Wrought Ironwork - Blacksmith Book

WROUGHT IRONWORK

WROUGHT

IRONWORK A manual of instruction

for craftsmen

Published by RURAL DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION SALISBURY

PUBLICATION No. 55 Fint published in Autumn. 1953 Second impression ( m i e d ) Jonuary. 1957 Third impression (revised) Jannuw, 1961 Founh impression (revised) Septemk. 1963 FiJih impression (revised) August, 1968 Skth impression (revised) November. 1974 Sewnth impression (wised) July. 1978 Eighth impression. January. I981 Mnth impression (revised) March, 1989 Tenth impression. June. 1993 Eleventh impression. March. 1997

This book is the copyright ofthe RURAL DEVELOPMEh'TCOMMISSION 141 Castle Smer. Salisbury. Wltshire SPI 3TP ISBN 0 854070 07 9

Printed and bound in Greot Britain by Biddles Ltd. Guildford and King5 Lynn

CONTENTS PAGE

PREFACE

7

INTRODUCIlON

9

Tools Transferringadrawingon t o a metal plate

9

CHAPTER I

PART 1 MAKING AND FIXING SCROLLS

LESSON

I I 2 3

Ribbon-end scroll Fishtail-end scroll Solid snub-end scroll Fishtail snub-end scroll 4 Halfpenny snub-end scroll 5 Bolr-end scroll 6 Blow-over leaf scroll 7 Bevelled scroll 8 Makinga scroll tool 9 'C'scrolls 10 'S'scrolls I I Collars CHAPTER2

N S T S . WAVY BARS AND WATER LEAVES

LESSON

I2 Twists 13 Wavy bars 14 Water leaves CHAPTER 3 LESSON

15 Square blockings Tor gale rails CHAPTER*

PART II MAKINGANORNAMENTALGAW

LESSON

16 Height and width rod 17 The boltom heel bar 18 Tenon for the cenlre rail

12 I5

CHAPTER^ M A K I N G A N O R N A M E K T A L G A T E - ~ O ~ ~ ~ R U ~ ~ LESSON

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

The back stile The latch slot Venical ban Balls for the centre panel The centre panel The ride panel Dog bars Hanging for the gate The latch pivot The latch

CHAPTER 5 FJlTNGANDASSEMBLINO THE GATE

PAGE

66 69 69 70 72 74 78 78 81 82 84

LESSON '

...

29 30 31 32 33

Thejournal Slotting the middle rail Putting the frame together Fittingthe hanging, riveting thegate Securing the scrollwork

CHAPTER6

PART Ill PANTING WROUGHT IRONWORK

85 86 87 90 93

PREFACE In recent years, wrought ironwork has regained some of its previous popularity and it seems likely that the severity of our modem buildings may be relieved by this traditional form of decoration. Orders for wrought ironwork are welcomed by many rural blacksmiths, not only for the income they bring, but as a pleasant change from the daily routine of.an agricultural smithy. Some smiths are, however, out of practice and lack confidence in their skill. So this book has been prepared by the Rural Development Commission, which provides a national advisory service for rural craftsmen, to help them t o refresh their technical knowledge and to provide apprentices with a basic introduction to this subject. It will also supplement the practical instruction which the Commission gives to rural craftsmen in their own workshops. Detailed advice on design, which is a most imponant aspect of the craft is not given here; but a high degree of technical skill is of no avail if a sense of design is lacking. This can be developed by taking every opportunity to see fine examples of traditional and contemporary wrought ironwork, and by supplementing this with a careful study of the books which are listed on page 97. The Commission publishes a Catalogue of Drawings for Wrought Ironwork which is sold to the public, although the library of the working drawings is only available to rural craftsmen. The system of describing techniques by sequences of still photographs, briefly captioned, proved very s u ~ s s f u in l The Blacksmirh's Crafr and has been used again in this book. Where methods vary, the one most suitable for the beginner has been described.

U~T,&I..H~R \\\.it.K F hasa ~O pmcc V Tivhich ~~~ hclies itsstrcngrh, and i% panicularly suitcd to pates. n t l i n p ~ gritlc~. . siyn and lamp hmcketx. as wclI as ~ u c h hcarth furnitrirc as fire-does. wrccnr;, pokcnanrl tonrs. Thc first pan ofthc book Jcscrihc\ t tic making d r h c mclt*~co!~~rnon dccoratlvc tk~tutcsquch as SC~OIIS, \1.;12cr IC:I\CS.ivavy b a n and ~ W I E ~ E . The dillicul~acanthuq leaves and crnl.rosscd work arc not included In thr prcwnt volumc. Part 2 dc~crihciszcp hy s!cp thc malrtng ancl as\crnhl> o f a p t c . which includes r h c snmc tcrchniquc~as arc u ~ c din all tndikionnl docornt~vcironwork such grillcc. hncketq and hcnrth hrniturc. Tlic fin:tl chapter diccuc~cstlic prohlcmr; of painting ant1 rust prmr~ng.\r kno\\lcc!_ccol'hacic ~ r n i r h ~ n~cchniqucs p has hccn a ~ ~ l l r n c d t hiourhour, anti onl! thaw tools peculiar to ciccomtii c ironwork arc mcnz~z~ncd. nnric sm~thingtcchniqucz, heats anti tonlz; arc dcccribcd in Tftta flh~lrr.A~ r r t r r i t:r C'rl~f!.* Cnfismcn arc a lfo urged to sf ud! t hc bookson honk-kccp~np:costme, cqt ima~insant1 huslnt.\s mcthml~liqtctl on

paec V 7 . 1ht. lcchniques arc shown h!. scqucnccF ~Tphotognphswith concifc cxplnnatlon~tr hich arc intcndcd to rupplcmcnl: tn4truction on thc a n i i l . It ic hopcrl that thiq clear and pr:lc.rjcal mct hntl rv~llhclp the smith to nchit.\ c rE~chyhcst rr;lnd:irtl of ~ i o r k .

4%rvcll a r thc tool\ and cquipmrnt which c \ c p h l a c k m i ~ t hI c c p in hlc . Jllrcc .;crcrlP nrcnchc~ ;Ire >linun In Fic I : cc\cml: CLTCCarc ncucrur!, ta . i t l ~ the l \ l ~ n p carici \ r i t l ~h of tli tTcrcnt c r r d l \ .

Rnunti-norcd plicrr (Fip. 1) arc usctl for RrlpplnR the tip c>fthc ccroll to thc ~cr011 'toc~l.for ;~tllurl~ng Ihc c u n c ol' 3 r c r ~ l nearh i complc~ctt. and rnr firrinr: cn!lnr\. Iinw plicr, (I ic. 31 arc alfo u\cd for ftztinc c-ollnrr: thcy arc dcrienctl not to ~ W I I I ~ CCO F I : ~when ~ rhc! arc eripptl.

mm

:3.

L,'

1 lt* J

N'hcn ~ c v c r a scroll\ l arc rcquirrvl lo thr snmc dcsipn. ~t 8% uwnlly wor! h w h ~ l cma kin^ 3 wmll toot. ar adaptin!: one ib9rcatiy rnndc: mnkine ;I rcroll tool ~5 d c r r ~ h c don pacc -35.

uith a nnv-inch fi~lltr. Thc lop fhould hc curvctl a\ rhorrn anrl ~ h r rtlpc
T h c monkc) too!, side rct nnti hutchcr arc uwri in rnah~nc a ,houlrler. Tlrc monkey tooh Il it!. 5 ) I \ z ~ h~r yuartng d thc shouliicr.; of muntf tcnnn+. 3ithc cnd crl'!I~c tcnnn ic 3n d;inecr n f h u I l n ~ the ha\c of IIIC holc in thc rnonkct tool. rt c:tn hc rccn tfirouph the C ~ O F F - ~ O ~and L.

~honcnctl.

Thc side qct IFic. 61 is kor squaring ~ h c~houldcrp r c c + ~ w l ~thc ; cnrf 1% hcvcllcb to an ;rnclc crl'nhnut '5'. t'r, hurrhcr fi'ip. 7 ) 1% uqcful (or makine ~ h o t l k l f t quichly. r

For leaf work you will nccd a lcaf hnmmcr and a lcat tool (1-ic. H I and a crirnplng rml, .\ I c ~ I ' ~ oiso wrnpl? I n forkcd \take ~vrlhthc lnncr cdccs sEr~h~l! roundcd qo a5 nor In pall the Ic.il; l'hc hc:rtf of thc crlmr, tool (FIE.Qk I C iholl1~1~m1 ant1 rountlcd I l r crr mptnl: tlrc I C ~ V C I .

-

I

-Cb

h t t t y . Tor mmquring o r and marking. you will need a smith's squarc (Fig. 10). clividcs. and chn lk [Fig. 1 5 3 h ~ tnptnccn' h chalk for marking mcta2. and xhonlrmrn chalk for tmnrrcmnpdnwinp~on to mcral p1;tzr.

-

TOTmmfrr a Dmwlmon to a btctnl Prate Whmcvcr metal h n to ~ ht s h a r d hot to a drawing. thc drawinp must bt tmrnsfcrrcd toan Iron plate. A rhcct ofhrown papr. ~h;ilkmlon O ~ side C ir used E~kcc;irbnpaper 10 tr:lnrfcr~hedraw~ngontn thc plarc.

F I I ~

A Ft'rrrr chnorr a plprrofpEat~~ t f ah * ~ : r l i ~n(vthpr ~,r roil n t - nor ~ loo rrrril. Sprrnd clirf dri,hrrntmn pap-r. and fik. n prr-rr of t~l~rirml or rrhnnl

c-haIL o n In r r wrrh n harrard fiI(.

Rtrh rhr chrrlk in with j n w r . f i n ~ r r r

r

rip$.

s/

fl"

.

--

-

~ r m lir~rr k wiih rrrnnrt-rr'chalk.

CHAPTER I

MAKING A N D FIXING SCROLLS

Scrolls are used more oRen than any other motif in wrought ironwork. Their variety and grace enhances many of the finest designs; a mastery ofscroll-work is, therefore, the first essential. The beauty of a scroll depends upon its proportions. As a smith gains experience, he will train his eye to judge how heavy a section of metal to choose, the fineness o f t h e taper and how tightly to roll the scroll, and he will train his hand t o strike the hammer blows where they tell. There are no rules by which to determine the proportion of a scroll and even when working to drawings, a smith must use his own critical sense to ensure that each scroll hasa graceful flow. Practice in freehand drawing is a valuable training. A beginner should take a course in drawing if he can. If there is no school near enough to attend, then he should practise drawing a simple scroll true to line when he has a few moments to spare. At first he may find it surprisingly difficult, but ifhe perseveres he will find the training most useful when he comes to make a scroll in metal. This chapter describes nine dinerent types ofscroll, beginning with a ribbon-end scroll, which is the simplest, and progressing to the bevelled scroll. The scrolls have been explained before the scroll tool, because the making of the tool is best left until the smith has some experience of its use. The chapter ends with scrolls worked into a 'C' and an 'S', and the fixing of scrolls with collars. The side panels and centre panels for a gate described in Pan I1 are, typical examples of decorative scroll-work.

mrmraf rrrt m ~ h rIlur , nntltlmrr~hr~ tnprr (if1

\vI!.

c H'irh ~ h rlwr , ntt r*dr.r,,rnrrnrl rrp rhr rip nmrh:

H Sr-rrrl1.qrwra hm i r-rrrnpl~tldIJJ,this t~irarrs. Drrr ~hrnyart.jnrrrrJofir~trJittirlrrd utt a trhrc~ll rr)ol rrr slrnwn trr rr.

m... .I,. . -

a ~b

ma pnrr. 35. It n s hrrrpr to Irrmpitr on v r t p rnnrli. 1)y on r.rprrirrrrr*drlrirrr nnrl.rrr i t s.orkr l*+nrr ,,r(tk;r~xj.nw oirn. 7bke rr KI:'D hrwr ott rkv Iltfr. I'lrtrr*rhr lip r~{rlar,u.rnll b~hirhjrrrr hnrra I ; ~ ~ t - i l O I Y [IJVt i p tdt/tv srro/I 1ot11./ ! t ~ / rlscnr d fnpr.tEtr.r irurtll rnt~vrrl-nnrcd pltr~r.~. PrilE ~ hc-nd r rorir~ri./irr rnrvrrrrlr ttr c*rr\rrnorhnt ~11i~ cn(i w$'drtm.~cro!f 11nt /trtv111,~ r i p p ~ d ! I l P lO(#I.

L ,Bynow ~ I ccdd P rnii o f ~ l i.tcrtdl r ~vill grip rhr .rrrrrflroo1 h~ rtsi,ll:Cnt~tiri~te ,lnrtrrr rag rhr .rrroil.j)rcrrrfit h v n l r l ~ f ,?/O.TP It? f/M* .~~.ro/l fl)OI lrnir18tl \rrntt rvrr.rtrlt. I '~r11 atneli .rcrollr rnanh r . hrwf c n f l /IF ~ I I K . rnrun.7. F

Lessen 2

SOLID SNUB-END SCROLL

Tltim snub-md iFfirmed nlvgr the sqlrnrv ~lrc/nr.tirEP o f i l ~art~tl, r or. ifrlrr

L P ~ R TU I

C In order that a solid sntth-~nd.woIi sholi look grac~irl.~ h rnelnf r .~horrldhr forged lo Irs.r thntr half it.r originnl rhir.kn~ssfor a consrrlrrahl~aual7 hehind

I.l'hr.rr nrnkrrrq ntly h-~rrrl of rn~ih-~~rrdvd st+ri~/l o r a (I qcr(d/ too[. ir i . ~~i t d l trr ~ i p orru)!!fo .TI vtudrt~.ct-rol/LJ ~ C J N. It t ( ~ t ~ v i ! tf i~l t t ~ t ~ ~ icm~r t p ~ idi r r ~la v it1 I . r ~ . ~ f i r ~ E or1041. TIIPr~tr\*o o t - ~ ls~ t-rot! r nj II T I ,$it t!li, ~rroil ~nnland pnp rt. On no nccorrnt r ~ r r rr r I ~ P nrlj. nl rhv holdrvrrrlr I!t- ultrnt,rd ra

Lesson 3

FISHTAIL SNURENDSCROLL

Rrdlrcc lltc n~rrafan the hick #frlrt? mtril. l c o r i ~ atr r ~ trtrrorrcl;rd hrntp of rltc rrrri atirt a Fo11.qrapcr. 11IT ~hnlrnhcrc 01;

NIR~J,cold.

5 Tflk~ R IYEI-DING !war on r h rnrl in casr rife tnefal hns crockrrl. a n d j 1 r . t ~ ihr lrrnip itfro a broad, .sliortjshrrril.

h'orch t h cnd ~ as slroas. This, hl- rcntovitrantrplrrs mcrelfiotn IIIPcetllrp. ntnkm ir msicr In rnlE o r i ~ h srtd. t and prrtrtrts tlrrp ntirIcE11~ yffhc stf~dhjron~ hrrlgirr~~ t l h ~lrr ~ n i~rrrl fcrcr.~are /~ttrrrd.

Lesson 3 - cnnrinrrrri

0 8

Starrrrty ;ht-r.rrrtmnrr*! ~ ph,r . y ~ n10 rrrll rsp rht. rnltll twtl

Lesson 4

HALFPENNY SNUBENDSCROLL

As irr making n solidsnrth-end /.we p a g ~201,ir tnay hip wi.w IO itso o sqrrarr--r*Og~~i stake Il'i~h IIIP m ~ i n l p r o j ~ l i as ~ rfnr q swr rhr 4~dgcqftltc R I I V or ~ ~anke as r l r ~ har i r ,t-irii*,+forgc or2 OKFPI ncibk.

I ~ rnrth P B h i ? i n g J ~ r ~ in n ~rhc ~I sanrr plttne as ~ hhrrr. r hrrr irr 1he.fi11i d ~ t si-rid! ~ d I f J F I U sr hr 01 r i ~ hmag!tn.~ t rn this. T l ~.rntrh r rill, ~hrrw i~. nrnkirra d r i r ~trist.rorrnrl rrlr rhr, t ~ r c kRS , rhr*corrtr'rs s+wrrErlrlia~r rrp rlw rlvirt nttd if rs morrpriiflicrrlrto li,r.pr~rlwm it1 alirrwnrdr.

Sofar,

Tnkr a BI.OQD RED hear. undcurrrt-vtrrafr ir on rS~ernrrndt-rfpnrt. usirr~ n - a l ~(/rrccc~.vnr)~. r h'nwgrip ihr .mtrh irl ~ h vr i c and ~ twirl rhr hor itt rirtlr n n ~ l ter ~s i n a~ strifahlt* ~r.rerlr.har n pa fr qf'rongs.

7'11rt1 rhr*prf.rr iJn i r r hark urrdrnrtrtd fdp ~IIP \?lfl!l I b r l 1/11' d i n ~ tff~t't', /

Lesson 4 - conrinu~d H To,linirhf h ~ s n l land h make r r hkvnd jirar-~fidlrrnrn [!reniuck. rake a rrrar \rr-lrlrtrr hr~at.rnnl~hipfar r t f i y ~ q q i c k t ~ ' to i~~'r~t~E(J(~rna~trr g r r orrd y t , ~nrl ot'rhrp mr//ir~ ~ t - ~lrrhr r h hlnnl~

F the nnrnrat rrrnll t r ~ f irannor l rr.nr!~lv h~ (~{loprvd 10 t / t c ~ p ~ ( - r o / / cI!, t r z ~ r t t ~ r l ! ~ I-RTII-T In Jlpnrl ~llt.nr ~ 8 1 l !him t mrrnd-

~11~5('dp/lt'r$

Ifa larqr rtrrmhrr .%i-ro// f m mndr

Imsoa 5

! t v ~ r / t~

ROI,T-EXD SCROLL

i r ntr.drf, n sprrinl r Oa ~ P Iriptlrrim I $liott/(/ !pi*

-

Lesson 5 conrin v~cl B

$

7 7 1hnlr ~ is irntatl~.lmma rntttrd bar. and .rl~nrtlrlhr nt F I ~ T Ii in. lntyrr ~hrrtrthe n ~ dElrh nl'rhrPfrlimil.

"

0

nfakr o ttnrrlr all routtrl rhr bar wirh a Iror sel. 11~11rinpJJI.TIP ~ I I I U J $ I nm~tnlatt l r ~

rm~rrm~ppnn~~~c~o~rw~r~ her tr Q a.ptd/ri/. H(?l
'I '

C Ilrb a4,Nb.t t m ~ d ~Lt lr flit c

'

11111

Tob

aI!I:'I.I)I\'~iliu~afnnhnrhpri~rrrflmr w r r r nrorr. r r r k ~n a m bhrrr rh I R n~rv hnrrdatrrl r h t - rnlfndhnr 111 rlrr. nr11c.r. If'(, rhortlil I I / ~ hround r lrtrr h m f h t ~ /w(,a#rdp / ( t l . t r 11 lri a / > C I ~ I O 5 tvave, I ~ ~ wirio / T ~ ~ I ~ I t It o ! ~ I tlir ~t ttnj*. 1.r /I c ~ tlrtr ti* hrailandprr-renr /hi, fund. l~t)itivm ~ t bpt n r t j ~10 . roitr w i l r c . tic ~ I I J I I I ~ I CK I C J I t~nt* ~ I V I & Ct\ 111t I / I jt ~ trr ~ ~ I I T / I Trrrrr rr crvtvrnrtd jt~rrnr-drak,lrt*r-li/ 11 In

t i r ~/>1>11.

I l b t r r l p t ~ hot~rnrcr r to yotrr ttIflK and . w x r thtp l>~~l!,frnnr tIrr hnr adrlr a hor .rC-1.

Lesson 5 - corarinrted

F V~rjrslo~i(v,SO as nor 10 h rrm flte thin fisltraif,rakt-a FULL H'ELDI.hTG heof and s r m r ~ t h r nshe ~ t r l dm , llin~ f l ~hob e a p a lilllc.

Grip I

~ holf P in a

ov& lo h w i n

ice atrd 'nrrIl lhr hnr

rhr scmll.

T a k n~j r s h p i p and r~pen'nl. tlrc prn-

M--

%

C ~ F ~Si t l t i!he l hnr abnosr B

ericircic.~ ~fie

bolr. rhcw-for~tlrr. rrsr ofrlrc scroll with Irammer. horn t a d ~vrc~ttcl~ /srr pnjitm 33 fi. Ifo11-rnhd scrolls nrdpnor r.t8rvmrnnrorr nnri arc norrnnll~~foir~~srrtrdy. so sew!/

~ n n l are s srldoa~trsvd f i r ~lrctrf.

RF,O\\'-OVER LEAF SCROLL

lmsmn 6

Fir. 21

A F0r.r~ fhc cnd qfa bar m a ratlirrs. The cttrvtm.thorrld ht, Iro longer ~ I t o r rhott~tt t hrrr. orhi~r\+~irr the leal-md ~villhe Inn Snnc

B :l'cck o w thr h i d . t ~ n v i rhv n ~ rrrai~hr hntroni r d ~ ar f ~ h ernd n lilrlr. lor~jwr rhan fht. ~vrrlthnfrhe hnr.

d

%.

-+-.

4

9

T h i n rhe nrrk on ! l t ~ / l a tl.o nhntrt twnf hi r k

Lesson 6 - contintled

D Berm he ncck, on ctlqe, o ~ r l~r ~hick, r

E Cock fhr rip, stilEnrl edacr,in ~ l ~ e nppo.ri~c.rhr~crmnl o !his t~rnirrJ~end

G Sofir. ?Irepiece hos heen heltf on I ~ P ~(E.pcc.Nmolr: ~ v i r l rfrr t h u m n ~ ~ r r d , fupnc~ *-crrds.c t t n 1{he ~ 1t.af on r he f i r .

/

7'Irrm lip hnr nlrrorjy hrsrattcnckril irt ihr ~ ~ p p o ~ i/~r~i,tiott ifia fo f / t r * t n n i ~ Ct I I ~ WO ~N ~ d g tti
I ~ oppo.vitr P

l ' l w , f i t ~ Er. io l l TStr Ii*(~fmn hr n l r ~ n a~ ~d r i f iif n r c ~ r s n r ywit11 ~ li~hr hlonrr.

REVELLED SCROLL

Ixsson 7

--

rr - 7 ; -

4

Ilmw rltr end oftAr ltnr ali~lton[#r d ~ c rrrm~ri,1 1 O~F ~ ~ T . T I ~ ~ ~narl I ~ ! IIIP II, r.rfrmrf i p . ~ I i ~ ~ r jpi~infvd. ?iv CttrI ott hick.

,2'ole rlte r r m d v rrlc.n=nsrin rndatir from rhtp tip.

PIocs r l r ~innrr a d g cr~f r h rip ~ fin r h ~ of'thrhtrl;. I ~ I Ptprtrrr t=tl~r hfrn~ krpr a Itrrlr ntrtr. H a m m ~ rhr r m t ~ CARP r li~hrtl* dourn P nfr* I hr hrck. hr-nd~np EIo n l ~.-f . r.n~d rnlrd hlnu r ~ . h l ~w. hr ~ t t l d d t ~ t nthr rt pntnt

3

q *.

3.

thrrpt.

C'nmplt.rr r hr hmntirnc n irh hrrrnr and

plrc~r*

J fir ~wrt~rnqrhr pnr~trr~n c ~ f t h.rrrcr!f r ~ ! : t - p / ~ t *rhtr t wrttI!!$ ~

<

I

V

nv! o n ! r l ~ ~ *!srtt i~t ttrr=il to mitt nrlttn t l ~ t m~ ~ n h ~ t r r ~ ~

J*rrnr.t-nrl:~I*rlr? srnrl~Itt*t rrn I -

K I.'rnaItr rkrrntrr ran hrjtnrrmrd a it!!/tm

r! n t w t w w .

I t is nor n m u p no make a new SCCCIII trml for C V C joh. ~ I n any etrah1irh-i shop there will hc a n ~ ~ m hofscroll cr IW!T to hand which hat r bccn madc or a t l a p tcd lo rhc !oh In hand. Snmetimrr thc hcginn~npo i ~ h xcr n l l rnol on!! rr uwtl. a chalk mnrl, k r n g m:rdr In zhniv how f . ~ ~t h ccroll c bar should hc p u l l d round, Kcrr scrolE I M ~houc~.cr. . h a t e 10 bc mndc cwncr or later. It ir ca\icr l e m ~ k 3c rcroll 1001 cf~rcct from the d n w t n p than i t is to makc one from a %roll.So I! thtjclh trarnnlr .z n c n ccroll [MI rnakc i t k f o r r YOU make Ihc frnt %roll. Once you know hotv !hc wroll fool I < uwr! 11ih1s not d i f l ~ c u l ~ . Simply maLc thc nutcr edrc or ~ h rcrall c tool conform to the Inner nlpc of thc scroll rrn ~ h t rl r ~ Inp. u Thc fhrcLnn\ of ~lrcl tlrm not n n t t c r .

Offcrrrhr firhrarl

r r r n r ~ h r ~ n r nnnr p

CWI nffrhrtwdsqanrr with thr rtm~~hr PCIPF.

E I!'h~n p i t h a w ma& n gomi xlun airh hammer, cnntrnrr.r wtth hnrnr and w~~nrh. P~rilH3h I ~ nPr ~ n r hr,a f h ~ than r with rhr hand h n M ~ n grlrr hor, at tltr shape i~mori~m~rlr.rrrnrrnllrd P/.I rhr* wrrrrrh. fltr

.-

fin all^ h ~ n d thr rnd n f r h ~rrrollfnnl at rrphr ana1t.r and ~r.rErrr r tnrrr I ~ wP a q p hnlt.nithr nnrrt Tlrc-pttrpnrrn / rhr.ot?-

vrt f i ~ l r r ( ~ ~ Jhrrk*orll. rnn rrrn: r f makt-r rhr rrorr nffitr rrrn/!~t-r~~rrhlr. T ~rcrnll P mnlcan hr hell in r h rice ~ if

'C' SCROLL!

'C'scrollsarc onen nccded in t a q c numhes fnr m t e , grilles. hrc-weens and so on. To makc them qu ickl!. i t i 5 ncccssan to havc a 5croll tool cxaclly lhc r i ~ hsize r which I~n~shm at prccrrcly thc ccnlrc point of ~ h wrrrll. c (lthcmasc thc cnd oTthc scroll tool unuld foul lthc firs! scroll whcn ~ h stiond c was hemp madc. For mcasunnp i t i q cnnvcnlcnt to h;wc khc cnd of thc scmll tool h n t down nl right anplcs with a faifl) sharpoutsidc corncr. First lrnr! oul hg rncarurlng hnu much mctal is nccdcd to make caeh 'C'xtoll. allowing kr thc dmw~npout. Nv.rl cut omall thc pice- lo this lcngth and centrepunch mark them in thc middlc. D r a w onc lo thc corrcct Icngth. chalk it. and draw all thc othcn to it ar, a partsrn. Takc a RED hcat and =roll. The centre-punch mark should comclevel with the corncrof thc scro18 tool to w~rhin1 inch. This means thc scrolls w ~ l k l sufftcicntly alike setting.

to fit togther with little cold

'S' scrorls also arc oRcn uscd in larpc numben. A scroll tool of rhc samc tppc as u d Cor 'C"rcrolls is hrrt. cvrn though thcrc i~ no danpcr hcrc of rhc FIN scroll nT ~ h 'S' c fouling thc ton1 as the lsccontl I\ marlc. Both T'and '5' scrollqarc uwrd In pain .;or prcalcr numhcm in rcwtitivt dcsipns. 11 15 ~ h hmt c practlc~111 h ~ t c tn! ~ ~ '10wt m her with collam; lhiq 1% dcscnhcd on page

39. However manv scrolls arc wanred, statt hy cnllarinpl them topcthcr in pain and thcn fix [he pin topcthcr. Tn do this. f~mlmakc a fnmc whow inside r17crs thc over-all si7e nl'anc rcrnll. nfbur thc wroll to ~ h Frame. c and adjust the wroll until i t fitr. Then makc a second fkirnc lo a pair of wrollr. Prcsr ~ h scroll% c info this fmmc and frx rhc collarr.

Thi. h r n r .rhnwn i r notpar1 nfrhr r n ~ r ~ l jir v n 10rnsrrrr t h ~ srroll\ art*ar-rtrrarr.tlttd rn kcrp I ~ I P rtwrthrr whttr. thrr rnlrraf mllnrs nrtJpz~t Jrvrryfi, hrtt

or1

~

Arncnp the various rncthmh of fixinpr scrolls twcthcr coltars arc impomnt. They not only cnntrihutc ta tlic design hut are otlcn t l ~ conly utiqfi~ctorywny or doing t hc jnh. Slcn who arc .not skill4 at makrng thcm altcn shun collzn a5 bcsng rrouhErsomc and cxpcnius. Rut i f they arc mndc by thc right m c t h d r uith rorc!houpht and 51111. no onc nccd hi! to master thcm.

/)&

Collas~,:!re frcqucn~lyncctlcd in bir numhtrr. so it ir worth t;~binp

yq

.;fi.ifi

-

trouhtc to hare all !he dclnilr ripht hcforc you bcgin to turn thcm out,

I-lrrt t c l ~ nr t makc a mnndnl. a piof imn convcnirnt to hold. the cnd of which is thc samc w c as thc two thickncme of scroll which the collar rvill prip. Thc rnandril can bc c ~ t h e r :plarn ~ plcce ofhnr rwicc rhc ~hrcknmsoflhcrcrolt harm n Inrplcr piccc orhar dmun rlnrvn l o thir th~cknms:or. lor lipht work. n plccc of scroll hnr hcnt back on itsell. ;lr rhown in 'the fin1 pho~ogmph~ r t h i Itsson. s Ncrr find out tlic lcnplh of nhc piccc of metal required to makc each cotlar. Mnkc a trr:11 uith the actual bar from which you inlcnd to make [lit cotlam. fitted to 3 p ~ i crl'thc r actual rcrollr in hand. Al~houp,hme:icutcmcntr are nccdcd f i ~ r3 start. they arc not to hc ~ru<~nl 0 % a l l bars. var! slipl~tlgfrom thc~rnom~nnlsire. and diflcrrnt qualitm nf Iron ot \tccl ~ t r c f c l3i dirrrvn~amount when hcnr at thc COmG1*.

t r l n Hnvr.

Thr mnnrfrilran k r lnid in ~ hcnllar r Prnr or rlmnw Ihrrr and rnllninlnrt~fnrrr qr1arrt-r r t r r n J . ond ramrrr. rlrv rlrrrl.nt..t r r d rlrr. cnllnr har srrilf~tiby 1,r.r.

Lesson 11- continued B

Albernafively apiece can be marked of to a: measurement ofzwice the thickness plus twice ihe widfhof the mandril, plus lwice the thickness ofrhe collar bar. Whichever method ofineasurepnensis used, set a pair ofdividers to she length before making up the trialcollar.

c Notch rhecollur bar haifway through on n hardie T h e operations which follow are done mare quickly than hey can be described, m order to make best use afrhe heat.

D Take a NEAR WELDING heat, and bend the collar round over the anvil bick with the cut on the inside. Take care nor lo draw the collar on the bick. CIose up lo a 'U3skape Bringing the end in line with the cut.

E .

Lay the wandril oa rhejlua in the midd/e ofthe 'U'andclose the ends of the co1la.r over it. The end of ihe coIlar should meet on rhe s i d ~of the work as here, and nor on thefiont, back or corners.

F n r ~ it.l t p collar clean and . ~ q u ~Otnr ~ I ~ mnndril. P Tap ir o f f f h manclriland ~

11-rpl rrp rItp edq1.s. I1 (Arc snn hr rlotrr in one Ircar. hrtf E ~ r Pl ~ ~ n nnw~d rrror

G Il't-ar 11rccollar on the rip o f r h ~ p n k t - r nrrd open it ortr byprrttiri~~ h mrrrrdc r~osetSp l i ~ rinsilk ,~ atrrl p r t l l i ~p~IEW hotrrllt~r apan. m .

J T a p ir down wirl~thc hammer.

Lesson 1 1 - rnntittlr~d

K Pinrh rn rhr s i d ~nnh ~ t h bslr.p/iwr. ~

TWISTS, WAVY BARS AND WATER LEAVES In this chapter arc dcscribcd three types of ornament which arc very commonly used, and arc not ditTicult to make. In all decorative work,a x n s c ordcsign is csscntial itgootl cfi~ftsmanshipis not to hc spoiled by clumsy lines. If you have the opportunity, study examples 0rrc;llly ftnc uork to scc what an imaginalivc usc o f the qualities or iron can achicvc. Thc ironwork at Ifampton Court i s hmous, nnd the mctatwork department or tlrc Victoria arnd Albert M~iscurncontains many bcauti iul picccs. The list of books o n payc 0 7 incl udcs scvcral i Iluslnted sturliei;of dcsigns. As you gain cxpcsicncc you will learn ~ h feel c of the work, and will be ahlc to makc many in~crcstingantlvaricd dcsigns within thc compass of [he tccl~niqucs dcscribcd here.

Lesson 12

T\tl I STS

Twists arc sccond onl!. to scrolls

a5

a

fcaturc o f dccontivc ironwork. Thcy may hc made from plain squarc ham, flat bars, or bars Cosgud to sonlc special scctien: or hundlcs ol'bnrs. ci!Prcr thc same or vaeicd in scclion. mn! bc madc up and tivistcd. To p r d u c c ;l righthand twisr, turn the bar anli-clockiww and vicc v c w . Square hats up to 5 inch can bc twisted cold. provldcd t h a ~carc is rakcn not to damage tllc har whcrc the forcc is applied. and ~ h n t~ h cr w i s ~i s kcpt straigtil. 'rhc n~clhorlis to use a wrcncl~widc ctloegh lo r w ~ s ithc bar withour bruising it and n piccc ofharrcl to kccp thc barstraight.

-

~hoo.rt.a pircr of irutt barrel ivl~ich

is ,sfnek crtnrrrlr on nltr sqrrarr rnrl nnr fnjom n - h m tbr 14l';.vl rr ntntlrp. 13 if IU ~ h /t-tt,crf~ r ofrlr~mttstst rrquirrd. .!lark each ~ n of1 d lrc fwicr. and,cyiprhr hor in rhp rrcp lip EOone of thr n~arkF. .qip rhr pircr ofi~nrrel o n 7 I ~ part F al'rhc bar f n h~ IH'ISIPCI and apply rhr n rrr~rlrclosrp to rhc hnrrrl end. 11 i r cortwnmtr m s~rpport the rnrl of ~hr* hnran a rrorchrd pirrr qf )mod. or shown Irrre.

Lesson 12 - conrin t4~d

Herr r h harrel ~ i~6c~inar~n~ored.

c --.._

TIte simplesr compnsire ~n.isri.r made

Porn a trrrnrft~o(!htrr rnltndrod.~ ~r~i~i~d.o ~f o[ / I,F~~ tt ~ t~i h. ~~ . r

D Tl~cJinislrcd l a i . is ~ I~I P ~shonar P cold. I

.

1 .-.

E H ~ r ~ , , 4 n i s h pand d wirs hrrrshed, a r e shown rhrct*~ I V ~ F I I F TAPl o i r ~ rlrlist r i . mmad~ ~ srp qf~lro sqlmrr hnrs and t u n ro~rndbars. TEIP mid(II~one is mflrJr.of a J/csf har and ro~tndbars. TIIPfop II\.~.TIis fl xp~inS!,r-fi~rme(f ..vq;mrrhar, rnnde os .l;hoaptron nc.rt pnpc. FlrD

-

Lesson I2 conrin~red .Ifurk nmhr /mark ofthe ftti.fr. On roch sidr nf rwo oppnrirc c-nrnersscrihc a hne 1 inchfronr flrrC ~ R E Mark . [hi5 lirlc rlrarl~, 1t.ir11a I-OMchrrtpl or r ~ lstv(. l tjrnbvrakr hrar and clrr into rhir linr raitlt a hot spt Irpld ar a S I R ~as C S~OIVII

himre. Thir ir to avoid rtrrrin~r h corner ~ rig111 our of t h bar. ~

-I :

G Thr pair n f c o r t ~ ~ which rs ltalv rtnr hrrn cut nrp now r n t r ~ m d dSO a n oval trcrion.

CIrnn trp nnw wilh KI hot rasp nr OM ha.rmrrl.hlr,nr r f is dificrdr In r l ~ n ntrp afirr rhr fn.irt i.7 nnlntlr?

J :Vow !a kr a Ireat,j11TI YAP I i w ~ t hofthr ~ t v i s and t c*a.oc~lirtr: nut rluri!y ul poch ertd. Ifyolc cart (10 {his rrirlto~itrrsina IruIer. SO rntrr*fr rlrc hrttcr. T~tbi.~irt hy a n y conwnirni rneanx

i

Lesson 12 - continued K I f n ~ v ~mrich v ~ r carp is ~alicnwirh the Ercnriw~,the twist is wrj7likrly lo firm rrnrwtrtjl. As soon a . ~his hmontes noticcahlt, p o w r l w w on ~ho.ro par1.r wI~Schart* tui~!itilytoo mvrh. ro cool rltivn. .Tnmrtir~rrrcr ~ n ~ ihack r t IF necrssory. 111t h i s c0.w rlrp parls nb/~lffclrarcannr mpr r nsirrrd arp cnnfrrl,so ~ h a rhoyarp r nor aJret-~cd as rltr hnr Im!wrsrs.

Lesson 13

WAVY

BARS

Hcrc is a wavy bar tool in use. It is quiltc straightfonvard to makc, but it is imponnnt that the wavcs should match pcrfcctly, hccausc each wave in thc bar. as i~is formcd. must mntc 6mt with onc wnvc afthc tool and then with thc ncxt. --

A Es ir dific~llf to makr ~ h ~ f i rn'nw st P.TUCI~Vtvli~reit

is wanred, so lca\,r a

Ii111et7.rrrantcral. orrrl trint ~ hhnr t lo knx~urhlrherr tkil n-ohpips arcfor~~rcd. Tokr n long henr, grip the har to r h ~ rnri qftlrc tool ~tlirlra pair ojrongs and hcg.ri~rto p~illit inlo ~ l ~ r j r .bvotrr c r wjrh n ~rrrtrnch.

c Tnkp annrlrer hrnf ond rrip ~ J r r *bar In mnl ~r.rrlrr ~ . pmrr o nt rnnFc.

rhl.

Lesson I4

WATER LEAVES

Wetcr lcavcs arc usually made ob 14 5.w.p. metal, a

Iiale under i inch in

thickness.

B Tlfenvidtlr of the I e a f p I a ~~crhcrc ~ it is lo he arldpd an lo the har nrrlsr he the sante a . tltc~di.~;arrcc ~ round rlre bar. Tlre ~vi~Ie.~r port o R h Ir.nfis ~ ~r.fsml(v rhe same widrlr. Cut ouf a paper tcmplarc. Fold r11i.s and cornpure if wirh thc clrawing. I f rherc is any dkcrepnncj?ma kc an ollou~onccb y PJV iu n i n r k i n ~ IAP m ~ t a l .

C14fright thrnttgh r h maal ~ wifha coJd t / ~.r!~(~ptc ( J ~ Ip!aIp ~ r rrmplnrr. C!TP nrl nfd p icrr nfplarc or an otr 1.11 sadrllr*lo orntd ~ p o i l r n{he ~ a+/~iw/'s ct/rc*. FtIr o r xrind tht*~ ( J I I K rdvrs !~ snrmfh. C/II.TP/ t i p

E At a RED hw~ hrndtlrr. Irafhi*rn.r?m r l r ~bwfhnntmrrnnd r h p Ir.rafmol ro a

' C 'T ~ ~ l ~ l l t ~ t ? , Kerp [he Iraf strai~htor rhir s f o w .

F Y a ha slrnrt BRIGHT RED hrnt and brgitr to rt~rltlrr, l c f l f ~ tlrc t ~ip.

Lesson 14 - continued

p

This is ihe restilr lo aim at, shown cold. At lhis stage !he curve should be ~ r ~ ~ a r e r iha~iin ~lirjir~ishrd leaJ as the crimping nil/ uncurl if slighflv.

J The lip of {heimditional wares Ica{j.r twisted fo onc side or %hlort,nover : The twisi is worked over the end ofrhe hick with a Icaj'hammer.

K Nore rhe nrtmh~rofcrimps in [he drawing and mnrk each depressinn on rht,

leafwr~hchalk. Makt a slzght d~rtlat each mark u'ifhthu I~aJhammerover the crimp in^ !ooll.we fnrpoduc~ion.Fir. 91. Comparc /kr. denis on each halfqf lhc I d r o pnslrre rhat they align, rhcr? form rke crirn~~.s,finr from one .ride ~ l ~ e n rhe ofher. working rhem do14n ro rhe jl!lreo/rhr I ~ o Holdrheleafa~ f an angfero r h r~r i m p i n ~ rool, so rkar rhe crimps form diu~enolly,but alnba,vr t4.w the hammer in hne with the roo!.

- nr~rfon rlrr-ttr ~ i d P:Vmr rhe crn!rimnf

rhp I t - n f t hr-rrntpitrc ~ I r Iirr~r.lvnhrtrrlIII$ or-!!on.

-

Lesson 14 cortrirttr~d P JY~rr xrip leafand bar by thc edgi3satrd fold thr hasc ol'rh~ Im/rig!rr rosrnd. I f thr I t ~ ~ f f ~htacrr o s citr rts it) H o r r l l i s I'r*.\+.~rsatt lir crr lvill hi>u rap hnwtjcs rhe

.J,>l[Ie[Ec ~ r ! i l c .oltlrt~ ~ It~ctl'c*qiml toI~IP d~nrn~inr r i ~ k r rip t ~ !)y ~ h trorttrmrT. * T1ri.t is corrrYv. 0.v I ~ ~Pr l ~ l nn ~l ls~rrtch l i a M ~ I ~ ~ P 'rjtc* I R * hnr .~havlrlh~ ~ / j g h t t j ~ tnpr~ri~d 50 tl~crl111rIPU f i.sn ~ J Vslippr(1 r$A(~~lain.

,Vorrt rrvM ~ l t nvn r snrc.rh~r.First

fl

' I

rt-ntow rlrc (~ttfand rakr a FL'LI, H'EI317i/!:G Ilcnr ntl I ~ I har. P Tl~tvr.\lip rirr Ir.nfl~acl;. rfnltren ~ w f lat humnrcr trnrE ltrnr lrnrh h fn t ~har i In ~,c~liIitr q I I ~ J R I I. f ~ l c t ~ y rww ~sr~rrrhlc.ricrrll tltp ImC wfrii-hi s hof11f h r n r ~ ~~IrI C !wr~rei b , ~ p o ~ e\votdd d, httrti rhrorr~dlhr'rforrtfw !par v m hot ot;o~tg/r. ti httlt*. ~ i l v .~TrU P I ( / ~ ~ ~ ! PI!IP CI.T fr*~[linm rr.astisg it1 ~lse.fir<~.

IVrgIO qflicklj~~ r iht fnirh Iruitr*vh l o ~ ~ s . !lo rrn~rlras*~lrin rip more thntt ttcccrsory or ir will )row to he rrp.~elagain in n r d ~ to r v ~ l rirl ntr to ~ l r p1 1 ~ x 1pircr.

w S

I I

/ f ~ r e ,/enfind har haw ~ o t t rug~thcr c psrfic11: thr heor c l e n r ( v p ~ n c r m r i n ~

rfid~r tltrotigh.

1,esson 1S

SQUARE RI,OCKIYGS FOR GATE RAILS

;IP"

TLz

;

Square blockings arc used when it is dcsircd to rcduce thc width of the horizontal b a s in a gate between ~ h holcs c whcrc the verlicat bars go through them. When thc design calls for sharp squarc corncrs the blockings arc cut from flat bar giving a look of precision to the work. Whcrc a small radius on each comer i s allowable the blockin@ arc pzrnchd, upscl, dri Red and worked up. This gives a more suegcd appcamncc. Cut-square blockings arc either sawn down or cut irrith a sharp hot set to thc rcquircd depth. The sidcs arc then cur away with the hot set, and the raw cdgcs levcllcd up with a square-edgcd set hamrncs. The holes an: drilled and filed out square. A scrics o f blockings to rncnsure should all bc marked out on one bar, allowing a littlc for dnR an the lcvclling up. Sometimes it is necessary to upsct onc which has bcen drawn too much. or vicc versa.

~ ~ ' ~ FIP I~ Ir~quirrd P I~n.tyslhO / I ~ Phor i s gr.rrrott.rfhrrn can JIP cntt ~ ' i ~ t ~ t ~Iinarl?~t(r /idrrr orrrapircr. nrokr*rlrr hlnckinaf In rwn or morr*1m~t.rhs an(/artrlrl /ht*.~r* m p~~hc*r.

B To mu kpfnrg~dhlnrkinqr.fir.cl Z ~ ~ S P I the hnr .rliqhrb ntrtls101-ptcnch tlto hnlr,

C Driri*s

~ rhr t ~burr

nr-rRro hnl~rrr.

11rcslnt and IP~,PIrrp rlrr urtrwn s l r r l l i n ~caltsrd hr tht. ptinch. Plrf L?drifi in

Tokt-a NEA R .Cr'ELDJArG Irmt. locali.w it wiih trowr arid ~ p s e r11e ? mefa1 ohnrrr rhc slor trntrl thc lrolr Ilrcnrnr.~

Lesson 15 -continued

I"

Place a drifi in [he hole w i ~ pear h care, so rho! il is horh squarp and cenrral.

J

Nous drive /he drifi in a Iiltle farther and ,for,y.~ rhc shouider.~to a srnall radius, berwven l o n and h o t ~ o mfullerr

Tojnish. luvd up rhe bar hevond r h ~ shoulclers,jlanen the siclpPca [rifle more; knui-k out [hedr$,Jan~nthefaces again and Jinally repluce rhe drifi l ~ n d drifi olct lo I ~ correc! E size.

Fig 31

CkIr\PTIIR 4

MAKING A N ORNAMENTAL GATE

beg-==-

my4-,. s:-.>

In Part I the making oFscro!ls was annlyscd in detail. Iln Part I1 thcsc tcchniqucs arc applied to the making. fitting and asscrnbly ol' an orn;lmcntal garc. Thc first sragc in making Ihc gstc is thc framework: the thmc mils, the front and hack ctilcs. and thc v c ~ i c a bars. [ First is thc making of the bottom rail with its heck thc top nil is similar. Thc tenons for thc ccnlrc nil come next and the nil is drillcd Tor the vcnical bars during the fitting. Thc front and back st ilcs arc m:dc in rhc same way. so only E ~ back C stile. with thc Jouhlc running scrolls at the top) has been dcscrihcd. A scction has been includcd on making the latch slot in lhc front stilc. Thc journal on thc hack stilc is turned or filed during thc fitting. When thc vcnical bars have hccn rcnoncd. the fmmcwork is ready Tor fitting and asemhly, Thc forging of branching scrolls and halls is described ncxt. Thcsc technique(; arc nccdcd for lhc c c n m pancl and thc scroll-work ahovc the lop mil. The construction orone of the side panels, which consist of eight scrolls branching from a stcm, i s dcscrihed in detail. Once you havc mastcrcd thcsc rncthods you zvill bc ahlc to scc for yourself how ro makc thc rest of the scroll-work for this gate. Finally 111cdog bars, hanging and latch rrtting:arcerplained. Thc fitting and assembly orlhc gate is described in Chapter Five.

ND WIDTH ROD A Thrfirrr stcp in making o Raw ir m r a k (~I cltwn strarnflrr wrnrirv rod und f i r m ~hrdr(~\vrrtq ~ r a n ~ fihri/r~r~=trir sit~ttrn V ' ~ h t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r o r t . tmr rit,a t r l l ~ o ~ rltr 1tt.r clt: (nn nrrc .
Dn nor tntrr l r drouin~or print. E w n

~frhrrlr~rr.phrrmrrrt~~rvri~nhmhrrc!l. rrcrrrrntr,rhrpaprr Itmy Itan. rhrrrnk or swo1b.n. Frr1.d ntrt rhc mrrrrrrrPnltv1t.r pntl stark rhtr wcxdt.n rwl wlfh a rt~lr and qqltarp.

-

B

-

q-

Strai~htcningthe Ram C'lrr oll rhl. I ' N ~l oI Il.nah, and t a k ottr ~

Ow f i \ * t qr. ,Tiv/tf d ~ r n i t c l (rI pair of~rittilitty Imfr rrrirrlt~n( ' 7'"I r o n r~ofchrrrfr n thr nr~tfti!~~.

c To t a k r olrt thi. I ~ r i c !~vithn nwnck. grip ~ l t har r it1 a r.rw~ ~ rrrpporr t d r h ~ c.nd trtJrrr{hi. ~ r r ~ n rnirh lt N t t r ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ L tnf'~rotul+ - P or nti a d j r t . c ~ d d p.TUI I I ~ .

Rrntrmhrr slrar it i r fiar sarit~rto ~mraira r rinsk hor ~Jinna ~rdrnlr~ SO~P. ~ * l ~ i you t - h wrll rrrrait~lyhcrrrp r t ~do rJrhr f9ar.r yrjtr l t l n k ~ i r f i r r r l nrt. nor urrright,

Lesson f 7

ROTI'OM HEEI, R A R

A Tlt~ r t r w jnh i s ~ r rrp.wmt r nn ~ h anvil r [he

~ P I ~ I I II I~ I l,r a n r t n ~ n t!flltcm d I!orrom hnr. Thi~pic^ trrc* \ !HPI*-.T IAP .VM IIW arld,forrt ntat.rlrmrl.filkr rr H'1;I.D E ,t'CItt.rrt rrhorrr 4 inchtv 6 t t x c~ridt r p f ~~ h y~ r ~~qinq t ~ fhr bar dnan u s hnnf ns >-(*ti rwrr.

B D o nn! nflotrb rhr hnr m hrdrklr~w r l l

rrrrtrh. [.tat lhr .rrrrk~rhrp rrpndr rrt givr a qtdrrk srmrx1rrr.nin.r hlow~ridrtvllrn In sit^ ttp.wlflriAr. rrally skrlltrE nrnn can rhmmpltnfe rhr rrpst*f b rhrrr* JI('RI F. ~ n r l t ~horr1.rfhnr~rhrp lnst. .,Ihrgintrrr nred nor ~ l n r r y l f h rakrc r S

~ T

-

Lesson 17 coniin urd

w - 4

0

dL=~'"f aYo~+. mkr anofhrrlrmr. and firrc hock

E Ftrr a . r q ~ m r ~ - r d i y d Ira~amrrjvsr se~ $rrlnrr+rErc ~ l f pcl/'lhi* r rrpscr. Ilrtrv yorrr marc.loarr rht*hali ofhis slrlrr, o?rd .l-trtkc tlrc niPt;xrirltp lrlp t . c l q ~ot'rhr~F ~ V Ftrrmntrr so rltnr tltrjrrcr. ofthe hlnlrair rhcr rmnrrl la r f . nttd cirr w.t rhcJar rid^ hnrrnni eri.rc inrn l h mrrnl. ~ 7'lriq pmdrrrr*rart otfief .rhordchr. Roth !SIP nn& nfrhp hlmr n r l d i r (f7irr ~ artarfmrly slron-r~.

n T n k a~ hrrrrlier anrl nofch horh ridm n/ t h , shmr1rlr.r. ~ HF r-rtr~htfROI I I driw ~ IOO rlrcp. or r hrp I P I I O ~\vill I he gnllvtl irr j(w~in.~.

Lesson 17 -continued

Rotind rtp t h &ex ~

n/rh~ n n n

/ ) P ~ ~ I ~ SIVIIRP.F. ~PII This i v hycali~ea

mrrnrl-ended mortrce in r h .$rile ~ ir horh s r m n ~ c r n n dw s i e r ro make ~ h n at ~ ~ q r r n r ~ e n od wd .

Finalh squarc ~ i the p shotrfders ~c-itiin sqtrflw-crl~rrf sct Iramm~roand side set. li*srfrom rfmcro time wirh a blocksmith .~q~iore. Ry ~ l t e rne~ltods ~c rhe alorkcan hc so accrrrafe/~~jni.~hrd rhat l i t s l ~ j l i ntliill n ~ hc n c ~ d ~ d .

Lcsson 18

HOT CHISELLING A TENON F U R THE CENTRE RA11,

.Ifark N ~ I P rlr~ ~ P sliotrld~ri.1 to mme. r I'itlr llrv hnr nn v d ~ crrl r horlr .~hwrkdcrs t t nlrn~rt ~ /hrcr~-qrrarrers qfrh~~irtitml rfpprlr uirh a hnr qrmt.

Lesson 18 -con~inried

Lesson I 8 - conriatlcd

H Trint the cr1rncr.T ofthe bar so rEtnr rhr end ofshe rail is a.r wide ax tlrr s l i k .

.;

E-..

--$

J

d 4

For m e i i . ~ t t r i n.~!fotddrr.~, ~ makc 0 rrrtoti gafig~fmttt any liglrt hnr ncur to lranQ with orrrn~rrdhpnr and fi~rkrdl i k ~

K .Ifark o f f f l ~l p n ~ t ofrhr h r~rtonfalt.tp print rftr* Irtpigl~tatit1 ~r,irlfh rod, arid ctrt i~ nfl.~q.~qlrarsp. T ~ I Pmark I I nfflkrbother

~ n ofrhr. d rnif wirh ~ h i Karrgr. r

L. Form rhe r m n d fenon on I

~ rail. P and monkcr R rtp to Icnnrfr. mrasrrritrq wrrh rftc .gagolrgr. AIln~rahorrl I/lfirh nt'en inch hjr .rfrridiagr andjrrtitrr ~vrthmild .qs~r!. d i ~ 1 1 1trlfjre 1 ~ - b~ifll irott

Lesson 19 RACK STILE WITH DOUBLE RUNNING SCROLLS

This stile is finished with a double running scroll a? the top. A few inch= of thc bar arc foqcd nut. and thc douhlc running scrolls weldcd ro i t .

B Draw nuf roo taper, wirh I A rnlj~he ~ same .ri:~ a.T [firsrroll har ~vhirhi r to hc wrkded to it

C Form rhc srnallrr scrollJrnrn a nlilahf~ has. .Ifark tltc har al anycnnwnicn~ poinr near r h .rrmlS ~ and mark rhcplare Ise~pacr67, at llrr .rotnrpnint.

AIco murk rhrplorr at rhr point whew r h t~~ r o~crollrjnrn.

0

.Ifenrrrrrt l r dr'rrnncr ~ h ~ l w r ~ nh r mrrrA F with C t r ~ n ct f ~ n r nfllhrr ~r~ .rl~rrnrrrr Irnm rlrr Ijrcr mnr.4 aJr tlrr. ~ c r r ~hnr l l rrrrdsr.nrrr-prrnrlr

Ettimnrr Itnw rnlrrh r n ~ t~n ~ allt~~t, l fi~r r l r ~W P I ~wh~<+h 1 t to f i ~ m ~ J Jttp P O!~I!W

._

-x

.

+,*

Ctr! o f l r n n t r ~ hrn~raJfnform fht- rrmlf hrrtn,rn rhr. Flnlf t,trrl onti rlrr- s r r l ~ . Clnmp rhr I H ~ hum I r n q ~ ~ wirk h ~ rroncr and II.P!~ t h ~ m Itclr~lr.Rrrnnrr rhr Innw T h ~ !aLtu n o FL'I.1, HTJ.:I.J)I.h'C hr*ntand 1%rid 1 r 1 rhrpt~rtchmurk D r a w ?Irtm wc!(lO M ! f t l (1

ti~hrit~lantl term rhr

G Form thr .rcmllr wir h harnm~r,horn5 nnd art,nc-h Ift*re nnr rc-milrr hernp r~crtlF~(1 nn iht~chalArt1mt.talplmr

Lesson 1 9 - continlied H Se1 a part of f h~crotl ~ correcr/y 10 I ~ C dradrt~ ott tlrr plarc. ;:Ilta(rX~ n cenrrpptrtrrlt rnnrk n)r rkr scrnll bar ~i-l!erct l r ~ strni~hrbnr /POv r . tltp ~ .~rroll l i n 0s ~ tl~e r h t r i r t ~and , am r r ~ r p n n h n mark ~ ott I ~ ~lmlvin~. P .dka.rrtw nn

rhr rlralr.ing

tJir dirrnncr ~ r + u l.rlrirr~firom r rhr rhnrtlc I i on ~ thr lrnck .wile ~or f i murk, ~ nt~d srr rhr d i r i f I ~ fo r . ~tJrk meastrrcmen~.

CI~t,c.ck and CMF oflrlre srrrplrr~mp~of, I ~ ~ S Pscflrfiltrii I. ~t~clri.

K

fin all^: srt 1lr~scroI1-work to /he mrrpcr ctmpc~ i ! IIVO h ~t,rr~icht*.r, oi~icd hy l l r p harm ~ f t t ~ e s s n r j ~ .

-

r

Htrrchrr a n d s ~ v a thr ~ c Irrrrtinnpin; rrjrtt I n I r t ~ g rnt~tll l ~ dress rhr~routid m d oft he p h nith o Slot rasp.

THE LATCH SLOT

Lesson 20

a!!!3

Pltnch fhr knlr with a $lor pt4nclr and driw o rlri/i port war in. owra holrrrr.

ond n'nrli $llirlh

Lesson 21

VERTICAL BARS

T I t p rrrrnns ofthe ~ * ~ r f i chnrs n l are h w tc!trn*r! a.r .rhnlvn Irmi~~ ! t .~~l'llgod d Irp.

,tfnrk ntrr rhr oihrr ~ n d, f. i ~ r Oir g~ s r ~ n r ~rrbnnrl d n~trfnrnr~kr*y la I r t r ~ ! n.r !~ sholrn nnpnna(14(FnndGl.

Lesson 22

BALLS FOR THE CENTRE PANEL

Balls a r p a comnron cmbelIFsS~m~nf oJ wroright ironwork. Tlrcy arc mad@hy ~ w l d i n ag collar to ~Frcro$ in sp~cio11~~ shuprtl loafs. First make :e collar rojr the rowd hor. brrt leave a aslitlrr Rap. CIOSP it. cold. on lo rhe bar at a ,Vf,-A R IVIiL DlhrG fieat. Ot/rrrn.tse~ h ~ r u l l rrvouSrl rr hc hrrrnr hrrfrpr~I ~ ~rrlrfinx P hcwr ppncrmted rim

rhc ccwrrr ofrltr Par.

B Return collar and har to tj~efire.arrd nAik roisin,q n w r l d i ) ?heal, ~ put n f i ~ v drops ofoil in the honnrn mnl.

Ar a Ft'f.ld IvELRlh'G hrnt, place thcr collor ~ C ~ ~ S Frltr F J ~ools Z I S T ~ ~ qrrrrkly. 'Ikeoil releases r h ballfim ~ I ~ ho~torn P tool. W I I C ~i rCntighr othcr~vi.reaick. and helps ro ~ i v cu* sntoorh jnish.

Lesson 22 - conrinricd

E FIartm thp har hrhiptrf 1 1 1 ~hall.

Lesson 23

THE CENTRE PANEL

s ~ ~ * ~ ~rhr c~ naem!ort h a n nneiirk ofthe halltn s 1 -incla piti, and.nnrrc*n ere har

oa tIrp O I ~ P Tsit/['. :I~~JU.CIC~ II!~' ~rr0I1.sUS rl~.crril)r*durl pnge 6 7 11 otrd rrip thern I R I I I P J ( ~ I I L ~I~nr ~ ~ ~wdrh ( ~ r h tottcs. ~

Taken LIGfiT AfELDI.hTGIicar, and ends ~ o g r ~ l r c r .

~ * i b l i IIIP i

Now grip ihe pin in a strirabl~pair of r0n.r.T. lfbke a FLfLL WI.JLDI.VGltmf o ~ i d11~ld S P C I I ~ P ~Ilra~r J~ cmr rhr ~ ~ l

Lesson 23 -confinut.d

?

Hlfrtrlonrllr lo~vrrhall. and c f m w o ~ ~ t ~ hro/ /e~zptJr.f i ~ I ~r t ~P~n p ! oftlt~* !~

~ ! I P\

Lesson 24

THE SIDE PANEL

First tnnsrcr thc whole pancf of scronls on la onc or more convcnicnt picccs ob plate (sec pagc 12). Decide how bcsl to build up the pancl, whcrc to place thc welds, and how far to roll the scrolls bcfore wcldirtg fhcrn. Thc pancl for this gate i s made up in filvc pans: I. ~ h c t o scroll p to K,

!-==

2. Thc ncxt two scrolls and between thcm lo L.

the piccc

3. Thc two middlc scrolls and thc piece bctwccn them to M.

4. The lowcr pair of piccc to N.

5. Thc boltom xrolF.

scrolls and thc :Ql Ld'

Ffa. 37

First makc thc thrcc pairs orsmall scrolls hctwccn K and N,ns follows:

Mark I he drawing at thc points where thc scrolls branch from thc pieces which rorm Lht stem. Mcasurc thc lcngth kom thcse marks l o thc snub in each case. For~c thc frshrnil snubs on cach of the sin scrolls.

Mark off thc scroll bars to Icngih, ccnt rc-punch them. add 1 1 inches for the weld and cut OK Cut thc thrcc in~crmediatcpicccs which form the stcm, ccntrc-punch marking rhcm at cithcr cnd and making thc same atlowanccs forthe wclds.

A Here is a scroll ~ v i i IEIC ? ~ lip rolled, and rrn fnr~rmediar~pir~ce heirt~prrnchcrl.

'Lesson 24 - conrir~trcd

1

zp.rf ~ r i onr p f i r rrrnII hnr.7 and I ~ I P c n n n r r r r n ~ p i r c ein 1nnR.T 0 s on prim* 6 7. trrld rip Fa t h ccntrv-princh ~ marks and r i u u nvr ~lreweld.

.Roll rhr scroll n lirrlr mnrr so rhar ir clttarr thrfar enti ofthr. r o n n ~ ~ i n ~ pice-r.

L a y rhrpirrr. in pnritinn ntt rheplaw crtrd nrnrk ~vhrnrrhv ~ n roJshc l rrvm COM?t'.T.

1 rhr h ~ g i n n i n gQJIIIPtop .rcmll. I A I ~ plncr on I ~ pPh t r and mark hnlh rrrnlla~rdthe plaw ~ r ? chalk ~ h whrrr t ~ n hrcnmrs r srmr shr.

E

.I f e a s u r ,he ~ disruncr hrt w r m rht9.w la-n marks uirh s r r i n ~ T . h m rnerk o K ~ h i r k n ~h tnn I hr. top srrnll. ndri aFr allmrnnr~Jor~rel(iinnland r I I nfl ~

L'pscr rhr untl of f h parffjyforrn~d ~ fop scrnll in ~ h virlP. r

L Tlrc pnd i.c honlrnd to hsrrkl~.S ~ r n i g l ~ r ~ n ir tvitlr a li.rl~rhnmnr~rnsninsr .volt r lrantl Jtitn~nrer.

IVeId rhe rop ,rcml'l m t h pnir ~ of pnr~lr-J~rrned scrnl1.r 1r4iirlrhaw alrcariy h ~ c nwcld~~I SD r hcir coanr*ccrinx pirrr and rhm srt m rlrr cfrnlk d r n ~ i d n ~ . Il'rMnn I ~ tte.'cr P S P C ~ ~ Oqflhr IJ stpm lo which a pair ofsrrol!~ hare filrrnt!~ ~ P P 1i~c1O~vi. ~ J

roSlitr~ap rnrlr pnir ojscrolls. Is a essrn~iolthat rlrk mcrzsltrrr?irnti . ~ '

Tlre rrmainin~ pair orscrolls and 16e horsorn scroll are trtcldrd on in r k same any arr0 srr fo tlrr d r ~ ~ ~ v i t a g ,

Lesson 24 - corlrin~l~d

M /IJilip

rnttg is rrsqfi~lin .rettita~tht~scrolls ocrrrmfely ~ t ~I a ~rbranch P of rlir ~ v ~ l d .

h s o n 25

DOG BARS

A

Fin. 38

The parlly rollcd dog bar scrolls arc welded to the shon ccntrc spi kc as on pagc 72 and finished on the scroll 1001. Thcdrawingshows the complctc scrolls.

Imson 26

HANGING FOR THE GATE

B

Thc gate is supported hy the turning pin lthc bottom or thc back stile Iscc page 68) which turns in an iron socket Ict into ~hcground. Thc top is held by a bearing. A bar is built into the gale post, and frrtcd at thc cnd with n SIMP which pnsscs round a 'journal'. a pan or the back srilc rounded for tlris purposc and dcscrihcd undcr Fig. 39 f~lting on pagc 85. To makc tlic beating. thc bar is for@ with a convcx end, the strap fitled to it, and a holc drilled through 10 makc a machincd bcarin~(see Lcsson 32 R). at

e Ezz3

I

1c Su.orc schr end m a halfcircle.

" K ' !

ID

JJt-ac die nrhrr r n d o f t h ~bar nnd ifrt is 80 he set t n rmnrm ~virlrIrwd, raa :I w i ~ ha

s. ...

-and.rpfay or i f i r i r In hr rrf in hrick~lnrk,split ir ir wtr.

"

I

. &-

-

.Vc'c.rcmokr rhr srrtrp. ,Is aJar har ~vilt

r'rollnn-iJtr i r b r n ~m n sntall rarE~r~.~. ir d i ~ h hefitr~ ~ d trrtr(1rt~y.L k o tar cr i~urrotrr.rltbopcmonrj o rhcc.\r/irl!rr. T!IO~I

Lesson 26 - conrinrred ?

Now bend rhc srrep. rortnded side outlvard.~, owr the hick, Itrsread qf Irollovritrg [he sfrap tail! IIRI'P a pleu.ranr1~rn*nd~tIlook. annfil clfl~e)'I~ In ~/t~jntrrnal.

H Drew rite strop cham solic1Iy on ro rhc bar. and put nsirle i t n l i l l J w f t f ~ i f i g .

Imson 27

THE LATCH PIVOT

B J'tr#rch a11drlrili rhr*slot ntrtlc~r~ r)K

C .Mnke rhc shnrp hrttrl in rhr virtn uirlr rlrt. nirl r$(; rhr~sr$~ll?r: nnrr thr s f r i

s ~ ~

Lesson 28

THE LATCH

A I : l n r i ~ trlre ~ rnricfiltc lorrfr har n f l ~ c ~ and .~pIi/it as s t t ~ u ~ t ~ ,

Cwr\.r thrmsc~~ v ~ iand f s scmll ~ l r crolls likr hi^.

FITTING A N D ASSEMBLING T H E G A T E When all the pans have been forged, the gate is ready to be fitted togetherand finally assembled. This includes making the journal on the back stile, slotting and fitting the heel bars; drilling the.front stile and the top and bottom rails; making the square holes in the middle rail, fitting the uprights and riveting them all together; fitting and fixing the scroll-work and the latch and completing the hinge piece. When the final assembly is complete and any roughnesses have been dressed off, thejob is ready for painting.

Fig. 42

I

C'lmlk tltr, hark .rriltpond mark rhr/rr~nr~ I I PJIPESI~I nrtd ~viclrhrod

jrliirttnl

C'trr irtfo rkr,cnrrtrrq nt infrrrrdr nf rrrhnlr~i ~ttc*ll 1vir11n hack -srrl~* rindCZJI tJ;r't?lnt\wV I I ' I ! n ~ coldi-hi~i~l. SO f h ~ 1h4' t bur / u * r i ~ t ~PIr r~$1 1 1ridi-d /.*;/i* t ~ f l t t lrlw ! t - o ~ ~ ~art(/ t 7 r tiw ~ . j i v ~ r t ~ r~ o !c i ~ t ~ t p l i * ~ ~ l r rolrnd

rr

is nfcotir~t.q t i i c k ~ fn r Ilrrtt if arr I ~ l f ! l P f, f rmi ill#rt- d l " ~ 1 4 1 ! ~ OtiP ~ 1 1 ~

T

o

Slottine rhe Rnck and Front St lles . \ r . . ~ r rrrr;Xr- ~ i t r FIOI 110111 . I f i ~ r A O ~ I Iand df!I/ l\Vl) !lftlf*\, t ' h i ~!/!t"l#tl ~ t f i%t~10!/ !

p~r-r-r~r (1frornrd ?)or.Cqrmrtrrc*-ptrrrrh vrrnrk R r.(.rarrol I t o l ~J)~t~tvnm thi*nrnttd rirrtl t f r r r r l

nitlr n p r h rfrrflnfrnrrf $6

i ttrh.

D RriU n ~ mr lid! ri:r. arrd knock olrf whnr I r Frfi nl tlrt.plrrqr. Tlirslnt can hp filtv! OIII 10 s c t nc/rttriara~ilr Rt*filrc-ririllinc ~ l r rhack .~rile$~r I ~ top P 1hr0

r (;,I.or ~

t . ~ f i l rt~taktp , .s llrt* !liar a l l

/ ; t b ! i o ~ ~

IJIPr~pr1g111~ nw 101t.q ~trnrrgh.I'Elrx~'

T ! I O I I ~ /1it1 vc / j t ~ t v ~ i ~ t o ~ ~ 10 k ~hr~t t ~f dtt .f n v p r I r ' t l f l l ~Tilt, . harr wll rltctr tar/). nhqrrrrr.rlic. rratntmsnr nt l i r f t n p .

Lesson 30

SLO'FTING 'HE MIDDLE RAIL /

'l

L

I I P ~ Parr rhrw sla;piesqftnrrkirr~rhr skor Irolr:~Jilr rlsr rtpri~ltrsi n r h p crnrrp mil: n p l in~pIoce ~ r ~ r r / l i t t ~ c t ~ m pand l~~~ril p1rrg.s rcmnn*rl, a~rdajrrtishr-rl holr afier ,Rlirr,

D Filtin~thrk i p e l Rar

thr.Irc~cdIwrto ~ h hark r rrrlc: rhir ir rhr. rrral mJlrr. T l ~sc~ur~rl~trtt r nftlrr. arwnrtrltd~nrcnrlt dcpi-rrd larrrlr orr !Wl~ft~rl'!l~/!l' I / ; / % J T (/81ntp ,lr ntorr xnlvr drop n Is111rw h t r ~h ~ n g iln nor $cot r h rnrl.rqsi~rr, \tifh the- s r r l ~ . lurl pnPrrr~ rrrr of A ~ ~b)rr c*arlr h I;w; ~ h r~. w . RI tI ~n-~rlt, + 7%i* Iupi.rrrtc ~41:clp1-iinhr. cSt.urh,tprn but\iu,r.n ? l ~srprrrrrarrdfhrr rod. f i t * h t ~ rhnrtld l t ~ r r ~ n h nIt~rrtrh t ~ wrii~r rl~arrrht, r t t l r r f\rt*parrhflt Do rrnr rt.il~~ctrr n7. ],-I!

Lesson 31

PUTTING THE: FR AklE TOGETI-TER

-F

B Ptrt ~ l r r trtn = s t i l ~ sn t d r l ~ c 1i1p - nnif flnrlonr mil7 m.rcrlrcr o r a ~ h rrr r n l r ~ .

Lesson 3 1 - contintred

TIIPcsds offkcvc.rrical bars rnaysrill ire rippsrr slighr!y-hm I ~ t?ior~ki~j~ifi.g. P If uhi-5 ii .TO. I ~ J F 111pnr T ~litlrn,hll*.01kt.rivirc~~nrr 1wl1Irolpro m n k ~ I ~ Iroli,~ P in #ilia nti(1dIr ra RI too big, at!(1 o t t c /IIP ~ rfrickr~nrdP I Fhtt.~ ~ pn~scdrhrot~gh.I ~ P bur n ill Ijr Ii~rrsc.

F Trrrtl rlrr./knt~ so tirat ~ltrprrtih tic nri rhrl rrt*.rtIp~, and rpmovp thr rrrlm. tmrile rttitlrll~~ ruil in position, tibrr-ad tlrr vt~rticnlhart lhrnrrch it. rrnd 1-trfcr I ~ P

Nr~rntlri t ~ ftn1 1 top ~ arrd hnrrnnl roi1.r.

A T 3 tlr~ccrrtrrpanrl'hnr. On rhb bar rlrrrr*i.r O ~ I hall P ahnl*r-arrd annrlrtmr hclnnb drr, top mil: ~ h t ~clw s r scr~tt-~ti ro,sypcrhrr. T i ~ /rI N / / lrt~low~ h roil r lins a pit1 .fi)r,tyd o t t it tt-hie11i t scrrwcd; tlw hnEI irhrwi~t T drillvd arid t a p p ~ dI,t - ~ i r ~ y rlo tlnr riahtrn rrp clr rh[*rrphr poitrr, trlr n littlr of irk^ rop hnll.

Rrplncc tlrc .rtil~s,ond see rlror all rhp joirir Q fir c o t ~ ~ t o r t d ~ i r . C11rrkS ~ I Ptqrrarmr.rv oftlic 1%-hnk ~~'RIE. hy rhr t l i n ~ o n nrl h~ i ~finri-. ttlar~lnrgr~I lng rhc sl~,rl~t r i s nrcntiot~c~! ~ oa po,tip Xfi

n.

Lesson 3 1 - conrinu~d tire m o i n f i m ~.rhordd no! hr. riwted h f i r ~~ f r .p~ c m l l - ~ w ri fkj r r ~ d a t t d~ h r pis

I;Exlng hrt1t.s firr ir drill~r!.I ~ fiartr~ P .~Itorrlrlh ~ c . E ( ~ ~ nzpapr triqhrll: l In bald t~trnrR r ~I FIJII~.F ~ I I I R ~ I ~~ rPh~i tl ~h ~ si-roM- work 1.q wit^^ f ~ t f t ~ ( l . C'cr a pair ofjoinrrh rlarnpr ifllnrr hnrr t,lr~m: [fnmr, nmkv nnr or mnrpcrnmp hnrr or . ~ ! l n ~ w . f i o rany n rnnf~rioEtn hand. arrd$?rrt. r h1.m on.

K N o w rln rht*/inalcnM .rcrting ofthr scroll- work. .TcmlI-nnrk mrar n e w he Iprrttrq it! or it IVIIIr ~ r f a i t ~ f ~ ~ t !di . i~ t~o r ! fiami~:any R ~ ~r~mr~nl I I E ~ O I Ihtp M niarEr tr ~ r thc h horrlr and.vt-mf!I V ~ F ! Z C ~ .

KP-asrrmhk rlir p ~ t cand , mnrk thr . ~ c m l frf~rotrc/i r holes i ~ the r Imrv triih a srrahrr. d r r b

Lesson 32

FITTING THE HANGING, RIVETING THE GATE -

-1

A C~nrrep~mclr rhe.rcrolls. drill tlwm

i a p p i n g s i t c o l r r a bar hoSrcd to rlre clrilfinr mnclrinr rohle, and rap rlr~m.

Fitting the Hanging f i k e [hi,srrrtp uttil hnr. drill lhrottgh borh n n t f j ~~ a - IloF?s. o ,Mark ?hi-cpntre of the circle where iIfe jntrrnol i~ In some, itt sttclr a po.~iiion thaf thpdri!/ wilf C I ~.tii~lrtl~~ F into f11e strap

DrSIi a pilor hole riglrr rItrot1~11.

I3 R i v c t i n ~the Gatc tft*n* i~n .crngir- handed rnprhnrl n/ riwting ~ p r t ~ h(1r.7. ht Riwr rlre t ~ p r t ~ l i ~ . ~Place j r s l .a srrip of m ~ m rrntlrjx I t h har ~ on \r*lrichyoit urc* wurkin~ to rolve rltc orhcs lrnons cliwr o f t h nt~vilfi(-ta. ~ RI'I'L'I~ h ~ e thars r d rt~p nttrl honomjirvr, m k ~ e ~Ihe p JFunte rrnrfr conrrnf.

Lesson 32 - continued

Lesson 32 - conrinrted

K Thc ireel iras leJ a {rifle~viderrhan rlte back stile (.TPP parm 60 art(/86). Nois: wirh a .~Id.rr lramrn~rhetow it. hlrrr ir tiplfrrsh w ~ t hrElc pccn ofthe hatnntcr. 7Xi.t ~ ~ s 1 w Jfrnl r . v cottrucr a f E / I Pours id^ rr1.w~ ond r i ~ l ~ t mfhc* n . ~join[. Rive! nndfinisl~the fop he! in the same Ivay.

The s~nal? spikcd ornatnpnr.7 rmdcr rhe lop rail a r rfificrrlt ~ to r i v ~ trp t as I ~ P s p f k ~i r trnr s!orrr enoilgh In rrsist rhr blnlir. .4.laX.l.a h o f n f n ~trp - doll r as shotrln, brl rlrilling and cot~arrr.rinkin~ IIIP cnd qfo hrnlly bur. T h i ~~vill/jtover tl~espikcand r ~ so~ttitrsf l rk hall. , f I t c r r ~ a ~ i ~I ~~SrPai ylbmad or Ira(/ U I I ~ ar~rimnnyhlock held n ~ a i n!he . ~ spike. ~

lmson 3.2

SFCUR ISG 'THE SCROT,lr~~O.RK

or car rrfrthr ri-rraec-ntirt t * ~ rtth ~hrrrp

CHAPTER 6

PAINTING WROUGHT IRONWORK All ironwork must be protected against corrosion. In particular gates, railings and signs which stand in the open must be painted most carefully if they are not to rust, especially as many smiths now work in mild steel which rusts more easily than pure iron. A thorough protection may be expensive; but a customer who accepts a poor finish to save money will find that he must either pay more in maintenance,or see the work ruined. .

PRIMING Before applying a priming coat, remove all the loose scale produced in forging by chipping, wire brushing, and polishing with emery-cloth. Pieces of loose scale left on the iron will sooner or later crack the skin of the paint. Mill scale, which is not so loose, need only be removed for a bright finish. Any rust on the iron must also be removed. There are several reliable brands of derusting fluid on the market. The main agent in most ofthese is phosphoric acid, which converts whatever rust remains after wire brushing into a grey deposit, iron phosphite. The metal can usually then be painted without further treatment, but the paint makers'directions should be carefully followed. When the iron has been thoroughly cleaned of scale, and the rust treated, it is ready for a priming coat. Red lead and red oxide are often recommended, and will protect the metal well, provided they are of good quality and applied at the right consistency. A mixture of red lead powder, japan gold size and pure turpentine makes a reliable primer which, although it dries quickly, will not crack. Properly mixed, it dries matt and provides an excellent key to the next coat. Add the japan gold size to the red lead powder until the mixture becomes as stiff as a very thick cream. Then thin it gradually with pure turpentine to the consistency of thin cream. Leave the mixture to stand for one or two hours. Stir vigorously and add a little more turpentine if necessary. Stirring frequently, apply the primer so thinly that the colour of the metal shows through the priming coat. The paint should be dry and ready for a second coat in three to six hours, according to the temperature of the workshop. This primer will not round off or blot out sharp detail, and will not readily chip. No primer will be efficient if it is applied thickly, for it will bridge the small pits and pores ofthe metal without enteringthem. Two thin coats are much better than one thick coat. The first coat at least must be thin enough to fill the pores and crevices, even though it may not cover the whole surface ofthe metal opaquely.

In the past few years sevekl zinc-based paints have been introduced into the market. Research into these paints was camed out at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, and stringent tests have proved them to provide a better protection against rust than most other priming paints. These zinc paints can be applied over rusty metal, provided the rust is not loose, because the chemical reaction of the particles of zinc in the paint against thc metal rcduccs the rust and prevents it developing beneath the paint. For this reason zinc paints are generally described as 'cold galvanizing' paints. Most oil-bound finishing paints can be applied over them. There is at least one brand of zinc paint which can beapplied to wet metal. Zinc paints must not be confused with aluminium paints. Some aluminium paints are emcient primers, provided they are made from aluminium leafing paste, but unlikezinc paintsthey will have no bencficial chemical action on any rust over which they are painted. Take the maker's or dealer's advice before choosing a paint to cover the aluminium primer, because some undercoat and finishing paints are mixed with a base which sollens the medium which thc aluminium is mixed with. If the next coat of paint picks up.the aluminium the job will be spoiled, and you will have to start from the bare metal; this might involve the expense of having the work sand blasted. UNDERCOAT For the undercoat a flat lead paint, either prepared locally by a good ironmonger or a proprietary brand, is usually best. But take care that your primer, undercoat and topcoat paints suit each other chemically. Some prefer a grey undercoat to black, so as to see more easily the pads which have still to be painted when the black topcoat isapplied. TOPCOAT Most people prefer an egg-shell black finish, and there are several reliable black lacquers with this finish on the market. Many experienced smiths consider berlin black ideal. Others finish with a gloss paint which is unpleasantly shiny when fresh but soon weathers. Whatever paint you use, apply it thinly, so that none of the delicacy of the work is spoiled. Thick leathery paint not only blunts the details, it does not protect the work so well. It will crack and blister in summer, and damp will enter through the cracks, rusting the metal beneath the paint. Wrought ironwork used in the house, such as pokers, tongs and Rrescreens, must be as thoroughly protected as outdoor work. For although indoor work will not rust soquickly, damp, dust, and thecorrosion ofconstant handling can wear a handsome piece into scrap iron. Painting protects the work, gives it an even colour, and makes it easier to clean. Alternatively, indoor work is sometimes finished a m o u r bright.

ARMOUR BRIGHT If a piece is to be finished a m o u r bright, it must be forged with much greater care and skill than would be needed if it were to be painted. The fire must be clean, and the hammer and anvil must have smoo* faces, free of dirt and scale. The metal must also be cleaned of din and scale with an old file before it is worked. Scrape the iron but make no attempt to file it up, as this would give an uninteresting machine-like surface. Any resulting marks on the cleaned surface can be removed by draw filing. Clumsy or unnecessary filing are the commonest faults of amour-bright work. Complete all the fitting before you polish the work. If you have several pieces to finish armour bright, you will save much time and labour by making a 'pickle' of five parts water to one of sulphuric acid, which will remove all the scale, including mill scale, from the iron. The pickle must be mixed in a bath which will not be corroded by the acid. I t is important that the water is putfirs! into the bath and the acid added to it; otherwise there is danger of an explosion due to the rapid generation of steam. The piece should be taken out of the acid bath and brushed with steel wire once or twice until all the scale isgone. Rinse it first in cold water, then in sulphate of ammonia to destroy any acid that remains, and then in cold water again. Finally dry it in a box of sawdust. The piece is now ready for polishing. It is much less laborious to use a power polishing bob, but if you work by hand use emery-cloth which, although more expensive than emery-paper, lasts much longer. ARer polishing, take care not to handle the work with bare hands if it is to be lacquered. Use a duster or rag, otherwise the fingerprints will show through thelacquer. Armour-bright work is often lacquered to preserve the finish. Lacquering will last much longer if properly stoved by a professional lacquerer. Cold lacquering is practicable, but the temperature must be at least sixty-five degrees fahrenheit, and the atmosphere free from dust. In this chapter specific brands of paint have not been recommended, because good new paints are continually appearing, and there are many brands which the Commission has not been able to test. But the techniques described, used with good paints. will afford a tough protection and clean finish. They .take time, and may therefore prove expensive. But unless wrought ironwork is properly painted by someone (the smith himself may not always be the right man), it will not last. as good ironwork deserves to last, for the enjoyment of many generations.

OTHER BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION 141 Castle Street, Salisbury, Wiltshire SPI 3TP The Blacksmith's Crafi ISBN 1 869964 14 4 Blacksmith's Manual illustrated by I. W. Lillico ISBN 1 869964 21 7 Catalogue of Drawings for Wroughl Ironwork ISBN 0 854070 28 1 Catalogue of Drawings Wrought Ironwork Gates ISBN 1 869964 22 5 Catalogue of Drawings Weathervanes ISBN 1 869%4 28 4 Decorative Ironwork ISBN 0 854070 12 5 Metah for Engineering Crafismen ISBN 0 854070 27 3

Today the Commission, which has always been involved in promoting traditional rural crafts in England, also offers training. Forgework wurses are set at various levels and cover: general smithing techniques, scroll work, fitting and framework, power hammering and toolmaking, a n metalwork. block repoussf, gilding and decorative effects. For details please contact the Training Section in Salisbury.