutting noises." She and her

asleep

belt,

shi

^^ir

"No,

nothing side,

it's

talk

quiet

Some

it

L-ct

lined

s

This

"What do they need of lifeboats?"

deck of playing cards, recovered

from

ttie

asked, "This ship could

dred icebergs and not

feel

it.

smash

a

Ridiculous!"

hun she

announced. "Everyone seemed confident that the

sea bottom

in

1

officers

993, was

deck. in

— wordless,

up

on

his

cool

which the

efficiencN'.

and

stairway.

staff distrib-

In steerage, too,

remained remarkabh- calm when

woke them and

Some

The

orderly,

at the purser's office to col-

their \aluables,

h.id

found

woman

jacket, tied

— up the sweep of the grand

til

of lifeboats, but tew took the

subject seriously.

warm Norfolk

stuffed four oranges into his shirt.

hi the corridors

Some

a

crowd nioxed

many people were wandermg

begun to

coats hastih' thrown

into his side pockets; steward James Johnson

ig

were frightened,

about halfdressed.

one

flir

and tucked n\o books he had been read-

sister,

onK' cold, go to bed;

at all."

fastened

sweeping clinner gowns and

but their steward reassured them, say ing,

obediently

Law rence Beesley wisely put on

passengers, howexer, had foimd the impact terrih-

Martha Stephenson had been sound

life

passengers

no gen-

— the shout came:

told

could clearh'

tell,

them

to

come up on

howe\er, that things

a trunk containing the

possessions of

Howard

may have been a board. Right

Irwin,

wfio

passenger on

In third class,

were amiss. "Wlien

I

started to dress,"

passenger Carl

remem-

Jonsson,

"I

noticed there was water creeping up about

my

bered

third-class

passenger Carl Jonsson noticed

ship

was

all

right,"

recalled

passenger

Henry

Sleeper Harper. After being reassured by stewards

water

rising

up

to his ankles shortly

after the collision.

He

surj'ived.

feet.

At

first it

he noted,

"it

came \ery

was around

slowly, but after a time,"

my

ankles."

In this in

1

91 2

illustration, titled

New York,"

a husband

good-bye from the

women and

Titon/'c's

children

"Meet

Me

kisses his wife

Boat Deck as

board the

lifeboats.

DRAWN FROM MATERIAL

SUPPLIED BY MR.

F.

M. HOYT.

A SURVIVOR.

"TITANIC" DISASTER. THE CHIVALRY OF THE SEA: "TOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST" AFTER THE

SHORTLY AFIER MIDNIGHT, make the

sixteen

although he was

lifeboats

hilly

C:.\ptain

Smith oid^

ly

and four collapsible

memi

.iw

had more than

boats

the

a cursory lifeboat drill;

as best the\'

lay strangely

still

"we tie

on the water,

boilers.

The

din was

blowing off steam

like

was nearly impossible. Even

"no

signs

an\'

few

cries

no

of fear, and no running to and fro to diseox-

the

back of

emigrant wrote

to his beloved:

sailing today,

lifebelts,

and w hat w as to be

hours."

Stewards,

too,

oblixious

the

to

The

band,

ship's

"I

were

playing

"Great

Big

Beautiful

Doll,"

Thursday on

on her maiden

York, her

Good

done with us now wc were there."

put off were

and would ha\e the

"Alexander's Ragtime Band," and other merrx, Tiianic

with

who had

postcard,

this

what was the matter, why we had been sum-

moned on deck

H.

mailed from Queenstown, an

am er

was that those

fools of themselves

ing saloon tables for breakfast.

one:

indication of panic or hysteria;

lit

gra\eness of the situation, were readying the din-

so, Beesley recalled,

of alarm were exhibited h\

no

one of those

in

trouble of rowing back to the boat again after a

and conversation

On there was

down

don't want to go

making

"u\ent\' locomotives

in a low ke\',"

arm and arm and pleaded

boats.'" Passengers believecl, said Mr. D.

eral feeling

the

in

the promenacle deck, steward

Bishop, "that there was no danger, and the gen-

quiet broken only by the infernal noise of

steam being released to ease the pressure

On

three ladies strolling

Stew ard, the ship can't sink,'" thev told him, and

they

could to prepare and lower

and obey the captain's order. The

immense Titanic its

now

the darkness, the sea and the night

with them to get into a lifeboat. "'We're alright

Before lea\ing Southampton, the crew had never

worked

in

cold and lonely; and here was the ship, so firm

d and warm."

aware that there was on

space to e\aciiate half the passengers .\nd crew

down

rry

first trip

on

trip to

New

the Atlantic.

bye. Love, Patrick Dooley"

Dooley perished

the disaster.

in

fast-paced tunes. There was a "sense of the whole

thing being a dream

.

.

.

that those

who walked

An

Soon, Lightoller shouted to the captain

the decks or tied

one another's

actors in a scene

.

lifebelts

on were

eyewitness account by a survivor,

for permission to load

women

the boats. Captain Smith

and children into

nodded

his assent,

then

Mr

F.

M. Hoyt,

illustration at left

inspired the

of

children descending

retreated into the wireless efforts

however, many

in

a

Bottom

women

left:

This

retrieved

were reluctant

by

jacket,

worn

disaster,

was

life

by a victim of the the

.

dream would end

that the

soon and we should wake up.

." .

.

lifeboat.

room. Despite the best

of the crewmen to get passengers into the

lifeboats,

women and

.

crew of the

Eventually, however,

picked up bt)dilv by the

lifeboats.

many women were

crewmen and droppcci

into

Their husbands hurriedly kissed

Moc/coy-Bennetf, a coble ship sent

to leave their husbands and the foimdering ship. .\fter all,

Beesley explained, the water "looked

a

to

recover bodies from the sea the

days

after the sinking.

them good-bve, expecting

to

follow

them

in

in

another lifeboat or to rejoin them

in

New

York.

Wliilc

on tht port

permitted

in

allowed to climb sities

side only

the lifeboats,

women on

there were

in if

no women

men were

in sight.

On

both

it

near to their capacin-. Officers

at first

refused to

them, fearing the boats would buckle under the weight

dropped down to the

into a lifeboat holding his pet Pekinese spaniel.

"There seemed to be

made any

lots

as

safely

they

in until all

women and

children had been

taken off the boat. Mrs. Straus then refiised to

lea\e her husband's side, stating,

Henry Harper remembered stepping

sea.

together for

Sun Yat Sen.

her

of room," he remarked, "and nobody

firr

band

many

coat to her maid,

sat

down

in

"We

and where

\'ears,

with a capacirv' of

who descended

and

began every

firing

fi\'e

or

distress

six

last

ets

in.

doubt

rockets

minutes, and

off

He

I

men

that the

am

willing to

jack-

ai-e

had gathered solemnly

At about

1

2;45 A.M

,

George Rowe began

Quartermaster

I

won't die here

firing distress

pla\'ed the

in

women

like a beast. Tell

game out

grave get

remain and if

there

not enough boats for more

than the

many

told a

is

will

game

play the man's

at

In the third-class

rosaries,

life

steward, "I think there

dining saloon, a crowd of passengers, clutching

their

and changed into elegant

ing to the deck.

Rowe

began sensing the danger

they were

removed

e\ening clothes before return-

people

with that, man\' passengers

and her hus-

manservant, Victor

his

Giglio,

At the same time.

Quartermaster George

go." After gi\Tng

Benjamin Guggenheim

filled.

lifeboat

si.\t)'-five,

just t\vent\'-eight

aboard.

1

in the boat, she

steamer chairs and calmly watched as the lifeboats

was lowered into the water with

have been li\ing

\'ou go,

objection."

At 12:45 A.M.,

t

lifeboat 8 as

was being loaded. Mr. Straus declared he would

not get

fill

others, however, resisted the urge

and Ida Straus came near

panic. Isidor

of the ship, however, very few of the lifeboats were loaded

anwhere

7,

Many

and children were generally

the starboard side,

straiglit

and children.

m\' wife ...

and to the end.

I

No

rockets into the sky every five or six

prayer i\nd as lifeboat 5 descended, loaded to capaciu', four

men

brazenlv jumped into

weighing 250 pounds,

fell

on top of

a

it;

one,

woman

minutes. signals.

No

Top

ships responded to the

right: First-class

passenger

Benjamin Guggenheim and

his

woman

shall

Guggenheim

be is

left

aboard

a coward."

this ship

because Ben

Major Butt and Frank

Millet chose to retire to the first-class

smoking

manservant, Victor Giglio, changed

passenger, knocking her unconscious and dislointo

cating

two of her

ribs.

elegant evening clothes before

going

down

with the ship.

room, where they

sat at a table

hand of cards before going

their

and played

own

way.

a final

This discharge

Keene noted

book

that

of Titanic steward Percy

he had unceremoniously been

relieved o( duty without

pay on

April 15, 1912.

The reason given was "Vessel survived

and returned

to the

lost."

Keene

sea the following

month on the Oceanic.

All ,...,;:,.

...j.'iics

stern rose out of the

woter

(obove and following spread), reaching a near vertical position before the great ship

under the sea From the

o hideous noise as

lifefxxits,

all

disoppeored

passengers heard

the contents of the ship

crashed forword Several survivors reported seeing the ship begin to breok opart

^

..Jw^

fe- .*t^ >\

M

W9JA

Lifeboats

\\'ere still

1:10 A.M., lifeboat onl\' twelve

all

leaving the ship only partly

with a capacity of

At

filled.

13 descended, panicked passengers attempted to rush crowded

was lowered with

forU',

lifeboat 14,

passengers aboard. Lifeboat 13, however, was loaded

nearly to capacity. in after

1,

the

ed

Lawrence Beesley had been permined to climb

women

and children

which already had

Collyer and other

to feel the boat sink by jerks, foot by foot,

Officer

black hull of the ship

on

on one

saloons, brilliantly lighted."

Fred Barrett,

side

and the

down by

the other, or to pass

To

.

.

thrilling to sec the

below,

sea, se\ent)' feet

A young

women

The attempt was

bo\',

threatening

him with

to his feet and ordered

The

his re\ol\er.

lifeboat while the

leading stoker

sobbed.

some of

still

the lifeboats to "stand by" in the

Twehx'-year-old Ruth Becker was also aboar(

ship for fear that "suction"

As the boat pulled away from

could see the water rushing into die

Rowing

away, looking at the Titanic,

beautiful sight

oudined against the

it

under

th

"w

of the Titanic, she remembered,

starr\-

at

beneath the surface

sky

enormous

for the

tilt

ship,

were

it

not

downwards toward

little

brothers, three-year-old

Michel

(left)

the Titanic as her forward seclisted

ever deeper in

water. Fi\'e minutes

aft:er

the

lifeboat

the

who had

Titanic with their father,

as "M. Hoffman."

the Titanic sank, their father

wrapped

a blanket

the toddlers in

and handed them lifeboat. In

tion

and two-year-old

Edmond, had come aboard

As

Fear was increasing on

Afloat in their tiny sea, lifeboat passen-

Titanic''^ lights

1:15.

at

blazed

bow plunged

On

board the

sinking ship, as water crept up foot by foot,

listed himself

the bow."

from the

would drag them

the gA'mnasium instructor was,

Two

wrong with such

as the

quickl\'

an unreal angle and her

was impossible to think any

thing could be

an

as the ship sank.

watched

gers .

every porthole and saloon blazing with light It

most rowed awa\'

on the immense

shi

was

but

him out,

Although the captain had ordered

water,

lifeboat 13.

skirts,

climbed out of the

bo\'

women

Titanic looked like "a great lighted theater."

side

halt-

down

howe\er, had managed

covered him with their

Lowe dragged him

cabins and

a fellow passenger, the eerily

sixty aboard.

fired his re\ol\er three times

to leap into the boat and crawled under a seat to hide. Charlotte

descent, he remembered, was a great adventure; "It was exciting

.

Lowe

Fifth Officer

the ship's side as a warning.

had boarded. The

in sight

when

were cared

to

a

woman

New York,

for

by a

in

a

the boys

suri'ivor.

Miss

Margaret Hays, before being

reunited with their mother,

Mme. incredibly,

Marcelle Navratil (above]. Their father,

Michel Navratil,

had kidnapped

it

turned out,

the boys during

divorce proceedings

and

onto the Titanic under the

996

at the

age

helping passen-

still

on the mechanical

exercise

equipment. The orchestra con-

spirited

them

name of

"Hoffman." Michel, interviewed 1

gers

in

of eighty-seven,

tinued to calm the crowd with waltzes, ragtime, and music hall

tunes, and

last

drinks were "on

recalled the unpleasant experience of bieing placed inside

aboard

a sack and

raised

the rescue ship Carpathia.

the

house"

in

smoking room.

the

first-class

The boiler

realit)'

of the

disaster,

however, was keener

and engine rooms below, where workers

enough power

their posts to provide

in the

bra\'cly stayed at

to keep the Titanic's lights

burning and the great ship's wireless operating. In boiler room 5,

a

few firemen were helping vxo of their fellow crewmen,

Herbert Harvey and Jonathan Shepherd, handle the pumps

when Shepherd stumbled leg.

into an

made

injured engineer was

The

open manhole and broke as

comfortable

as possible

bulkhead between boiler rooms 5 and 6

in as the

lapsed.

Most made

Harvey perished

Up on life-boat,

up the

safet\'

ladder, but

col-

Shepherd and

doomed

deck, the 4,

nvo

last

the

last lifeboat,

the boat.

and to permit only

A Frenchman who

had

women

listed

passed his two litde boys, Michel and collapsible

At

D

got away

that

Edmond,

look to their er,

own

safet>-.

helped

other

women

tricians,

and boiler room employees.

On

wooden

lashings

its

and

on

and John

her,

a

on top of the deckhouse,

man climbed

a

down

now

Only the

collapsible

ship,

last

board

washing

More

J.

his escape in collapsible

The

fied

than fifteen hundred

Tiian'ic

North

v/as not alone that night in the

Atlantic. This illustration,

from

information by the United States Hydrographic star-

Office side.

if in

benediction. In

"Hundreds were

in a circle

terri

men, women, and children remained

tell

or jumped from the

At

2:

10 the ship's

bow lunged

deeper into the water, sending the sea

Fronkfurt

lifeboats

boat launched from the

boat C, the

crowd

hoping to swim to one of the

lifeboats.

to the

remained. After assisting passengers,

Bruce Ismay made

abo\'e the

chain or coil of rope, his hands

crying." Others

it

water, instead of the usual 70-foot distance.

men

B from

with a preacher in the middle, praying,

he

climb aboard,

feet

howe\

deck, a group of

struggled to release collapsible

then stood on deck and waved as

descended only 15

Phillips,

stayed at his post, as did thirty-four engineers, plumbers, elec-

steerage,

join

and should

their dut\'

Marconi operator John

stretched out as

to

"M. Hofftnan"

to the crew, and

the captain told the wireless operators

and other crew members that they had done

Jacob Astor handed his pregnant wife

permission

desperation,

and children to board

himself as

into the boat. After the millionaire was refiised

their

2:05.

at

moment,

was being readied o'clock,

Realizing

Titanic.

in the flood.

number

shortly before

it

the

Lightoller ordered the crew to form a circle around collapsible D,

his

while the others returned to their tasks. Suddenly, sea water

rushed

aboard

and

shows

o\'er the deck.

"When

the for-

ward part of the ship dropped suddenly taster

"...

rate,"

there

recalled

was

a

a

lifeboat

at a

passenger,

sudden rush of passengers

wireless communication in the area,

the position of the Titanic

and other

ships negotiating the icefields.

on

all

wax'e.

decks toward the stern.

We

It

was

like a

could see the great black mass of

people

in the steerage

sweeping to the rear part

them mack"

of'tiic

fmal,

Young

Some

wiiicii

Thaver had dived into the water and

laclv.

clung for

to the overturned eoilapsible B,

sat'eni'

had been washed o\erboard before

From

launched.

hundred people

fifteen

aboard, clinging in clusters or bunches,

great after part of the ship, feet

of it, rose into the

On weeping

deck,

J.

woman

sky.

woman and

e

,

fift\'

r.

Collins, a cook, saw a

a

"i

dreadful,

started to clamber

ti\ el\'

up

towards the stern." The ship's orchestra had continued to play

as the

deck heaved higher

the

air.

released

Now, bandleader Wallace Hartley

his

fellow

musicians, but none of

hung o\er

and parriy

a

smash,"

like "all

the

Wallace

down

Titanic's gigantic pro-

the water, and her forward frm-

to

conduct

musicians as the ship began to

Even

after

Hartley

all

behind,

finalh',

as a Like

of oil.

remained

and continued and every one

onh' a

and soot and lea\ing

smoky mist over

a sea as quiet

As the great Titanic sank. Colonel Gracie

to play.

of the

found

himself trapped

inside

a

whirlpool

and

A drawing

by Henry Hull dedicated

memory

into the water with a gurgling sound, "like a

stricken animal," trailing steam

he had released

them near the end, together

who

the sea. Finalh', the ship eased

Hartley, the Titanic's

bandleader continued his

in

—

groan that could be

toppled imder the strain, crushing dozens

were struggling

musicians perished. Top: in

of the ship

a roar, partK' a groan,

heard for miles. The pellers

mass,"

out of water, and work their way

still

contents

the

from one end of the ship to the other

sink.

deck

as

— "partly

long, unearthh' death

his

that part of the

ghosdy crim-

heavy things one could think of" hurtling

were swept

the water right away, instinc-

noise

forward

partly a rattle,

a

.•membered. "Those that didn't

I.ightolle

disappear unc

in a \er-

leviathan's brilliant lights at last

the lifeboats, passengers heard a hideous,

from

huddled

The

From

jrasheif

off the shir into the sea. People were hurled

back

remembered

to Thee."

before going dark again three minutes

macie for one of the

woman

a

glow

rushing toward him,

and the

s

out of the water, pivoted, and stoppeil

stupetiiing

huge wave washed the child out of

they played

)se

>n

."

chilcl

was "Autumn,"

ent out, then flickered again with a

.

boats," Collins recalled. Seconds later,

arms,

it

,

d up the deck.

water

hymn "Nearer My God

cal position.

still

swarm-

two hundred and .

carrving a child. "I took the the

like

said

to leave. In as the

At 2:17 A.M., the Titnnk\ stern abrupdy

masses, pairs or singly, as the

fall in

mo\e

he

could be

the freezing water, he watched

"groups of the almost

ing bees; onlv to

it

a

solemn tune

boat and breaking through in the upper declvs."

dragged

far

dow

n in the knifelike 28-degree water.

to the

of the Titanic's orchestra.

After breakinu awa\' and

swimming

to the surface.

At 7:00 A.M. on April

Cunard

liner

TitomVs distress

1

5, lifeboats

approached

the

Carpalhia, which had heard the call at

midnight and sped through

the night to her position. By 8:00 A.M., the

Carpalhia had taken survivors aboard;

members

1

all

of the 7/tonic's

705

,523 passengers and crew

lost their lives in

the disaster

Crowds waited

for

news of

tfie

disaster outsid

the Wfiite Star Line offices in

New York.

A tfirong (left,

gathered near Cunard's

rear)

hoping

to catch

Titanic's survivors arriving

New York

pier

a glimpse of the

aboard

the Carpalhia.

On

April

1

8,

New York's

1

91 2, the Carpalhia docked at

Pier

54, after leaving

lifeboats off at Wfiite Star Piers

dazed

survivors

emerged

tfie

Titanids

58 and

59. Tfie

into tfie glare of

photographers' flash powder and worldwide publicity. Left: This

landing card

was

issued

by the

Carpathia to identify survivor Gilbert M. Tucker, Jr, of

Albany,

New York,

as a Titanic passenger

he rcnieinbi:ri:d, "I only

.1

tinalK-

slight

sec

mc

no iitntnc

as the

m

sight

«

spotted the mcrturned eollapsible boat

"Ihavcr, I.ightoller, life

couM

gulp behind

.1

in the freezing sea.

Graeie and other swininK

scKes aboard, and soon there were

submerged boat, including Rosa Abbott. She

a

tin

woman,

third-class

been thrown into the

h.id

sons; although the boys were lost, she had

aboard the capsized boat. "One more

safet\'

would ha\e swamped our

alread\'

crowded

over the

Some aboard were

sicle.

Hundreds

ing sea, shrieked and slowly

froze

to

t)f

death.

tinut)us wailing chant

on

a

midsummer

Jack

.

.

.

as

swimming

all

they

Thayer

"one con-

as

night."

G

who

frozen,

others,

moaned

heard their horrible cries

clai

craft,"

those on board used oars to strike swimmers

climb on.

se.

man;

like

The imbc

able screams gradually died aw

one

after

another could

no

loni

stand the cold and exposure.

For an hour, the partialh

filled lifeboats

Survivors taken

stood by, and none rowed back to offer help. Finally, after "the yells

Fifth Officer

and shrieks had subsided,"

Lowe moved

passengers from his

and cared ship's

A crowded

lifeboat 14 into other boats,

Scarrett

rowed back

to see

if

anv

in

and he

M^^\

the water

aboard

the

Carpathia were warmly comforted for

by

the

Cunard

passengers and crew. Right;

medal presented

and crew

to the off

of the Carpathia

by the

survivors of the Titanic.

rescue.

The C^unard

liner

Carpnthia had

toward her position. By 8:30,

all

of the survivors

tlie

— had groped

their

way up rope

aboard. Comforted by wai ing,

victim.s

rescued;

lo\'ed

ones

gone down. At

— had perished when the last,

on Thursday, April

more anguished days ended

—

in

Of

mobbed

\i\'ors

from

on the

No\'a Scotia

site

er victims' bodies

from the

wonderful picture." As the ship drew

absolute silence." Looking

A

make out

"feeling of

down

over the

number of bodies

men

awe and

rail,

pas-

so clearly that

women. We saw one woman

or

There was another woman,

Titanic had

tight a St.

York, where the

in

all

The bodies of

struggle for

a

life.

ser\ers of

M

three

dozen bodies of men,

.

.

.

We

though

New

Yorkers attended a special

performance at the Metropolitan

Opera

all

in a

.

.

like

group,

all

in life-pre-

in the last desperate

could see the white

many more

scene," she said,

dotting the sea.

life

.

.

.

pre-

The

"moved everyone on board

to the point of tears.

sea. after the disaster,

.

with her arms

1912

of April,

OPERA kouSE

Two weeks

men,

her

clinging to one steamer chair floated close by, and just

servers, clinging together as

— the Mackay-Benttett —was already steaming

fully dressed,

around the body of a shagg)' dog that looked Bernard.

beyond them were

the dazed sur-

of the Titanic's sinking to reco\-

a

nightdress with a baby clasped closely to her breast.

1

toward the

passen-

was

they were

friends

pier, a cable ship

Halifa.x,

woman

we could make out what they were wearing, and whether

public waited desperately, disbelievingly, for news. While reporters and photographers

afternoon," recalled a

"and the sun glistening on the big iceberg

sengers "distincdy saw a

to grip;

18, after three

New

liner

sadness crept over everv one, and the ship proceeded

at sea, the witnesses to the disasti

their nightmarish journey in

German

ger,

small dots floating in the sea.

and crew, onh' 705 were

1,523 men, women, and children

April 20, the

uer, however, those aboard could

pulled

with the scope of the personal losses they had suffered. the Titanic\ 2,228 passengers

a beauriful

"TITANIC" DISASTER

and the caring ministrations of the Carpathian passen

came

was

"It

food, blankets, borrowed cloth

gets and crew, the stunned survivors slowly

and

down.

on Saturday,

passed within a few miles of where the Titanic had gone

BENEFIT PERFORMANCE

nto can\'as sacks and

I

Birtiifii

for the families of the

lad-

ders or were hauled in slings to the Carpathian deck,

while children were put

night

— many of them

soaking wet and frightened, their bodies rigid "

with the cold

Tv\'o days later,

finally arrived, after hear-

ing the Titanic\ plea For help and speeding through

to benefit survivors.

The

fiton/c's surviving wireless

Bride,

had

gangway,

to

operator, Harold

be carried down Carpathian

his severely frostbitten

feet

swathed

in

and smashed

bondages.

First

saloon steward

(right)

Thomas Whiteley

survived the sinking, although

he had broken entangled it

his leg

in the

when

it

became

ropes of a lifeboat as

was being

lowered.

THE "TITAJ^IC" DISASTE'R

WHEN THE -CARPATHIA" CAME

l^

For weeks after the sinking, newspapers

magazines were the disaster

and

filled

and

with gripping accounts of

the personal stories of survivors.

^0«E OF THOSE WHO RETURNED

ViaiMS OF THE Titanic

Among

the passengers

and crew members mentioned

Those

the previous

fireman Frederick Barrett, steward George Beauchamp,

Lawrence Beesley,

Charlotte Collyer,

Cosmo Edmund

Duff Gordon, Elizabeth

Gracie,

IV,

Edith

Mussey

Henry Sleeper Harper,

Preston Clarke, Patrick Dooley, Victor Giglio, Benjamin postal clerk William

Collins,

Wallace Henry

Duff Gordon, Lucile Wallace Sutherland Eustis,

Wojlach

Ismoy, steward

Percy Keene, Reginald H. Ljghtoller,

Fifth

Edmond Hoffman),

R. Lee,

McCrawley, Francis Davis

James Johnson, Carl Jonsson, steward

Officer William

Edmond Roger

Smith, Frederic

W.

Shutes,

Mary

Eloise

Robert Douglas Spedden, Martha Eustis Stephenson, John "Jack" Borland Jr.,

Ella

Holmes White, steward Tfiomas

Whiteley, Eleanor Elkins Widener,

A complete

list

member John Law Hume, band

Krins, postal clerk

Millet, Sixth Officer

M. Murdoch, Michel

John Starr March,

Navratil (aka

and

First

M. Hoffman),

Sutehall,

Harry

Jr.,

Elkins

band member Percy Cornelius

Phillips,

Franz

Taylor,

John Borland Thayer,

Widener, George Duton Widener, Chief Officer Henry

Tingle Wilde, postal clerk

James Bertram Williamson, band member

John Westley Woodward, postal

clerk

Oscar

S.

Woody.

Hugh Woolner

of the Titanic disaster victims

W.

T.

James Paul Moody,

Stanbrook, William Thomas Stead, Ida Blun Straus, Isidor Straus, Henry

Hughes

Oakley Spedden, Morgaretta Corning Stone Spedden,

Tliayer Jr, Gilbert Milligan Tucker

G. Harvey, Charles Melville Hays,

Clinch Smith, postal clerk John Richard Jargo Smith, fireman "Gus" A.

John Podesta, Quartermaster George Rowe, Emily Maria Borie Ryerson, Scarrett, Elizabeth

Butt,

Pulbaum, Jonathan Shepherd, Captain Edward John Smith, James

Novrotil (aka

Michel Marcel Navratil (aka Michel Hoffman), fireman

Able Seaman Joseph

Bricoux,

Guggenheim,

steward James Arthur Paintin, wireless operator John G.

steward Arthur Lewis, Second Officer Charles

Officer Harold G, Lowe,

Hartley, Herbert

member George Alexander

Harris, Esther Hart,

Eva Hart, Margaret Bechstein Hayes, Federick Maxfield Hoyt, Abraham

Hyman, Joseph Bruce

band

Logan Gwinn, Benjamin Hart, band master

engineer John Henry Hesketh, band

Frederick Fleet, Colonel Archibald

Irene "Rene"

Astor,

band member Roger Marie

Reverend Ernest Courtenay Carter, band member John Frederick

Brown, Elizabeth Brown, Helen

Candee, Charlotte Drake Cardezc, John

Broiley,

Thomas William Solomon Brown, Major Archibald Willingham

Fourth Officer Joseph Groves Boxhall, wireless operator Harold Bride,

Margaret "Molly" Tobin Brown,

did not survive were Eugene Joseph Abbott, Rossmore

member Theodore Ronald

Rutfi Becker,

Ellen Bird (Ida Straus's maid), Dickinson H. Bishop,

Churchill Hungerford

who

Edward Abbott, Thomas Andrews, Colonel John Jacob

pages, the survivors were Rosa Stanton Abbott, Madeleine Force Astor, lead

survivors

included at the beginning

and ending of this book.

i

.\

.,M*Jt

\JS-IM

SfARCHOf

IN

The grim waters of

the

North

IH[ IlimilC

Atlantic

tion.

—and

had barely closed over the Titanic

the Mnckijy-BejiJicn, loaded with coffins,

The

location

imprecisely The

foremast lamp, one

Titanic's

known

of her sinking

—an

patch of the Atlantic,

vacant and menacing,

some 450

miles

of two which indicated the ship's

was

searching for xictims adrift on

still

the cold seas

—when the

laid to find the

direction, Left:

plans were

first

wreck of the

lost liner.

was recovered

The wreck's majestic

was captured on film in the

five

tragedy,

days

after

the

agonizing

John Jacob Astor's son Vincent

Low and Institute

his intention

blow up the

Titanic's hull to retrieve the missing

his father.

when

the

to locate and

in

of

total

dreamed of finding the

fire

P.

recovered

Titanic's wreck. Lost in

and torment the public's imagina-

southeast

of Newfoundland

— became

bow

991 by an

part

of the world's moral geography.

Unknown and

unreachable, her abyssal

film

Shirshov

grave

and her

fatal

voyage obsessed

dreamers and adventurers for more than

Oceanography Russia.

body

darkness 12,460 feet below the waves, the Titanic

continued to

P.

Moscow,

the millionaire's battered remains. Others, however, still

1

987

IMAX"

team lead by

the

His plan was abandoned the next day,

men of the Mnckny-Bennctt fmnWy

of

1

producer and director Stephen

announced

of

70mm

summer

international

Only

in

seven decades. Since the Titanic plunged to the deep

the sea, there have been successive plans,

dve and farfetched, to find and wreck.

e\'en retriexe the tabled

Many of the schemes were

rumors that the Titanic

bottom of

some imagina-

cdtrried a

fueled by persistent

precious load of gems

and gold. The legends continued, despite the her cargo manifest and insurance claims

fact that

filed after

the

Ct,x

sinking

made

about her

clear that there

freight.

.\11

was nothing

in

the least extravagant

these he intended to attach cables,

thoughts of finding her, from the begin-

the

ning, ha\e been complicated by the treacherous weather of the

require exactiy 162

North Adantic and the

ly

rests

two and

sure

is

vast

a half miles

depth to which the Titanic sank. She

below the

surface,

6,000 pounds per square inch

any diving vessel and crush fijrther

its

where the water

last

passengers to dust. Confounding

estimated position

ing and raising the Titanic\ hull

going so

The

would then

floats

b\'

the colossal traumas of the Great

almost faded from \ear, a British

memory

1953. In the

until

doomed

ship

summer of

that

marine salvage firm, Risdon Beasley Ltd., began

quiet hunt for the Titanic"!, wreck.

of find-

—

to the

e\'en

The

site at

salvors

took a

43"65' N, 52*04'

a

out

W and

and Chapman Derrick and

an echo image of the ocean bottom,

for the

work. The

lit

\

they failed to locate die ship.

cars later,

recover a ship at so deep and dangerous

sinking,

The next

Denser

year,

however, an

architect

named

film in

.g

Smith came up with an innovati\e plan to find the wreck. His

scheme

In

submarine with electromagnets that would

be

Smith reck-

1

903, an

designed

Although

this

it

would then

raise

the

enormous

ship in

by fixing other magnets onto the wreck

itself

To

Italian

engineer

submersible device.

could not function at

great depths,

that he

Nijjijt

to

Remembci

1958

— and

—

Titanic fever was

rekindled. Nevertheless, search

called for fitting a

attracted to the Titnnic's metal hull.

A

his

Titanic\

followed by the release of the British

intre-

Charles

Two

Walter Lord published

acclaimed book about the

oned

vessel

deployed high explosives to generate

as

they lacked the technology- in 1912 to

pid

rise

preliminary schemes, curiosit>' about the

Depression and two world wars. The lure of the

however, correctiy determined that

a site.

was quick-

to contract with the

far

Wrecking Company firm,

million. It

put forward by another magnet

second proposal would use magnets to attach

After these

and the winds.

families joindy investigated the possibility

similar plan

would then winch

Smith calculated, would

men and a budget of $1.5

was a

Titanic was overshadowed

celestial

Nevertheless, the very year she sank, the Astor, Widener,

and Guggenheim

a barge

balloonlike to the surface, towing the Titanic \\\xh them.

by possible misjudgments of her speed, the

calculations confiised

time, the currents,

— based on inexact

as

and plan.

empt>' pontoons to the imense wreck.

any hope of locating the great ship were the conflicting

records of her

Merritt

—

dropped

enthusiast. This

pres-

—enough to implode almost

The

Titanic to the surface.

common

it

had many

with the

attempts

were few over the next decade, and attention mainly focused on a $5-million scheme concocted in

1966 by

a

young English hosiery worker

feature

advanced

submersibles used today.

named Douglas Woolley. With no

scientific train-

ing but a knack for publicin,', Woolley proposed to

surround the hull of the Titanic with hundreds of water-filled

He

plastic containers.

them

in

surface.

order to release gases that would

Another of Woolley's proposals

by rigging

it

with

air-filled

lift

the

fa\'ored b\' a

huge ship to the

No more

raise the fiands to

when

raise,

by proclaiming

theory was also

Pierce.

He hoped

to

fi-eeze

A third ad\enturer proposed

fill-

balls,

woidd

A fourth dreamed of rais-

lift

her gendy fi-om the ocean bed.

he had

which he believed

after

hardening, would supposedly float the wTeck up

to the surface. Walt Disney Productions even studied the feasibility

claim to the wreck, and generated great publicit)'

fi-eezing

ing the Titanic\ hull with Ping-Pong

wax, which,

the persistent L-d

The

ing the Titanic by injecting her hull with 180,000 tons of molten

serious plans to locate or recover the

Titanic were announced until the 1970s,

giant ice cube.

her and float her up to the surface.

called for raising the hulk

Woolle\' founded the Titanic Salvage Companx'

like a

would-be sahager named John

drape a nitrogen-filled net around the Titanic which would

nylon balloons. Despite the consider-

media attention, Woolley was unable to

able

pursue his dreams.

much

the ocean,

then planned to run electriciu' through

of using

his intention to find,

sel

and tow the Titanic mio Lixerpool, where

a

51 -foot deep-water submersible ves-

to dive to the wreck and film her

British industrialist Sir

And

the

James Goldsmith also

he would restore her as a floating museum.

backed a plan to find and photograph the

Despite several attempts during the decade to

sunken

assemble the technical expertise and financing

these organizers were able to secure

to pull off his scheme, Woolley never once

financing to put their theories to the

traveled to the

wreck

able to raise the

£2

site,

been necessary to begin

new advances

would ha\e

his sah-age

attempt.

electronic

made

Other dreamers besides Woolley were at

the same time concocting plans to find and

recover the Titanic.

was

intact

Most assumed

on the seabed with

all

^

bottom of the ocean. One

er

would

float to the surface

of

Institution

Dr Fred Spiess

(left)

planned

a

I

980

expedition to locate the Titanic

by

Harris

film

The

first

serious,

1980 by

magnate named Jack Grimm. legends,"

Grimm had

tions to find the

A

a

Texas

oil

"searcher for lost

previously financed expedi-

Loch Ness

mon.ster,

Noah's Ark,

producer Mike

(right).

was

and

technology had

oceanograph-

the technical aspects of

led

Arthur Hickev, proposed ireezing the inside of the

science, sonar,

based search for the legendary

ship was launched in

her splendor

an English haulage contractor named

ship's hull so that she

computer

the discovery of the Titanic technically

scientifically

Scnpps

strategist,

in

deep-sea search

feasible for the first time.

that the ship

preser\ed, thanks to the lack of ox\'gen and the intense cold at the deep

enough

test.

By the end of the 1970s, however,

and he was never

million that

Like Woolley, however, none of

liner.

The expedition

not successful.

and Bigfoot. His attention Titanic,

and to

now

find the tabled

turned to the

wreck he joined

up with

producer and expedition leader Mike Harris and

film

team from Columbia

scientific

Geological

included two of the world's

Dr

best

oceanographers, Lamont-

Ryan had

Spiess.

on her

last

Aboard the Gyn\ Titanic\

North

likel\-

scientific

it

explore

it,

and reco\er

on her

last

of the

telegraphed position, her

speed and direction after encountering the iceberg, reports fi-om other ships, and a host of other factors.

Based on their

team char

tered the vessel H.J.W. Fay, loaded

it,

scientists refined their estimates

location, based

Grimm's

drift.

to

legends that the sunken hull hid

of gold and treasure.

reported position

and her potential speed and thirty-eight-member

a cache

calculated that the

Titanic likely lay within a 600-square-mile zone of the

down

artifacts, believing the persistent

William Ryan and Scripps Institution

oceanographcr Dr. Fred

Atlantic, based

Reynolds Aluminum, to di\e

The well-thought-out expedition

Observatory.

Dohert\- geologist

planned to use Aluminaiit, a deep-water submersible created by

a

Lamont-Dohert)'

Univcrsit>''s

with

nent

analysis, the\'

most

the Titanic

rises fi-om

likely lay

determined that

where the

conti-

the ocean floor southeast of

advanced equipment, including underwater

Newfoundland,

in

cameras and side-scan sonar to detect large

Titanic Canyon.

Although the region had

objects

on the seabed, and

Florida

to

the

target

area

the\'

dubbed

out from

prexiously been sur\'e\'ed by the U.S. Na\y,

Using sonar

and despite repeated sonar searches of the

set

area.

an

images, the team scrutinized the ocean bot-

target sites, the Gyre

tom and

the Titanich wreck, bedeviled by high seas

identified fourteen possible sites

At a 1981 press conference

where the wreck might ever,

bad

lie.

weather and

Unfortunately, how-

equipment

thwarted their search. Despite the

difficulties

failure

of

this

(at

attempt,

first

Grimm remained determined

locate the Titanic. In 1981, he

on

a

second search,

this

and Harris

set

to

out

time aboard the U.S.

equipped with

magnetometers, sophisticated

deep-tow side-scan sonar developed by Scripps,

Atlantic. Right:

ocean

succeeded

in

finding

the

Titanic,

map

rainstorms. In July 1983, the undauntset off

on

a third expedition, this

time

seabed

at

feet in

sits

on

a depth of

final

attempt, too, was hampered

b>'

fierce

winds, 30-foot seas, and malfunctioning gear. \'ielded nothing.

Grimm had

It

financed three failed

expeditions at a cost of $2 million.

Now

that

Grimm's

high-profile .searches

opportunit)' was

had pro\cd cxpensi\'e

failures,

ripe for others to pick

up the Titanic\

underwater

near the Grand Banks

of

This

indicates the

The wreckage

Titanic.

If

he

The red dot on

approximate location of the

terrain

Grimm

hea\'\'

Grimm

aboard the U.S. Na\y \essel Robert D. Conrad.

of the search area in the North

the

and ed

microphone) displays

12,600

and advanced navigational gear from NASA.

Grimm

photographs and a diagram

this

Naxy's research vessel Gyre. The 297-ton ship was

failed to discover

in

Boston, following his second unsuccessful expedition to find the Titanic, Jock

team

Newfoundland.

trail.

By

1985, prospects had improved because deep-water

Montres

Ottawa*^ 1

exploration and photography technoloipi had reached new lc\els of Scientists

sophistication.

French

the

at

high-resolution images that resembled black-and-white pho-

tographs of the ocean bottom. The team would also employ

occanographic

NaN-x's

magnetometer

between rocks and metal

agency, Institut Francais de Recherche pour I'Hxploitation des

a

Mers (IFREMFR), had developed

objects they observed on the sea floor.

particularly effectixe side-scan

sonar capabilities, and the U.S. Na\-y had spent nearly S3 million

called for the

unmanned, deep-towed submersible

constructing a 4,000-pound,

French and .-Vmerican

new equipment,

scientists collaborated in a

nvo-month-long

North Adantic expedition tive

To

jointK' test the

strobe lighting equipment.

of the mission was to

in the

summer of 1985. The

the

test

new

first

new torpedo-shaped, deep-search S.\R,

600

above the ocean

feet

team— headed

Michel leader

But

cal

square

after

Jarrv

cilessly

heavy

the Titanic.

tow the

seas, the

miles

Navy

vessel

back to France, resumed the hunt using the Americans' advanced

(^

ly

lawn,"

SAR would

scan

In

the

the

search area in passes three-fifths a

mile

wide,

to

By the

late

1

970s and early

nology Titanic's

made

protJucing

in

'80s,

deep-ocean tech-

the discovery of the

wreck technically feasible

for the

first

time.

The

illustration

the interior of Argo,

an unmanned submersible device equipped with video cameras

that

recorded

in

1

985

the

of the sunken Titanic. 1

first

images

of

Jean-Louis

show

the

oceanographer

The

knew

from experience that sinking

Left: In this

981 schematic, the pink arc and

triangles

the

focus

still-unexamined

a

Michel's search area.

above shows

of

mission,

decided

portion

French

For

light conditions.

of the

on

improvements

"mowing

low

team

through painstaking research,

a process called

trans-

headed

video search svstem: three ultrasensitive video cameras moimted

part

lay.

Stiroit

With SMi, the French

size,

probubW

Knorr and, while Lc

side-scan sonar device, called floor.

where Michel had determined,

that the Titanic

mer-

da\', in

The disappointed French and American teams

ferred to the U.S.

nautiin

80 percent of the

sonar technologv' turned up no evidence of

— would

400

grant, to explore and pho-

repetitively passing oxer

operations

explore an area

Naw

search area for twent\'-one days, nventy-four hours a

objec-

Jean- Louis

and Jean

IFREMER

by

oceanographer

plan

tograph the wreck.

to find and photograph the Titanic. Siiroit, to

The expedition

team would use the Americans' video-based

search system, under a U.S.

technology; the second was

Plans called for the French vessel, Lc

distinguish

French sonar system to locate the Titanic. After

that, the joint

device called Argo, equipped with advanced video camera and

to

range

of the

yellow Argo's sonar capabilities;

ships scatter debris

ocean floor

as

Robert

Ballard

D.

along the

they drop, so

— geologist

the green trapezoids indicate the

areas that Argo could visually search with

its

five

comeras.

and leader of the American expedition

team

— decided

to

First

employ the

system to hunt for the Titnnic\ debris

visual

The very well as for the

wreck

first

view of the Titanic

itself.

upon

The team's sweeps of the

target area

went on monoto-

nously for fourteen days, turning up nothing but endless

one

rat-tailed fish.

But

its

discovery

,

minutes past one o'clock on the morning of September

a

in

the control

room began

showed

1

morning of September

985. Below

right

are the

at fi\e Titanic'i boilers

1985, the video monitor

(right)

of her giant boilers, located

the early

in

1

images of sandy seabed, dunes, and

images of

1,

displaying

huge, man-made object on the ocean bottom.

as they appeared

the builder's shop. Below: These

in

diagrams depict searched by

the areas

SAR and Argo

It

before the discovery of the

was one of the TitanWf, giant

room

as the liner

from

boilers, expelled

sank and now, seventy-three years

a boiler

cap-

later,

Following page: The U.S. vessel Knorr

and

its

expedition crew

tured by the strobe lights and sensitive video cameras aboard Ar£!0.

Soon, tangled pieces of

holes

became

visible

steel plating, railings,

on the Khoit's \ideo

and port-

screen, and Michel,

watching the dramatic images appear, realized that they had last

found the Titanic.

Ballard of the discovery.

A

at

crew member was sent to inform

By then

it

was nearly two o'clock

in the

morning, close to the time when the great ship had taken her final

plunge

on the cold morning of April

1912.

15,

Spontaneously, the crew assembled on the stern ot the Kiiorr for a

moment of silence

raised the

company

flag

in the

calm, clear,

star-filled

of Harland and Wolff as

night and

a tribute to the

Titanic and her lost passengers and crew. reported

The next

day, the

^ ,^^

^

more

^^^^H

^^^^^^^^^^^^ft ^^^r

View of the

field as

^^^^^^^

team sent Arjjo down

for a second,

extensive exploration of the

cameras

revealed

upright, apparcnrh'

the

site.

Her

Titanic

resting

on the

sea bot-

tom, and her bow seemed

still

stun-

ningly preserved and lodged deep in

position

•

Titanic.

Navy

successful

in

1985.

Titanic

^^^^T^W

t^.

-^>'

-.^

"^

cr. -*^-:

-'^.^-

Argo

is

launched from the Knorr on one

of her numerous dives to explore

photograph the wreck

site.

and

ixxon IxKUMii tcani

dcodcd

ANGL'S

(

lo pet c\rn

mIi

nwifx: dccailcil, Jix*- u)-

2uh\ nmnl Joxc

n> k>»rr i

Njugiicd

Aanisitic^ly

L'n»fcn«lCT Sunr>) and ptuitKMi unir\-

cUbc

K> the TtmnU's wreck. Fitted out with

on

the film

Tuamc was nM

the

«+ut

had

the>-

WTirid press,

had

lunrtels

come

alh-

bow-.

la>

in three divrs

the w-jy

in

ihk piece

after

H >sS,

all,

ilic

th

liir

wreck

Her stem had

the twxi «ections of the liner

bottles,

and

tiles

fitxn the

Ttuinu\

Sunnt had

expediti
actually passed

it

the \cr\ end

turned out that


a

inisMon to the

had Ivcn

litanii

1W6

rolxmc technology

Au ihey

o«the tA»i>month

and IFRF:MFR, the

nun the American te.im on

cr\

luxuricxis public rixmis

al

L^S.

the

Iliis

ih.ii

follow

on

second

up

c\|X-

the lest

ing of French and American deep-sea

wine

cut-glass wind{»w>

.Mthough the wnrck was discovered

agreed-upon

.ind

diiion W.VS lo have fiKused

counties lumps ot'coal, chamber

poB, bcdsprings, and

France

Ballard

planned lor

and stirun with amazingly divert;

detritus fitim the ship, including

in

lud disinbuied the

Ix-liire iis

Irench ultimately canceled their plans to

a \^st debris field, almost a square mile

in area

release

Ivtsseen

acni

to rest 2,000 fcet behind the

Around

company,

private

Because of the ensuing legal dispute

reported to the

that her Ibur gigantic

\:anished.

Ballard, howcser.

MMiultaneoiis

contran

Ballard's

its

had

it

the sale of photographs and \ideos ot

the world media

tilni t«i

recoup

t
cx|vnscs troni contracts

with

.'.oiiatcd

.^S

Rc\ic\»ini:

site.

IFRF:MKR had hoped

expedition

thou

developed Ixrruccn

and American team leader Rolscrt

Ballard.

pr[>v

home, the cro\ diiC<«rrcd

earlier

and

to the

eiinirjet dispute that quickly

IFRFMFR

Ciciiphx-sical

in

it

mm cckx cjmcnv .W'OL'S tix>k rwclve sind pKtuirs

.1

lollci)

\

U en

gratin dishes stocked just os

hod been arranged

inside

tield

lySS, shonly after the disc of the

In

o wreck, Ballard lold

wooden

crate in

1912

a

congressional committee that

Tlie crate

has lor^ since disintegrated Top The acidity

as well as the rccos-

of arrifacls fixim the Titanus debns

d the oceonbottom

"ihere

is

a

tremendous amount of material

liiam(\\ debns area," and that

in |thc

"1 ani in fasor ot

lediinenl contributed to the corro-

beginning of the search,

when

magnetometers detected a

vabed Mtstakcnh,

the French vessel's

large metal

mass on the

the scientific team had attributed

the recosery of that material proliably with

spread

WSen

ihe (orword section

d the ship plowed into ihe seabed at the high speed oi

hour or more, the

to the French researcher*.

30

miles

submanncs, to ensure tlie

public

and the

buned

in

nearly

SO

that tliev are pnitected

ssiirld

hase the

abilirv'

to touch

and .

.

on so to speak, and

the surpnsing readings to equipment problems

More dismaying

manned

sion oi ihis cooking pot Following

fcel

the ship." Because American

bow wos

^

oi

mud

law precludes I' S

naval vessels trimi participating

?^-^>

In July

1986, U.S. researchers returned

to the Titanic

with a powerful deep-sea imaging too\— Jason

Jr.,

a 28-inch-long tethered robot packed with highresolution cameras and powerful lighting. Above:

Jason light

Jr.

was able

and grand

shell, the

to enter the Titanic's

staircase.

Once

robot descended the

crystal chandeliers

still

broken sky-

inside the stairway's

first

few decks, where

hung amazingly

intact.

Ct,...,

,..

in

commcrdal

sah^age operations, however, the French

would have

used their advanced, deep-di\Tng submersible vehicle Nautik to recover artifacts from the Titanic wreck joint expedition, while the U.S.

site

on the planned second

Na\y submersible Alrin would be

In Jidy 1986, howe\-er, Ballard's crew of filt\'-six returned

—\\ithout

their artilact-recover\' technolog\-

powerfiil imaging tool than they

year before: Jason

Jr. Q.J.),

powerfiil lighting, ble regions

of the wTcck.

had had

13, Ballard and

two

carried Jason

Jr.

descended

the hull of the Titanic, at last,

two and

on the bottom loomed

of steel crabs,

in a fiee

[that]

and

now

millionaires,

by Ballard, covered the

for

a half miles

below the

in

all

part of the starboard

a gash, but they could find

bow of the

silt

half hours to

surface. There,

w all

cr\-stal

chandeliers

bow, the

hull, the

drifting over the

decks of

still

hung

its

spit-

stately quarters that

had

team explored the

the

mud

tear that the iceberg

line.

had

Where,

inflicted?

apparentiy concealed the evidence, leaving the Titanic's

mortal wounds a lingering mysten,-. In 1986, the United States Congress passed the Titanic

Maritime Memorial Act, calling for a consortium of nations to establish international guidelines

and programs "for conducting

research on, exploration of, and,

appropriate, salvage of the

Titanic." .\lthough in his

had

clearly

supported

if

1985 congressional testimony,

artifact recover)-, stating that "I

think

RMS

Ballard

it

would

of rust, dubbed "rustides"

behoove us to move expeditiously to preserve those things that can

ship.

O'er the next twelve

be recovered," he

da\-s,

the Titanic

empt>- shell, where large, ghostiy

astonishingly inuct.

They explored the

lookout mast, the well deck, and the ship's bridge,

anchor chains and capstans and the huge holes

left

site

later radically

should be

left

changed

his position, asserting that

forever undisturbed as a memorial.

That sentiment may have been "a noble thought,"

/./ to enter the broken sfaiight of the Jitanic's grand staircase and first fevv

bowl, a

trails

Alvin made eleven dives to the great wreck, using the tethered robot

descend the

vast debris

the iceberg was said to have torn

no damage above

The

which

July 22, the

bow where

climbed

directions." Starfish, galathcan

occupied the

and great

child's doll, a silver

On

thousands of leather shoes.

w ondered, was the huge

pilots

two and a

of the

toon, a cr\^tal-and-brass ceiling light fixture, a copper ketde, hun-

they

the Titanic, "a tremendous black

seemed endless

rat-tailed fish

once housed

fall

parts

were thousands of e\er)day objects used by the Titanic's passengers

A jellx-fish and wtiite-tipped sharks swam by Alvini

as the\'

peered into the gymnasium and

which resembled a ghostiy museum. Scattered across the sands

inaccessi-

into the three-man, titanium-hulled submersible called AJriti,

window

field,

/./.

and glided over

the WTiite Star Line, a bathtub, a bronze-cast bench end, and

at their disposal the

a 28-inch-long, tethered, robotic deep-

On July

dome.

dreds of perfectly intact china cups emblazoned with the logo of

was capable of exploring pre\iously

/./.

glass

the

Rigged with high-resolution cameras and

sea exploration vessel.

and

but with a

to the Titanic aboard the na\y vessel Atlantis II

more

fiinnels

the empt\' officers' quarters

and crew: the ceramic head of a

used to explore and film the wreck.

French researchers and

by the

the Titanic

expen and author Walter Lord

—but

forever,

a long time. "Pompeii wvis once the scene of an tragedy, but if onlv

now it is a fascinating dig ...

because

'it is

there.'"

The

reflected

he noted,

is

enormous human

the lure of the ship remains,

Titanic and her secrets

still

wmed.

diagram depicts

This

the

advanced search technology of Alvin

and Joson

Jr. (left)

1

winch and

reel. 4.

Scanning sonar

7.

.

Still

1

0. Hoisting

2.

bit.

1

1

.

4. Thrusters.

1

5.

Emergency

B.

Foam

camera

E.

I.

1

housing for

TV camera,

1

6.

electric controls.

Down -looking,

or Silicon Intensified

7 Forward-looking SIT camera

floatation housing. C.

Compass. F Strobe

Docking

(right]

Cable

5. Hatch. 6. Titanium sphere.

tether cutter

low-light-level, black-and-white

Target (SIT) camera

3.

Tanks for air and variable sea water

ballast. 12. Batteries. 13. Pressure 1

Manipulator arm.

8. Jettisonable iron ballast. 9. Acoustic tele-

Three viewing ports.

phone.

camera.

rail. J.

A

Video camera. D. 35-mm

light.

Light still

G. Deplb Sensor H. Thruster

Tether to Alvin. K. Reflective disks

.«

|£t,,.

The top of one of the

was photographed

Titanic's boilers in

1

987 on an

now

expedition by Titanic Ventures,

known as RMS

Titanic, Inc.

Above: The port side of the

bow was Right:

also photographed

A teapot recovered

debris

field in the

some

Titanid% in

1

987.

from the year.

ANAIOMf

The Titanic

darkness

lies in

Conrad was This porthole

on the ocean ne\'er rested.

floor,

For

memory

but her

has

come from

debates, rumors, speculations, and

what

churned up, over and over, every

the Titanic's wreck

of the events

of April 1912. Man\' questions ha\e remained disuirbingly

unanswered.

What damage

the

Titanic hit

Why

iceberg?

le\iathan plunge to her

really

doom

when

occurred

did

the

the

"unsinkable"

so c]uickly?

Could the

tragedy have been averted? As eaily as 1919, the writer

Joseph Conrad expressed exasperation at the public's

unending after?"

We

—

e\'en

—

unseemly

he demancled. "What

knov\'

curiosit)'.

is

there ibr

"What them

are

they

to find out?

what has happened. The ship has scraped her

side against a piece

hours and a

half,

of ice and sank

after floating for

taking a lot of people

down

correct that the basic

believed to have

facts

of the disaster had been well estab-

lished by exhaustive

American and

British

The IFREMER ship Nodir,

above

iis

detail

is

the Titonic's first-class

galley or dining saloon.

neai'ly a cenairy, endJess

Left:

ha\'e

DISASI[R

OF Il[

two

with her."

inc]uiries

site.

held in 1912.

damage

collided with an iceberg,

blow had caused flooding

in

at

The

Titanic had

fi-om the glancing

least

watertight

fi\'e

compartments, and the great ship could not

more than four of her Bex'ond that, howexer,

six

float

forward compartments

\'er\' little

with

filled.

has been understood

about the forces and the physical sequence of events that led to the disastrous deaths

of 1,523 men, women, and

children and the sinking, just \-o\'age,

five

days into her maiden

of die world's most inxincible ocean

liner.

Far

fi-om quieting debate, the discovery of the Titanic's

wreck

in

How did

1985 only

led to

more unanswered

the great ship split in two?

Why

is

questions. the

bow

in

—

near-pristine condition while the stern

of twisted

steel?

And how

vive in the hostile

long

is

will the

a barely recognizable

which have already been

heap

museums on two

rust-cncrustcd wreck sur-

environment of the ocean

RMS

floor?

Since Robert Ballard published the location of the wreck in

1987, seven expeditions

ha\'e tra\eled to the site

unique

around her on the seabed

— the summers —were organized by RMS

the expeditions

in

1996

as she sank.

neers from

company

public

1994, and

New

York-based

materials raised

the wreck

a

b\'

and

purpose.

On

countries examined the Titanic. Using the most

five

reverse engineering, forensic science,

and crash investigation, they

attempted to solve many of the mysteries surrounding the

"The Titanic

the subject of a great

is

many myths and

many

all

from

expedition,"

he

"we had

the

added,

four of the

^10 opportunit}' to use the

research and rcco\-

has

RMS

latest scientific tools to

partnered

IFREMER,

with

French oceanographic

eliminate

what

insti-

On

in

night."

1985.

Research and recovery missions to the Titanic rely on the French

these successfal operations,

deep-diving, three-passenger submersible Nautile, one of only six in

the joint team has explored and

extensively

wreck

site

photographed

and

five

the

carefiilly

recovered

thousand

artifacts

from the

\ast debris field, man\'

of

the world that are capable of diving to

diagram depicts 1

.

Nautiie's engineering

Manipulator arms

batteries 4. 7.

nearlv

some of

misinformation and

the

tute that codisco\ered the

wreck of the Titanic

"On

ian Charies Haas.

On

Titanic

a great

explained Titanic histo-

U.S

this

ery expeditions,

disaster.

of misinforma-

bits

federal court judge. all

had a

also

the expedition, cosponsored by the

sophisticated research tools available and ad\anced techniques of

1992, was awarded sole guardianship

that, in

rights to the Titanic

Four of

of 1987, 1993,

Titanic, Inc., a

in

Disco\'cry Channel, an international group of scientists and engi-

with plans to

photograph, explore, and inxestigate the legendar\- ship and recover artifacts that settled

1996 expedition, however,

Titanic's

scientific

conserved and exhibited

scientifically

continents.

Oxygen

Shot ballast tanks

2.

Sampling basket

storage 5. 8.

Main

Top hatch

9.

20,000

and search

feet.

investigate

team of naval

the

archi-

oceanographers, reco\ery

This

experts,

230V

propeller 6. Lateral thruster

Scanning sonar 10.

Still

microbial

biologists,

996

metallurgists,

and

historians

assembled by

RMS

Titanic and

and

video cameras. Right: The crew of the French research vessel Nadir 1

tects,

To

tell

happen that

capabilities.

3. Jettisonable

lowers Nautile into the North Atlantic during the

sinking, a

rcalh' did

this

expedition.

the Discovery Channel in con-

junction

with

France's

Ellipse

1

(

Programme 1996

—participated

research

Navy

French

in the

month -long

commander

tor of the Regina

leader and former

Paul Henri

the

Titanic president

Universit\'

Livingstone,

Institute at

Saskatchewan,

in

charge of

Ganada. Other members of the expedition

team included Titnnic historians and authors

George Tulloch.

John Eaton, Charles Haas, and Claes-Goran

in

Wetterholm; biologist and

The mission team included David

Water Research

of Regina

program—

commander

the French Na\T's deep-sea diving

RMS

around the globe; and Dr. D. Roy

Cullimore, applied microbiologist and direc-

Nargeolet— IFREMER's expedition

(P.-H.)

and

disasters

recover)- expedition, led by

and

Titnnic author Dr.

senior

Charles

Dr Stephane Penncc,

naval architect for the ship-

Pellegrino;

builders Harland and Wolff

archaeologist and expert in

and the the

first

metal conservation; Martine

person from

firm ever to view

wreck of the Titninc,

the

'

^

'antec, a specialist in textile

conservation; deep-ocean cine-

I'liil

matographer Christian Pen-on;

Matthias of Polaris Imaging located

Rhode

in

Holger Van der

Island, an expert in

underwater imaging

tion, a

tccli

senior naval architect at

Gibbs and Cox and chairman of the Forensics Mike Strong

Panel of the Society- of Naval Architects and

Marine Engineers, which imestigates maritime

(left),

Titanic president (right)

and RMS

George

Tulloch

planned research and

recovery strategies using a scale

model of the

and

left:

mile free

Titanids wreck.

Nautile begins fall

to the

its

Top

2.5-

ocean bottom.

truth about

tile

In addi-

sides

of the Adantic

anal\'zed data

from the expedi-

dded

insights into the

fi.irther

leader of the

vessel Jim Kilabuk,

Le\'.

team of scientific experts

on both

nology; William H. Garzke, Jr.,

anthropologist

ultural

Narragansett,

Titnnic\ sinking.

The crew of to ifie

ifie

wreck

Nautile descending

site.

Right: Robin,

a

remote-controlled robotic camera,

con venture

into

areas

itiat

are too

confined and dangerous for Nautile.

Scientists

expansion above,

to

have studied the Titanics

joints,

such as the one pictured

gain a clearer understanding of

the disaster. t

Left:

A suitcase with

was recovered

in

1

its

lock

987.

still

•*

^^^^7':'

X

.^w^"^

Titanic Archaeological Site

Map

laiss

^^^H

Sonar expert Paul Matthias attached acoustic

equipment

to Nautile to help

him "see

through the mud" burying the forward section of the Titanic's

bow. His work revealed

the long-hidden iceberg

damage

to the ship.

Revealing the Titanic's Hidden

One of

the

Wounds

most mysterious aspects of the Titanic

wide to account for the

disaster has

been the nature of the wounds caused by the iceberg. Despite

timonv buried it

in transcripts

of the

official inquiries

tes-

had

that the collision

a

matter of minutes instead of hours.

the

ftill

inquiry

who

happened architect

—

the

1912

Hariand and Wolff

o.cin-bottom mud. iHMi,

it

was not

at

that

had sunk the ship;

the

damage caused h\

extremely small.

He

all

a

in fact,

used

li.id

this

•

huge gash he believed

a

EOSCAN

and sidescan sonar

collected data to

compartments, he deter-

in six

mined

compartment had suffered

own

its

of Nautile

damage.

acoustic images

was 300

.

.

feet long,

.

he asserted that

it

much

could only have been three-quarters of an inch

of

1996 expedi-

hoped

finally

to

sonar technolog>',

".see

through the

mud"

that

dccp-diving

.ind

the investigation, sonar

Taul Matthias boarded

submersible

two and

a

IFREMER's Naiitilc

half miles

to

to the

wreck. Equipped with nimble mechanical

packed with advanced electronic equip-

the

is

one of only

six

like

outline the Titanicfi

and

the

ice-

feet

geologists for seismic profiling,

To conduct

\pci-t

I iiniiic's

arms

New

ment, the S20-million Nautile

If the iceberg did inflict a stern (above),

tear that

mystery

produce

medical ultrasound. The images

shown here individual

b. .w

-

descend

mounted on the bottom

that each

__-..

•'

study of the survivors' testimony. Since the ship

flooded unevenly

wreck was

a

eoNcis the lower portions of the Titanic\

"^

conclusion

on the reported pattern of the flooding and

b\'

On

scientists

the truth.

)mised to

na\.>l

the iceberg was

based

however,

iL\c.il

named Edward Wilding. Wilding

asserted that

remained

truth

damage was buried under 45

berg's

British

knew what

believed he

a

the

doomed

liner.

because most of the endence of the

of contradictions. There was, how at

century,

a

F,\en after the Titanic''^

Idund,

and the testimony of survivors

one expert

ever,

immense

could ha\e

— Harland and Wolffs Thomas Andrews — had gone down with the was

ship in

press and the public,

enormous, gaping gash could have

howe\er

Titanic,

The

people continued to believe that only an

-

defmitixeh,

question

the

gash as large and long

however, ignored Wilding's findings, and for nearly

held in 1912,

the vessel's side

who

Perhaps the only person

answered

A

would have sunk the huge

a,ssumed, he held,

inflicted a continuin

of flooding.

commonly

was commonly speculated and reported

ous 300-foot-long gash

rate

as

bow

submersibles in the world capable of descending to

20,000

feet.

Eor

this

investigation,

Nautilcs

(top),

mechanical arms were modified to carry a subboth of which are buried

deep

in

mud.

bottom

profiler capable

of emitring low-frequencT

acoustic signals that

woiJd penetrate the seabed. This was die

An

first

inevitable disaster?

time this technology would be used to image openings in a hull

hi Belfast, Northern Ireland,

beneath the mud, and there was no guarantee of success. But on the

tects,

moved through

pitch-black ocean bottom, as the signals

and the

silt

steel

of the Titnnic\

hull, they created

ultrasound. Luck,

it

turned out, was on the team's

the three-hour sur\'ey, Matthias was at

last

like a

side.

the

\Vliat

was a

series

of six thin

The damage,

human

some only

slits,

incredibh', totaled

than 12 square

feet

—about

body. Just as

gaping

in tact, a giant,

no

tlie si/c

Edward

as

ni< '\x

>

>\

wide

The

startiing.

human

Titanic struck

iceberg at

tiie

why

in just

model mathematically confirmed the

sequence of

inexitable, tragic

e\'ents that

Wilding had deduced

1912. Bedford and Hackett Circulated that immediateh' 1 1

in

after the

:40 r.M., water rushed into her hull

it

at a powerftil rate

of ,ilniost 7 tons per second. Aldiough the holes

finger.

in the liner's side

were small, diey were located 20

slash. Instead,

as a

and other Harland and Wolflf engineers developed

under three hours. The

During

able to "see" the iceberg

imaging re\ealed was

sonar

that they

such minor damage had caused the immense Titanic to sink

med-

holes that had been buried and debated for eighty-five years.

Timnic\ wound was not,

na\al archi-

to recreate and analyze the sinking. Their goal was to investigate

an acoustic image

of the long-hidden portions of the starboard bow, much ical

model

the seabed

two Harland and Wolff

John Bedford and Chris Hackett, used a unique computer

—

"'.ircriine,

-:—;r'

_,

:i,i\

,i

below the

e rapicfh'

forced the sea dirough the

iiarrowslitsfasterthan water through a

.'

Wikiiiii;

feet

where high pressure would

, ,

1

had predicted, these tiny wounds created a

'

lire

,

demise of the

worid

largest ship the

ever known. "Wilding had

ha(

hose. Just ten minutes after the col-

liMon,

pattern of flooding that led to th

'tM

''

most of the damaged compart-

incnts were alread\' flooded to the top.

no comput-

li\

midnight, the engineers calculated,

'

ers,

no sonar images, no ad\anced

nolog)'

of any kind," Charles Haas

reflected, "\et he

damage

the Titanic had taken

tech-

was able to

to the hull."

Now

virtually pinpoint the

that Wilding's theory

Bv 12:40 Sonar imaging allowed at

tfie

actual

hull lying

damage

under

ifie

this first

the

ies.

scientists

With such

turned to the next remaining mystera small

amount of damage, u hy did

b\'

the bow.

only an hour after impact, they

to tfie Titanids

mud. Instead ol

mated

tiiat

she had taken

esti-

on 25,000 tons of water.

B\ 2:00, she was flooded with 39,000 tons, forcing

gaping gosh, acoustic six

narrow

openings caused by the

Titon/c's

technology revealed

collision with the iceberg.

the Titamc sink so quickly? Ajid could the traged\'

her

like the

underwater and heaving her stern up into

\

combination of high water pressure and

These

one shown above,

were responsible

bow

the sky,

1

openings,

have been prevented?

.A.M.,

look

had been confirmed by direct examination, expedi

Don

on 7,450 tons of

w atcr and began plunging

:;

for her sinking.

2 square feet of

damage sank

die largest, safest

thetical scenarios. If the Titanic

instead of grazing

along her

it

been injured, but she would

had struck the iceberg head on

side,

\

o\age to

New

York.

Edward

again, correctly

have crumpled

gers and crew

What

likely

if

e\'enly

t\'

distributed?

all

1

.

all

the

Six different

is

one

would have saved the

slowing down. If the Titanic had prudently as

fast

as

her

22.5-knot speed,

at

would have suffered

far less

Bill

b\' a

a disaster

did the Titanic

of boiler still

room 5

and

explored,

that she

7

the testimony of

all

in

in

was

widely

one

on

piece, based

of the surviving ship's

tons per

and

Brirish inquiries.

A

the ship's fore

collapsed. 3. Flooding

handfi.ll

of sur\i\ors, howexer, contradicted

those accounts, claiming that the ship had apart before sinking.

tons of water 4.

it

had plunged to the

split

confined, but almost 31 ,000

Water from

They described how,

in

had been taken on. boiler

to spill into boiler

room 5 began

room

4, driving the

the

final

moments, the Titanic^

heaved upright into the

air,

stern

had

the forward

greatly straining the

funnel had crashed into the water from midsection.

ot

rate of

two?

ered

officers during the U.S.

Garzke, she

damage, and fewer

a

resulted in

compartments as the forv/ard bulkhead

bow down and according to naval architect

wounds

second. 2. Water rose

was

steamed half

1915,

the Tttanic\ wreck was discov-

ocean bottom

and

been launched. Aside from

crashing into the iceberg head on, there

liner:

in

L'linl

assumed

uneven flooding

decision that most probably

than twen-

less

was torpedoed

split in

lights,

the Titanic would have capsized before lifeboats could have

it

When and how

the boiler

power and

its

after

left

would ha\e

and engine rooms would have flooded, causing the ship to lose

Lnsitania sank in

minutes

That decision,

With the doors open,

— long

the lifeboats to be

all

that resulted in the deaths of 1,198

disastrous for the ship and her passen

gers.

afloat for

minutes

afloat.

they concluded, would have pro\ed totally

remained

fort\-

for nearly

designers,

Titanic''!,

liner

German submarine

members, but the Titanic

the flooding

that

liner

passen-

would ha\e stayed

would have

launched. Bv contrast, Cunard's great

a

in accor

the watertight doors had been

open so been

like

enough

of the

feet

number of

dion, surely killing a

most

100

first

the credit of the

two hours and

once

1912. In

asserted in

head-on crash, the

bow would

Wilding,

To

Tif«H/ir

have completed her maiden

likely

however, the

they

determined, the ship might actually ha\c

survived— as

The

her compartments would have flooded.

Could the Titanic\ tragedy have been prevented? The engineers used their computer model to explore different h\'po-

Around 2 AM.

structure of the ship

began

the steel

to tear

opart

the

strain,

and the ship had begun to

come

"There

apart.

many

are almost as

depictions oftiie breakup as there are people

interpretations

who

pounds per square

and

have testimony,"

per square inch

noted Titanic historian John Eaton. Although some sur\i\ors

far as to

insisted that the Titanic split before sinking,

have a sketch

made and published

To uncover

even going so

qualit>'

that clearly depicted the

steel"

Gibbs and Cox

structed a virtual Titanic through

new

computer

analysis

and

Hackett,

and

Titanic''^

design

engineers,

data,

plans. for

the

steel

used

produced

first

and processing techniques varied widely,

at the

time the Titanic was built generally had a sulftir

and phosphorous than would be per-

missible today, resulting in steel that fractured easily. In

from the 1996 cxpcdi

in fact,

an entire ship was

known

on the great

hull before the Tif««;V apart.

is

What

that

the

of the

bending on the ocean stresses

on her midsection

plates in her keel

case,

On

the night

Titanic disaster, man\' sur-

and

According to

frightening

sounds.

Garzke,

possible that the noises

it is

heard that night were the Titanic^

ship's

began to break

surface.

one

half without

split in

vi\ors claimed thev heard awflil

this

time,

steel plates shattering like glass.

To

the engineers discovered

Titanic actually

to ha\e

crashing into anything.

were able to begin calculating the stresses that acted

plaguing turn-of-the-century ships.

qualitx'

of the

Using

pounds

o\erwhelmed the

the Titanic\ construction. "Britde

in

by Bedford

some

that they

apart.

common problem

a

higher percentage of

computer modeling, based on

metallurgical information resulting

tion,

steel

Bill

Arlington, Virginia, con-

in

of the

was

Although ore

the truth about the breakup of the ship. at

enormous

C'ontributing to the breakup, Garzke belie\cs, was the

Titanic breaking in two pieces at the surface.

Garzke's colleagues

inch, well above her capacity of 22,400

stresses so

and she began to break

ship,

claimed the ship broke apart underwater, the young sur\ivor Jack

Thayer

—

find out,

more than 200

pounds of mangled, rusted

began

As the

the Titanic\ debris field

increased, the

steel

began to compress and buckle,

Naval Livingstone

architects (left)

beams, and a

David

of Harland

and

bit

of bulkhead

surface during the

1996

—

steel

from

hull plates,

—were brought to the

expedition, after nearly a

Wolff and William Garzke of

her decks began to fold down, and the great ship's hull

began to

shatter.

As her bow pulled down,

her huge stern rose in the

air,

towering

as

high as

Gibbs and Cox studied the Tilanic's

plans and construction

documentation

answers a fifteen-story building

over the water. The resulttions that

ing pressure on the deck was greater than 35,000

to

to help formulate

some

century

at the

deep bottom of the ocean. Garzke

and Li\ingstone spent hours examining the ments.

The samples were then

frag-

sent to the United

of the ques-

have perplexed

States for a batter\'

of tests to determine the

steel's

Titanic

historians for decades.

chemical makeup, tensile strength, microstructure.

Dovid Livingstone Henri (P-H

Garzke of

ifie

(right)

IFREMER's Poul-

(center),

and William

review video footage of one

Nautile'i doily dives to

site. Ttie tfie

(left),

Nargeolet

)

tfie

Titanic

Nautile extensively photograpfied

fragmented the

hull

ond debris

1996 expedition

field

during

^1-.^

^i^S^i

—

and grain

responses to low temperatures. At the

size, as well as its

University

of Missouri

H.

Professor

metallurgist

Rolla,

in

Leighley guided a team that tested the Titanic's steel to see

sample and loading

britde. After cutting a small

electron microscope, metallurgists Chris

peered deep into die

fiill

Ramsey and Scott

As they suspected, the

in the steel.

of large manganese

was

into a scanning

it

Miller

microstructure to look for potential

steel's

weaknesses and defects

if it

P.

steel

was

tions in the metal.

"More

you take the

down

steel

shattering something that's

—

ter

as a result

fections in the steel like glass

brittie.

chemical impurities could

under

make

conditions

extreme

the

To

test

April 14

brittie

steel

Garzkc

those cold North

at

—although

Titanic

lost all

tankers;

it

War

was not

II Libert}'

until

E\en

to the hull frac-

1947

nomenon was recognized and

and 15, 1912.

of

never be 100

we'll

later, brittle steel led

tures of World

the

unusually cold, 28 F water temperature of the

North Adantic on

simply have shattered

strength, contributing to the breakup of

decades

steel fi-agile

as

may

percent certain of what happened."

that these

— such

hull

Adantic water temperatures indeed

At the time the

disas-

cold temperatures, and imper-

surface. "Metallurgical testing,"

concluded, "has shown that

its

"when

of holes." The night of the

stress,

—the Titanic's

on the ocean

sulfide inclusions

no one suspected

Titanic was built,

frill

of enormous

chemical imperfections that create weak areas, causing die metal to be

or less," the scientist explained,

to a lower temperature, you're actually

ships

and T-2

that the phe-

that the

com-

position of ships' steel was stricdy regulated.

the steel's response to water

that cold, Professor Leighley chilled a bar of

Titanic sted to 28°F, then subjected

it

The journey

to vio-

Nobody

lent impact.

The

To confirm

the findings, the fractured sample of

steel

immediately fractured. In

1

996, exploration on the

pitch-black

Titanic steel was then sent to a laboratory

National Institute of Standards

&

at

the

Technology

in

Gaithersburg, Maryland. There, materials scientist

ocean

floor

is

certain

to the

bottom

what happened to the

Titanic once she dipped beneath the waves and

was

aided by the most powerful illumination of the Titanic ever

achieved. Four truck-size

light

plunged to the ocean floor The ship's stern portions

apart

on the

somehow came

sea

bottom,

bow and

to rest 2,000 feet

in dramatically different

towers were lowered to the wreck

Timothy Foecke confirmed

more

brittie

when

that the metal

became site,

subjected to such frigid tem-

peratures. In almost every case, Foecke found, the

each holding

five

1

,200-

watt, battery-powered haloid metallic iodide (HMI) floodlights.

conditions.

The

stern section tion.

is

hull

is

relatively intact, while the

mangled almost beyond recogni-

What happened

to the Titanic's hull and

The towers illuminated the wreck fracture lines traced back to steel,

weak spots

in

.stern as

the

confirming the disastrous effect of imperfec-

site

they sank to the bottom of the sea?

with lighting equivalent to

35,000 household

bulbs.

To

investigate this question,

Harland and

The

Titanic's stern section, unlike the relatively

intact

bow,

is

an almost unrecognizable mass

of tangled, twisted steel. The two sections

lie

2,000

facing

in

feet

opart on the seabed,

opposite directions.

A

rusticle-encrusted cylinder head,

one of

tfie T/tonic's

a part of

giant, four-story recipro-

cating engines, appears out of the darkness.

Left:

A

silver plate

Titantic's

recovered from the

debris

field.

WolfPs Daxid Lhingstone dove to the wreck aboard Nautile and inspected

tlie

mangled scrap heap of die

giant,

Four

first

observed during the

1996 expedition.

August 1996 expedition. His view was aided by the most powerfiil illumination of the wreck ever achieved.

60-degree bend below the bridge on the port side of the

bow, an immense deformation that was

stern section during the

Back on the surface, Livingstone and Garzke attempted

truck-size light towers,

what happened to the bow and stern once they

weigliing 3 tons each and constructed at a cost of a million dollars,

to reconstruct

were lowered to the wreck

had slipped beneath the water. They believed that since the

powered haloid

site,

each holding

metallic iodide

bulbs generated light

power

(HMI)

five

1,200-watt, battery-

floodlights.

was already flooded with water on the surface,

Their quartz

equivalent to 35,000 household bulbs

by increasing water pressure

pounds per square

inch.

The effect on

ible," Lixingstone said. "It's

um, but diey make

a fantastic

much

the Titanic or

light cast

on

the deep ocean. stern

section

picked

.

.

he

"You

Never before was so

on any other object

part of the

The

plates

bow

lot

pipes

still

like a

bow

section

may have buckled

Then when

the forward

may have

bending the

section,

how

Understanding

has been

in the

what happened on

hull

concertina from the impact.

bottom

arrived at the

and

The

zling.

stern

rized that after the

is

the

stern

more puz-

nature of the

chaotic

wreckage

ue. Li\'ingstonc

an important

is

and Garzke theo-

bow

pulled the stern

underwater, the vxo halves separated. As the stern

in

section sank, the

their

intact right next to pipes that are

During the sinking, tremendous stresses

on

one of the huge, four-and-a-half-story, 990-

ton engines seemed to have snapped

in half, evi-

He

also

examined

a

may have caused

inside

immense water pressure on the

stern

caused

it

to

the air

implode.

Li\'ingstone concluded that the aft

vivors. Scientists believe that sea filled

the

bow

end of the stern

the

deafening noises reported by sur-

water that

dence of the immense forces that were acting on

trapped

the steel plates of the

TitoniVs hull

the hull during the sinking.

a clue to

abruptly hit the seabed, the back end

explained.

see

of the

The bend he saw

sank.

smashed into the forward

in

completely smashed." Livingstone also noticed that

the bottom.

dam-

good shape with flanges

difference."

it

while the Titanic sank, he speculated.

stadi-

There's nc

.

pattern" to the age,

bottom was "incred-

being in a [lighted]

so extensively that

whole

shaken,

up,

like

Livingstone saw was a

damaged

"It looks like the

dropped.

What

the ocean

not quite

as

bow, Livingstone noted, could be

and were capable of withstanding pressures greater dian 8,000

bow

was not crushed

it

saved

then

hit

the

bottom

first,

since the propellers are

cunously bent upward. Anything that was not well

it

attached to the stern's hull probably broke loose from being crushed by increasing

water pressure as the ship sank.

from the shock of impact.

The

worked

final chapter

Since the Titanic'% wreck was discovered in 1985, another fact has

become

clear.

The

Titanic

is

being steadily consumed by

How

the ship

fast

To answer

howexer, remains a mvstery. microbial ecoiogist Dr.

disintegrating rapidly, as

rust.

is

its

is

biological

lite

is

have colonized the Titanic's hull and to

an expert on "rusticles," the elaborate, iron-rich structures that

formed by microbes

The

rusticles are

remo\e iron from the

that

and

ship,

Cullimore has concluded that they are the main culprits destroying the Titanic as she rests

on the seabed. "The

he explained, "because the

rusticles are

ship

is

disintegrating,"

sucking more and more

As

a result,

he predicted, "the

structure of the ship, will

one day

collapse."

iron out of the steel."

To ly

where they remained plastic pipe

integrity, the

wrapped

for

in

bow of the

gauze, a short salts

strip

of color

slide film,

a

and a

that served as bait for microbes.

Nautile later carefully collected a variety of rusticle structures from different parts of the

wreck

for Cullimore's analysis. After

two

weeks, the submersible brought the tubes back to the surface. Bacterial colonies

from the

rusticles

it's

growing on the

strips,

which

hosts

Titanic. "It's a complicated lixing system,

ship's hull

had

The

and

of the

rusticles also

numerous organisms; Cullimore has found them

to be inhab-

not

just

one

species," he explained.

shell

by bacteria and molds, and he plans to culture them to learn

ited

how they grow in these fragile, iron-rich shells. One of the most fascinating findings about rusticles, he added, plexity'.

and

They embody

a vast

ticles

a

web of water

amount of surface

is

stated, "it

area. "If

would cover 23,000 square

rusticles are highly

starting to explore

To Titanic

may

their

immense com-

channels, ducts, and ca\ities, 1

took

from the bow of the Titanic and spread

Titanic,

nvo weeks. Each of the tubes contained

blend of nutrients and iron

munity of life on the

sixt\'-five

tons of rus-

their surfaces out," he

miles." Essentially, he added,

complex commimities; "we don't understand

of the components. This

aid his investigation, plastic containers holding special-

prepared nibes were placed by Naiitile on the

Cullimore then studied the contaminated film

According to Cullimore, these etchings are signs of a xngorous com-

analyze the wreck's rate of decomposition and erosion. Cullimore

co\er most of the exposed surfaces of the hull.

consuming the protein emulsion on the

mobile lab aboard the research vessel Ocean

Canadian

expedition. His mission was to determine what Dipes of bacteria

and other

inside,

his

revealed colorftJ traces caused by bacterial digestion of the film.

1996 Titanic

joined the

Voyajfer,

way

in

corroding,

that question,

Roy D. Cullimore

hull

their

Back

film.

is

a

new

—the edge of yet another universe." —how much —Cullimore extraaed some of

find answers to the final question

have

left

all

part of science that we're just

time the

the ship's iron

has

each time he has anal>'zed a sample of rusticle. ludging from the amount

of iron he has colleaed, he determined that plating in places has already been

as

consumed by

much

as half

of the

bow

these iron-eating bacteria.

As the ship continues to lose iron to the rusticles, it will, sooner rather than later,

collapse in

ocean

floor.

on

itself Eventually,

the Titanic will turn to dust

on

the

Elaborate, iron-rich structures called "rusticles" cover most of the

exposed surfaces of the hull.

Titanic's

Immensely complex, they

contain vast labyrinths of water channels, ducts,

and

cavities.

single ton of rusticles v/ith

A

all its

surfaces spread out would cover

more than 350 square

miles.

Ct,

In his

lab

on the research

Oceon Voyager, Dr

D.

vessel

Roy

Cullimore, applied microbiologist at the University of Regina in

Saskatchewan, Canada, examines biological sampling tubes placed

on

the Titanic.

Rusticles

form numerous

hanging grov^hs, formations.

structures, including

flat plates,

and

Formed by microbes,

spikelike

the rusticles

are removing iron from the ship and gradually destroy the

be recycled

into the

Titanic,

the iron-eating bacteria

which the

to

ocean environment.

Cullimore's objective in

rote at

will

causing her

1

996 was and

Titanic

is

to identify

to calculate the

disintegrating.

Time does not stand

is

with protests from a few

on the

still

bottom. The wreck of the Titanic

sea

dissolving into dust, with

of rescue.

it>-

And

the

no

trail

to lea\e the Titnnic\ wreck

possibil

of

strewn across the Atlantic floor

as a This gold wristwatch, found in

artifacts

—

good all

that

physically remains of her passengers

and

987

1

condition,

was recovered

with other valuables.

French submarine hies assist the expedition

crew

—

hostile

also

is

doomed

to disappear in the

environment of the ocean.

these pieces of historv will be

corroded

b\' salt

and

acids,

mere

stains

From

bacteria,

ast Atlantic,

reduced

on the seabed.

cooking pots to the

ship's great

from the base of the

—from

memory

wish

at

who

those

belie\'e the

in

objects

The to

historically important and

are

should be saved, conser\'ed, and displayed

team with jobs

One

for the public before the sea destroys

critic

has declared that

[the Titanic\] gra\e

site,

or

stir

affected

families,

it

isn't

them.

"necessary to plunder

open wounds

in

some of

or preserxang history from an

Those on the other

the

[up] contro\ersy" since, he

noted, "we are not talking about discovering ancient ilizations

the beginning, however, efforts to rescue

these tangible objects of

bell

not reco\'ered

consumed by

\

Left:

used

who

undisturbed

memorial. Charges of grave robbing

ha\e been hurled

close to the surface.

and abraded by sediments

until they are recycled into the

to

If

is

site

side

of the

issue,

civ-

unknown

era."

however,

hax'c

clocks and

argued that charges of grave robbing have never been

whisdes and the large

applied to the gathering of artifacts from other ship-

ship's foremast

—

ha\c been met

wrecks

—and

that

the

immense

variety'

of objects

RMS

scattered across the sea floor are an integral part of the Titanic'^ storv.

"The

scientific recover)'

and educational display of Titnuic

broaden our knowledge of this magnificent

artifacts will

passengers and crew, and the tragedy of her sinking, w hich con-

we shouldn't ha\e

maintain them

in a

than

Nothing

seeing

dimensions."

is

to limit our

be offered for private

sale.

Swedish

historian

Vou have sional

in

world."

the

belie\e that seeing facts brings the

to

life

— and

Many

Titnnic\

memory

a

United States

laws of marine salvage,

Titanic and

to the highest archaeological

RMS

Titanic has joined with

Museum

to create the Titanic International Ad\isor\'

C^ommittee, whose members include representatives

arti-

eties as well

tragedy

RMS

Titanic's

(left)

will

commitment,

Great Britain's National Maritime

that the objects, carefully conserved

and exhibited to the public,

wreck bv

common

standards,

people

human dimension of the

in part to that

Titanic was granted guardianship

and exhibited

it.

some

and touching the

be displayed

ensure that her artifacts are conserved

thing that's clearly understood by e\er\

museum

will

the objects will e\er

irder to safeguard the

to have artifacts, a three-dimen-

insight into history. That's

Due

ancient

with history,"

he explained, "you can't just read about

Titanic

Federal court order in 1994, under the

three

in

in close contact

None of

rights to the

more compelling

C^laes-Goran Wetterholm agrees. "If you

w ant to get

RMS

York-based

and museum standards and to

to the public around the world.

RMS

Tttnnic artifacts Titanic

the French oceanographic

New

permanent collection that

understanding of the ship to historic photographs.

IHREMER,

the beginning.

est technical, archaeological,

M.

DiSogra, president of Titanic International. "The world wasn't black and white in 1912, and

From

has pledged to recover and conserve the artifacts to the high-

ship, her

tinues to generate world-wide interest," countered Robert

Titanic, Inc., and

institute.

preserve the

long after the survix'ors and the

George

and IFREMER's

Norgeolet

mander

(right),

as

from Titanic

historical soci-

European and American mar-

Tulloch

itime

museums. "The whole museum commu-

P.-H.

former com-

of the French Navy's

nity" explained Dr. Fric Kentley, chief curator

of Britain's National Maritime

Museum,

"is

deep-sea diving program, have

concerned that these objects

ship itself are gone.

organized four international

Despite the contro\ersy, thousands ot objects ha\e been painstakingly recoxered from

research

and recovery missions

to the Titanic.

mode more the Titanic's debris field since

national

are kept together

1987 by an

archaeological collaboration

inter-

between

Norgeolet has

sibh', that

w

ay,

that the\''re

brought up respon-

the\'re adequately

documented, ade-

dives to the Titanic's

wreck than any other individual in

in a secure

the world.

quatcK' conserved and, ultimately, go on public

The French research vessel Nadir has

been the command ship

for four Titanic

missions. Right: Artifacts including this

shoe brush, perhaps once used by stewards to polish passengers' shoes, have

been found

in

remarkable condition.

^^t^^^fi

-® \

The

physical process of

tom of

the ocean, however,

retric\ing artifects fixim the

is

deep bot-

patented

vacuum

suction devices, Nautile's arms are capable of col-

lecting small, fragile artifects such as teacups

a dangerous, expcnsi\e proposition

heavy pieces of nautical

that pushes the limits of late-twentieth-ccntupi- engineering

and technolog\-. According to expedition Nargeoiet of

leader P.-H.

who

is

known

bottom of the

the

Titanic,

seabed,

team that disco\ered the

.\merican

"the most hostile emironment

its

two decades before we were

work

at

teen

on

IFREMER's

the

ed

site

—

at the

two and a

stern

\'niitilc,

successtlil dives to

of retrieving the most delicate

objects from the sea floor as well

carries in front

first

recoverv' mission, in the

relics

two

in thirtv'

field.

The

dives to the

extensive array of

recovered on this mission includ-

gilded chandelier; the compass, wheel

and two telegraphs from the

docking bridge; one of the

ship's

ship's bells; a port-

hole; a bron/e cherub;

of leaded

gla.ss.

and

a pristine

Technicians

who

window made

descended aboard

as heavy pieces of nautical equipa record equivalent to

bottom of the

spending

half miles to the ocean floor,

where

Nantilc on

six

sea. After free-tailing

pres-

ment. This leatfier travel

bag con-

tained coins,

watches,

bracelets,

been

bills,

and

carefully

rings,

necklaces.

It

has

the seabed gently retrie\-ing artifacts with the

its

two

advanced

expedition

retrieval

visual

the objects that thev- found. Solid

and

.is

silver, brass,

though

retrieval

lust

been polished bv

tine au gratin dishes

had been arranged

a sculler,'

and h.id

maid, and 2.^8 pns-

were found stacked in

1912

inside a

just as

wooden

the meticulous recovery of nearly

5,000

thev

thev

have mode possible

pilot.

Equipped with scooping, grasping, and IFRFMFR's

were

in

France. Facing page: Nautile's

capabilities

nimble robotic arms, manipulated b\

first

copper serving pieces looked LP3 Conservation laboratory

Shurde's engines at blast-off, Nautile spends hours

this

astounded bv the remarkable condition of many of

conserved at the

sures are comparable to those beneath the Space

on

it

Nouh/e's nimble arms are capable

deep-diving submersible

which has completed ninen-sk the wreck

a

pedestal,

of

capabilities

the

hundred objects

Titanic

able to perforin

advanced

the

foam, that have been lowered to

rttnntc\ vast debris

almost

of the Titanic recover)' missions

relied

months

moon

the bottom of the ocean." All

have

the

Once

from

objects

or into wire cages, lined with

craft

On

absence of pressure.

w h\- mankind w alked on

lifeboat davits.

lifts

Minimer of 1987, Nnittile retrieved some eigh-

challenge that surpasses the challenge of tra\-

That's

and

as

the

as

robotic arms place the artifacts

its

syntactic

bowls as well

the ocean bottom from the mother ship Nadir.

to man. Descending to those depths,

eling into space, with

glass

into a retractable basket

of tlie

Atlantic

with those immense pressures, presents a technical

bitts

carefully

'niitilc

worked on the 1985 French-

also

Ocean

Titanic\ massive

IFREMER,

and

equipment, such

Titanic artifacts.

that

had long since crumbled into dust.

crate

To raise massive nautical equipment such

Crew members

as a 3-ton bitt— used for securing cables

than-water diesel

on the Titanic— Nadir's crew members

back

lower

lifting

bags

to the

ocean bottom,

using heavy chain as ballast. They then rig the

lift

ballast

bags

is

to the artifact.

removed,

ttie

bags

object to the surface.

When

the

float the

fill

the

fuel,

lift

bags with

which

into the Nadir's

is

later

lighter-

pumped

fuel supply.

(

rV <*

^

3f%:

I^Bi

I

"% >?v

-

Cr RMS

second

In June 1993, a

Titanic expedition

pleted tifteen 8-to-12-hour dives and retrie\'ed eight

additional

artifacts

— many

of exceptional

historical

com-

In

liner's giant

reciprocating engine.

On

en bigger

some 70

in

hn

his

gash

in

Eaton,

two

closely

examined

boot-shaped slab

the

first-class

berths

wall of

— unoccupied

C8 1 which were

cabins C:79 and

ghost-

,

located next to the cabin occupied

chandeliers and peered through

a great

1993 and

formed part of the outer

Robin explored its

of the stem wreck-

feet east

1994. According to Hariand and Wolffs David

and danger-

the grand staircase with

relic

age, the piece had been discovered in

Livingstone

ly

e\

in the debris field. Situated

this mission,

remote-controlled robotic camera capable of venturing into areas

Nnittilc.

—an amidships section of

the Titanic\ hull, 14 feet wide and 23. S feet long, that was lying

and measured

ous for

Titanic-IFREMER team

interest,

technicians also explored the hull of the Titanic with Rubin, a

that are too confined

RMS

1996, the

attempted to recmer in

including one of the ship's great whistles, a double lifeboat davit,

and part of the

August

hundred

by

the Titanic^ side

Stead,

T.

VV.

into the liner's mail-sorting

room,

British journalist.

where sacks of undelivered

letters

the piece,

the

renowned

The weight of

more than

three stories

have rested since April 1912. The

high and t\vo stories wide, was

following summer, Nnutile com-

estimated to be about 22 tons.

pleted eighteen

more

retrieve the

dives to the

Although the

wreck, retrieving

fragile relics that

1

996

gold pocket watch, souvenir plates from

Holland, and a passenger's binoculars.

On

this

plating, Nniiti!c\

stern

mission,

the

team

also

to raise

some 70

ton

which the

liner's

—

a massive, 3-

mooring

lines

were

raise

team managed

215

to float the piece

attached

it

then

to lifting bags filled with lighter- than

two and

fuel,

which floated the enormous

a half miles

up to the

surface.

lift

bags

raise the hull section to

onto

The

would then be winched

piece

— the Jim

a reco\er>' ship

\essel sailing

from

St.

Johns,

Kilabiik, a supply

Newfoundland

—to

be transported to North America for restoration

snapped one by one seas,

and

down water diesel

would, they hoped,

feet of the surface,

but the nylon ropes holding it,

that

the surface.

the giant piece of metal,

NiuitUr fastened a wire cable around

with cables and

hin-

dered recovery attempts. The

within

once attached. To

it

then connected the cables to

steel rings,

wreckage (previous spread

reco\ered an immense

equipment from the ship

bitt to

was

feet east of the

and above), bad weather piece of

crew rigged

a huge

section of hull plating that situated

To

hull

expedition

included a camteam attempted

era, a

huge section of

in

the piece floated to the

sea bottom.

bitt

landed, upright miles from

its

in

the

it

violent

back

and exhibition.

Unfortunately,

bad weather

plagued the recovery attempts. Although the team

It

mud, 10

original position.

exentually raised the piece to within 2 surface, the n\ion ropes holding

it

1

5 feet of the

snapped one by

Dr.

Stephane Pennec of LP3 Conservation

i

France studies the amount of corrosion on the T/ton/c's

bitts. Left:

unrecovered of the

Another in

the

set of bitts

murky waters

ocean bottom.

..£

one

in \iolent, 12- to 14-foot waves,

down

mud, 10

the

bags

still

—where

"The ocean

gi\es

George Tulloch. "We

neglected to

it

and the

hull piece floated

landed,

embedded

no quarter,"

tailed

on

this

Conservation in France, "that we have had to deal with

back

efforts take place in

lift

subjected to

reflected expedi-

attempt because we

We

much

shallower water, where objects ha\e been

no

light at

freezing temperatures, acidic

bottom

into wine botties

won't make that mistake again."

more

pressure and is

greater than the atmosphere

of deep ocean recoxery with the nincteenth-centur\' technology

of winching and rigging.

less

Titanic, howexer, there

coordinate the n\enn'-first-century technolo-

carefiilly

artifacts that

have been in water so deep and so long." Most shipwreck recovery

upright in

miles from the Titmiic^s wreck, with six of its eight

attached.

tion leader

g\-

bottom

to the sea

At the depth of the

light.

all,

hardly any oxygen, near-

silt,

and pressure 400 times

— pressure high enough

to push corks

and crush the hollow handles of forks and spoons.

Deep-sea microorganisms that metabolize metal have stained

RMS the

Titanic still hopes die

Titanic artifact

tion. Nearh-

fi\'e

one day be

facts

with black

sulfides.

The

has corroded

copper.

thousand smaller

fibers

been successMly recovered from

ap.u't

— and the challenge of pre-

thciii

the sea

serving limits

objects

them

ha\e,

and conservation science. The

— ranging

and metal

from clothing

ship's fittings to leather suitcases

and

Salts Dr.

porcelain howls

—

are

among

And under

objects,

iron and

the

sea,

the only artifacts in

the world ever recovered from such tremendt>us

Stephane Pennec

Martine Plantec

(left)

the

and

making

decompose,

extremely weak and porous.

recovered

objects

must be treated immediately

of deep-ocean archaeolog)'

objects

made of

of organic materials break

All

expanding the

is

many metal

especialh- those

collec-

however,

Titanic

arti-

electrochemical activity of sea water

of the publicly

centerpiece

displa\'ed

large hull piece will

after

many

thev are exposed to

air,

would quickly

to crumble.

embedded

in

start

or

ceramics, for example, can

and

(right) carefully

repack the contents of a recov-

crystallize

and rupture delicate glazes. And the

surface of retricxed metal objects, especially those

ered suitcase— clothing, gloves,

depths, near the abyssal zone of the Atlantic

Ocean. Conser\ators and archaeologists know

\er\'

little

about what happens to different matenals

this

extraordinary

in

and a suit— in order

"It's

the

Left:

These recovered chandeliers are are immediately placed

environment.

in

fizzling in air.

ship

until

oxygen

and steaming,

Wood,

leather,

paper, and other organic objects can also deteriorate quickly

aboard

to

water

first

time," said Dr. Stephane Pennec of Atelier LP,^

made of ir
when exposed

to stabilize

them before treatment.

if

allowed to dry, since bacteria and

they can be

treated in the lab.

fungi grow

more quickly when

these materials

:.,

and

are exposed to oxygen,

As

their shape.

a result,

siion as they arc

with

a sort

immediately stabilized

remove

brought up to the surface. After careful cleaning

brush, they are placed

salts

h'rance

first

laboratory

aluminum megaphone

(HDP) was chosen

RMS

at

L<5cated in Burgund\',

There,

Dr.

Pennec

and former director of

— and

lali

ports that once adorned a deck bench. Since sea

water conducts

in

ions

other objects

faces

from dissolved

Although

ire

irs

research

and paper Conservators

at

textiles,

LPS

approach to restoration

some

made of

that the objects convey realit)' if

—

ittcry terminal,

lie

alt

At LP3 Conservafion expert

in

in

Burgundy, France, an

paper restoration painstakingly

cleans a deck of cards belonging to

they have suffered.

As soon

as the objects are received

too

dense substances or

a

—conserva-

them

to a negative

and covering them with

current pulls the negative ions

out of the

artifact,

effectively

moving the corrosion.

the belief

more meaning and

are

those that

metal cage connected to a positive ter-

min

they display the effects of the traumas

less

lemical baths, wiring

— removing

in

artifacts

— particularly

can often partly reverse the corrosion

corrosion and restoring die items to their

appearance upon discover)

seams and cracks.

as

metallic

ocess bv placing the metal objects in

team

wood,

take a

in

to attack uneven sur-

nation of several metals

marine archaeology, ethno-

graphic materials, metals,

salts

d to save

pri\'ate collec-

EDF

metal objects soaked

of the metal, such

— archaeologist

tlie

electricitv',

the ocean conduct a tiny current, causing negative

laboratories.

Dr. Martine Plantec head a

of specialists

imalist

Captain Smith to the intricate sand-cast bronze sup-

LPS performs most

of its work for museums and

from an

may have been used by

that

)

LPS Conservation, one of

independent

affiliated

all

water to leach

then treated to

B

Titanic expedition. Because of the \ast nuni

have been treated

tions.

de

to restore objects fro

ber of artifacts recovered since 1987,

EDF's

Electricite

at

in deionized

Artifacts arc

for restoring metal objects,

arlv effective

transfer to an on-shore conserxation laboratory.

research

salts.

and other potentially damaging impurities that have

molts, condition reports, and photograp!

The

washed repeatedly

accumulated deep inside the material. Electrolysis can be particu-

foam-lined tubs of water on

in

lab, the\' are

out contaminating surface

as

and documented with detailed

ship

the

bv the

their long-saturated fibers can lose

artifacts are

all

JL-

Scientists acts

Howard s

Irwin.

ing

The playing cards were recovered dur-

an expedition

to the

wreck

working with the Titanic

have also found that electric cur-

site in

1

993.

can remove

wood

as well.

from paper,

leather,

These materials

are also

salts

Sulfides

have blackened

this artifact,

wooden model "aeroplane" instructions

propeller

kit

and rubberbands Left:

White Star

A

silver plate,

a

child's

complete with

for

a wind-up

bearing the

Line logo, after treatment.

trcitcd with chemical agents to

remo\e

rust

and fumigated

an environment of controlled temperature and

in

if

they appear to be contaminated by mold. In addition, polyethyl-

humidity and kept away from sunlight. Historians are also con-

ene glycol, a water-soluble wax, can be injected into organic

sultecl to

wood and

objects such as

leather to

till

the spaces

left b\'

water

as

Hundreds of the Titnmc\

they dry. Conservators are treating in astonishing array of organic

materials that ha\e sur\ived

more than eight decades on the

Atlantic tloor. Entire suitcases ha\e been recovered, with

North

trousers, shirts,

and gloves

treasure, howeser,

is

the

still

packed

inside.

The

greatest Titanic

immense amount of paper reccnered

fi-om

the wreck, from sheets of music to personal letters and bank notes.

These

and

discoxeries,

amazed

their remarkably

bottom of the

eight\- years

were

the National Maritime

sti

fullv

readable again througl

Tennessee, and

techniques.

tirst

freeze-dried

They

water.

are

Papers to

"Nobody

Titanic artifacts

their

them

xx ill

trax el

shape.

All

—

Memphis,

as well as in

exhibitions of

North America and

to cities throughout

Ultimately,

RMS

Titanic

manent home

a per-

for

the

collection.

Before that,

plans

to

are

launch

waterborne exhibit can

these

carry

around die

—proxiding nection

a

that

fragile

xxorld

a phxsical con-

witli

one of

tlie

most compelling tragedies of

are

remoxe

all

mold and

at

— an event

the largest exhibition atten-

museum

objects

reco\ered

part of

hopes to construct

aftei

rime and keeping

inemon- and

then treated to

against

Greenwich, England

Europe.

A passenger's protect

\ ital

ha\e been conserxed and

Hamburg, Germany. Subsequent

newlx- developed conserxa

tion

in

more than 700,000 people,

)red inside leathe

and man\' can be mad

Museum

the historx' of the

in

protect:

bags,

relics

dance

from decomposition becair they were

a

the xxorld. Displays in France,

that drew

the

at

become

Norway, and Sweden have been followed by major exhibitions

Most of

the ocean.

materials

now being exhibited around

that papei

could ha\e been recoxered"

more than

are

good condition, ha\e

conservators. "It's unbelievable," Pennec said.

would ha\e thought

help identity the artifacts, which

the Titniiic\ ongoing historical record.

resi;

restore

artifacts

arefulK'

legacx

the

of the

stack of postcards will

be restored using new techniques paper conservation.

'Titanic for

alixe.

senders and crexx

members

A

conservator carefully separates

of postcards after freeze-drying

remove

all

moisture.

Left:

glazed pot displaying

A

tfie

this stack

tfie

paper

recovered

to

Italian

Wfiite Star logo

j^^^.gfc^^-:^

•Mr

A to

letter

found

Howard

in

a bag belonging

Irwin,

who may have

been a passenger under an assumed

name

—

a Mrs. Shuttle Shuttle,

was from

the mother

who was

Mrs. Shuttle's it

It

of Pearl

a Canadian variety-show

performer

"Yes,

and

after traveling to Australia

other parts of the globe.

I

letter

reads

must seem strange

in part:

to

be

in

a country at Christmas time and see no snow but

I

would

like to

oranges growing and that got ripe

on the

see the

one

to taste

must

tree they

be so much nicer than the ones we get here that are pulled green.

Hoping you

will

on Christmas and I

.

.

.

hove a pleasant time

New

Year

.

.

.

and

wish you prosperity wherever you go. Yours sincerely, Mrs. Shuttle."

«VH1TE STAR LINE ^ ASECOMO ClASS*
t 41^11

IT 1

14

-_"¥

.1

irSr

This rtock colihcote, belonging to

Fronz Pufcoum, wo»

(or jhorei in

on 'anouiemenl devKe' compony

Poiienger's poit cord

itifciriiftiiuu

•<

A $5

note (rom ihe Cr

'

Silver-plated serving tray.

•<

Gilded chandelier from a

first-class staircase

'^

landing.

lips

compass.

© A

Set of gold, black onyx,

and diamond

cufflinks.

champagne

bottle with cork

still

in

place.

A

Corked

jar of olives.

H'

.,

T

Ceramic serving

c

platter.

^^^'^^xc^i^i^^^

Miniature souvenir v/atering can.

nW'*:;-~, A

{V

^

K

Silver

box containing

buttons, cufflinks,

i^

\

k"

)4

A

This Steward's cotton jacket rolled

up

corrosion.

H-^iJJg>

into It

a

boll

was found

and badly

was marked

stained by iron

with the nanne "Broome,'

and a buckle

I^^SOLD BY §1

Natural

bristle

shaving brush.

.,

£

i ^1^.

y \

The titanic has held

suffered the nightmarish events in die

the interest

of people around the world

like

dark seas of the North Atiantic.

no other Quantities of paper have been

ship in history, huleed,

it

is

This book

difficult to recovered from

commanded

debris

had been stored

items

of war, terrorism, or assassination, that has so

tfie

Many

decomposition.

New

memory of

dedicated

to

the

those passengers and crew

in leather

members who

bags, which protected them from

the public's attention for

is

field in

remarkably good condition.

think of an event, other than political acts

conservation

perished. Their lives will

also continue to be tangibly

remembered

techniques are rendering these

nearly a century.

however,

fact

This book

is

With the passage of years,

and

fiction

can become

but one element of

easih' intern\ined.

RMS

Titanic, Inc.'s,

mission to ensure tliat die story of the Titanic

is

pre-

ser\ed tacuially for fliture generations and shared with the public.

The impact and importance of

this

work,

howex'cr, arc not limited to the chronicling of tacts and e\'ents.

Those who read

this

\'olumc cannot help but be

touched by the experiences of those from

who

all

through objects that have been recov-

papers readable again.

walks of lite

enjoyed the grandeur of the Titanic and

who

then

ered from the wreck

pages of fi.iture

this

book.

site,

On

many of which appear a

broader

in the

scale, present

and

generations can also "feel" the magnitude of

the tragedy and relate to the

human

experiences of

those aboard the Titanic by viewing these recovered objects in public exhibitions.

These objects might nexer have been to the public. In the

wake of the

1985, there was no plan

a\ailable

Titanic'^ discovery in

in place to

protect the wreck

site

or the objects that surrounded the Titanic on the ocean

floor.

To

its

everlasting credit,

IFREMHR— the

graphic institute that codiscovered the Titanic in 1985

nized the vulnerability of the Titanic following

its

Our philosophy

—recog-

Titanic'i

the

say,

IFREMER sought

do."

had the resources to finance an

agreed to

IFREMER's

1987

in

for a research

J.

company

Cal\itt C:iarke,

that has

been awarded the

Jr.,

and

is

the

five

RMS

status

my

site. It is

not what you

who

have labored

friendship

with

Chappaz, Arnie

many

Geller,

welcome

this

I

must recognize Nargeolet, late

Dr.

Robert

Matt Tulloch, the Connecticut partners,

Haas and Jack Eaton, Michel Stahlbcrger, and

Titanic

Brad Stillman and Mark Davis, both of

colossal bitts that secured the Titanic during her

I

Pennec, the

Stephane

RMS

—ranging from the

what you

a disservice to the

others,

Commander Paul-Henry

Deuchar, Dr.

Titanic through

thousand objects fi-om the

and voice

he

tirelessly in this effort.

may seem

singling out individuals

historians Charles

trials

whom

over

its

counseled

RMS

salvor-in-possession

Brovm Haisman status.

(seated) looks

as

not what you

feel. It is

Titanic with dignin- and respect.

objects

an astonishing collection, selected

for diversity, message,

it is

is

dedicated to preserving and protecting the

around the world

Stephen

of

Survivor Edith

wreck

is

owner of all the

recovered fi-om the Titanic. During four expeditions, has recovered nearly

Titanic

contributions and sacrifices of so

sah'or-in-possession of the Titanic h\ order of United States District

Court Judge

not what you think,

RMS

tions

expedition to the Titanic.

Titanic, Inc., a public

it is

And, while

and recovery

This small, original group has grown to become

Thomas Andrews,

opportunity' to acknowledge the coundess people and institu-

CxMinecticut group

requirements, risked substantial capital,

IFREMER

and chartered

A

perished.

Titanic echoes the thoughts of

designer and builder,

memory of the

expedition and that would agree to maintain any artifacts recov-

ered as a collection for public exhibition.

RMS

at

expressed them in his 1910 Christmas card: "It

discovery.

Lacking funding to recover and protect objects from the Titanic, a partner that

memory of those who

eternal reminders of the

French oceano-

on as

And

lastly,

I

want to thank Allan Carlin,

fellow survivor

Michel Navratil prepares to throw flowers overboard during a

mv to

who

daily colleague,

me and

to this

has been an inspiration

book and much more than an

memorial at the spot where the

docking

in

Southampton, England, to

a steward's Titanic

white linen waistcoat and a passenger's playing cards.

These objects speak

directl\'

of the people

and of

aboard the Titanic. All convey the enormity- of the

human

tragedy of the Titanic' s sinking and serve as

sank 84 years earlier The

two were among

1

,600 passengers

three survivors

vMo

sailed out

New York to the site

Tltanic's

sinking

whose

me

RMS

Titanic,

and

unfailing support has

to give so

my

made

much of myself to

it

wife, Cindy,

possible for

the Titanic.

of the

aboard the

Breeze on August 27,

attorney for

1

Gcorcie Tulloch, IslancJ

996.

President of

RMS

Titanic, Inc.

I

i

TRIPLE

SCREW R.M.S. "Til (Combination of Turbine ant

ONE OF THE

TWO

LARGEST STEAI

8826

Feet-Brea

DECK A

(Upper Promi

Length

Deck Plans of the Titanic This deck plan, in

one

of only two

existence today,

was

known

printed

just

to

be

eleven

days before the maiden voyage. The plan, issued by the

White Star

Line, contains last-

minute changes

to the Titanic

and

includes the position of every deck chair. The actual size of the plan

is

shown

roughly 3 feet

x 4 feet wide.

It

below, and

the following spread. (Printed

in

is

in

its

entirety at

with permission of the owner, Stanley Lehrer)

46,328 TONS.

PLAN

OF

left,

FIRST CLASS ACCOMMODATION.

11..K1V.

.IL T».

>M.

..

m

BRIOCe DECK

POOP oecH

(Bl

^

^WMMMiWf^f^W\

FORECASTLE DECK.

ORLOP DCCK.

^"n

Photo

Credits

Archive Photos: 44a, 45. Anita Brosius: 111. Father Francis M. Brown. S.

Richard N. Carter: 97,

1

1

Collection:

J.

5,

1

1

6d-e,

1

iv,

21, 46a-b, 47, 52b, 53a, 58a, 73, 81a, 81c.

38- 139,143,1 46- 47. 1

Corbis Bettman: xv-xiv, 57f, 85, 89, 90b, 93a, 98a, 99b, 100 (Underwood

Underwood), 107,

11

2

(UPI),

1

17

images from

Cyberflix, Inc, rendered

& Underwood),

101, 102a, 104, 105b (Underwood

&

(UP!).

Titanic:

Adventure Out of I/meCD-ROM:

xvii-xvi,

40-41

,

62-63, 71

Michael Findlay: 80a, 82, 83a-b, 83d, 98b.

Simon

Fisher: 14-15,

James

Flood: 92.

76-77, 94-95.

Charles Haas Collection: 86a-c.

IMAX Corporation/TMP:

vii,

108.

Stanley Lehrer Collection: 29c, 30a, 32a (photo by Michel Friang), 38c,

52a (photo by Michel

Friang), 61a-d,

75a-b (photo by

Michel Friang), 87c, 90a, 91, 93b, 102, 103b, 192-195 (photo by Michel Friang). Library of Congress: 17a, 26, 27a, 28, 29a, 31b, 37, 38b, 39a, 65c, 66a, 96, 103a, 105a.

Mariners'

Maritime

Museum, Newport News,

Museum

Virginia: xix-xviii.

of the Atlantic, Halifax,

Nova

Scotia: 53b.

National Geographic Magazine Image Collection: 78 (George Mobley), 113, 114 (Davis Meltzer),

124 (Richard

Schlect),

127 (William

1

20 (Emory

Kristof),

1

22-1 23,

H. Bond).

National Maritime Museum, London: 32b-33, 110, 118-119.

New

York Public Library: 59

Polaris Imaging:

RMS Titanic

1

38d, 141a-b, 142.

Inc.: xiii-xii, xi, x, ix, viii,

i,

1, 2, 3, 5, 6,

7b, 8a-d,

1

1,

57a-d, 65a-b, 66b, 67b, 70b, 70f, 74, 79, 80b, 84a, 88a-e, 109, 136a-b, 137a-b, 138a-c,

1

17b, 27b, 29d, 30b, 34a, 36a, 39b-c, 43a-d, 44b, 49a-b, 1

16b, 121a-b, 125, 128, 129a-b, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135a-b,

38e, 139a-c, 140, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150a-b, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159a-b, 160, 161a-b, 162,

163, 164-165, 166, 167b, 168, 169, 170a, 173b, 174b-d, 175b-c, 176a-c, 177a, 177c, 178, 179a-c, 180a-g, 181a-d, 182a-d, 183a-c, 184a-e, 185a-b, 186a-d, 187a-d, 188, 191, 206.

RMS Titanic

Inc.

/ LP3 Conservation:

xxii,

46c, 57e, 58b, 66c, 69a, 70a, 70c, 70d-e, 70g-h, 87a-b, 157, 167a, 170b, 171a-b,

172, 173a, 174a, 175a, 175d, 177b, 179d, 181f, 189.

Steamship Historical Society Collection, University of Baltimore Library: Ulster Folk

&

Transport

Museum:

xxi-xx,

iii-ii,

7,

64, 67a, 68, 69b, 116c.

Ed Walker:

4,

50-51.

Wetterholm Collection / Harland

&

36b, 38a, 39d.

10, 13, 16, 20a, 22a-b, 23, 24-25, 29b, 29e, 31a, 34b-c, 35, 42, 48, 54-55, 56, 60,

Wolff: 18-19, 20b, 72, 84b, 88f, 99a.

Selected Bibliography

Lemonick, Michael D. Ballard, Dr. Robert D. The Discovery of ihe Titanic. Toronto:

Madison

Press

Tours the Titanic." Time. July 28,

"J. J.

1

986. 987.

Lemonick, Michael D. 'Tempest over the Titanic." Time: Aug. 3,

1

Lemonick, Michael D. "Treasures Reclaimed from the Deep." Time:

Nov

Books, 1987.

Lord, Ballard,

Dr Robert

D.

"How We Found Titanic."

Bonsall, Thomas E. Titanic: The Story York: Gallery Books, 1989.

National Cecjgnaphic: Dec.

of the Great White Star Line

Trio.

1

985,

New

Walter The Night Lives On.

William Morrow,

Lynch, Don. Titanic:

An

Illustrated History.

New York:

Marcus, Geoffrey. The Maiden Voyage. London:

a Legend." Discovery Channel Online

Brown, Richard. Voyage of the Iceberg.

New York:

Beaufort Books,

Churchill. "Sealed Orders." Collier's:

May

4,

Dane, Abe. "A Ghostly Return." Popular Mechanics: Aug. Titanic.

New York:

Alfred A. Knopf,

1

1

91

1

Technology

in

Western

and

"A Titanic

Marschall, Ken. 1

New

992.

1

English Library, 1974.

Task."

USA

Today.

Nov

995.

1

McDowell, William. The Shape of Ships. London: Hutchinson

983.

Murphy, Jamie. "Down

2.

into the

A

Pellow, James,

Lifetime

on

lor the Titanic

the Titanic: The

Oldest Survivor of the

&

Co., 1950,

Deep." Time: Aug. 11,1 986.

Murphy, Joy Waldron. 'The Search

992.

987.

Britain's

Drucker, Peter F 'Technology

955.

1

996.

1

http//www.discovery.com7area/science/titanic/titanicopenerhtml

Davie, Michael.

987.

1

Hyperion, 1992.

Maclnnis, Joe. "An Eerie Graveyard." Maclean's: Jan. 27,

Candee, Helen

2,

986

Men's Journal: February 1997.

Boyer, Jim. 'That Sinking Feeling." Boyer, Jim. "Titanic: Raising

1

A Night to Remetrier. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wnston,

Waller

Lord,

New York:

Is

Over" Smithsonian Aug.

1

986,

Biography of Edith Haisman London: Island Books, 1995,

Titanic Disaster.

Society in the Twentieth Century."

Civilization, Vol.

II.

Lxxidon:

Oxford

1967.

University Press,

Powell, Steward, "Journey through the Portholes of a Gilded Past," U.S. July 28, 1986.

News

& World Report: Eaton, John P,

and Charles A. Haas.

Titanic:

New

Destination Disaster.

York:

W.W.Norton, 1987.

Priestley, J. B.

Eaton, John R, and Charles A. Haas. York:W.W. Morton, 1994.

Titanic:

Triumph

and

Tragedy

New

Reid,

The Edwardians.

Sydney "The

The White Star Geier, Thorn. 'Tragic Treasure." U.S.

News & World Report.

Sept

9,

1

996,

p.

1

0.

Man

with Titanic Vision." Discover. Jan.

1

Harper

&

Row,

and

Titanic.

All

Kinds of Ships." Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, Ubrary of America, 1992.

New York:

and Verne, Jules.

A Floating City.

Alan, Men, Ships,

London: Bernard Hamison

and the

Sea. Washington,

Ltd.,

DC:

Villiers,

Hoffman, William, and Jack Grimm. Beyond Reach: The Search lor the Titanic. New York: Beaufort Books, 1 981

Villiers, Alan. Wild Ocean: The Story of the North Atlantic Sailed It New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957.

The Era of Holmes, Sir George C. V. Ancient and Modem Ships: Part Steam, Iron & Steel. London: Wyman & Sons, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1906.

Wade,

Geographic

II.

Titanic:

A Modem Legend.

Wyn

Society,

1

958.

Nohonol

1962,

Craig. The Titanic:

End of a Dream.

and the Men Who

London: Penguin Books,

Wilson-Smith, Anthony 'That Sinking Feeling." Maclean's: Sept. 9,

1

1

980.

996.

Dorset: Waterfront

1993.

Hutchinson, Gillian. "Titanic Today." Hyslop, Donald, Alastair Forsyth,

USA Today March 995,

and

1

Wozniak, Rhonda. "A Place for Miracles." Voyage 22, the Journal of Tianic International Inc.: Winter 1 996.

pp. 58-69.

Sheila Jemima. Titanic Voices.

Southamption: Southomption City Council, Inglis,

York:

:

Twain, Mark. "About

Haas, Charles A. "A Journey of Time." Voyage 22, the Journal of Titanic International Inc. Winter 1996.

RMS

New

Arco Publishing Cb., 1970. Tulloch,

987.

Guthrie, John. Bizarre Ships of the Nineteenth Century. South Brunswick I^Jew York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1 970

Publications,

970.

Disaster" The Independent: April 25, 1912.

Screv^ Atlantic Liners Olympic

&Essays, 1891-1910.

Hutchings, David F

1

Matthew, "North Atlantic Preludes." Voyage 22, the Journal of Titanic International Inc. Winter 1 996.

Gibbs, Commander C. R. Vernon. Passenger Uners of the Western Ocean. London: Staples Press, 1952.

Golden, Frederick. "A

'Titanic'

Triple

New York:

1

994.

William. 'The True Story of the Disaster." Harper's Weekly. April 27,

The Economist 1

91

2.

Kranzberg, Melvin, and Can-oil W. Pursell, Jr. "The Promise of Technology for the Twentieth Century." Technology in Western Civilization, Vol. II London: Oxford University Press, 1967.

The

New

York Times

The Outlook

74 84 148 Lenox-Conyngham Alice, 73 Denis, 73 Eileen, 73

97

Marcelle,

to Touraine,

58, 97, 191

Lee, Reginald,

Michel

Leighley, H.

Michel (Sr), 58,

P.,

(Jr.),

Rappahannock, 74 Regina Water Research

97

Institute,

Review of Reviews, 59

NewVorfc, 49, 61,66

Risdon Beosley Limited,

York Vmei, The,

2,

1

RMS Titanic,

Robert D. Conrad,

Lewis, Arthur, 91

O

Robin, 136,

91-93

Livingstone, David,

Ryan, William,

occommodations ond

s

109

Low, Stephen,

Lowe,

HG,

21,26

speedsof, 14,

143

Oceon Voyager,

Mackay-Bennetl, 91, 104,

Olympic, 5,

109 Ma;"e5f/c,21,36, 49 March, John Starr, 56

Marine technology, Matthias, Paul,

1

1

2,

52,

1

31,34-41 20

McCawley, I W., 79 "Meet Me in New York," 89

lounge

and Chapman Derrick and Wrecking Company, Mesaba, 84 Michel, Jean-Louis, 115-116

propellers,

1

48 59, 83,

92

"Monster of the sea," 30 Moody, J. P, 84 Morgan, John Pierpont, 26,

(first

68-69

20

P P Shirsov

Institute of

Oceanography, 109 James Arthur, 52

Paintin,

Pennec, Stephone,

1

35,

1

35

49

30,

1

59,

162-163

Pierce, John, Pirrie,

Institute

Standards

&

1

26,

1

35,

169-170 Podesto, John,

1

35

Polyethylene glycol,

1

72

20

Propellers,

145, 151-152, 160-161,

Pulbaum, Fronz, 66, 107,

175

166

70

T President William

131-156

48

from See

salvage

boilers,

22

Artifacts,

Ley, Holger,

Verne, Jules,

135, 158 J.

Stuart,

87

105 White Star Dock, 46 WhiteStorLine, 21,26, 29,

126 1

43-44, 56

57- 58 1

French/American expedi

115-116, 121,

competition strategy,

George, 59, 83 Horry,

59

Wilde, H. T, 73

166-169

Wilding, Edward,

expedition (1980),

26

Widener,

126, 132, 135-152,

Grimm

35

W

Whitely, Thames,

tions,

1

33 66

White, Mrs.

Willesden, Bishop

141-143 47

of,

Williamson, James Bertram,

111-112 James Goldsmith,

43-44, 58, 71

Van der

166-169. See o/soArti

Douglas Woolley, 110-111

17,42,45,47, 50-51,60,76-77,93,108

58,

V

facts

controversy over,

Titanic, 10,

1

1

111

161-163,

Teutonic, 21

Jack,83,98, 103, 144 John B., 66, 83

35,

102

Wetterholm, Claes-Goren,

1

1

Charles Smith, 110

Howard, 59

1

Jr.,

Walt Disney Productions,

salvage, 109-130,

Thayer

artifacts

1

52

safety features, 27, 49,

Bollard's expedition (1986),

Titanic,

R Ramsey, Chris,

58,

George,

Vulcan, 6),

artifact recovery,

analysis of disaster,

132-136,138,140-141,

1

113

Isidor,

Jr.,

M,

169,173 Twain, Mark,

promenade deck (second class), 54-55 propellers, 8-20

Ida, 59,

35

2

1

screw steamer, 20

Tulloch,

157-172

accommodations and amenities, 31, 34-39,

87

Polaris Imaging,

148 Nautile, 2, 3, 9,

Plantec, Mortine,

of

Technology,

William James, 26,

30,34

Nargolet, Paul-Henri, 9,

135, 145, 158, 161, 190

1

Triple

43-78

Arthur Hickey,

1

14,21,26

twentieth century,

Tucker, Gilbert

pre-collision,

Taft,

John, 52, 74, 79,

81,84,97

New

passengers, 56-59, 61

Sutehall, Henry,

Petron, Christian,

1

61,66 outfitting, 24-25

collision with

Vorli,

Strong, Mike,

1

in

Spiess, Fred,

135

167, 169-170

Phillips,

near

92 59, 92

ocean conditions, passengers, 20-21 ship speeds,

final

56

36, 44, 47, 79-80, 83,

Straus

4,

nineteenth century,

11-12,21 68-69,

(first class),

preparations,

route of,

1

21,26

86,91

1

See also

Transatlantic travel.

in

71

O, 53 111-112 Stanbrook, Gus, 87 Stead, W.T, 59, 73, 166 Steel, brittle, 44, 48 Stephenson, Martha, 88 St. Louis, 49 St. Paul, 49

26 Salvage Company,

111

34

Spedden, Fredrick

Moll Gazette, 59

Pellegrino, Charles,

N 1

lounge

of,

3,

Maritime Memorial 1

Titanic

67

maiden voyage

1

P

Philadelphia,

30 Murdoch, William, 86

class),

maiden voyage, 36

Pall

Millet, Francis D.,

74

110

John Richard Jago, 56

49

30

67

elevators,

Merritt

1

Smith

1

European competition,

launch, 23, 30,

Captain Edward John, 6,

coal miners strike and,

35,

1

Shuttle, Pearl,

30

grand stoirwoy, 28-29

Charles,

construction of, 26,

Miller, Scott,

54

center anchor,

140-142

1

1

7, 30, 34, 36,

Act,

crew composition, 52, 56 cutaway view, 32-33 deck plan, 192-201 elevators,

accommodations and amenities,

30

1

36

6

43,47

Mauretania, 14, 26

National

1

1

138-139

101-107

dimensions, 33

87

Shutes, Elizabeth,

location of,

Titanic

survivors,

construction of, 26,

66, 84, 87,

Shipyard workers,

M

Nadir, 9,

2

1

Shipbuilder, The, 34,

technological

121

field,

152-155

warnings, 74, 80,

83-84

Shepard, Jonathon, 97

34,36

14-15, 26, 66,

ice

80

103, 107

construction, 17, 26, 30,

56, 96, 103

LP3 Conservation, 169 iusitan/o,

1

Scarrett, Joseph,

126

Lord, Wolter, 110,

debris

damage, 85-87, 141-143

iceberg

1

Ryerson, Mrs. Arthur,

Transatlantic travel

144, 151, 166

1

166 Rowe, George, 92 Rusticles, 152-155

See also names;

liners.

specific ship

35,

1

to, 118-119, 122-126, 148-152

158

Oceon/c, 21,49, 93

Ocean

Charles, 44, 56,

80,91,97-98, 103

148-152

sections,

damage

break-up, 143-144,

decomposition

36,49 Noordam, 80

Lighfoller,

1

c

wreck

Titanic, 1

79-107. See

132, 135,

Inc.,

LeSuroit, 115, 121

Lifeboots, 27,

74

fire,

coal miners strike and, ^ collision,

Neptune, 61

New

coal

135

1

1

John Pierce, smoking room, 64-65 1

1

1

56 Wireless service, 81

Woody, Oscar

S.,

56

stateroom, 34,

62-63

Woolley, Douglas, 110-111

wireless system

breakdown,

Woolner, Hugh,61

74

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99 1

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A resident of New

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Author Susan Wels

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most recent books have included The Olympic Games, America: Then

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RMS

Titanic, Inc. was granted sal\'or-in-pos.session rights

to the wreck of the Titanic by a United States Federal

1994. The company has undertaken the ical

Court order

in

responsibilit\' for the histor-

preservation of the wreck through restoring recovered artifacts

and keeping these artifaas together private collectors.

The company

and the surrounding ocean

as a collection

without

sale to

continually explores the wreck

areas; obtains

oceanographic materials;

pro\ides scientific education; and increases public awareness of the Titanic through worldwide touring exhibitions of artifacts.

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On

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da\s after setting

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sail

n.ght of Sunday, April 14, 1912, just

five

on her maiden \oyage, the Titanic steamed

fiill

starlit

North x\dantic

icefield, collided

with an iceberg, and

sank within three hours, sending more than 1,500 passengers and crew

o

their deadis.

For more than eight\

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world had ever seen, her passengers and maiden \oyage, the temtymg night of die sinldng, the dramatic discovery, reco\er\', and conservation

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