Osprey, Men-at-Arms #414 Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 (2004) OCR 8.12

The Russo-Japanese War 1904-05

ALEXEI IVANOV WIlS born in 1969 Just oulslde Moscow inlo II filmily with II .trong militilry bilckground, He served in the Soviet Armed Force. lor lour llnd iI hilll yeilrs. His inlerests include mililary history and military arehaeology, he 1. an i1vld colleclor 01 Russilln mllltlrll, and he Is espeelally Inle,.slt'd in the Russian CMI War period, He movt'd to the UK in 1992, and since Ihen ha. divided hi. time betw_ R...uia ilnd hi. home In Cambridge.hi,..

PHILIP JOWETT was bom in Leeds In 1961, .nd hes t.e.n Intll,...ted In military history lor I' long I' he Clln remember, His lirst Osprey boo« WIS Ih. llround-b,.aklng Men-It-Arms 3OtI: CllirIlIH Civil Witi'" Armies 19".... 9; Ite has sincll published II three· PI'" seqUIII>CII on the I~Uan Army 194Q-e, (Men·llt·""""s 340, 349 a 3'3). A n.>gby IelgUII eftlhusl.st and ilmilt .... r gllnll;lI09I", he is married and lives in Leeds.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION • rht: political hacl:.gruuud and ClIusm brill

CHRONOLOGY

4

MILITARY INNOVATIONS

8

•

~1.ICllillt'

guns - COmI1lUllicali()lI~ - 11l'IICh w.lrf;lll' baIl0(1I1' in.J.lp.Illt:~t: .lI1d Ru"i.1I1 'l'n in'

'lh~('n.llitm

•

Chil1t'~

14

THE RUSSIAN ARMY IN 1904 • ",1 H'ngl h - orJ{illlil.lliOlI - 1ll00';.lk .llld dlt:ll i\t'IH'" • I Ill' Ru"ian .\nl1\ ill tilt' LL't: SilX'ri.1I1 Rillt, Rl'gilllt'llh",ilX'riall .\nilkn - Frontit'r (.uanl~ - ('
18

RUSSIAN ARMY UNIFORMS • \11r{X) lInilnrm (t'nli'l('d 1,;"1lll..s) -lwadgt'.11 -

~n·,lt( H,lt-

IlMII\\l',lr

• • • •

EquipmL'1I1 - 'mall ;Imh Olli(t'r,' uniform' - r.1Ill..:-. & il1,i~ni.t Ru"i,lIl Ulliform.. ill ,('nitt, - (old IIt'.HIll'l (loillinj.{ (,;I\,lln unifnnn'

35

THE JAPANESE ARMY IN 1904 • Sll L'IIKIII - urg;.lllil;lliUll - Illor .11l' ,111<1

ANDREIKAAACHTCHOUK WilS bom In llltl6 In the lown of Mili'hi, near MOIeOw. A well-established artlilin Russia, his previous work for Osprey ineludes Men.".Arml 293: tile Run/lin Civil Wllr II} tile Red Arml' and 30': tile Russ;an C/vll War (21 Willie Armies. Andrei Is an active re·enaetor lind sculptor who, among other thing., make. master-model, lor the UK based Anglo·Russlan Tol' Soldier Company.

3

('11(·(

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JAPANESE ARMY UNIFORMS • ~lIHi'Hi

llililulill

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(t:111blt:d lalll.... ) - lIl"ldgl",l1 - gn',lI(u,Il'-

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• Ollin-r,' 1ll1ilortll - r'll1l.. &- ll1'lg-rl1;\ • Cold lI'L'atllL'1" dOlhill).{

THE PLATES

43

INDEX

48

Men-at-Arms· 414

OSPREY PUBLISHING

The Russo-Japanese War 1904-05

A Ivanov & P Jowett· Illustrated by Andrei Karachtchouk

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FOR " OOAlOGUE OIF AU. 9OOI
Tho M...etIr>g M _ . ~ 0lNc1 USA. c/o M8I I"ul*MIng 728 " ' - 1 A _ . o.c-, WI !lolO2O. USA. EmioII ~1'o.o"".,dil

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In lhe Ausso-Japanese War PhIbp .Jowett d6clocales thiS book to hiS much loved and greatly nvssed cousons Neil and Vicky

Acknowledgements The IIUthors WISh 10 record It.- OflMude lor the help of John Berger, Nil< CorniSh. Paul Corrnsh. AltlanCIro M De 0uesadlI. Fl>c:han:l Ft.IIer. a..ro Gorokho/t, AnclJej Karachtehouk. K8\'IO Mahoney. and Nogel Thomas lor hls ar;Mce on rank s~ The .-tIS! WIShes to Klo.nowIlIdglI the lund help of M 8Ionov, M Khvostov and S.ZBb*t

ISBN 1 ,..170 70ll 5 Ecllot- _

Alexei Ivanov dedicates lhlt book 10 hiS gttal-gtandfather. Artillery Prlvat. Alexander Surov;:ev. whQ eerved WI bolh the Boxer Aebelilon. 1900. and lhe Runo-Japanese War The artiSl dedlcales his palnllogs lor lhls book 10 lhe memory of hiS great-grandfather. an UIIufj couack and I partlClpanl

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P\.otIIoeIlers

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Dedications

THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904-05

INTRODUCTION H~ Ih '<.,(10:1 \I'"p.,r \\"\R \\.h a pOI\l'r "lnll-:~Ie heIlH"t" 11ll" two

The typical allhouette 01 •

Rustlen loldler In winter "aId d__ n. He we.,... the ••parllte ~Jhlilc hood, Ita long lront ,lt8nalonl wrapped ,round hi, neck, oVllr the pre·war blaek

lamb,wool Ihllpllil winter cap with the double·headed e.gle badg,. Notll the deep curt. of tIM thlnlll IIclllllcoat, which could be lum&d down to protect

lhe hand.; ,nd Ihe additional IMItdo1ier of ammunition. Thl, soldier 01 an unidentified unit ~ .. to WlI,r onl)1 a Ilnglll belt pouch. A water bolU, and I\avef1.aCk are alu"S! 10 ha"Sl on hit hlp•• IAdeq Hlltol1c:.1 AHOurc. . Inc)

domin.1lI1 1I.11ioll~ ill 1l0nh- \\ hich lll'ighhoured hl.'r l'a~lerll conqu....... 1~ IU Illl' "',lIlh - Illl:' Ilonlwrn Chinew region of ~1,ll1dlllri;l..1lHllhe (hil1('''l- \.,.....11 ..1.lIe of "'-011';1, I hi.. I>oli("\ led 10 nmfrOlIl.llioll wilh hl1!X'ri.11 I,I\MII, \\hich dlirillJ.:" lilt' "Hll:'!" h.llf 01 Ihl.' 191h U:lIIUI'\ h.ld 1'1lIngl-tI lrom hl:'l :!()()..\t·;11 ",,-'If-impowd i..olalioll fmm 1111' Olll.,idl· \\odd, \ ..llJni..hingh \iKI)fI)\h 1110dl:'llli/ali.1Il1Ifhf'!" il1(lu"ll"\ .lIld lllilil,ll"\ Itll'lt-.. \'.l.. .tehit·\t,(\ ill 1111' ..enin' of all ;llllbitiou....Iggn:.....ht· ideolu/-,..... Chin,I' .. IIMhi1il\ to pla\ am 1'01,' 01111'1' Ihan thaI 01 a maniplllau'd \iclllll 01 Ihl' .llnhilion.. 01 101 t'i!{ll I)()\\l.'r" \\a~ iIT"~I"lihh (('lllpllng III .I.I,lp.1lI deh'r111illt'rt 10 ..I,I I.e ,I claim as tht' prt'miel' !)(ml'r in ,hl,l. Iht' ~ino:lap;IllI'''{, Will' of IH91-~l:l ... 1\\ Ihl' deft',11 of the ;IIchail.'" Chinl:'''I-lolcl:''' 1)\ ,t.J.l,xllle~e .tnlll 11(1\\ I'qll1pP"d hI .\IId 11lodt:l1t:d Ull 11ll' \\'l'.. ll'rll power... L'l1(kr Ihl.' Tre,1l1 01 ~hi111U1l0"l'1.1, j.lpall llud,' "l1h"I,lIllial ~in .. in "on'a, in ..t,llIing .. pUppl'1 g"I)\I'rnllWnl IIl,'rl': and itl i\1,llIchtltia, "Iwrl' .. hl.' tool.. ml.'r Ihe Li.tOlUllg P,'nill.,ul.l including th,' ..tr.lll'git lIaval hase of Pon .\tlhltl, 11001t'\('I. durillg Ih l ' period 01 Inl.'ri.. h Gle"l Powt'r plolling ,tnd 1ll.11ll}I'l\\Ting Ihal follll\\{'d, Rll....i.l (Io:pri\ed JIP,1I1 01 lht'..t' g:~lhl", I h,' "IIII'.llI ).{<"1.'11l11l1·lll \I
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E

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It was thal n;l\Y which launched the lir~l blow whell, in 1901..Iapan kh strong enough to mke hcr revcnge: and it would lx' the' ~hockillg na\~ll defeats sulTercd b)' Russia which allraclcd 1l111ch of Ihl' illll'fllational attCI1UOIl. I-!m,'ever, the hllld 1'~lr ,,'hi(h aCCOt11rMllied the fleel actions would be of grcat importance, and Ill{' linal hauk of l\luhkn in Fl'bl'llaty-~Iarch 1905 was the greall",l l,md bank in hi,ton up In that dale. The Ru.sso-Japalle~e War was thl.' finl (emilio of the 20th Cl'llIun foughl b\ m~ol' miliL'ln pnw('l... mOrt' or It'".. ncn" matched in ...'l.I'::1"'..... lechnolog...: and il \\~l!> the I1nl '\~Il ill 1,11I(h Ihl' 1:lIe,,1 weapom and lechnique:.. ull\'l'i1c.:d to ~'lIle eMCllI in pre\;ous conf1iclS ..uch a" thc Anglo-Boer War (IR99-I902). came 10 domill:ltl' lhe b,lllldidd, LlrKl' Ilumben, of mililan obse.... cl's from m:lm ll:ltion~ \\l'rl' prc.'-"iCllt 10 repoll on the massive usc of lln:"C Ill'W \\,e:ll>on... lUll not :Ill the annies who recei\l'd Iho"C rep0rls Illih ,lb:.orbed their implication... Ten \('aN 1:lIer, Ill.lm of the'\(' le....'iOn'i which the RIL'\Sian'i and JapallC'I{' hild alrl'ach Icanll'd Ihc hard w.n would have 10 be rt.·..le.lrnl'd h,l~tih .1lId al ~TC'U CQ:>t in the opening 'iGlgl." of tht· Gn:.u W.lr in F..llrolX'.

CHRONOLOGY Gene,..1 Andrei N.Kuropetkln, who commended Au...... Flnt Manchurlen Army and lete, all Au. .lan lore. . IItcl", the Jepane.. until repleced by Gen Une..lch In Mereh HI05, 101l0wll1il the Au..ta" lellu,e at Mukden, He I. weerll1il the gene,el office," dre•• unllorm, with the eiguillettes whIch Identify him a. a gene,al adjutant to the T. ." ISTAVKA Military Image Researchl

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Ahhou!{h lhi~ boo!.. I:. dc..'\oted spccil1calh 10 the I.md furce!> of lhe RU'i!l'

nig-hl auack 011 Ru.....i.1l1 ..qu,.droll (If '>l'\l't1 baltle!>hips alld six crlli'i("'" in Port Arthur; IWO hall1e..htp' :ll1d a Cllli'I'" art· l0'l>cdoed, Sc..'\c..'l<\1 failed Japmw,c..' alll'mpL' 10 block h"rbollr l'Il11~lI1Ce will follow til late.:: Febru' 'lnd and Cuard, Di\'~, the whole .lapat1e..t' First Army (Cell Tarn(>loko Kilroki) i.. a..hnl"e by 28 l\larch, Thl'}' march nurth fur thc tirSl1:tIId h;lllk wilh Iht' Rl1 .. ~iall ddcnders of till' Valu River lille, ullder CCll A.N,Kllropalkill, 13 April I)ral!j oj"dm S. 0. Muhr/IVII Whc..'ll hi, t1:tf!;.. hip i~ slln k hr mine costs Rlls~ia Ill:r 1ll0S1l'11l'rgctic 1I;l\~11 cottltualldt'r, ,111(1 daltl:tw.'s 1110mle. 25 April-2 May Bailie of Ih(' Valli, Jap:lm'..e dt~IW RIl,..iall lire 011 false hridg'tn~ allempl whilt' ..t·cr('11I imprmi..illg' real ponahle' bridg'e "(.'C1ioll~ for llighl crus~itlg:": athallH' and ll'COllll,li,...ancc carried oul under cm'cr nf darknl'.... and ll·rr~lill. I,'hile Ru.. stan~ fail to cOllceal pn..ilinn'i:Japam·.. t· assault 'llppnrtl'd h, "Hpl'rior anilkn, ['.;I'illahie~ approximaleh 1.000 Japallc')t;', 3,000 Rll"i.ll1: RIl"iall Im~c~ in l'qllipmclll include all thcir cight tII.1chim· g'lIn~ and II fidd guns. j.lpane'ie ,·ictn.... aid'i r.ti ..ing of intcnl.ltiolloll linann'. and prc\'t~nts Ru~iall~ reinfOrCtllg Liaolllng PCltinsul,1 frOl'l Kore,ul frOil1. 5 May .Iapanc~ St.·cond ,\nll\ (Gen O!..tl) ht'g'ilh tllldinw; on Liaolung 1'l'lIin,ula,

25-26 May Ibok 01 N;lIl~h:1ll - ~ucc~~~flll japanese aUatk 011 \\'('ak I{ll,~iatl dclellcc, al Ileck of Lia()lllll~ l't'nill~lIla hv Senmd AntI\' (1'1, :1rd, 41h Di\,), Col Trt'I\,,,kO\', r1d('mkr~ resi'l ~kilfllih whik aml11unilion lasl.~, bill or(lt-red inlo ha'l\ l'l'ln',ll h\ Cell FoJ..: 1{1l"Sian d~,ld lola I appro», I,lOO,j.lpalll'l>!: (!toad iSO, Early June Japallc",' Third Al Ill\ (Gcn ;\ lart':.ukt: ;'\'oKi - 9th &.- 11th Dh~) ad\;lIlce 10 w.ke port of D.IIII\ and i"u];II(' I'or! Anhlll. ~Iain lOCus 01 japanc~{' ~1l~t1t'b"" I elll,tin~ Ru:-.:.ian ba:.c at Liao\an~ on ~()Ilth \1.lllch,uri.lIl R.lilw;I\, 14-15 June B,Htlt: of l'l"-Li-S:'ll - half-hcarled Rll"Sian ,1I1,'mpl 10 (kfl';11 Okll's St'coll(l Arn1\ bt"1\\{'cn Lia()\all~ and POri ,\nhllr. Okll (1rd, 4lh &.- 5th Dh,) .1I1otek. northward:. and dt'feaLS Gen Shtakdhl'rK\ I Silx'iian Corps. which 10'(:'<; 4ii flt'ad. 2,2·10 l\(lIlml('d and i::J·' captllled phi' Hi /otllll\: j,IP,II11.~'C 10:'*' 21i dead, 916 \\oIllHh'r1. laIc June jaIXUlC..... FiN «(~'n Kliruki) and FOllrth (Cell :\'OLU) ,\nnie... \\'illt four divi,iolls. ae!l'lIlet:" north low:ud'i l.iaovang. GI'Il Kuropalkin ab;mdoll:' 'lI~lIeh'lc MOlle11 l'ilSS. 3 & 17 July Ru~:.ian ;HIClllpl'> to rel,lke ;\IUlien P;L~ fail. 22 July jap,\Il{';:'c Coin-Co nl Q\.... ma. ami his ahle chief of ~I,lfT (:('n Kodama ,UTi\t' wilh &'colld .\rlll\. 26 JulyJapallc:,c imc,ullelll of Pon Anhur h\ Third Arnn (CCIl t'l:og-i Is.. 9th & 11th Di\'i) h('Kill~, Although handicapped b\ cOlllllland incompctence .llld 111111U,11 ho;:,tilil\ bc!\\('cll GCIl~ A.;\I.Slc,~('1 ,tnd C.N.Slllit"1lm, lhl' 4fJ.OOO-'itrong- garrison hale SOtllc :.lrollg emplacelllenis 1e001llrill~ tllnncl'i. concrete. ,,·in.: ent.... nglements and tllllllCrOll' arli11t'f'. 31 July Cell Keltt'r 1110\1" ag;lin" Japanc:.!: Fir:'1 Arm~ Oil ~oLllh-eaSI appro;tehl''i In l.i,lo\~l11~. Russi:1Il preparalion~ slow and olwious: prc-empletl b\ aHack 01 .Japallne l~lh Oi\' «(;t:11 Jnoll\t:). wltich drivc'i back RIl,~i:lIl forcl.: of Iwin: iLS strengtll. killing: Gl.:rl I'cIler among: .... ppro». {iOO dead. 10 Augllsl Ballle of 11If' }Hluw S(,N. Adl1l Vilg-eli's Russian squadrun of six hal1kship~. IhrN' crui~ers alld 14 destroyers lewes Pon t\rthw· 10 cOllfronl Adm Tog:o'~ !l)lIr h:luJcships, II cruiscrs and 'iii ~rnall('r vessels, t\111.:1· \'il~l.:ft·s tlC,11 Ii UI I his uippled Ilag-ship his depIH\' onkn wilhdlKi'~ initial frontal assaulLS at Pon Arthllr all" o\erconfident, mi~I{'d b\ tlIt'tnOI"\' of hi;:, own easy capture of lite pon from lhe Chille* 1!:Il \e,IN Ix·forc. alld by poor intelligence, ;\Iininml K'lim COSt some 16,000 j.lp.Ule~ casuahies and weaken morale, t'l:ogi )(.'lIlc:. do\\'n for a 'iiCRc.

Thl. pftotogr1lph 01 Ru..lan soldi marchIng Kro.. a ha ted fi.ld provldea a polnled reminder 01 ttIe luffe.lng endured by Chinese dvll1anl during the War. Both lid•• lat"IJ.tv Igno.ed the plight 01 the ordinary people 01 the c:ountryllde that they we.e ullng aa a battlegroulld, although the Japanele were mat"IJlnally I. . . .apac:loul during wlnle. 1904/0', and the.efore benellted from bener local InteUIgenc:e. The soldiers a.e weerlng the Itandard dark graen unIform with thel. greatc:oat, Ilung ac:ro.. thel. c:heltl: the whIte band of the forage c:ap IhoWI up dea.ly, denoting Ihe third .eglment wIthin a dlvlalon. lSTAVKA Mltltary lmege Releer<:hl

5

A trio 01 R.....I.n soldiers po.e wIth .n , ...en more dl.hevelled J.p.nese prisoner of war. The Ru"l.n••re we.ring bulky M1881 gre.tcoat., with the sn.ggy Siberl.n 'M.rrchzhurlla' sne.pskln h.t. gi...lrtll them. wild .PfHl.r.nce. Th. Japanese pri.oner we.rs whet co ld be • c.ptured, cut·down R I.n gre.tcoat ove, hi. d.rk blue MIMe unllonn, .nd seem. to "".... the 1D04 Is.ue khaki cap. (And,.lfC• .-.chtchoukl

26 AugUSI-3 September Itllllc of LiaO\"n~. Ch"ma·" Fif'!. ~.'colHl &: fourth .\nlHl·" to"11 IYH.()()(I11U'n with :\:\ ca\";lln 'Cluadron, ;lIld IiO lil'ld WIII~: Ihl'\ .1I1.tll. Kurop.lIkin\ I. III. IV and \' Sil)(:'ri.lI1. X .trld X\'II Corp", wilh 1.".H.()()(). 11M 'Cllladron ... and (-,(1.) Kiln". Uoth anni.·" li};11l 10 l'xh.lthl ion in hot. 1.lim \\(·;lIh(·r. U\l'r hilh 1(·n~lin. un ,I 110111 .Ibmll 2.) mill''' wide b\ IH mik, dl·t·p. TIll' rt'~lIh i.. 11I01"1': 01 Ie''';l ,1.Iklll.lll': 1Ill' Rll"i,lll' claim "iclon chit, 10 IIwil" Jowl'r GI'Il,lI!i.'" (3.600 J...ilkd ,lml I I.~\OO \HJI1nded. t.: lo~ ...n 01 .",.,)10 ,md HUlOO 1"1"1'.'( tin·h). 1101I'(·\t.:r, KuropalJ...in i~ oblig"ed to n'lft',lI l1orlh\\,l1 (k iltCOlllp.·\('1ll Rl1 .... i;m cOllllnalld. cOl1lrlll and l0111l1l1111 it"t iOlh ,II t· .·xptN·d: ,trld - worn inK" - 'Ollie Rll"i,1tl lilt it, h,ld Wilhlll~l\\II Ifllllllll.·IMltle "l.folin"l t)reler". 7-17 Oclober I\.Itlk (If "'11,1 110. Kllrop".J...in allt'mpl' a "OIlIIl\\~lrd, ol1t'l1,i\t.:, 0\,1111,1 ;1 ('Olllllt.:r.....,llc.:thi\t.:. bolh idt.:... pl,ldllg lllt'il 111,lill hopI" 01\ It'll ILlll"illg- <111Mb. Dt"pill' the 10 01 tlearh 11,000 d.'ad ,l11d ~m,I(JO \\'olllldl'd ,1).;aill'l Japam',l' GI..u"llil''' ot Ie.... 1!t,1I1 '1,{1OO ,lilt! Il/,j()() rt'~I)t'eti\l.'h. atld thcil' laihtrc [0 alh~\llct.: (0 Icliclt· I'on t\nhill. Ih(' Rl1,,,ian" dai111 a \·iClm"\". Exhall\tcd and ,hon ot rttcn :111d "l1pl'lit·" hlllil at mk, ill ,\LIII( hllri" lIO\\' ~Cllk inl0 witlll'r (ptal ItT". 25-31 Octobcr AI POI[ At d\lll. ~ix da\, 01 futile Jap;lt1c,c "":lUll' (0~1 Ihl'tll I,HOO deac!, 27 No\"cmber-6 Deccmbcr .\th'r al ri\,d al Pori Anhur 01 CCll Kud,lttla., tlell hl"I\'\ ~llt h at Id Irc,h 71h Dh, JapatH~~t:' Th ird An11l 1,lkt' ,[ t,llt'g-i( IliH :lll:\ "tid \\'0";11,1 Ilill dotllin;lting: harhour. ;H cn't 01 II,OOn j.lp
6

1905 'l January POll \t Ihlll K,lll t'otl ,un t'lldt'I-"; mdi..ciplill(· of '~lll" ,1l1d lill'. "lHllll1i( t·"· dlTdll Will 01 dlll\. ,hll{"'" fllft'iWI llh,t·f\t· ..... F,,11 (II dt\ In'(" (.t·1\ 'o~i', ).lp,\11I"1' Third \1"111\ 10 InO\(' north .md rt·inlnnt·

Fir,!. Second ,md Fourth Annic" whcre F~I O\',II11a now fac('s (;el1 Kurupalkin\ hN (GI.'11 l.i11l-",ich). St:com! (Cell Grippt'llblc"rJ.{) and Third (;l'll K.tIllh,u"') i\lanchllrian ,\nnie-; and Cell ~li,hch{'nl..()\ (;O",ICI.. <:orp'. January Unlit ,idt" 'l.'l,d CiI\;II .... 10 1,Iid t';\Ch olher's rt'ar linc~ ofsllpph ;llUll(lllllllllllicalillll, 25--29 January 1\.. 111e 01 .'Mll·dl·-Pll, (~'n (;tipl)("nl)("r~(" Stc-colld ~l.lll(hllli;1l1 .\nl1\ ,lttlc"ll'pU wlltll-\\lc"st\\",lrd... offell,i\(' from \\illlt'" lint' 011 I hill Kher lowards 1.1,10\ian GI.'>U,IIIIC'. (.1'11 (.rippl'llberg ,Ibandon" hi" arlll' cnmm,llId ,lIId puhlich dl'1I01l1lCe, hi... COlllln;lIIder..in.. chief Kurop;nl..in. January-February'l h(' 190~J U...·Ullllioll· - "("dOllS lInr("'i1 in Rw,.,ian Cili(',: hlilldrc(b of dt'lI1on.'>Ilrnor of ~I()';{"ow ;L''''L,,-,illated.j,lp.llIl''< inu'lIigl'lIct' nCI\\orls "upph arm" 10 di,..icll·l1b in Finl,md, 1}"lltic prO\-illCc, and GlUC,bll'. 19 Fehruar)'-IO March a.llth' of ~Illl..den - foughl b\ mml numlc"rou....Inllil·, ill hi'lon lip lu Ihal date. For spring C':lInpaigll h.urolMtl..in h;L, Fi""l. Sc.~ond & Third ~laJlclllll;.1Il .\nni(·~ (rNpeCli\l'h (o1-'n" I.inl"\;ch. K.Illlbar... and Bilderlin~{). wilh !Ut,11 of 2ij.l)()() illl,lIItn. 16,000 ca\'lln. 1.439 fidd Will.'> and j6 machine gllll'>. F.ICillg' him, (h,lllM h ..... lhe Yalu (Cen }\.;1\\:11lI1II:1), Fi ..... (Kllrol..i), "it:colld (0111). Third (No",;) ,md FOlll'th (~Olll) Annil·.... \filh 2/)(1.000 illl,mln, i .:JjO c'I\:lln. 924 gtllb (including' he,1\'\ II ii, hnwilll'l" hrollg'IH up from Pon .\nhur) ;md 174 machine g'lIn~. ,\(h,I1ICilll-\" lIortll\\.'>illal b\ poor ill1cllig-ence anc! the il1:lCli\,i,\ of his arm\' commander... Kuropalkin .'>ends hi, le'e1'\(" 10 Ihl' I':l~lerll flanl.. before O}'arna'~ inlenlion" beCOllH' 1'11.';\1 utI '27 Ft:bru:ll")" Kllrop:llkil1 orders (kSlruetioll of hi, rear depoh 10 dell}' lhl'lIl 10 lhe enenlY and;H rtrst o\'ereslimales lhl" .Iap;lIle'" pl'lll"lr:llioll, IIHl~ spreadillg' ;,lanll; SOl til" lroop' give \"~IY 10 drlll1kclllll'''''' and illlli,ciplil1t". Wht:ll he weakel\s his centre .on '2 ~Ial"ch 10 COllntCr Ihe now reinforced Japancst' \\'c"lt'rn hook Ihl" 1ll0\t: i, h,lIl1pered h\ appalling \\·e;uhcr. Kllropalkin dccicle~ thai ahandoning hi, i\lllkdl'lI b;L'C is lllla"oidablc, and order... tankal wi,hch";I\\';II, h\ hi~ ("t'nll't' 011 7 March, Under a gCll('ml Japane~e a.'>~allll tlte'>l:' 111m illlo a Keneml and dborderl) retrcat on 9... 10 ~la,.ch. Kurop;ukill\ IIl1crly dClIlomliled armies final1~ rClreal 'OUlt' 200 mik", losing milch of lheir lransport and "llpplit.'s, On I) the Clo.h
Oener.t M........k. HogI, tM vlclor 01 the ft,..1 .neek on Por1 Ar1h... r during the $lno·Japanese Wu 01 18g4-g5, w . . ent""sted with the uplu.e of Ihe elty one. again .s eomm.nder ollhll Japane.e Third Annr In t8O
7

... JilPilIM'H fi.ld

I.I.phone

crew, dressed in _mmer khaki unifonn., photog,.phed cIoN 10 the lronl "_ In a l>iI.tlly dug communication. posl. The,.. a .. ......,.1 puzzling o.lall.: lett-nand man seem. to have a length 01 com~nv ollie." bl;ock_.triped c~red CliP bIItKl lIn.c:hed to 1M lront 01 hi. cep only. The 100000routKl ",an seem. to di,plev the chevron-sh.aped cull edging of a walTant officer, allhough Ihi' w. . nol!"e9ulaUon on Ihe khaki lunlc; lind both hi, cull and collar ,eem 10 be of a dan.er .had. of cloth, mafchlng hi. coloured cap batKl. (Authon collection)

t"

20 March Confidential US oO"cr to mediate peac(' talks, 27-28 Ma)' Ijuff//' ofJ~lIshimll, The ded...in: n:l\',11 b;lult: oj tht· \\~lr. in the ...traits between Japan and Korea, 1.>el\\'ee1l Adm logo's faster hilt 1110r(' lightly gunned lleel. and Adm RO/he"t\('n4,~"Rll,~ian :!nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons. After a nighulIMc ~C\cll-Illullth \{)V,lgc frum the Baltic Sea \ia the North Sea. SIlC/ Ilr Ill(' (:'Ipt' of Ct)()(! I lope, SinJr-lI)l)re and Vietnam. the poor" tl~lilll'd Rm... ian en.'w" arc sick al1(\ Illutinous. and thdr dcfeati...t unicer~ complt.·leh outcla.....ed. ~Iain Ru"Sian los..."Cs are fi\'e baltk"hip". fOllr crlli,cf', ;md fi\"(~ de..lrO\cN sunk: thl"('c lxlulc"hip". five crlli"t.·l"'i .lIul 1\\11 dc,tru\·ers l, Sollie tMOO Rm..i'lll '>l·r PoII'",km tIlutil1\': thuu.,,;md.. uf wmp.ulll..'tic dCIllUn~lI~ILOI') I..illed b\ troop" at Ode'iS;I: PoInnkin seeks a.s\"lum in Rom'lIlian pori. 7 J ul)'-8 August Japan ~ei/es Sal..ll,llin hl.md. 9 AUf:,'USt I>eace negotiations Ix-gin al Port ..mulllh. :\C\\ Hampshire. under au~pice.. of Pre~ident Thc()(lort· RI)(N·\,I·h. 5 September rreat\ of I'orbllluulh ..igned. J.lpan gain" ,«JlIthern Sia.

MILITARY INNOVATIONS Fcl\' of the I('ch III Ilog-it'" '1·t·n ill Iht' hllld \,,,r WCfe being emplovcd lor the lir~t tillle: it I\~I" [heir sClle of U,I' ill rdillcd form" \\'h irh \\';1" illnO\~lti\'e. As long aKo as th,' Aillericall Cil'il War III 40 )'t:ars bdure there had hl't'll PI~ICliGtl u..t: uf hrecrh-Io;ttling 1"qW:ttillg rill,·... tclegraphic C0I1111lll11icalioll", ;terial oh"\'I"\'atilJl1 ballooll~, 111,~or 1~lilwar nell\OI k~ 101 ,roop and ~uppl>, 1110\,l'l11('nl". ;tnd a, few cntdc carl\' rnachinl' gUll". \Vhat Wt'rc thCli nu\'c1lin had now bt:'corne comlllonpl:lCI'. hO\\t'\el", Machine guns

8

The Ru...so:!apanl' ..e W.Il' ...11\ thc I\ide-...calc emplontlcnl 01 II1mle'rn machine' Io\""n .. I" hoth ...ick.... A do/ell (;;lIlbllo\" gUll" h.ld bl.:clI Il'>cd ,\tlhe ..iege of I>eler"burg in the ,\IIlt.·rican Civil Wdf. ;:md developments of tht."'t· ,lIlri mllt'r !'arlv machillL' gllll~ 1l,ld ..t.TlI ,enict.· ill colonial \\~ll"" dllring thc nel
.Iapalll"l' War \\;1" Ih(' li .... 1 tillll' Illal hOlh ..ides emplo\'cd 'St'colld gencratiun' g'Lll1~ - i.t'. ,1I11olllaticdlv firing ratht'r lhall hand C1,l1Ikt'd, !lOn-rOlan, II - in lIUrllOCI" "lLfTici(,llt to duminalt' hallldil'!(k III a 10rt't;l..t(' of lhing's to come in 1914-18, a ll1;h... iHc· SO pl'l (l'Il! III cI~uahit'" during- tilt.: Ru...... {~lap;uw ..t' War IICrl' credited 10 tll,LChillt, KLlll lin:, Thi, 11,1.'> Llrgeh due 10 the 'iuicid,11 .!.IIMIIl·,e t,H-lie.. of ,t:lllling' \\;1\'1' ,11'11'1' 11..\'e of infallln aK"ilHl po~ilion, defelltit'd b\ Ru...... i;1ll tll,lthillt.: gUll'" Thi.. \Ili'iing number of the foreign • mUitan ob,ene" '>l't'lII 101M\\,' l"'IOpl.lint'd Ihe olllCOIllC' of olX'ration'i ;b Ix'ing dLll" to Imll,llc [,II her Ih,1ll technicil UI profe......iun,11 1,1((01~. For ilhlancC', a ~rt',11 dt'al IliL" m,\{\(' ofllll' d,IIlIll!t.'.,... courage oflheJap,ll1e'>t:' in Iht' ,.........lllit. .llld thl' 1,lilLlrl' of Iht.: gellcr:alh dt'fcn5i\l~ l}(blUrt' of Ill(' RII~iall", ralllt')' Ih,1Il 'l\It'lIlpling ,111\ rcal ,Illah~i.. of Iht' rd,lIilt' comlX'lenn' of the Rt'lleral, "ho \('d thelll. Thi, mt'J"\'aluing: of Iht' ',U1'lcl..ing: ,piril' ,uuIUII{k'n '1llling of m;lchim.' hTllll!l and sll"ong: defen"i\{' po"ilion,> wnuld hot\\" et,.,lh cun'>C(!lIelJ(,c,> ill 1YI+-1 5. Thl' 1;lihlrt' 10 ... Irt:.'~ the rdalile irn'!t.'I,ltlCl' of Gl\;lln t..'d lht:.' numlX'f of machillt.' ~un, in Ilwir '\('nice, from nnh 12 ill IH98 10 10 ill 1901. Thl... \\';1..'>, OfCUllI'M.', onh a tim lIIunlX'r l:n mock'ol ~1,lnd,.rd.... and as lhe \,"1' Ix'g;m mLlch grealt'r lI11111IX'r.. l\t're being itllroclllCt'd. Ilmll"l'I', RLI... sia'~ 7.62mm ~l.l"im guns h,ld tu be illlpolled from Vicl-t.,I...·:-.laxim in England: IX'lon' 19()) nnll the '>pan.' bands {olLld IX' manu!;lclLlr{'d al the rula arsenal. \Ihicll turlled out the firsl COlltplt::tt' glLllS - r(,co~lli/abk h\ llwir srnootll broil/t.: 1\,ller j,lckt'l:; - in thal reM. Tilt:.' ,\LIXiIllS 1,'Cre deployed In batteries of ... ix to ci~hl. mounled 011 aniller)'·t\'pl' carri;lg"es Il'itll shields to prot{'cllhc ("I't'ws, and ;Ulltllllni!ion buX\," 1ll0l1i1led OtL lilt, bad.•. Tbi, forlll 01 1ll00Llllinl-\", amI Ill(' deplUllllt'lllloo it l'llCOUl'll-\"l't.!, made tht' gUIl\ l'aS\ 1,ll'gt'l!. for Japanese ,Irlillt'n and snipers - a \It'al..ne" Ihal becanH' clear ;11 Iht., baule of thc Yalll Ri\cI: (Liter in Ihe \1<11' tht'l"l' ",I~ ICIXln· edll <;QnU' U'iC of ;\ lowcr

EIlcenent stud)' 01 a JlIpllneH machine Slun crew manning Ihei. Ilcenc' productlon "'enlon 01 the F..-h M1SSl7 HotChkiss, Apart from "me captured Russian MlIdms Ihls wn the on')' model of ft\kh'n, gun In . .",Ice with 1M "a,",neH during the war, .nd tM)' be<:ame .dept 'n using it 10 suppGf1 inlantry in the .....ull. Th4I cr.w W.iI' k....kl summ..- unlfonns, though Ih4I right-hand man still hn an unc_red M1880 bh~e cap; nole 1M sun curtain on the g...n CilP co"'.r, the metal .ttaeh ts lor II on 1M left men's cap bend, the lrogged Arlsalte beyonet, .nd details oftM buUoned and atrapped can",as SI.iten, (CortJis)

9

.'" Though obvlou.1y posed, thl. Im-ste of Ru....n Int.ntry ....lInlng the .Imple.t sort 01 t....,.;:h doeII g...... n Imp,...1on of t"- b"'.k M.nchurf.n landsupe In wf1k;h tn.y opersted. (Authon ccMlecllonl

10

wheeled mOUI1\, bUI thc Lllllom Sokolm carriag"t' of both 1I'0rld wars I\~IS lIOI 'l,tlldard hefon.. the inlroduction of Ill(' 1"11910 i\laxim,) The gun~ were 1;11" more dTl'Cli\t:~ wht'll dug imu ,I ddl'n~i\'l' po~iliun \\ilh O\crhl'ad pnlll'clion, as at Pon Arthur. Ap;.m frolll hel' Ix'it-fed, \"l\l'l~lx,ll'd \1.Lxilm, hcfore tilt" \'~Il' Rll',-~ia al,o purch'N'f! ..IXIIII 200 Dani..h \lad"cll IIMR'l/ille-fed, .Iir-eookd light lIMchilll' h"llll!'o (\~lriulL'h tl'lllll'd \11 YO~ or \119(3) for the CI\~llr\. ,\ h,uulful "uppIN'cll\ rcaclu..d \Ianchlllia, hut no c,\idt'llCC' th.1I thl'" ....1\\ combo.lI there h;l" H:'I sudan'd, TIlt" \,.. r'~ dcmon~lratiom of lhl' impon;mcc 01 machine gun~ ~uhq'qllenlh led 10 Iheir i-.sul' b, 1911.11 ,I '<'ilk 01 eight \I.. xilm per four-b.III.llion infallln rt:'gimclII, .md l'ight \1.1(1'l'lh Ill'r fOllr-rl'ginll'lIt <'il\aln di\·ision. fhe Japanese ,,1...., !x.'K'1Il Ihl' \'~Ir ,,'ith .. rdati\l'h 'IIMII lI11mlx.'1 of machille gun~ in sc.-nicl' bUI ~II rl'••li,ed th.lI Ihl'\ Ilt'l,dl'd lllOle, rnlt'\ ..lpwrl'd a nllmlx'r of RU"ian \Iaxinh .11 tIll' y.• 11l Riw.'r. and turned Ihcm i1K'liml Iheir fOllllcr owner..,) Dllrinj.; Ilwlr p.1I1icip.llinn in the cludling of lilt" Boxer RdldlioTl in IYOO the\ h.ld .lCqllill'd ,I Fn:'llch 1l00chki-.s \IIN97: a licence manllfactuf(' ,lgl'lTlIlt'm \.-a~ concluded. and Ihe Ilotchki,-, in 6.511l1ll calibre \\t'11I into produclion ,II .1 l.uton in luk\"u. \\'iLhin ;1 fe" molllh.. of the ulllbn'ak of hmlilillt" ('Mh .Iapanc"e di\'i!'oion hild 21 lllachilH' glln~ (hdd al Ill(' din'CI c1i<;,pl' divi"iOII Well' all bl011K111 inlV itcliOlI agailbt it RII!'o~iall "tl"ongpoiTll: 'The RlI~si,ln firl' W'h 'ilenct,c1. hili broke 0111 ,Igain \dlellC\er the Illachinl' gun lirt;' ,1.ICh'lll'd. Iill' J.1IMIIl'''>t:' ild'lIltnIl~ed lht":.t:" p'lIIS1.:'~ in lht' elWIll\ ... lirl' 10 prt'..s fOn\,lrd ttl c1o'l' l~lIlg-e under CO\ er of Iheir OlIn maC"hitlt, KIIIl lin','

·\1"o ;11 f\lllkdt.'Il, .lapallt.""t.' itll,IIlIr\' unit~ crossed Ihe F:Ul Ri\t'r, c1amlwl"l'd frutll !lw rher bed :lnd a~'lldtt·d lip a ~tet:p hilltu within 10 \anl;; of Ill<' Rll,,;;ian tt'enchn while ("m'l't'ed h\ Ill<' ("ontitlltou" "UppOt"l it1g' lilt' 01 m,l( h int' g'un~ ,11 1,800 \~lt'd~ range. 01 ,mulhL'r act ion lht' oniecr cOlllmanding' Ihe ma(hine gWh uf the 2nd Divi:.ioll recalled: 'I got tilt' gUll" 11110 .. g'ood PO"ilioll and, firing'o\'cr Ill(' infalllr\ '" Iwad", co\ered their ,lthanH' ,II ,I l,lIIg't· of 1,~OO \~Ird~. \\'e were :.0011 ,Ihlt' tu k{"('p [Iht' elll'lm \1 ht'.I(l~ down ... Each g'UlI expcndcd 1.500 ruulld" {hlT;ng- Ihe .I('t iOll, "hich I,l~ted about an hour." Communication

relephOlll' COllllllllllicatioll \\;1" C'mplo\{'d h\ both ~idt.'" dlll;ng' the \\~Ir. • The Ru:.:.Luh t"Cjllippt."d eH."n illl,ulln n'"brill1(:'llt and arline,", di\'j"ion with 1'0111' tdephont-" ,lIld flI.. m (:lYi Illilt.,'i) of wire, E.'lch Japanc'it-" unit a{h,llIced 011 tht, b,llIldidd Gun'illg' a telephone and dra\\;ng: COPlx-r Glbk-s behind it. nit." dOCII;11t." ul lhe J-lpanese rlnm \\~b to COllllt."CI ,I gt"0UI} con"i"tillg: of lhret' di\;o:;iollO:; \\;th the commanding: gem'I,11 I}\ telephune, ,mcll"U h cumlll,lIldinj.( gell("ml \\;Ih hi'i 'illpcl;or cOllullanckr, R.ldio I\.l~ .tl~, le.,tl,d b\ the Ku~i,lIb for b..mlefield CUllllllUllicct'll dt'\c1oped b\ the Rus:.ian scienti..t Popm, 1100\e\el'" il \\
Tilt." Irellllll''' ,Ind delellll" \IUI k~ ,II U1lnd Port An hur \\ ere a lorc."til"tt' ()l lhe kind of\\;lrf.. rl' th,ll \\,ts to becollle Iht' norm tt:n \ca.... latel 011 the WL'''lell1 Front in Fl
a~sallh

pro\'ed 10 be \'cry costly in U\'cs. They soon learnt that the only wa\' the} were going 10 take POrt Anlwr \I~\S by dig-KinK trcnch S\'~le11lS of their UI\'II lO counter the defence works; and I\hell t1u:\ did. it was nOled thaI their infanlll were more energetic and painslakin/{, in both dig-g-ing- and conce,ilmcnl. than their Rmsian CO\llllerparL\. ThcI comtr\lcled siege trenches with large ..!lclters to hOll~ up to jO Illen, whl'rc assault partics cOllld shclll'r beforc an aoad•. A....\ ,wlt \\'eapons US4::d b\ thejapanesc inclltlled nude h,II1(1 grenades made from cartridge or shell GISC'; fillcd wilh (':'(plo.. he~ and detOllated h' lig-hling a fusc, The\ also cmplo\('d wood('n Illorl,ll'" n'inforn'c1 with ham boo lashings, \\hich could be Illu\ed illto ,I lunl,lrel po~itioll bl Ulll' man (these imlllcdiatch recall the '\I'(xKlen cannon' emplO\ed ill japa,n's 16th-17th cemun. \\~ln. for firing incclI(h.ln. pn!iectile\ at fon \\~III~). Ru~iall repor.... al-.o memioll thcj.IIMne-M: USl..' 01 the 'Whilehead' mine, \\hich was huded aero"'; no-man'<;..lanci h\ a mim·-thrower.

Duri"9 the campaign In Milnchuria, a Au..lan signals officer about to make an aseent In an ob. .rv..lon balloon whUe his men hold the reflralnlng ropes, All seem to wear the undyed white glmn. .rerlra and peaked cap, An M1890 blue shirt-tunic w .. a'so Issued to men of the AI, 9alloon Unit. (Author's collection)

Observation balloons BUlh ,ide,; made cXlensi\'C U"C of ohscn."'3tion halloons dllring Ihi" Ihe I
12

service Both tllc .I:lpalle<;c :\IId I{u,sian armic.. recruited iluxiliaries altlullg thc local Cllillt.·Sl' population of i\laIKlllll'ia. This pl)lin \\''', SO!llc\\'hal frowned UpOll al the lillll' b\" lIIalll Oil bOlh ~ide~. ami lilt: rule of the auxiliaries \\~t.\ Iiltle rl·pOlwd. The Illlllj.(-hIH/C CChllll("hu ..', k/lllll/lll:',\') werc Chillt·s(· ba1ldit~, IdlO lUI ceillurit's had prt.:\t.:d UpOIl \I
Russian Inlantry led b, a drummer march throueh Ullo)'a"" their Important forward base In aouthem Manchuria. The, w.ar the atandard Ml881 dan. g....n winter uniform, unuaually expo5ed here In the aprlng or aulumn aunahlne _ It waa nonnall, wom under the grealeO;lI. All the ennaled ...nka In thla earty war photograph ha.... the peakIe.. furll:llhkll ellp; onl, thll oflleer at lett well ... Ihll peaked lIenlon. Next to him marchea an NCO, dl,pla,lng the madala of a pralllou, eampalgn. The men wellr the IIght..t equipment - the belt, with • lingle eartrldge poueh, (Author'" eolleetlon)

linc, b\ orH'lIli/ing :.Illall uniL>. of gllcnill,l~, ~ix 'COH'n' IIniLl> \,crt:' lonllt:'d ill Pd..ing ill Januan 190·-1. IIIllk'l Ihe unuml of.1 Col,\ol..i and led 1)\ a 10lal of 71 .Iapan('~(' t\'CO~. TIl(" rank and me M.'re t:'ithcr 'frit:'ndh' ChincM' lxllldiLl> or - :lfler.1lI ,lgrl'l'Illt:1ll 1\,1' rt:'.ldll:d w;lh tht:' ChincM: i1npt:lial AIlII~ COlllmandl'r, \'11;111 Shi-k.l; - \OIUIll('('I"" from hi, GWillr...; Chim..·St:' :\'CO~ \H'rt' al~o ..('("onr!('d In "Crn' ill Iht, Chtll1chll lIll iL" :llullgside the .Jap:lIw~I·. The n:glliar Chine'!:' owen lInit.. well' ~()Oll npl'l-:tling lIIainh aroulld the imponanl RlI~,i:111 h,r'I' .11 l.i
Reportedly. th{'se Chinese auxiliarie.. \\l're llOI 'Ilpplicrl with RIl!>siall Iluiforlm hili were given i\losin-Nagalll rifles with a 'ipt'CLII "lamp Oil tilt.' hllll, 'Properl\ of the Imperial Rll~i,m CoverlUllcnt'. ~rnal1 KrollP" of mOllll\ed Chillt::.e were also altachcd to "Ol11e of tlte Ru:.:.bn GI\~lln formations, and were presumabh rccnlitcd 10c"I" nn .In ad hoc basi" Jhe..c auxilian ca\~lln were usual" emplmcd itS m("!>('IIRel~ ,md seoUl:. I~lthcr LIMII ill a combat role, Their l'xi..tt:ncc \1<1" llOll'lI.auh publici/cd h\ the Rmsian Iligh C..ommand, although photograph .. do ..110\1 llllib of Chilll"C p<\T';lding in frollt of Rll'\..,i,1Il ollin.'r".

THE RUSSIAN ARMY IN 1904 In 19()lthe Russian Imperial ,\l1m (1lIuVtfl.\flltll!JntllfnVcfl)f1 f1nni)'fI) had an iniliallir'i' line qrength of O\CI .1 million nWIl, hlll {Oliid be exp'lllded rapidh LO 3.:::' million upon luJl Illobili/.alion. 111i, hllge .llln\ included "ome excellenl unil..l> of Gllard'llwn, (;rcllil(lil'l-" ilnel (Ah~IC"-'" bill al'iO '>lIme re'>t'n1:.1 ;lIld ~cul1(l line tlotlP~ 01 di~lin((h poorcr (I"alil\, L'nfortulMleh for the Rll~ian 1\,11 elTon in M.mchuri.l. it W,i!> decided 10 delx'nd a!lnosl totalh on 11ll" InN)p" ultht' ....L'lern \lilit....\ lli"lricl. \Ihich indmled a I.lfge Illllllbt'r of Ihe poor('r qtlitlil\ unib. \1.1 limc of IXllilieal unr('!>1 the gOH.'nunem \\as 11I1willillg lu 't.'lld '>I) far hom Ih(' cenlre:. of p(l\\l'r Ihl' morc rdiabk trO{)p~ of Ihl' Fllrnpl';\n \1t1i1;1I"\ Di'"1n, in ca,e Ilu.'\ Ilerc H.'
14

Uy IYOI thL' Imperial Rll,,~i;[l1 AIIII\ ;1!lL';[th Idle('lL'd 111,11I\ uf Il1l' inrrc'a..ing- weakll('<;s('s of IhI.' ROlll;l1Hl\' rq"iltlt, 01 I'al' Nkhol.., [I. 111 an ;Hl1oCracy, whcrt: powcr wa .. t'Xt'ITi,('d ill thl' 1I,1I11t' 01 all ah..olult' ruk-r hy ri).{hl of hirth, t:ollll11and appOilltlllt·lll." 1\('lt· tpo ollt'li decided lor l'('a"(1I1 .. ()f eOlIr! connt'nitlll" 1~ltll('r Illall prnft·.... illl1al e0111pt'lt'tlCL'. Rll....ian ~ociet\ at tht· tllnl 01 tht' ll'llll1n \&·a.. hllbbling I\illl etll11pt'till~ ~traill" of opinion, including energetic rt'!Ofl1H'r,: hut the i111111U\'abh Cnll"{'n~lIi\'(.' (''ilabli .. h111c!1I reganit'd 'liCit 1111'n I\illt '"'picioll. An 1l1ll'.I:.ih ddcl1!>i\ I' rulin}{ cia!>:. 100 oltL'll dt'll it'd ,I(h;lm t'lI\elll 10 Illell ul I,llcllt, and frllSU"ilted 11eCC'''',ln lTfurlJl~, The rC'1l1! \\'3" an orrin'r cLI''' ill whiclt nnil'
larl.. of a.. urale 1l1,lp~). 1',1I~ldoxi(,llh, Illl' indi,ciplilH' ilrhllll{ froln perMJllill je,ll(Ju,it,~ OJ 'l'lt.illlponancc Wil.'> ,olnetilJJt'.., n:'lnill kable, :lIld ,nllw ,('ninr COllJlII'llldl·r~ pt'l~i~ll'lllh rai1l'd 10 co-operale Ililh one ,lILulhl'l ill Ihl' 11,1111111,11 Il1lt·lt·,l. Thl' pl·a....L11l ILL" IWl1l II!lith the lulkrillg:. Ilowe\"lT. ,Ilthou~h ddea!i'lll \1,1.'> 1101 1ll',lIh ,I.'> \,ide'pn:,ac\ ill lht' .'-nlll a.'> ill lilt' :\.1\"\. thi, 10\(' or COllntn ,ltId tilt" "I'll1i.rdi~ioll' 'talll~ of Ihe T<; (Urnipi ,1 ..lelll \Ihkh ortt'll llt'~kt ted 10 pto\·idt· for it'> 'Oldie:.T~. 01 to a di'l.llll onill"r d,I.'>.... \\ho - .lp,lrl from lilt' IllOl1l('lll or hanle - "<":Idolll olTered real • kadcI'!>hip or ..,110\\I:d ,1111 eifel li\I' CII,' rlJl Ilwil Illen. ei\en till:' '>t:'riuu' unn·'t in Ru.'>..,ian (iti('.. ill 19()':1. ,md it'> brutal "-lippre3.'>ion, il ;.. hardll ..urpri ..ing: th,lt ,lhl'l IUIIg: I'pimdt,.. ul heroic lig:lllin~ rc~imt'nl'> ...olllelim"" cnllllbkd .11\.1\. loolillg :.'>101 e" illg their O!li(t:'I'l. Therc 11';1-.. ,11-'<1 (omidl'r,lhlt' ill·kding: nol onh bel\,ccn the .\nm ,l1ul '\an. hut ht'I\\I'I'1I 1,lritlll' dl·lIlt'IIL.. 01 the .\rnl\, "lIdl ;t,,, ht'I\\I'e:.·n the:.' Sibeli.1II IOllll,llitll1~ ,1lIt! Ihu'>t:' IrulII EtUUpl'.ltl Ru~i,l. It wa..- nnl\ lilt' POOIt'..1,llul mO"1 pOI\erle~ \,110 "ere llll .I pel"llOll'll di""l.'>!e!" and - \1 hell il too\.. loung IIll'lI ('ll1d hill"'·...) frulll r.lrmillg: \-ilbgl·... "1II-..-iving Oil Ihl' \('1"'\ erlg:I' nl "uh"i"ten("(' - ,I" ,I cat;I"lrophe ror the communil\, Sinct' ,Il(' greilllll,yoril\ (II (OIN ripL.. 1II'n' Illtler-lle llwir chance" 01 acquiriug I('al rnilit.u"\ ..\..ill.. ,uul promotion \1(:'l"t' "IIMI!; ror lhe ...Ullt:: l"e'l.'>Oll bolh ll""aining and di..ciplillt' rdied upon Ihe mo..-l h.·lsie repelitl\c mclho(l" ,lilt! h,u....h '>t't.'III" to h,lll.' bt·I.'n ,trhill~lr~ and "rll'lI minimal - ,I.'> oftell 1>t.'('III...e orliw indlicit'lIl hurl,.IU(mn and Ru",i(' of lhe ollicl'l" d,!.'>....·.. 1.\(1.. ot id"l1Iiticatioll \Iilh lht· 1mI.'>..' 01 ..oldicl.... THE RUSSIAN ARMY IN THE EAST

The Ru,,--,Lul llllce' Ilhich IUlJl-I"ht durill).{ Ihe w,lr \lere lII,lillh Ihml' alreach "t'f\illg 111 Ihe F~lr E:I.'>I ,II Iht' olllhrt:ak of\\~lr. TIw'l' IIt'!"I' Iliadl' lip of ,,,Idi(·r....l'r\,il1g l"l~t ot' Like Itlikitl in Sillt'ria ,md in i\lanchtlti~l, illdudillg" ,1111'>l' g:1l,udilll-\ Ihe i\1:l1K!luri,ll1 1~lih"lVll. lho.'>t' '1,lliulIl'd 011 lhe Amllr RiWI, ,lllli IIH' 1f<1I ri"()l1~ III VIat!iHI.'>IOI... Pos"iel I\al', Ihlllv ami Pon :\rtl Illt". 1'01<11 Ru....'>i,ll1 force" ill lite E,I..I ,tl llle lI11lhre,lk of 11";11' wt.:l"e 3,ll.r; ('!lin'l.... :llld 117.17!) tllt'll. WillI 266 pil'ce~ or anillcl"Y; lhi~ 101,11 induded Frondl'r (;uard and Siberiall i\lililia llllil... Thnt' 1\"('l't' !i2 1't'g:itlll'l1l~ of E.:Illt Sibclian Rille" I.'ddl thn'('·lMtl;tlion rt'Kinwll1 11a\'illK an eSIhtlll"lli of :~!:l ul1i("el~ ,mc:.! 1.906 tIlel!. III adclilion rOllr rt'g"IlI.lt" rq~illlt'nt .. or line Infantry served in lIlt' ltwaln': tht' 12:-\rd, 12-llh, 1;\91h;Uld 140lh Regillll'lIL... til 10m ball .llld 15,3()() lIlell,.\ hallaliOll and a compam or Fonrc"" InrallU"\ from i'i\..olaic\'sk

The crew 01 I Pulilov M Ul02 7.&2cm quick-tiring bre-eeh. toader pre~re tMlr gun for KUon during the winter 01 t904/05; Ihl, WI' the ,tandarel RUllla" tleld Irtlllery piece during the war. All the crew wear the Ml881 llreatcoat with the blJlhlllr hood; the lett-ha"d ma" ca" be ,een 10 wear large felt wl"ter boot" (Andrei KlIrlchlchouk)

•

15

added ;lIIollll'r 20 I)nicen and 1.IHt) men. The Frontier Guard Infanlll' I\'crc made IIp of 5:J ClJlllpatlic, IlJlallillg 268 ollicers and 13,103 mell. Siberian Rifle Regiments III 190 Idle Siberian Rille Rq{imcllt difrerl.-"{! in Slrcllgth from the Europe'lll Rll~iall linc Infallm Rq"l>lm('1H ill that it onl\' had three bmt:llions 011 most. DUling tht' (.oar!} ~t,I~.tl"" 01 lh(' war uniL.. werc "Cldolll up to their t.... I.lhli.\olllllcn~. lhc a\'cI'lgc ~lrclIg:th of a hau.aliOtl being about iOO 1.KI\ont.'L'. Sibcrian l'l'h>lml'nL" had fewcr ""Iff office..... \\ith a colonel, a ~Iarr adjulant ami a 1(,\\ (Jther 'I;tlr ()Iliecr' ;l' well as 100 enlistcd ranks I"ho al'\(J perlolllll'(l \.Irimb ,t.dl duut..... Each rt.'g:illlellt had ib 0\'11 moullll"{l "oColil COIIII.KII1\ - ·oItlwilllki - \\ilh two oflicc!'o; and 140 mher r.mk.s. Ikfo!'l,thc olltha'ak of \\.11' the 1.I'l{t...t ~ilx:riall fonnauoll \\"I"l'g:inlt'1II btig:.ldc, \\ith IIU dhi,iulI.ll...,i/ed follllauolls, but some brig'ldt.'"> wen' then gTOulx:d inlo ad hoC' E,:'L"t Siberian Rifle Di\ision". In Daober 1~)()5. follO'l,illg IIIl' do'C' of Ihe 1,.11', ,til Ea.'>1 Sibelian Rifle Rq~illll.'lIb \\ere misc.."{1 10 fOllr ball.llioll,>, \\ith .1 cOlllbatalll \\"1' L'SGlblishmCIH uf 6..~ officl'l' ,md :\.&:;2 :\,(X>- and lIlen. rhe Ll'l Silx:ri.11I Rille!> \\ere poor qu.llit\ troop~: the IIIli.... \\ere IIIMle lip I.lrgl'h of re'er\'i,>t~ \\hu had been rt-"caIlL"{1 after di~h.lrge fWIlI lI1ilil;lf\ ........in·. mij{"Ulh from "'("'11'111 RlIs.<;ia, alld Asi.1I1 tribc'illlcn. Aboul -to pt'I' (l'1I1 of thl' 'Silx'rian' troop~ were in fact Poll". \\ho \'l'll' nOI ill> harth in till' t'xtn.·lIlt' condilion, of ~bnclHllia as tlll'ir lnll' SiheTian cnmradt-,~, Ilol,·t-'w'r, 'iOml' commenlalOl-'; prai'C'd tht' lig-hlinf{ qualilil'" (JI Ihe ~il)L'ri
16

Railway guards The Fronlier Guards W('n' a hordlT palrol torn' which .Iho pl'rfor11lcd illlcfIlal police dutil'" in Ru'sia'" 1I\0;;t di"t:l1lt prt>linn·'. Tht' Frollticr Guard:. I\crt' 1,lrgl'h recruited from \·eler.IIl" who had cmnpklcd their At III I ,en in'; the' I"ecehctl a high.... raIl' of pa'

A Run"n 6in howitzer dug In during posltlon.1 nghtlng In M.nehuri.; three officers .net t2 men .... visible In the gunpit. Two of lhe officen sre weanng their pale grealco.ls, while the officer In Ihe centre Just above the bllHlCh of lite ho':'ltzer hn II non-regulation tulup sheepskIn cost to whIch he has added his shoulder boards, ,Author's collec::1I0nl

PORT ARTHUR GARRISON, 1904 This ptovldes a reptesentat....e 'order of bailIe'. The units listed below totalled approximately 41 ,000 men; and to defend the 25km (15'hmtle) perimeter the gamson had 646 artillery pteCes of all kll'\dS, al'ld 62 machIne guns.

4th East Siberian Rifle OMsion (M3jGen Fok)

1st Bngade: 13th E,Stbenan Rifle Regt 14th E.Sibenan Rifle Reg{

2ndBngade: 15th E.Siberian Rifle Reg{ 16th E.Siberian Rifle Reg{ 4th E.Sibenan Artillery (4 btys)

7th E-Siberlan Rifle Division

(t.4a,Gen Kondratrio) tst Bngade: 25th E.Sibenan Allie Aegt 26th E,&benan Allie Regt

2nd Brigade: 27th E.&berian RIlle Regt 28th E.Stbenan RIlle Regt 7th E.Stberian Artillery (3 btyS)

MIscellaneous units: 5th E.Sibenan Rifle Regt (minus 1 company as Peking Legation Guard) 3rd, 4th & 7th E.Slberian Depot Ballallons 21st & 36th Frontier Guard Cos

3 x bns Fortress Artillery 1 x bty field hoWitzers 1 5Otma, Vefflhoe-Udlnsk Cossack Regt Telegraph Co, 2nd E.Sibelian RIfle Dlv Kuan·tun 5apper Company Port Arthur MIning Company

The rest 01 tile gamson was made up of ad hoc uruts of railway guard troopS, and the crews from the ships of the 1st Squadron, Pacific Fleet trapped In the harbour. It was further retnforced by the r1llSlOQ of a local m~itJa force:

,11](1 l·njo\t·d I-\"l'l1l'r
~ih{'ri;lll

;11Ic!

\1.llI-

,huri,m r,lilll,I" ttl lht' .Irmi,·, ill lht, Far E.I,t, ;lIld 10 Ilwil \Ullll'I";lbilill aIlMJ.". lht: Frolllit-r (,"ard, l\l'rt' 1'l1lnl"l('d Wilh llwil pI 1111'( Ii till , .111(1 l' 'Ct"IIt"d Pot1 Arthur Town Guardl ill llli.. mi .... ioll. .\pan VoItmteer Cotps As the Sllua!lOJl detenorated the leading from "('('uri" dillie, thi, townspeople asked II they could form ,Ollll'IUl1l" ill\oht"d lilt" U- own policing force to be known th,Ulkl,'" I.I"J." of ddemlilll-\" as the Town Goard. Permtssol was .1 ('fin-idol' of n'lr('at alollH eventualy grveo, but this cMc force was .1 1,lihl,1\ hill', .md Oll ..u,h immediately transformed by the mlI\ary authonbes into a miIlla. AI male teSldents oC(.I.. ion.. lhl' Frnllli{'1" were conscripted, WIth the)'OlXlgel" men ('ll.lrcl .. l'anll'd ,I 1I';II-';0ll1t· gMlI"I part \me guard duties so that they n'pul.l1iOlI lor hl"";I\t"I"\. could carry on their c:ivitian occupatJons. Bl Ft'!)ru ....\ 1901 111('11' Older recrurts were grven supJXlrt duties, \\t'lt' ,I;) Inl.lIl1n COIllas labourers in the VMOUS military stores Of: as ordefIies in the town's hospitals, p.mit:, eMit :!;,O ,!long, A total of 12 battalion-size units were ;1'; "(jll.l
J

Cavalry Ikfore lhe ~tarl of Ihe RLl"~O·:I:tP;ll1t."l' \\';\1' Ihe Rll.. ~i.ul Arm)' had ,ix lillt: aml:\6 C..oss.ack u',Ilr" ..qlladrom in the'llrt'. 11\ ~Iar("h 1!)(H lht:..l' It.l(ll~ell rt:inforct:d 10 ~07 "lll,ldrom, Ii:i pel (t'1I1 nf this 101,11 bl'III).;" (:(),~acks and lhe relluil1in).;":n pt'l" relll {·ilhl'r Dragooll' nr ;\lolll1led FrOtHier Guards. :\!on-Cn"s.ack r;l\~lln \1 hich ,:\\\' ael inn dllring: the \\,11' l\t're primarih lhn:t: O"I).;"oon RI'gillll'llt:'l - Iht: Primor"h, :\!e/hilhl..i ,111(1 Chcmigo\': ami lhe l2nd ami IHIIl S<:lllMlron.. of ~lounlC'd Frolllier Guards. SIx ~Io\ln\('d Fronliel (:lIard CtI<;s.atk wlniru wt"re formed inlo lhe Frontit'J" GU.lfd Reg-imel1t. \\hich ~cl""'("d with lhe i\lanchurian anll\ lhroug:luml lht' I\
17

.-----~----------------------------------------Cossack troops

The CO\o...,>:td, lroops had lmdilionall)' fulfilit'd Ih,' n'("ol1l1ai~"
itl ~laJlchllda:

bUI ill the e\'l'llt lht'\ prml'd \otnelhing of a The unirs cmplmed w('re ~('c(Jnd-rale lroop~ mainh (11,1\1"11 - like the rc~t of the anl1\ - from regiun.) UUl.'.ide the Eurupean ~lilil;ln Di.)u;cI. The lllajocil\ wt.:re Lblel1l Co....... u:l.~ from the DOli. Ol conting-cnts frOIll the Kuball, len:I.. ,1Ild D,lge.)t,lII hu.)!.'>. In gl'llel. .\ttemplS were made to ('xploil thdr lIlon' Il<;t'flll qtlalilie~ b\ mouTlIillg largl"-"Calc mid~ lX'hincl J.lP,lIlC"\l· lilll'''. Ill(' liNI ~Ilch raid b\ (.ell ~li,hchcl1"u ill Janu,ln 190:; l'lllplmed .1 mixed forct' of .t1X)ut 10.000 men. mosth C,o!l-Smaller mid in ~Ia\ imohed I\H) Co~~,lck di\'i,iull~ \\ith ,il\. gun,. BOlh \\ere aimed al cncm\ ~llpph linl'" anc! dt'I>O! Ihelll~t'I\C~ t'mplmcd on 1>CCUI;I\ dlllil''i; ,I long lhl' lilw~ of ("ollllllllniC:l1ioll. rtw ('~lahli~llInclll of .I em"ack rl'g-illll'lIl \\;c..' ~j ulliCt:rs and 9jj ()lht'r 1~lllks alld 1.014 1101""e,, ill ~ix ~qll.ldl'Un\ 01 '.\otlli(/j'. di~lppoirlIJnellt.

A wagonload of .rtitlery....., from the 23rd Artillery Brig~. pose fOf' the um... " GatChln. atation befo.. NItti", off for Ih
'ront. The dlff....

nc.

"~"

the pale grealco.' of the attie... in the cent ... and tho. . of hi,

....n hi

.'riklntl~

obvious, ••

it must hrIe been 10 Japanese MIPM$. MOSt 01 the gunners wear shlne/lilresteNta, 1M end, of theff- b. .hl;/r hood' crossed Of! the cheal; but • couple In the

foreground Wear fancr Siberian lulup coata with coloured wool ....broldery rOWld the edpe. In other photographs taken

on thl, oce.alon It hi l"t llng to not. tl'uIt lhe men armed with old 1810, Smith & W. .son reyol"...., 01 which 18rg4l numben were ordered by

the Ru,,'e" Arm,. ISTAVKA Military Imllge R•••• rch)

RUSSIAN ARMY UNIFORMS 1\0111 lhe Ru~siall a11tl.lapalll.:~t: ,ll"lllie' t:lllered Lhe \\~Ir attired ill 'lu1dalt'd 111Iiforll'l~ firs1 i~sllt'd ill till' IHHO,,: bOlh tilt: RlI\si,11l MIKSI IIllifortll in (\;trl.. I-\"n'cl1 and lhc Japanc~e l\IIHHli in d,lrk blue heloll!{ed Iilt.:lOllh ,llld svmboliGllh to a b\"gOll(' age. 1.A""()I1~ 1eamcd hI lhl' Ikiti~h during-tht:' Boer \\".u (If1!)tJ-I902) alJuut the lll'cd for a more 'camOlll1ag(,'(1' t1l1ililllll illljX'SCd b\ lhe perfonll.1I1CC nf 1ll()(Ienl rinc'i had 10 hl' rclea1'lled ..g-ain 1)\ Ihe ;l(hcrl>O"u;e. ill this

COil f lin, alld impl (1\ ('lIlt'nl.' ;md ,ulapl,lli( lIl' Illad!" h\ hOlh armll" g'J'('\\ din·cll\' from IIlI';r hard~\I'on experlellcl·. It i' 'll,lll~I' lh,ll allholl~h lo... ·i/{fl lllilllaq Oh"'llt'I' fl(lI11 mall\ nalion, werc \I'illl(',>,('~ 10 lhl' pion'", '(lllll' Europl:;1I1 annlc'1l01ahh lht· hl'llt h - 'lill 111'111 10 \1~lr ;11 All/{U'l 1911 r1rl'''I'1I in lht'il Il,uliliollal ('olollrflll Ilnilol1n~,

Thc I{ll~,ian I rllpcri,ll •\111l\ ",,-'nl III "~Ir ;1g;liml lilt' Japanc'\(" in 190I r1rl"",'d ,111110'1 cll1ireh III Illl' 1881 rq~lll,l1ioll IIl1ifnnll, \\'\Ih mlm,r ;Ihl"r:uiOll:. illlrlKllIc('1I mer lilt' illll'n('nln/{ 2:-\ \'cal'. '11l(~ ~IIXXI h,lrI hn'lI illlnKlllcC'd 1)\ 1.... 11 ,\kx;1l1dcr III I\'illl lilt: doublt' ailll~ uf bUlh loimplif\'ill~ Ihc IIniform and prolllnlin~ a COll-..:iUIIl> l'rllCl....' of '1{1I-"iliGllion', 10 di'I,lI1(l' hi, ,111m from ,I IhL'1 durillg \\hi( h RII-"i.lll 'uldkf:' h.ld bl'CII drc~'d In \irma! imitalioll of llwir WI',lclll ElifOlx';m 1;\',11... AI lhi, d,IIc' Ihl' I,IIIl..I'."" IIl1ifunn...mel C\Cll Ihcir bout-, \\lTl' ,lill 111
'Illi, con,i'lt'd !)f ,I lung:. doublc-breilloled llillic fasll'lwd al Iht' ri!{hl hUIll wilh fi\'!' hoob-aml-<"\e'. of a ~TI'("l ('olour :.0 c1arl a~ LH "Plw,u ,lln1tl~1 hl.ICl.., I hl: IUllic had 110 eXlern.11 POCll'I~; lhe ~Iig-hll\ fOumit'd ('oILI1 hild piping- ill the CHIouI' indicaliu).;" rhl' re~irn('IJlal 'l'qlll'llCI' wilhiu lhl' c1i\·i~ion. Iht' (:uards rt'gillu~llt:- h,ld lirte.:d IUllle" lho,(' of lilt' 011ll'1' unil~ 1)I~ing- qllill' loo~('ly nil, Trnu..er'i (.I'/fIrm,oll) wl'n' 01 lhe "Hill' dark g:n't'll, mad(' of \\'ool[el1 l11alel'i,d; dc~cr;bed a, 01 'knitkl'l ho< I.eI" ~hap", lhelot' Wcrt' WOfll l11cknl into kuee-hi~h hoot... (:llard .. 1'('g-illlt'lIt' alolu' had coloure.:d pipill~ dtJ\\'lllhe oUler IrOll,er "I'i1m ... III Qlllllllenillll' lIlt: "1111(' hI II It., ;uld 11'1)USerS 11'('1'1:' worn, bill the lUllie was I"t'p];tn'd hy" loo... ·I'-fillill).{ while 'shin-ilinic' or blol\se krillWIl as lht' jfllllli(/\lnJUI ('g-)'1Il1Ia~lit'.. shin'). 1':l11crJlnl on lhe.: rradiriol"ll Russian Jlt'a~:lIlt 'oIlIuel, lhi.. was al firsl inlemkd for work dUlies in pl'acelinw, bur was adopll'd for a wanirnt· role. Thc gillll/(HlrrlUl had lwo 1'1'0111 hllllOll~, lIlil' ,II llH' 'H'ck and one 011 ll1e dwsi. Cll\'cred Wilh cOUon m:llt·rial. II hOlt' allaclled I\'oollcn shoulder SIl
St.andard head!{I.'ar fHl till' Ru,,-..i;tu soldier was a forage cap knOl\1l as the jllrfl.J!lJln. \\hieh illig-hi I)\' p('alt'd (\'i'iOrcd) or pc;iJ,dcss. "1l1C cap \\~IS dark 6'1'cCll, wilh fed piping ,llullnd Ihe crovm scam and t.he lOp ami bOllom

In thl. Itudlo .hot taken in Muk6en In January l1K)5, two In'anlry private. PO" wearing the M1881 wInter uniform, with II. double· breasted c:ut .nd c:onc:ealed front fa.tenlng. Both have generoull)' .lzed Siberian. .'yle "eeu halt 01 differing .hape., .nd MI881 woollen trousera tuc:ked Into their MI8e7 boot•. The man on the lelt I' 'nned with the standard M18111 Mo,ln·Nagant: hll Issue belt with Iron buc:kle plate supports. pair 01 M1892 ammunition pouc:he. 01 'Itlffened bolt .hape. Note Ihe five-roUnd c:artrldge cUp, protRldlng lrom the poc:ket. 01 hi' additional c:anva. bandolier, It, tape passlnll under the c:oloured shoulder .trsp 01 the tunic:, HI, comrade ha. presumably borrowed lOt'" the oec:a.lon of the por1rait thi. M 1881 eossac:k Ihashka, itl s.c:abtHonl .lllng from a liandanl COIsac:k shoulder belt. (Andrei Ka,..;hthoukl

,.

A photog..ph

~rfully

...-atrte 01 the period: • ~I-Iooklne AI,. .'-n '"lantry unit resting on their journey In the town 01 Y1nkow, .mIle .scortlne • tI1lniJPOr1. tI1lkt. The lo.eeround men .....r the stllndard " ..atc:oat and shaggy hat.; the aluminium ...... tin, a.. c:lUrty wt,ll»e, and the right_ hlInd man has an entrenc:hlng tool sluneln Its c:.... on his belt. The omc:.r st.ndlne .t right has the pointed hood of his o.,hJl1c hlIr19ine 6ow'n behind hi' should.... (Authon collection)

20

orthe band. Coloured bands denoted !.:ach rq{itllt"lli withill tlie division b)' seniority. red (1st), blue (2nd). while U'Inl) ,lilt! dark green ('ltb). Prior to early June 190..J onl)' troops from Sihe:ria hMIIX'ab (\;~ol"';) on their caps; aCLcr that datc it \\~lS ordered that all troop~ be is.-.ued with peaked caps, but this change took time to comple'u" Aho\"l' lilt" hand on the front of the crown was the J{ornallo\ d\'na:-t\'\ ll\ OIl roclade in I)aimed tin, in omnge, black and white (readillg OUI\\~lrlb): ;ll1d Otl the haml ibclf the wldicr's regimcntal Illllnhl'f '\~l." "lendHed ill red (or n'How) nurne"lls. As the war pfl-'l{resscd am ne" cap" i,~uerl lI~ualh lacked the rehtimelltal number but retaillt:d 111e.: c(K'k.ldl.:. III >,(:1"\;Cl' tlu: Glp ..oon lo~t rnO'\t of its shape and would h;:I'·!.: rcummer the '>landard cap was adapted b\ till.: addilion of.1 \\hite doth (uvcr, "hiclt ill practice (Iikc othcr parts of thc unifurm) \\~l" SOlnt· tT1t'll ahu wnf{' tile' doth cmer alOll(' in place of the cap. in the l>t\1c ul it bcrct. :\t'cl flap.. in the M\1c of ·h;i\e!ocJ;.s· \\ere also sometillll"S ,*,(,11.

1881 greatcoat The standard Russian o\l::rco;u (shmt'l) W and ..houlder ..traps in llle regimental colour \\<_'n' attache'd. In ,e\l'rt· w('ather a kne{'length '>hcepslin coal might be \\0111 1I11l'\l'rallavers of clothes could lx, worn undernealh it. (A drawhack \\'a" Ihal il prO\cd r.tlher cumbeniome \\hcn ill comhat, e'l>cciallv whell ib ~kirt I>ccamc caled wilh lllud; hut gencI~lliom or soldiers had karned 10 allach hooh-and-e..:yes so Ihat Iht' ..kin could he hitcht'd lip to ..horlcn it.) A 1;11 gt· detached hood or bf/~Mlk ......... oftell ... ,·t'll with thl' g-rl"atcoal, it .. long o:tctlsiorl>; wntppcd roulld the tll'ck or passed under Ihe shoulder 1>lmps 10 cross 011 Ill(" che.. !. Footwear The I>;ic footwear ...."<1S a pair' 01 lm'(...lt·ngth hoot.. (5f1IJOf.,,j) uf soft black leather, imide which the Ru:s.,ian 'I(,ldit'r wore cloth fnot-wr.lppings in licll of "od•.s. TIll' boot" were light ill ....·cight allli had a spling

ht'el. hUI Iad,ed holm"i" lIIl Ihe ,olt', \\hkh cOlN'qllellllr t;Iilcd 10 grip well. Al fir\t ~ight fureig:n ob~er\'er~ IIOIl't! thai RIl,~ian boots loo\..ed I'I'rknl\' .~llilahk f(1!" miln'hing: throllg:1l the mild: hUI Ilw}' were- not \\~tlerprool. ami I.lrg-e lllllnbl'r, 01 Ihe clllk amI lill' \\l'rl' 'ITII lillipingpainlidh al the end of marclle,. Allother 'oUllrce (Olllllll'lI~ Ihal whell lilt: ("t'rt:al CI"(IP~ of K.1:11 1I1<1dl' ,md \tl lould bc ~lUlll'd I\ith in'ulaling: mall',iak Equipment L'lIdn ~Iililan Order :'\0. III of ISSI, 1111' Rll.....i;m "oidia wa" 10 he 'llpplied wilh .1 "itbag: 1Il,ldl" from I\,lll'rploof ••11I"1', ami .1 humu 11',Hll('r hl'll willI I\\in cilnridJ.{e pOllchl''I. I It- \\,I~ ,11'>t1 i,,"ed with .1 "(lOdCll \\~nIT fla"k I\illl IIIL'I,II linin,g.. ,md coppt'r Clip. ,mel .1 Il'lll pt.:K~ ,md 11
'I'nion Wilh Imt!el"hin~,

Thl. Aunlan warnnt offlc.r I. wearing Ih. old M1887 whit. • umm.r tunic dyed khaki lor war .......Ic•• a. I. the whit. cover on hi. offlc.r" p.aked cap - nota that thl. Includ•• a cover lor the peak, HI•• word I. a prlvat.ly purchased M1881 offlc.r'. pattern, (Andrei KarachtchoukJ

.,

- &-

In accordance with Onl{'1 :"Jo. ;")1 HI 11'1\1:\, Rll,~i:tl1 soldiers S01llClirnc~ \\Ol"e f,LlI\,I~ bandolier' \\i,h co\·ered pock{'t~ Ii)!· alllllllll1ilion. eillwr acro~s the Ch<''S1 or aruund lllc \\;\i~l. Ollc IVpc.' M.'CII in a photogr::lph SCCITb to haH'li\l' 'Cp;Ir;lU' fOlllparUlu.'lID moullted on a hrown kallwr 'I rap. BOlh anllie.. Irit'd 10 lI\
Thl. cllvalry offlc.r, #Com.' ZVllllln:rov _ II pre· war mllltilry hlstorl.n _ I. pictured we.rlnll for field .e.....lc. e prlv.le· purche.e Inf.nlrym.n's • hlrt-tunlc In heevy woollen cloth, with added breast pocketl: hll PlIpehtt II a .plendld e.ample made from fo. fur. He II cllrrylnll basic equipment: • blnOCul_r c.,. .nd, hidden b.hlnd hi' right hlp, • hol.tered revolver, with whal appears to be a m.p UN hanging below hi' IwOrd hilt on hll len hlp, The allver cloth lalh-IIyle office" ball lind Ihe revolver IlInyard hllve Itrlpe. In the other Romllnov Colours of alt.m"l"" Of"lIng.lblack. (Andrei KlIrllchlchoukl

22

TIlt' ..1.llId.lrd rifk ill 190 f \\;\.. th,' \I(),ill-~ u..cd h\ all RII",ian ca\,III"\ indllding llw (AI..",ld._,•. Ru....ian milit"n t'lI1ph.l..,i .. Oil Iht, dkuiH'lll"!> or 'cold ..lcd· wa~ reflt'ned in tht' raCI that ill(' cruciform·hl.lded ..ocl..t"t b;l\Ulwt \\.1.." lHlrl11,111\ (.Ifrit'd fixed al all time!>: it W;h u..llalh dulled h\ painling" it brO\m. TIlt" 'T;ll1d.lrd ,illt'ann \\,1" Iht, IMY;} :\'aK"nl rt."\uhcl", .1 'e\cl1.....hol \\l'.lpOll III 7.62111111. \\hich \\~h i!>stlt.'ll ill dOllbk'-anioll hll ollicl'l"" btll ,inglt'anioll ror utlll'f ntnl.~ (ill lilt, Iligh Command'" OpilliOil l~lllkl'r, ulIlid Iltll Ill; Inl ..led Ilot 10 \\,1 ..1(' ;111111Hl11ilion ir J.{i\t'li the douhk·actioll lIlodd). Some ~t'("ond line 1m it, "lill11"l'd llw Smilh & \\'('....011 ,·Hell rc\'uht"f. a clUlm\-luul.ing bUl rt'li,tbk \\CapOll (tlli, ,inglt'-aetilJll ·RlI ....iad enli ..led r;II1I.,: Ihe Fkld Anillen lI'cd Ihl.' DIOlgOOll pat lern ."word. The slwshh(l li1111(' iIl \~II iou' !eng' h~ dept'luling on the height or lhe I\earer - cilllt'l" 71nn, 7\c1ll, 7!iclll or Hlcm, Officers' uniforms The Ru~~ian ollicer~' Sllnuner lii'ld c1n'..<; at tht, ..tart 01 lhe war \\~I..' a high-cnlt.red, dOllblt:'-bleJ..led \\hitl' tUlIit \\illl iI\O 1'01\' 01 I{ih hm!os bUlluns, I.nowlI as a hi/el. Still" cloth ..houl{k-1" boan\" - I)()j(OUI - displa\ ed r.lnk b\ a wstem or gold bmid ami 1Ilt'I,lt <;t;\I.... (\('(' pallel ·Ranks & Imil{lli"'). On fidd St.'r...ice ollicer.. often ,Idopled Iht' ....Iml" J,T1l11t1llS/nlw ..hin-illnic :t!> their mell, lhough or higlll'r qll;llil\ m.llt'rial
,ollle oUic('r"' do '1'('11l to h,ll'(' ldl Ihc,t11 white. The kifp/ wa, al,o (hl'eI I.h:ll.i 1111 OCGL,ioll, but thi, II~I' r"l',i,ted bl' Ihe older 'l'nior utlicl'I". ~Ian\' ollin'l"' ,,1'0 hOll~11l 1(J{:alll pr"oduct'd lunic,. u~lIall) dt"i/-rllcd 10 be mOr"e practical ill lhe lidd lhan the· rpg-llblioll \"l'r,if)n~. TrOllM:r, \,ell' ,till thl' datI. g-rl'ell ;\11881 willl r"ed piping" dO\\ll tht, Ollbcalll~, and 110m with oOk(...,· hbd. !-nlT boob. OlliccI"" regulatioll g-l"e
RUSSIAN ARMY RANKS & INSIGNIA Officet"S and senior NCOs won! M1854 officers' stiffened shoulder boards. These compnsed buttoncolour metallIC braid lengthways stnpes - gold fOf most Guards II'lfantry and grenadiers, lIne Infantry, nlles and artillery; Sliver IOf some Guards infantry and grenadiers, lme II'lfantry, cavalry, Cossack cavalry, engineers and medical. The braid covered the branch-colour lacing cloth shoulder board, leaVing piping visible in the secondary branch colour. Ranks were Indicated by small live-point metal stars tn the revefSe of bolton colour, following a unique system: 'no star' ranks were senior to 3 Of 4 stars. Medical officers had stars arranged lengthways on narrow shoulder boards. Units were Indicated by bolton·coIour Arabic or latin numbers, Cyrillic lellefs or Ciphers. (The special Cossack cavalry rank titles are shown below alter a back-slash.) General officers Wide braid: Field Marshal (General-fel'dmarsha/- Defence Minister Milyutin) Crossed batons Genefal (Infantry, cavalry, aniliery - General ot Infanterii, ot kava/erii, Genera/-fe/'dtseychmester'l No stars liGen (Genera/-/eyten8nt) 3 stars in triangle MajGen (General-mayotJ 2 stars side by side Aeld officers Three braids, revealing two branch-colour stnpes: Colonel (PoIkovnik) No stars lICo1 (Podpolkovnlk!VoysJ
lieutenant (Prxuchi/USotmk) 3 stars 2nd It (PodporuchilrlKhorunzhiyJ 2 statS JunIOr 2nd It (Prapcxshcluk) 1 stat Warrant officer Class I (PodpraporshchikPodkhorunzhly) One wide lengthways braid WOII (Fe/'dfebel; cavalry & Cossacks VSlrhmlsr" Wide transverse braid at Inner end Junior NCOs (Unter-ofitserl) & men wore branch-colour shouk:lef straps with secondary branch-colour piping: yellow stencilled unit badges (scanet on yellow, white or dark blue straps): and narrow white or yellow (Guards - orange)transvefSe cloth bars: 5ef'geant (Starshly unter-ofitseriStarshiy uryadnlk) 3 bars Corporal (Mladshly unrer-o'itserIMladshiy uryadnik) 2 bars Lance-corporal (EfreytorIPrikaznl) 1 bar Private (RyadovoyIKazak) No bars Infantry shoulder straps Officefs' stiffened shoulder boardS Wefe In gold braid, with lengthways stripes of scanet or dark blue follOWing those of their men (see below): the transverse braid of the Fel'dfebel was also gold, and the stripes of the junior NCOs were White. VOlunteers (VoInoopredelyaushiysYa) had PiPing around the straps In whlte-orange-black cord, The woollen cloth shoulder straps dIsplayed the regJn'l8lltal number In large Arabic numerals which could be seen easily from a distance, The colour of the straps IndICated the brigade within the dMSIOfl, In the standard infantry dlVlSlOflthe dtSltnctJOnS WlJf8: 1st Bngade (1st & 2nd Regts) - scarlet 2nd Brigade (3rt! & 4th Regts) - dark blue

23

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•

A

RUSSIA: SUMMER UNIFORMS 1: Uel.ltenant, 85th 'Vyborg' Inl Reg! 2: Lane.·Corporai. 4th E.Slberian Rille Reg! 3: Privete. 11th E.Sibernm Rille Reg! 4: Captain, Cl\efnlgov

~

•

Reg!

2

3

•

•

•

.

RUSSIA WINTER UNIFORMS 1: Gunner, Fortre.. ArtJllery, Port Arthur 2: OffiC..., SIberian

3: 2nd Lt, Primorsky Dragoon Regt 4: Private, 139th 'Monhansk' Inl Regt

A~.

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taus

RUSSIA: COSSACKS 1: Private, Tersko-Kuobansk Regt, Kuban Cossack Div

2: 2nd Lt, 5th Sibernr.r'j gl 3: Lt Baron von Eske, 2nd Vet1lhne. Udinsk Regt, Trans-Balbi Co.s.ac:k.

.: Private, Trans-BalX.t, Am"" & U"url Regt

I

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t

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_

RUSSIA: FRONTIER & NAVAL TROOPS, PORT ARTHUR

•

"

1: Private, 21s1 Company, Fronl;et' Guards 2: Lieutenant, Imperial Navy, landIng unit 3: Seaman, landing uniform 4: Seaman, Mlmmer WOf

E

JAPAN: EARLY WAR UNIFORMS 1: Pri"81., 2nd Inl Regt, Second Army 2: ~,. 14th Inl Reg!, 12th DiY 3: Lleotenant. '51 Inf Regl, Imperial GlIiIrdlI 4: NCO, 'Choncho' eovM unit

•

F

JAPAN: KHAKI UNIFORMS 1: Captain, 29th Inl Regt 2: Private, 18th Inf..R-S1 3: Medieal Of'defl», 4: Troo~r, 13th Cav Regt

,

3

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G

JAPAN: WINTER UNIFORMS 1: Captain, 19th lilt Regt, 9lh Oiv

2: Private, 47th I"' Regl, 12th ON 3: 2nd Lt, 3rd Cav Reg! 4: Sgt, 5th ~ Artillery B",

H

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-

Duritl/{ the RII,sian \\'ilh(h~l\\~ll fru1ll 11;li-Cht:llgill :\ul{lI\t 19UI thl' ,oldin'~ \l'ere 'Iill ('quipped Idth ",ill!l'r llniforlll~. \\'ilh t('lllpt:I~ltllre~ re;trhing 112 F, a number of cart" II"C'1"1' pl'H\ided to each unit to car.... lilt· ItH'll'" g-rc-';tlcoaIS and kilba~. hili dt:'pile the"l' 1IlI',hurl·' a 1l1l1lllwr 01 ,oldiers eoll"p"l'd 011 the 1ll,Ircll frtlllllll':Il,o;trokt'. Cold weather clothing

This c,lIne in a wid!' \,Iric'!\, hoth of ;Jppc'lI~lIlCC ,md CffCCli\t~lll''', rhc' I{II"i,lII Ann\ losl a grc:1I deal of ('quipmellt. indudiul{ lllall\ wldier:-.· grcalcoat~, during Ill(' relrc,II' ,I ncr the bailie of Liam'.lIlg in ;IlIlUllln 19()·1. With thl' on'Cl of the hitler \\;nler lhe\ Elccd IJU' cJu)in' of frceLing ur of imprO\·i,inJ.: clothing fn)1Il what W ,Iho pl"midc:'d -the J)OIII~IIb()k. Bolh onin',-.. and men al..o ,Iccplir("d ,I llol1-regulalion localh made ,hl:l:p,,!..ill Coat kllU\ln 'h .1 /111111), During tht, <;econd h"lf of the wc:1' of nlilllllfaCIIlI"(·r.... th("<;(" did nOI COliform "trieth to dre..:'> regul;lliCJIh. Suldit"l-" ,11,0 hOIlJ.:ht or '10k ChilU.'<;(· paddc'd coaL" and IrOIl<;el-" " .. wcll a~ locall~ made foot\\"l,,,r. Other \\,lfln clothillg i:,.. ued durilll{ lilt.' W.1l included a "Ix'dal tllldl~l...hin of hlallkc:t malerial. and hrown woollcll millells wilh 'q.MI.1l1· thllllll>" ami tri~l{er fingers. Ikfon' Ihe \'~Ir lhe '1,l1ld'lrd witller hcadgear fur 1ll0..1 of lht" J{lb_,i;1ll i\nm w:a~ tlw l'Ouml ~/IfIIHW of hb.!.. lalllhswool or ~hcc:p<;kill, wom I_il h a dOllb1c::·llcadcd e,lg-ll' Inll1I,IIIl
... HI1Ieent 01 Slberien Co.aack. PO'" •• II firing from behlrMl cover, HI. r.nk Is .hown by the three yellow IKe ban ecrou

the ~rtet .hoYlOer .traps 01 hi. darll green chekmen co.t, Hi••hort,plle .hH9.kln papah. dl,play, the Romanov cockade below a sc'oll,.haped yellow metal dl,lInctlon badge .warded 10 unfu lrom 1878 onwards; a cro•• 01 yellow braid c.n be ...n on tM scartel cloth crown, (Adeq Hl.torical Resource., Inc)

33

cht:cked by lhdr otlic!.:rs, and ;lllr who were missing items uf \'1111t:J uniform OJ \...il \l't'rt.' illllllt:di;l1d) i~sued \\'ith iL Cavalry uniforms

Tht' uniform "om ill ~llllUnel' I>} the EaStelll 01' 'steppe' Coss.'1ck.o; included a cloth pt'akl'd cap wilh a black leather peak; 0011, Oranbt'rg ,md Selllll"t-.:ht:n,\... Co,,-~IC\...S \l'ol"e a I\hite Cdp cover. The whit!.: ~hil1-IUllic W;IS 1I'0nl, 0' el" h'I&h" /"1"e\-bllle breecht'S \,;th broad seam Stl;p!.:'i (lmll/NUI); lilt.' high, 'ioft leather 1)()(lL~ Wl're normalh WOlll \,;thout SPUI"s. Li\...e lht' n-'l 01 lhe anm tht, (~'kICJ...s (hed the K'''III(/.Jl~,.klland Cdp \(Iliou~ sh.\(It'" of\...ha\...i dw;ng lhe \'~IJ'. \rinlel llllifonn \,";ucoal. Ilt'adgear \\"t:rg- - lig-hl blue ."-'tra\...hall, Tr.III....Bai\...al. ,\l1mr s.: IT''SIll; - \'ello\\' The Co~sad,s of lilt' two Caucasian ho~~ \l'on.' the \...lIt'e-lt-ng:th Llh.llI~1\1t- coat 01' dl,,*,~k(l, Upt..'ll IV the \\ai'l on.'1" a long IIl1dertlillic 01' bfiJII1U't, .lIId (!l'cnr.It('C.lrlel for I\.Ub,lll .1IId lig-hl blut: /tll Tefl'\... Co"-',lcL" Tht' high-collart'd bnlllll,t, fa"l('nillgdown lhe frorH \,'ill1 hO(lb·'IIl(I....-'\('~, \'"t't'n I'e"pon ...ibk luI' supphing lheir 0\,'1\ t:qUipl11t'llI ,Hut \\eapullI'V, ,lIId a g:ood dcal of \~lrit'l\ could he se(,ll. Tilt,\, 1\"('1'(' u"'ll.llh ;mnt'd wilh a ~hllrt \('r~ioll of lltt' IH91 Dl'ag-uoll l110del rifle, .u1(1 lite ...1;l1l(!;ll'd ,word e:tnit'd hI' IlUI1-CaUt;al'li:1l1 llilib w;" Ilw ~II H81 'Co...sack lype' ,a])l't', In IRRI all ca\'alrY apiln Irom lIlt' (;'''l'lacks wert.' C1111\'t'l'Il'd It' Dragoons. Tlleir Ileadg-t;';ll' wa~ a ~llI:tJI round Ikece cap 1.:1101\'11 as a 'dmgooIiIJw', I"ilh a l'llin' dOlh rrol,'\1 ill 1'q.~il1H'nl;tl facing colour. The rt'''l III the llilitorrll COIl,i"'ll~d of a dark green doubk-hrt';l"lt.'d lUllie which r:,slel1ed Wilh hook...... ;Illd....-'\(',: in IH97 a 11('\\ p,lllnn "~l~ ordered, ~till duubk-blea'it'd bUl \,ilh I:! from bUlIom. 'I'll(' bille-g-ft:\ brt:t'cht.''i wer(' 1IIc\...('d into ....,Ii hlae\... !emller hool". In Iht., lidd DI~'g'oum mualh wurt' lhe papallll in its \,Iriom ...1\ It'~ ,lIld ...hap!.:.... Port Arthur Volunteer Corps

34

rhi, local lIlilili" \\Ol"t;' "h.Ut'H'r llllifollllS th('\ could j:{elltold of. ~l.ll1\, n'crlliled frnm the police,

Troops on • firing fanga In J.pan before the ot.Itbreak 01 the waf, wearing white cotton drill uniforms with Ihe Ollrit blue M18811 cap, Ttle drill f.tlg .... .re belieVed 10 have been IOmewhat dIfferent lrom the white summer uniform l..ue, The NCO Instructof Is weanng the M18811 darit blue winter uniform, All wear lull kit IncludIng the unshaven hide knap.ack, (Author'll collectIon)

('lI'.tllIU" ;uHI olher llllifornH'd .. en'in'~, mlldd han' worn IIl1'ir rt'''IW("1iw' lIllilunll~, and ulht'r~ Iheir 01\ II ci\ ili,lll (lollU'.. wil h IIU,l\ion:11 itl'm.. 01 11llill)fJll, PllOlOg:raph'\ 'IhO\\ ..ome of lilt, \'OllllHcel'>; IH'aring pl,till I\hilt" pl'.lkl'd cap", 'I he oniciaillnilill'lli 01 Ihe RlI .. ~LIII ~lilili" (O/lfJId/i'/IIr) \\~I~ i,k-llli,;!1 to the..: re..:gulaJ' Anm 1IIU(.ld but wilb their 0\\11 ill"ig-ni,! ,!Ild ..houlck-r Ix)ard icklllificatioll ", ..tt·llI: Chri"ti,1ll ..oldiel'" h,tel a hl~I~~ ~t t;\·OI).\t··.. Cro.. ~ Glp hadge with till' T".II\ nlt)llO~I~lrn..mel ~lll~lim .. an on
THE JAPANESE ARMY IN 1904 A tlt.nderd be...r .nd etICort of the 'til In'.nlry Regt pose proudly with their unit.. tlund.rd, bedly d a ~ during thitl f"eil1...."t .. nrvk:. In 1M Sino-Je~_ W.r

0' 1894-95.

J.penen regl...."..1 tI. .nd.rdtl had • 90ld chryunthemu", finl.1 .nd e (I01d lri~ .round the edgetI. Superi",poHd et the bottom left corner of the field, O'lIer the red rising sun motlt, wn e white ~Ich Deering tM regimen"l number. The blue uniforms 01 the new 1lMM reguh'lion beer cuff ..nklng 01 the ring-end-.tIIr tlytltem p....,;ously worn CIf'IIy CIf'I khaki summer tunic •• (Author" collection)

v

•

I hI' JIIMIl,·..e \nm \\-as n('arh 100,f)()() ..trnng:. \\'llh ,I lalJ;e lltunber of h.t1tlt'-h.lrdo.:llo.:d ..uldit"I1> \\hu had 'o{'C'11 ,Initlll ill lhe "lilUJ-:I.lp.lllt·..t' \\',Ir (If I H9 1-9:;. IIH' combalant ,11'111\ w".. org-al1i/ed in I ~ di\ i,imh pill" Iht, IlIIperlill (;u.lld Di\i~i(Jll. Each dl\i~iul1'~ 1l1.lill .. In·IIg-lh \\".. 1\\0 inl.llltn htiWoI(!t'". (';lch brigade cOlnpri"inn 1\\0 reg11111·11 .... e,ldl \\ilh 1I11l'(' h,l11"lion"..\ddillollalh Ihe di\-I ..iol1 h,ul a (';1\.lln rl'gimt'lIl (lhnT "qtl,l{hun~): .111 ilnilkn fegilllelll (1\\11 h.lII.lholl". t'"eh 01 thrlT h,llIt·rle..); .1 600---tI\;1ll piollel'r ellgil1ee..:r h.I11.llion (Ihrl't· IlJlllIMlIin): .\IId;l 1('lq~Taph compam (Ihn't' ~\'CIlOlh), III ,Ill the..:rt" \\t"rt" 17 It''gilllt''lIh 01 'lllillt'n \\ilh IX'I\\er:1I til:! ,llId {j."\O fidd gllll", h"',1 line ~lrel1glh'\ \\ere ~M,(}f)(l il1l;1l1ln: M.:lOO (,I\;lln: IU)()() .Inilkn. ,Illd 11.000 Wolfri'>On ,1I1illr:n; :).()()() I'l1gil1lTr.. piulleer... ,md In.1I110 tr;:lIl~p()r1lrO()p~. \\llell rc..ent·.. \\t're (';llkd lip lilt' lot.11 "lfel1glh incn·"..ed 10 IH6.800 Illfarlln: Il.;·,()() C<1\,lln; 1.").;·,{)O.lflilkn \,;Ih ROO gUll.'>. ,md I ~,()()() ,!foil r i..oll otrlillen wilh ~O gum: 9.000 e..:ngillcel'" ;111(1 I~,OOO Ir~Ill"pun troop'" TIlt' Territori.11 Anm IOI,llkd .1 fllnher I ~:\ .."J(){) llIen of all ht
Both

it"adl"r..1tip ami l,ll1k-al1d-fik I,e..:lt" \\dl \\ilh a rk:lI llka Ofl,II;11 111I'ir \\~lr ;11111" wert·, and \\hal11t't'dt'd 10 Ill' dol1t, 10 ;lehll'\\' 1111'111. I{ll~~iall COlli I ;1Il(1 ~lan IlpilLiOll (all luu Ullt'tl tilt' <;al11l' thing) cOII~;~lt'l1ll\' II1ldt'n'~lil1lalt'd lhl' j;lp;ll1l",e for rea'tln<; of crll(k 1,lebl prejudice: bill fore..:ig-n obse..:nl.;rs (inrilldillg- ('\ell (;CI1 Kuropalkin, during a \'i ..il in If)O:I) A'l'ller;,Il) agre('d Ih;\1 lht' Japancsl: Army had adapled 10 1I1Orkl'11 1ll('lhod~ wllh an i11lpl'e,~i\'e M.:rlull"l1t'''S, Since educatiol1 had ht'\'11 ont' focu~ Or,l(\pan'~ leap ;1110 IIle mude..:rn world 1I11der lilt' ~k;ii Emperor, lllt'Japane.;c cOIl~ripl I\~'" in f,1("1 f,llll1ure like!\' 10 bc Jill'nllt,' Ihan hi'\ Rn~~ian rOlllllcqxln, \"hich made Jap:lIle~ lraining lllOrt' eOen;\,c, Ilc was indOCll;nalcd 10 reg;lrd 'lCn;cc 10 Ihe emperor Wilh palrlOljc enthll~ia~m: ami e'en when thi~ doctrine failed 10 com;lIct: (il~ .lIIJtJllg UllIL~ \\hich refused 10 Ica\'(~ lheir trcllcht"l for H'I mort· ..nicidal lllo1i\~lled,

35

~JAPANESE

I

l

.~"ELD ARMIES IN MANCHURIA, AUGUST 1904

First Army (Gen Kurokl) Guard

--

DIvISion -

1st & 2nd

Guanl Brigades 2nd DIvision - 3t'd & 15th

12th Orvl$ion - 12th. 23rd & Guard Kobi Bngades

Second Army (Gen Oku) 3n::l DIvision - 5th & 17th 4th DlVlSIOfl- 7th & 19th 6 th Division - 11th. 24th & 11 ttl KobI Bngades Support Bdes - 1st cavalry & lsi Fteid Artillery Fourth Army lOan Nozu) 5th 0MsI0n - 9th & 21st 10th DiviSlOfl- 8th, 20th &

10th Kobi Brigades

Plus. before Port Arthur,

Third Army (Gen Nogij WIth at this dale lsi, 9th & 11th DIVIsions

36

assall1L~

al Port Arthur),

lhcr~ \\~'S

"

11101"l'

COIl~i'I(·tll I'llml dl' (011).\

throughOllt the army as a whole. Ob~el"\'cl"S

noted man)' in~rallcc~ of tilt' irll(·llij.(l'Ill care ,..ken h\

OnICt,!,,;

ill lhe pcrfonn3nce of all aSp(_'("L~ of lit'ld 'l'n'in', ami of lhl' pali(:nt olx:diclicc of their u'oops. \\llile COlIn illfluCIIC(' \\.l~ ubvioll\h importall!.

lapan'" lX)wcr StllJClllrc had onh

rCC('lllh n",jll\'('Il[C'(\

iL't'If; a IIlllnl>l:r of

different political pow~r Ct"ntrl'~ .Ich..d .I~ lllllUMI dll'C·l., .1l1d Ihll.l1Iccs, .1I1d lIeither lhe vOllng emperor nor am olh~t Olll' llMlIl'lIjm I,d the alitOCI';.llic power ofT..ar 1\ichola-" and hi.. falllih, ~li1it;ln ,lppoinl!llt"llls did 1l0l depenclllJ>On manipulatl'd fa\'owiti,tIllu tlil' "lllle: dq~rt·e. ,11I£1 in gem"I';.11 the profc~ioll uf amb was laJ,.,el! 'Criou,h, (;olllpalvd with their Ru-.:.ian COUTllerp..'1rb. more .!apallc\ tht" illt"rtia of Iht" ruling d.l"-'. III contr;:L,t (0 the grumhling Rll,-,ian I-mpirt' \,ith it-. hllgt' elhnic and ,oeial di\'i"ion", Japan \\~" a llnilled :mel hroadh COlltcllh'c1 <;(}{"iet\. \\'hilt' h\ IlHKlcrn \\"e~lC'rli ~t.IlJ(lal{h ulIldition, of ~eniH' fUl "J.lpallC·'c con...-ript \,"cre grim, b\ ctlmpariscm ,\ith till' lift· of;l conlt'lIlporan IX';l<;;ml farmer (or of mam Rll,-"i;m ("oll-.crillL..) Ihe\ "crt:' lX."rft·("Ih tolelOlhle - plelHifnl foexl. good dOlhiug .Uld rt·gul.ar lM\ "t"rl' a 1\ll\t."It\, Di'\Cipline \'ilS as ligid as in Ru,-"ia. hut W;:L' tlw natural proclucl of a "t'lfdi-.ciplim'd ,ociet\, and the ..ocbl "''1111 het\\tTl! rt'hrlllU'ntal OniCl'I" ,md IOUlJ,.,er, wa~ IJ.lITUWer Ih.11I in tht> 1.....lri,1 .Inll\, E)'{l'pl \\ 11('11 011 aCli\(.. 'l'nicc' the ...oldil·r·... daih round of dutie.. ,11l0\\c'd him rc'a<;tmahle "pare: lime 10 e:njo\ ,l.fallle:~, b.lIhinj{, ,md mode:'l frcT i'~llc>' of alcohol and cigare:tle~, lmdlig:enl dlofl.!> "ere: IIIoille 10 pIO\idt' him wilh dect"rH ("ondiliOll~ on c;lmpaign. ~llch .. ~ good IOIlioll" ami \);"k CCllllforl_' whell ill lr.11l,it or in camp. In ~Ianchuriil thi, redIlCt·t'gillnillg- of the ~Olll celltul) .l;lp,llH"t' Irealmn" of wOllnded ;Itld pri,011t'1" \\~I" ag-1'('{'d - h, nel1tT~ll \\'e'tern ob'CnCl">i arid I"t'lllrllil'l-:" ]{u'l>i;H1 Glptivl'S ;llike - 10 be g"ell('tOlU)' III Illlallt'. Tht' "a\~Ig"t:r; of the 1~J:lO<;--,lns \\';1" ~til1 ill lilt, 1IIIim:lg-illt'dlrmtn'. De~pile lIH:ir l'l"hracl' of the new mililary tt:c1ltlolol-,')' and tanic", hOWt'\'I'I, tht' Japant>t:, 110 Ie"s th;1ll lhe RIl,~i,IIl'. ,Jill clllllA" In matl\ of their old tr.. diliOll~. 0111' e:\,lIupk \\;I~ llle bil.arre itlcidc.-nt rclatc.-d Iw a Rll,~i,lrl ollicC'I' dllring: the ..iq.;c of I'on Anhlll". SOllle 01 lhe more bnalical J.. pallc'!: OniCl'l" had IOl11pLlilled of their arlll\ \ poor Ix'rformallct" during llll' ,iq~e, The emperor i~ ..aid to han' r('plil'd lhat lhc\{' ollicet... ~hollld

A medical team wearing e ml.tu,. of dark blue end Ithakl uniform hem.; from Its .Iralnlng button•• the raa, stretcher bearer appea.... to be wearing the summer Ithalti jacltet OYer the top of hit dark blue tunk. !Author's collection)

wkt' 11I,lItl'r, into th~ir own h:III("- iIIqe:td lit ( rit il'i/i Ill-{ l ,1111"1'''' A IllHttlX'r 01" thelll then donned tlwir I"a11lilit·,· ll:,dilional ~:lI11tlt:li artllour ~tIld ,,\\'onl~. and look part ill a two-da\ a~~allit on \'\·,ok;t\Ol Ilili. Tht· ]{lI"iall ddelldt.:I'" were :.Iu.xkcd b\ the ,ig:ht ut I11t'die\,,1 \'~lI ...iu,'" ch'lll-{ing: hr:'\l'lv up tht: hill to\\~,nl, Lht:llI: but thi, ,HtI.lIt:lllt'llI did not dt.:tt'J" tht 'lll Irol11 inllicting: he:!p, CI'Ll.lhit" UII lht' C(>lIl~lg:t'Oll' hUI flltilt' charge.

JAPANESE ARMY UNIFORMS Thi, lOI.lllh·lOOklng veter.n of the Japan_ Inf.nlry we.rs marc:hlng onl.... HI, rank 0' c:orpol'1ll i, shown by the two )fellow ,tri~. on the cuff, of hi. M188e bl... uniform; '"' h., sc.riet in'.ntry shoUlder .trap. ilnd trou. .r ,tri~ •. His .Wilrd. are (rightl the med.1 for HfVM:. during the Slno-Japane. . W.r, and lien) the ~ of the Sacred Treasure 8th Cl..... aWilrded 'or long .nd meritoriou, servlc., lAuthof"'s colle<:tlortj

1886 regulation uniform (enlisted menl lilt' for("c" ofllR' ImpcliaIJap:1I1t"t' .\rm\ (J)m-S'/J!JQII Iri,kQlw Hlkll-g'llll) \,hich landed in ~lallchllria in t'arh 1901 Wt'rt' dr\'\~'d ill lilt, IHH6

rt:l-{ul.ltioll wintcl" uniform lIl,tdl' of d,ll I. hi (1(.' c1utl!. rltl' :.ingle..lll e.~led 11IIlie h,ld a 'tanding collar, pilX'd in \dlm, for line lroop~ .mel ..c
fht: dMk hlUt' 'pilllxl),' ,t\1(' ~IIHRli cap hMI ,I hl,lel.. It-.ttht'r IX'ak and chill lolmp. and a coluurl"d 1)<\11(1 ami crm\Il 't:.1I1i pipillj.{. in H~lItl\\ or ",clrkt fOl line dhi~ion troop' 01 IrnpetLtI Gu....d, n:'pt:ni\eh. ,\11 br~mehe'" wort: a hr.ll>.' fi\("'poinl ,tar badg:-e frollt.tlh 011 Ihl' hand. In ,ulllrnertime a "hill' c10lh COl er \\~t1> WlIl II 0\ t'/ Ille (1"11\' 11 01 the Glp.•md :t fig-Ill cotton "lin flap or ·ha\t·locl...· \\~I\ tl,tt'Iwd 1\) lhl' bacl... nlllll' cap h\ hlltlon, on eilher side. "'hen not reqllin'd lhi" \\;t\ u"Il~llh tud.c·d IIp imide tilt;: cap. rite cmer and !lap chang-cd to kh~Ll...i l\ith lht: adoption of Ihi' colour for Ihl' rest of tIll' uniform (,t't' I)('low), Greatcoats

TIll' 1\,1 [886 O\'crcoat worn al Ihl' ...tart of Iht' war W:J~ .,ingk·-hre~t'ted. with large horl(' blltlOn~. l11adt.: ot a ht'av)' dark blLic matcrial and unlincd, and with all anacht'd hood. Thert: \\,:.\... :t st:colld type ul cold weather coat, also dark bluc in colpllr alld ~ingk-brl'a"led, bllr with a goatskin lining. Like the rCl>l ufthe IHRli IlllihlflJl lIlt' d;u'k blLlt' mt.:rcoat was found to be conspicllom in sen'ice cUlldiliolls. :111<1 \'~IS diloGlrded as ~oon as an altcrnalive I\~IS ;mlilahl(, (~I'C 'Cold w(·atllt·!' c101hinf,( below), Footwear

The Japanese soldicr wore a pair of brm\'11 leather l10hn.. il "hO('~, which were worn greased rather lhan polished (unlike the fl·,t of the It";Ilher equipment), Olher footl,'cal" seen in :.er\'icc l\t'rc lht' tr1ldition~11 labi. light fabric shoes \\ith a separated big tlX'. ,\11 Japallt'~(, ~oldier~ were quite capable of producing their 0\'-11 elncrgel1c\ foot\'car b\ pldiling S1r.IW into lraditional peasant sandals: Ihl''l' might Ix: I,-orn ill calllp or on thc march to sa\'c wear on lhe bool~ (and forcomfon - milm pC;ll',;l.Ilt

37

suldit:r, louk ;1 long lilllt: 10 gel Llsed to stiff kallH;,r root\\t"lr). Till-' RIl'sian~ cOllll1ered atlacks by lrnop~ wt"lI'ing ~Ir:aw ~.l1ldal~ h\ scaucring lacks .1l"Ulllld Illt'il pu,iliorl'. Cavalry uniforms

\t tilt, olllhrt:.lk 01 \\,u lilt: GI\'aln \I()re dark blue lunin or ',\nil,I' cuI. \l1th gret'll ~tandillg collar.. ami ,11th, rht"t, h,ld Ii\{, hra.'-~ front bUllons down lht: tt:Illn: ul the IO\I~ uf hu~<;ar-l\pe coni rrogXing, with 1(J0p~ to Ihl: blltlon~ 011 l',lCh side of the clll'~l. rhe In»gging \\," hl.ld. for oOicers and \dlu\\ lor :,,\CO, ,lIld ulhn I";Ulk.. On ,hl' back of {'aeh ,idt' of thl' 1I111i, a lingll' cord \\ilh a loop OIl tilt' (',ul p.~d hom till' ,lrmhole .'>C,UII down IU thl:' ,,11.111 ot Iht' \\;li,!. Iht'll dluppt'd in thrl:'t' cord.. III loopt al tlJ(' hl'm. Ilt'aclgl'ar was 1Ill' ~lIAA() pt'akt'd C 01 \\,Ill'!. M1904 khaki uniform (enlisted menl

38

rile old plt,-IYO! 'llllllllel unilonl1 I'~IS mad\:" of \ll1ile COIIOlI ;uld \1,1, INlalh wont with tIlt' 'l'lIHlard cap I,'ilh a \Ihitl' clot It cmt'r 011 thl' HOII'll. lh Iht· olllhu';Ik of lht' \1.11" Ihi, uniform \I~IS l:x:in.L"( ph;l'ed oUlul senilt: bllt I,;!, ~li1J being" WUrt! h\ rl'("I"uit, in IT'lining in Jap;l11. A.., Ihl' w;,r pro!{n'''l'd ,llIl'W kh;lki i\1190 I 'llllUller uniform wa'" i......lll·d. Iht' old while ver,ion 'lill hl·itl.L"( worn hI n·wrvi~l~ iIlJap;l1I. TIle IU() I kll;, ki ~llllllllt'r jae!."t was ~illgl\:"-bn:: I1O\\' \lUl\\l1 01111 b\ Ihe colour of lite cap band and 01 rhe ranl 1l1"ig-nia 11I1 thl' ,Il'('\!' ('t'e panel). Tht' "lI"ight-(,1lI Irllll'l"", withour ,,;de'>lript'~' Ilere 1I~1l.llh \Iorn lucked inlu tltt: old \\hile 1,1Il\,I" gairl·r.... Ilhich \\l'll' ollt'n ot lhe (Town hull{inl-:: OUI 1>ligluh proud 01 Iht: bo(h. II h,ld
C....rful .Japa_ soldiers 01 ttHl 38th Infantry Regt ~ke a break for ric. and .....; the ImmitCulat. 6ark blue MI88tI uniforme wh~h they wear 10f" tnle photOQl"Ilph would _ 10M their shine when ItHl)" reitChed the Hltlefront, The;r gre..ed booll appear lighter than the polleheel "attHlr 01 their belt equipment, On the acarlet ehoYlder .t..ps ttHl white metal A..blc numerat. 01 the ~Im.ntal number .how up clearly, ae 60 the yellow cutl etrlpe. 01 ....eral corporal. and ..nlor pri..ate., IAuthor" collecllon)

OPPOsrTE The commander 01 a .Japan••• u ..alry regiment and hre adjutant PO" et Hiroehlm. railway etatlon before departure fa, the M.nchu,t.n lront. Both w••, the ••rty wa, c....lry uniform with II'Ogged 'Altll.'; the comm.nde," three medale ahow tnat h ,.,ed In the Slno-.J.pa Both c.rry M188e ca lry sabree, .nd the ..nlo, otlk:., h.e • Wilt., lIi1ek on hJa hlp. (Author's collection)

W."

Ih(' ~Ianchllrian

lht'arn' W('l't' a("wall\, i~Sll('d with kllaki rrlliflJnll", i\ rlt:w"papt'J" l"t:P()l"l ot 1:\ i\llgU~t 190·1 de'iCrihes a large-:o.calt' exchangc of ~unllncr for winl('r llnifolll1 al F('Ilg--Wang C1w;ng, lhl' wldil-'I"lJ h'lrldillg inlheird.lrk blue llnitonn.. Ilhl'n n'ct:i\;llg lht:ir IIC\I kh"k; i....llt:. Thi.. IXJlin lila\" nOl ha\"(: IXTn llni\t:r-':II, h\l\\('\('r, as lI1am .Jall<\ll(',\(" ~ldi(c'"l"lJ I,'crl' ~t"11 loUt: in lhl' \1;\1 ~lill wearing ilelll~ of the d,1l k blue ullifonn, Equipment Jap
It J.pan. . . .rtill.ry crww 1010".

thel. Ariuke 7.5c:m fle+d gun Into po.ition; mo.t .rtlll~ kept the blue M1886 uniform throvghout the w••, Eech J.panese division hed 30 flek! guns In the .la utt...... of Its artillery regIment. The 7,5c:m, edoclted In 18g7, w. . thot • tend.rd equipment; but .b. heavy 28c:m (11Inl~"" were alao uAd to ,..at .!'feet during the .lege Port li.rth",•• and were I.t•• dragged north to take part In thot bettie of Mukden. Quite wMI.sp..-.d .... wa. alao mad. 01 captured R.....I.n field guns and machine gun•. (Author's collectlonl

0'

..old it",>; cani t 'c1 t'(l"ipllll'l1I with a lotal \wighl of alx)IIt ,j2 l:Klllllfk Tht' 1lOlIchl'" .m.tched. lWo .tl Ihe lrolll .md a 1,II).:er one ,II Ihe rear: lhe 1\\0 fronl bo\:e.. held :\0 round.. each .md lhe rl'ar Ix)\: 60 round... On IIIl' IMel- 11ll' ..oldk·l \lurl' ,I I..n,lp-"lck olun..h,llen hide "lretclu:..d O\er a woodt"11 ll;ll1lt·\lurl.....luug b\ bruIIll Ie;nher :-.u'llh. rill' fMcI.. (I2in 11;(lC' x Ilin high x I in det'J}) cOllt;lilH....1 Ihree dOli...· l';lliou... ~lo() round.\> of "1>.1.r(' ammllnilion, Iwn l),Iil.... 01 ..ocls .md a -.el of Illldenle;lI. Olht"r itt"llh inclll(lt--d ..p.lr(·...llId dc;min}; lit 101 Ihl' lilk. ll 'tt-'wing I..il, comb ,llId :'>oCi~I"lJ. The o\erCo;ll \1.1" fold(...I,llld rolled Ill} 10 he clrril'd around lhe I..nap....acl....\.11 Anm ~Ul' rcd wool bl.1II1..1'1. .1IId finalh a w'llerproof Call\;L~ lelll 'Il'C1ion mC;l"lll;ng- [Ill x [Ill 2in, \I't're rolled on top 01 till' crJ1.ICI..- 01 brol\ll-Iacqllcred lIlel.11 1I,Ill'r hollk· I\~I~ ~lllng U\t'r the kft shoulder on a brOII'!l ll'allll'r ..tl
The main rilk ill '1'1'\'ict" \I;I~ lhl' G.5mm AriSOll..a T"pc:\O adoplt:d in 189i, with it fixl'd fi'c-rollnd

39

mag.-I/im', Older HJ11J11 ~lllrala ~11887 rifles were .. lI~txl b\' :>Ul1le :>ecolld Hilt: and re:>~r\'~ unics, and b\ 1llo~1 nal~11 landing: force~ which sawaClion. (:''l\~lln were i:>sued \I'ilh either the 8rnm T)'IJe 22 ~lur.It,1 ~118H9 carbine or the more up-to-date Ari..aka TIlX' 10 in 6.511l1ll, .Iap.lIU'''C ollkel"~ had 10 purch:lo,c their own :>idt';tnn~. W 1I\;1ll1 1\'IX"I I\ere inl>(.·I"'I'ice dlll;ng the \\';Ir. Pi~col~ and rt'\'I)II\'I-'; manufaclllrcd in Japan wen' u"lI.llh mure elo.pell..i\,e lhan \\'co,lern models. Tu 111.11..(;' dUlI1e~tiGllh produced reloh'eni more ,IfTordabk, oUiet·....· co·o!>erali\'t-"i were 'iet up to pre.x!ule thl'lll .11 ;1 reduced prilt:.. rhe sL;mdard J belt :>lI1>pc.·llder \\.b 1II,lde frullI ..ihen:d chain ,,;ullt"r than It'allwl: Officers' uniforms

TIll' ~talldardJapane'oC oflice.·'~ unifonn was immediatcl\ distillgui~hable from llut ollhe r.mk-,md-lik. Ii fe:uurl-d.1 midnigill-blue (\;T'tll,llh bl.lck) IHI~~u-t\'I>e '.-\uib· jat-kel. rhis ~ 11886jacket \I~ edged :11 ("011.11'. front .lI1d IWIll \\;111 bLlck mohair braid. ,md lilt' clll·..1was dccor'lled \I;th Il\·t' row~ of blacl.. cord I r~g:illg: \I'ilh Il,lllhrinl{ loop~ ;lIld nelted blillOI1~. R.tllk 11~1.." il1(lkated 011 the fi,re,Il'llh b\ .t Sl'Slel11 of black bl~lid 'kI10L,,' ("Ct· pand '~lIlk~ s.. Irl~i~llia'). Troll"l~I'<; W('I'(' clark blue 1\;lh red ~lJ;pe..·~ dOlm llit' OlIL,,'alll: COIllP;I1\\ unicer.. h,\d Olle narrU\1 :>lripe. lidd ollicer,.1 broader lIlript:. ,md l{ellel~11 ullicc.'I'" lll't) broad "lrip(~". Iligh hl;lck leal her boot.. II'Crt' worn Wilh hOlh winler and ..ummcr llniform~. \\"hen Ihe khaki 190 I uniform I\~IS intruduct'd for ol1icers during" lite 11m', il had a '>lil1-collan.:d !llllic f:t~lened with nine concealed hoo"'o;-andl'\"e~, aud J1011nall\' a ~ingle kll hrea"l pocket; the l~lI1k in~ignia di~pl:l\ed 011 Ihe ~ll'('I't·~ \I"l,:re Ille ";\ll1t' a~ lliuloe wllicll had bcelll\'Onl 011 the /l1189~ '11111111('r uniform (,t't' pand), TIIi~ was worn II'ilh khaki brc..:eche~ ami :t kh;lki r;,p. Ollt' 11Otice;lhlc k;,tllfe of photographs of Japanese olliec..:rs durillg" lht' \\~ll" is the mixture of itc..:ltl~ from differenl dress rq.l'J.llaliol1~. For in~Iance, the khaki ~ll~'O..j IUllic mig-hI be worn Wilh bluc /111900 tromer:>; and the white ~119()O IImic might hI:: 1\·UI"I1 alongside the ~11893 or I1CI\ ~1190·1 khaki pa'tern~, or cvcn the ilI18i4 while lllllie with whilt· cord trogg-ill,L::, Ollicer,,' caps - bUlh darl.. bhll' and khaki - closely resembled lho"e of lhe r.lIlk-and·lik but \\"("f"C of hctter qualitl, Rank was indicated b\ a w .. tc..:1l1 of hlack ~lript·.. ,tround the coloured band: tl"O black stripes for COl11p,lI1\ oflin'rs, three lor field uf1ic~rs and four for gcne.~ll unice'.... Cold weather clothing

40

Tht" dark blue ~11l*lti 1\;lIler unifonl1" I,'ere SOOIl to pro\'e impl~IClic;11. making tilt' -.olclit'N (';m ';Irgt'L~. ('~Ix'Cial1\' durill/i\: po..itional warfoll·(·

A Ill.. 01 "-pane. . soldktrs drill behind the llnu .t Port Arthur. d,... .ed In the "..w Iss_ kh",kl unlfonn: undef" m"'lln'flc",tton the cuff I 10 be cui to • po;nl. 1""- pit pJMl.r to be stllt wtllte. aasit: belt equipment inc:lud. . (cent,.. and rightl the larger ,.ar ammunition pouc:h. 1""- bl_ M 1B8tl cap is worn with • khaki <;ower ower the crown only, .nd two men .... we.ring is_ dust goggles. Sewal'1ll h..... eloth (towel?) wr.Pged .round the .ellons 01 their rlne., .nd one m.n leent,.} h .. one IlX'ked under the b.ck of his belf. IAulhor" eoHec:tJonl

OPPOSITE

Cn this phologr.ph t.ken by • US Army observer. soldier takes .Im. waarlng the khaki summer uniform; nole the crumpled look 0' the field eap crown. Other points of detail e,.. the wlslble cuffs 01 hIs whIle eotton undershIrt. and the bulk 0' hIs knapsaek wIth strapped· on tent se<:t1on, Note the raJsed ,...r sIght; th. Japane. . dewoled more tlme and ammunition to musketry tr.lnlng than dId the AussJ.ns. Howewer, allhough b.sed on Ihe e.eellenl M",u. .r system. the Ari. .k. ll.!lmm lYJMl 30 rifle .equlred e reputallon lor unrell.blllty, wIth ',..quent Jams and misfires; one historian s,,",tes that Its dangerous walk"...s I.y in design faults wtlk:h allowed It 10 be fired aftef having b
JAPANESE ARMY RANKS & INSIGNIA Officers wore narrow black cuff braids forming a single or triple knot, above medium-width black edging braid to the pointed cuff, on the dark blue M1 886 officer's Alliia jacket. On the M1893 and Ml904 khaki summer tunics they wore narrow white braid rings above 1 to 3 honzontally placed silver live-polOt stars on the plain cuff, General officers Triple knot on the AnIta., comprising three pairs of 'circles' below a 'spearhead': Fteld Marshal (Gen-sui - appointment introduced January 1898 for the Army Commander) 7 -braid knot on Anlla; 3 nngs above 3 staB on summer tunIC, plus muhi-coloured enamel bfeas1 badge I General (raj-silo) The same, wtthout breast badge UGen (Cho-sIIo) 6-bnud knot; 2 nngs, 3 stars MajGen (Sho-soo) 5-braid knot; 1 ring, 3 stars. Other offICerS wore a SImple knot on the AltUa, with one palf of 'CIrcles' below a 'speartIead':

Ftekt officers: C01oneI (raj-sa) 6-brald knot; 2 nngs, 3 stars UCo! (Cho-sa) 5-braKl knot; 2 nngs. 2 stars Major (Sho-sa) 4-braJd knot: 2 nngs. 1 star Company offICers: Captain (raJ-I) 3-bnlId knot; 3 nngs, 1 star Ueutenant (Ch
Non-commissioned officers and men On Ml886 tunic, narrow cuff rings in line or Guards colours; on M1 904 khaki jacket, in branch colours: Sel'geant-Mator (So-coo) 3 coloured rings above medium width gold braid ring 5ef'geant (Gun-So) 2 coloured rings above medium gold

"og Corporal (Go-cOO) 1 coloured ring above medium gold ring Lance-corporal (Joto-heiJ 3 coloured nngs Trained (1 st Class) Private (1tto-hei) 2 coloured nngs 2nd Class Pnvate (Nito-hefJ 1 coloured nng Shoulder straps Shoulder straps on the danl blue M1886 tunic, by 1887 regulatIOnS, were in the branch coloIx: Infantry - scanet Artmery - yelk1w cavalry & Medical - green Pioneefs (engineers) - brown Supply Corps - dafk blue The reglmefltal number was displayed in white metal Arabic nun'lel'aIs near the base. Support branches attached to UOIts. e.g. medical personnel, had thetr particular symbol in the centre 01 the strap in place of the number. Coloured piping around some suaps indICated a Student C8det (red). a Mditary Preparatory Student (yeIkIw) or a Ooe- Year Volunteer (black & white).

,tJf-:llld-t:p.:,. Soldiers abo madc rOllg-ll So, Ihe problem of c011ccalme111 \\~IS rCJf
41

L1eut.nant-G.n.ral Baron O,eko, the commander of the Japanes. 7th Olvl.lon, pose. here wearing the MllM>O 'A"II.· ......Ic. jackel; I'Klte that for thl. lenior rank the multiple br.ldlng of the sleeve knots reached .Imoat 10 the thould.r . .am. HI. h••dg.ar Is the red kepi-slyle cap preaeribed for g&n&... 1 offlc......Ithough senior rank. In fact wore. wid. variety 01 uniform, Photogr.ph• • tww office... w.aring items from th. 1874. 1888. llM>O .ndl~ regul.tlons In .ny combination they pl.aHd. Generat Oaetto'a dlvlaHln were aent a. relnlorcemen,* 10 the Third Ann)' besieging Port Arthur••nd suff.rad .nnlhlt.tlng CMUIIhlH during fTonlal attacks on the defenc. . of HlIl 203 In I.te Novemberearly December lVOC. This vllal poahlon Will lIubbomly held by a relat""ely tiny garrison led by Col Tretyakov, who h.ad .Iready distinguished hlmseff .1 fUnsNon In M~ (At.Ithor's coIlectlonl

Jap.ne. . eoldle.. outelde • dug-out {note the ne.t brick chimney etackl. wearing lightweight khekl J.ckete of v• .."lng lengthe a. 'c.mounag.' over th.lr v• .." vl.lbla dark blue uniform. (Author'. collection)

42

:'.lrt (If tht, ~IIR86 uniform: thb \'~I.'I u:o.cd in lI"lIl~ilion,ll I.cather for :'. S't..-"\ modd willlt..'r(o.ll.~ l\t_'rc i..,ut'd lu thl.' m'~OIil\ of Ihl' al1m in ~landllll;;1 'L~ ..oon ,IS til(' fronl 'ilahili/t'fl in Ililllc'r 190.J 0:,. TIIt''i4.' \len' IIM(!l- from \...ha\...i hbn\...cI matl.'n;ll wilh R'n deep Ik'4Xt' or fUl cull,II'\; in folll 111,111\ of IlwlII Wl'rc pnxhlcet! II~ing actual blan\...ct~, donated III tllt~.I,Ipt:"'ll \I"~ publici/cd.•111<1 ,.ccordill/{ to -.tJUI"C(" 110 !c."WeI' th.1I\ :!OO,OOO blall\...cb WL'rc dOnatL-d inl(lhn "\OIlC. Thi.. donatiol1 of lIMh:I;,,1 a!lollL'd lilt' ,\1111\ to pru\ide thcir mcn "ith wann nJ.lt:o ;ltliltll' cn<;tto tl1l' 't;lt('. In .Idditioll, ~p,ll-;:lIe e.lr prolcctu.... "cre pn"ic!l-cl. 1ll,Idl' out uf I-;:U :'; had nont:'. rhi, i, lllll III ~;]\' lh;'l.lap;llIC~t' ~lIldil'r, wert' alll;I\' adt'qll,ul'h killed uut. huweler. 011 011 ka~l une o((a,iull lilel" wen' ~l:td 10 make 11~I' ofl\'intcr coats caplllrt'd frnml!lc RllS'iian .~III Sibl'rbll Rifln, Wllich WI'f(' rt·("IIg"llilf·d dllring llteir ~llb'ieqllt:tll allac\...s. Olle are" of winler dOlhinK ill IIhich bOlh lltL· japane<;c alld Rll'i~i;Ul" were Llc\...ing: wa, the prO\i~i{)l1 of gllllil gIllie, UI Illitlell'. Tilt: Japanese t"p('~ were madt' from lhick cloth hilt I\('rc nO! n'aHv aflt-quate 1(11· lht' "'\l'rt' Clllldilioll' ill ~l.lndlllr;a. rhc Jap;tlte~t: ,oldier wort' tllle or ll~-() pair, of rihhed WOOllCIl ~och. and ('ilher woollcll plllt<:l'<; or GIllV'L' gaiter... Somc ,()trlier~ ahu ,,'ore \\onlkn 'toc rap~' mer the lOp of their :' I~ho had IWH'r worn lhelll Ix'fort: Ihe\ \\('1"(' con'iCripll'd.

THE PLATES

1

A: RUSSIA: STAFF A1: Captain, General Staff ThIs General Staff officer. looklllQ through a held telescope. IS weafll1Q the regulation officer's SEH'\'lce dress coat, In lightweight sea green woollen matenal, with the black facings, red piping and Sliver bUltons of the staff. The VISible central stope of the Silver braid shoulder boards of caplaln's rank IS black, the edging red: alld hiS staff appointment IS also Illcbcated by hIs stiver 8,gUllletles. OffICerS were responSible

for bUying exIra unIform and equipment ,terns from outfitters; hiS lambswool papaha 1$ pnvalely purchased and 01 high quality. As the war progressed many staff offICers

adopted an allollc vanety of ltekf dress, and thIs officef"'s regulatIOn coat might well be replaced wrth a more practICal locally made Chinese wadded coal

A2: Trooper, PrimorSky Dragoon Regiment

At the start 01 the conflict ttus dragoon ,s acting as a despatch rider lor the General Slaff He IS weanng the dar1o: green M1897 Dragoon )8Cket piped In yellow. WIth 12 brass bUttons. and yellow shoulder straps WIth the regm'lel'ltal monogram - the Cynillc letters 'PRM' In red Rank, where appropnate. was metlCated by yellow 'PolIsh'-style sleeve chevrons dlSbnctlYe to the cavalry branch. In place of the small lIeece Dragoon hat he wears a larger papaha. gMng more protectJOn In the Manchunan climate: thiS was typtcal of the regIments 01 the Coastal Military Dlstnct, such as the Pnmorsky. He 1$ equ'pped WIth the standard brown leathef bell and Single cattndge pouch. and is armed WIth the Ml881 enlisted ranks' Dragoon model sabre and the Dragoon Vef'SJOO of the Mosln-Nagant M1891 nne. A3: General Baron Meyendorf Commander of the RUSSian I Army Corps, and Adjutant to HIS Malesty, Gen Meyendorl IS weanng the offlCel"s whlIe summer J(l/81 jacket With gilt buttons The cypher 01 NICholas II on hiS massIVe gold brwd shoulder boards shows Ihat he is a member of the Tsar's personal staff. The sash-style braid belt IS In the Romanov colours 01 Silver With orangelblack stnpes, HIS dark green officer's peaked cap has white piping around the crown and the top and bottom of the red band,

Common Russian clothing terms Attempts to transliterate from Cynilic spelling and Russian phonetic pronunciation are notoriously varied. In this text we follow Bons & John Mollo, Uniforms of the Imperial Russian Army, Blandford Press (1979).

Bashlik

Chekmen Cherlreska FUfBshka

Gimnastar1(a

KiteJ

-

Papaha

PoIu"'bok

1=.; ShmeI

cowl or hood Cossack frock coat Caucasian Cossack coal lorage cap soldier's shlrt·tunlc officer's summer Jacket lambswoollsheepskm winter hat fleece-Imed overcoat shoulder boards knee-length boots

,,""'""" woollen greatcoat

TWo brothe... Hrvi"il •• offie.... In the 311th E.Siberi.n Rifle Regt, lhh E_Slberbln Oiv, I 51berien CorJ)t. Typleell" th., weer the office.... pele blulsh-gre, ve...lon of the M1881 9re.teo.t, .uperior qu.llty l.mbswool hels, end M1881 . .bres, (Andrei l(eraehlchoukl which indicates that he IS a member of the Tsar's SUite, The blue-grey trousers bear the general officer's Wide double red stnpes diVided by a red PiPing.

B: RUSSIA: SUMMER UNIFORMS 81: Lieutenant, 85th 'Vyborg' Infantry Regiment This line mfantry poruch/k Is wearing a khaki-dyed Ml887 white summer uniform Jackel. His gold braid shoulder boards show red at the centre and edges, and bear three rank slars and the regimental number in slivered metal: hiS gilt buttons bear the imperial double-headed eagle motif, and his belt is 1he standard officer's embroidered type m silver With orangelblack stripes. The officer's pattern dark green trousers have red piping on the ootseam. HIS officer's quality cap is of khaki-dyed cotton. With a black leather peak and the officer's Version 01 the Romanov cockade. He is armed With an Ml881 offICers' sabre. With the standard officer's sword knot in Romanov colours, hanging from a black Ieathef shoulder belt With gold braid facing. Like many officers dunng the war he is armed With a Nagant M1B95 revolver in a black leather holster, secured by a white, orange and black cord lanyard. 82: Lance-Corporal, 4th East Siberian Rlfle Regiment This soIdl9f IS weanng the style of umform typlcal 01 most of the RUSSIan Infantry towards the end of the war. HIS furashka

43

has a khaki clottl COilei'. but the red ~ping round the bottom of the green band shows below thiS. His khaki-dyed glmnasterka shift-tunic has the short bunoned opening ott-set to hIS left; reports speak of many variations of khaki and green. due to the different dyes and stains used to colour the white smock. Shoulder Straps. hefe In the blue of the 2nd Brigade of each dMSIOrl, bear the SIOQIe white rank stripe of efreytor. Exira ammunitIOn lor the Ml891 MOSIn-Naganl ntle is carried in the canvas bandolier across his chest: and note the bayonet eamed permanently fixed in typical RUSSIaf1 fashion. 83: Private, 11 th East Siberian Rille Regiment; bailie of Yalu Riller, May 1904 ThIs prrvate IS reconstructed from a descnplion in the mefTIOIfS of the 35th Inlantry DIvISIOn'S Dr V.Ktavkov.

According to sources this soldlElr's tramp-like appearance was more the noml than the excepllOO aL thiS stage of the Wat. HIS shirt-lullIC has been dyed a very ulVTJilttary light pmk shade. lIs lack of shoulder slraps was not uousuaJ al thiS date. and those VISible on his roughly rolled greatcoat - In the red 01 the dMSlOrl's 151 Bngade - are his only identIfication apart from the cockade on the cap coYeI'. He is weanng thiS wtlJte cover as a sort of beret lor lack 01 a proper forage cap. and has a palr of Chlllese 'u/y' shoes III place 01 army boots. EqUIpment IS ~m.led 10 the standard ammunrtlOfl pouches and an aluminium water bottle earned III an M1899 cloth cover. HIS M1881 haversack IS worn pulled around to the front. and cames extra ammunitIOn. 84: Captain, Chernigov Dragoon Regiment ThIs rotms!r IMuslrates the adaptatIOns that many offICers made to create a practICal field dress. On hiS M1900 offICer's peaked cap he has a khakJ cover with a sun flap or 'havelock' attached by thfee metal loops. He wears a pnvately purchased non-regulatIOn khaki officer's Jacket With breast and skirt pockets. HIS grey·Coloured M1881 Dragoon breeches have scarlet seam PIPIng. He IS armed With a Dragooo officer's M1881 sabre, With the cavalry sword knot -Iemlyak - hangmg from the guard.

c:

••

RUSSIA: WINTER UNIFORMS C1: Gunner, Fortress Artillery, Port Arthur thiS artillery crewman from the garrison of Port Arthur is weaflng the kind of imprOVised uniform typical of many of the garrison. HIS civilian sheepskin coat is fastened With a standard mfantry black leather belt With a steel buckle. His Shine/greatcoat. slung here bandolier-style. is cut generously enough to wear on top of the sheepskin garment in extreme conditions. Around his neck and tucked under his equipment is his issue bash/lk hood (note the tape edging), which was a separate garment. HIS dark green M1881 trousers are tucked into M 1867 leather boots; and the whole outfit is topped off with an MI901 sheepskin papaha hat. Arms camed are an M1881 artillery sabre and a Nagant '3-line' revolver. secured by a red woollen lanyard. C2: Oflicer, Siberian Rilles thiS officer wears a locally produced tulup coat, to whICh unstlffened braid shoulder boards are attached. In the condillons 01 Manchuria non-regulahon coats like thiS were allowed by the usually mtolerant high command, HIS hat IS the large. shaggy Siberian style papaha whICh became known as the 'Manchzhurlfa', WIth a brass scroll badge awarded to hIS regiment for dlStJnguIshed servICe - a device Introduced in 1878, He IS also lortunate to have a pair of

A stanch.rd bearM of whal Is d
u.. camera

~...

of Victor Bulla,

mag.nine; the picture was

i" the l..utI 01 t7 Ju... 1(105. The doUble-headed

eagle which thould be attached to the fi"iai of

u.. staff has

bee" shot away. With Ihe usual wl"ter field dress he _an the Iow-crowned, thor! pile iarnbtwool hilt I1«malIy worn ItS part 01 lhe d _ unilonn; r>ote the _al'd SCroli above the cockade. He hils the r'ItIW Mt899 wattlf' bottle tlU"{l oro his hip.

prwatety purchased boots With leather feet and padded felt uppers. The officer's Whistle around hiS neck IS the Volunte9fs type rather than the regular pattern, His M1896 Mauser 'broom-handle' semi-automatic pistol hangs in Its wooden holster-stock from a brown leather revolver belt and IS secured by a lanyard In Romanov COlours. A second revolver belt also serves to hold his coat together in the absence 01 a more substantial type, C3: Second Lieutenant, Primorsky Dragoon Regiment ThiS poporuchik is dressed In a cavalry officer's regulation blue-grey winter greatc(lat, With officer's buttoned collar patChes in dark green trimmed gold, and attached shoulder boards. His dog lur hat is of the type favoured by this regiment. HIS equipment includes a non·regulation black leather waist belt with a left-handed holster for hiS revolver. HIS M1881 DragOOfl sabre hangs from a gold-laced leather strap over hiS nght shoulder Over hiS left shoulder is a broad gold-faced belt for his hadunk8 'cap pouch' worn on the back; thiS had a SIlvered flap and a gill double-headed eagle badge. C4: Private, 139th 'Morshansk' Infantry Regiment thiS figure typifies the appearance 01 an averagely welleqUipped RUSSIan hoe infantry sok!lef In WInter. He wears the

M1881 enlisted ranks' greatcoat with white collar patches, and his bash/,k hood wrapped around his neck lor warmth. HIs green. red-piped furashka cap has the white band of the third regiment within his division with the regimental number stenCilled in red Arabic numerals. below the Imperial cockade. (The regimental numbering was dlscontlOued dunng the war,) Canvas bandolterS each carrylOg an extra 50 rounds were wom by many RusSlan soldiers; like the rest of their Uniforms and kit, at thiS date they W6f9 stili made up at unrt level, so many vanahons would be seen. The nile IS earned wrth bayonet fixed: wilen QOIng up to the front IlOe most RUSSIan sold,ers discarded their bayonet scabbards (If they had ever receIVed them) as a SIgn of their tradit1Oll81 f8JIh In 'cold steal'

D: RUSSIA: COSSACKS 01: Pri ... ate, Tersko-Kubansk Regiment, Kuban Cossack Di ... ision ThIs CaucaSl8fl Cossack wears the nat1\l9 cherlceska coat With the traclltlOO8l 16 cartndge pockets on the chest. The Silver gazJFI (tubes for measured charges) usually earned In these pockets har1Ied back to the CaucaSIan wars of the fT\Id-l9th century and were now purely decoratrve HIS papalia has a cloth crown In the red Ideotllymg colour of the Kuban Cossacks, whlch IS also seen as shoulder panels on his coat HIS CaUC8Slan sabre may be a family heirloom passed down oyer generatlOl'lS: he also cames a handsome Sliver-mounted kJf1I8l CaucaSlan dagger. The Masln-Nagant IS the shortened Dragoon \IilfSIOl'I; he carnes ammuMIOIl 10 a leather or canvas bandolier at his waJst 02: Second Lieutenant, 5th Siberian Regiment As an officer 01 Sibenan Cossacks he IS dressed In a tradJtJOflaI chekmen frock coat in sea green, fastened With hooks-and-eyes and gathered With a Volunteer's Sliverbuckled waist belt HIS Sliver braid shoulder boards bear gilt rank stars and regimental numbers. HIS recl-stnped blue-grey trousers are tucked IOto hiS hlQh leather boots. HIS papaha IS made from lambswool shaved short. and bears the standard oHicer's cockade on the lront. In hiS left hand he holds hiS Ml881 Cossack oHicer's shashke sabre. hung

General Nogi and hll Itan po.e at Third ArmW helldqullrte... In Port Arthur following Its .urrender In J.nu.ry 1 g05. MOil 01 the offlee....... we' ring the new 1904 regul.tlon '.n/lee tunle of eon....ntlon.1 eut, While Gen NogI(grey be.rd, third row eent...) and. f.w oth......lIln thtIlf'09lIed MilK)() 'Attll.'. At right 1 el lIl.n. Ilttlehed to th. Army -1JUtl.l'oIlu _ identified by their orglInlullon" .1...... blldge of • nv.-polnt interlinked .lIr In dlff.rent eolOY dependl"i! upon f'1Ink. (Autho collection)

over his fight shoulder on a beil faced With silver braid. like all Cossacks he uses the nagaika Whip. which replaced spurs in Cossack use from t885 onwards. 03: Lieutenant Baron von Eske, 2nd VerkhneUdinsk Regiment, Trans-BaIkal Cossacks Baron \10ft Eske was a famous leader of YOlunteer Cossack scouts. and h!s wartime-raised unit (thIS regiment's 1st Sotnia) recruited mostly from former hunters drawn from the small Siberian natlOr'ls of Bunat. Nanalzu and Tungusu Cossacks. They were dressed - like their commander - In homespun clothing In colours that would camouflage them In the lorests HIS green shirt-tunIC With breast pockets has unstlffened shoulder boards attached. In sll...er braId showing a central stnpe In the yellow 01 the Trans-Baikal host - also dISplayed as trouser stnpes. Von Eske wore thIS distlnctl\le white papalia; hIS shoes are the Y8fy practICal and comfor1ab1e Chinese 'uIy' wtuch were widely worn ,"stead of RUSSIan boots. OHicers purchased their own eqUipment and weapons. and Von Eske IS armed WIth a pn...ately acqUired Winchester nlle and a German htxlhng kmfe He carnes on sling belts an MI889 officer's leather map case and an Ml882 wooden canteen 04: PriYate, Trans-Baikal, Amur & Ussuri Regiment ThIs Cossack IS a nder from the lront rank 01 hiS reglrnent, Since only lhey earned a lance. HIS bIack-pamted MI901 ptke IS about 14ft In length and has an II'Ofl spear point. The khakl-dyed summer smock IS of the type usually worn by Cossacks for huntIng In peacetime; rt has two five-round cartridge pockets on the breast The prescnbed manner of carTylng the nile was slung 0Yef the nght shoulder. The PICket Pin strapped to hiS saddle gear was part of the Cossacks' offICIal equlprTl8OlfollowJng an order of 1895. E: RUSSIA: FRONTIER & NAVAL TROOPS, PORT ARTHUR E1: Private, 21st Company, Frontier Guards Frontier Guards made up a substantial part 01 the available manpower in the Far East, and thIS strazmk - typically, an old6f and more experienced man - belongs to one of the

45

•6

A Jllpllnete medical orderly wearing the M1aae blue uniform with a Red Cross brsssard, If his uniform accords with the .-gulatlons then his cap band should be In the green of the medical branch. Pl1llUmllbly tha whlltle In his lett brealt pocket II to summon stl1ltcher beaNrI or other assistance, (Author's coll.etlon)

units that defended Port Arthur. He is wearirlQ the dark. green M1891 Frontier Guards double·breasted jack.el. with two rows of SIX brass buttOflS, arid light green shoulder straps, collar patches, piPing and pointed cuff braid. His grey-blue trousers, without seam piping, are tucked into the usual htgh Army boots: hiS hat IS a tall fur 'Manchzhurka', HIS btack leather cavatry pattern eqUipment Includes the M 1893 scabbard for the bayonet of hiS Mosm-Nagant nfle Japanese admlfatlOl'\ of, and lrostratJ()l'l WIIh, the tough reSIstance of the Frontter Guards IS indICated by a quoted order from one Japanese officer: 'Make no pnsoners of green uniforms: loll them WIthout mercy!' E2: Lieutenant, Imperial Navy, landing uniform The crews of the RussIan stwps caught by the Japanese bkx:kade '" Port Arthur were used as part of the crty's gamson. ThIs Il8Utenant 10 chaIge of a worioog party wears the M 1899 black naval greatcoat WIth 12 brass buttons, and a naval officer'S peaked cap Wltt1 white prJ:WlQ - the cockade was made 01 porcelain, HIS &qu1pmEW'lt Il'ICludes a paw of naval binocular.; In thetr case. and a small canvas satchel for tvs pefSOI'Ial belongings. HIS M 1M5 naval sabre IS slung from a black leathef belt WIth gilt Iioo-mask clasps and a snake 'S'-hook. HIS pIStol lanyard IS In the usual Romanov colours. E3: Seaman, landing unllorm ThIs sailor from the battleship Pobeda ftghllOQ with the gamson IS armed WIth the standard M1891 nfle. HIS uruform IS made up of an M 1882 blue flannel shirt worn with a separate brighter blue collar with three white stnpes around the edges. HIS black M1872 saIlor's cap has whlle plplng, and the tmpen.al cockade above hiS shiP'S name on the band The two black Silk nbOOns hanging from the back have painted yellow anchors at the ends. Black flannel trousers are tucked into high leather boots. His basic equipment IS the black leather M1898 naval belt arid two ammunition pouches. E4: Seaman, summer working dress As hot weather Working uniform he wears the M1882 white summer shirt over hiS M 1872 striped undershirt (relnash/o:a). HIS peak.less sailor's cap has a White cotton summer cover, and the tally identifies him as a crewman from the battleship Retvizan.

F2: Private, Pioneers, 14th Infantry Regiment, 12th Division This pnvate of ptOOeerS, attached from the dNlStOnaI battall()ll to the 14th Infantry, wears the standard dark blue M 1886 tunic With hIS branch of servICe IndICated by the brown colour of tus shoulOer straps. HIS while trousers are sunvner ISSue and show that the two Ver"StOI'lS of lhe 1886 uruform were sometimes worn mixed HIS special pIOneers' knapsack has the haft of hIS pICk fastened to lIS left SIde and the detachable head In a leather case on top. Other members 01 thIS soldIer's platoon would carry large shovels. again In two plElCeS, He IS armed WIth lhe standard Ansaka Type 30 nile. WIth bayonet fixed as he prepares to go Into the attack, F3: Lieutenant, 1st Infantry Regiment, Imperial Guards The Impenal Guards Il'lfantry were dIstingUIshed by red cap bands and piping from the line uruts ThIS cflo./ wears the offICer's dali< blue 'At1~a' With black braid edging, cord frogglng down the front, and the double-braid Austrian knot of hiS rank on the sleeve. The Single black stnpe around hiS red cap band identIfies a company offICe( HIS Ml886 company officer's sword scabbard IS hooked up to a black leather waist belt he carnes a rolled coat and a slung haversack al'lCf water bottle F4: Non-commissioned officer, 'Chunct'tu' covert unit Attached to one of the uMs of local Manchunan barldltS employed to harass Russian supply lines, thiS Japanese NCO IS disguised as a Chinese to the pomt of growing a beard and weanng a false pigtail. He IS well kltted out for the severe Manchurian wmter With a warm Chinese coat and a padded jerkm, a sheepskin hat and felt boots. He IS armed With a captured Mosin-Nagant M1891 rifle, and a Naganl revolver tucked under hiS waist bandolier,

F: JAPAN: EARLY WAR UNIFORMS F1: Private, 2nd Infantry Regiment, Second Army This soldier wears the M 1886 dark blue winter uniform which was standard issue In the first few months of the war. The collar piping and the rank stripe of a 1st Class private. like the pip4ng al'lCf bal'lCf on hiS cap arid the trouser stnpes. were worn In yellow by foot units of the line divisions. The cap displays the MIICH'Ia) star badge, and the shoulder straps In infantry scarlet bear hIS regimental number If'I large metal Arabic numerals, HIS long white canvas gaiters fasten by buttOflS up the outSIde and a buckled strap at the top. Above hiS shoulder can be seen the shelter tent S&C!1()Il and poles faslened to the top 01 his knapsack, whose stmps attach by braces to his front ammurulJon pouches HIS eqUIpment InCludes a water bottle and a canvas haversack stung on tvs nght tup.

G: JAPAN: KHAKI UNIFORMS G1: Captain, 29th Infantry Regiment During the fightlng of summer 1904 thiS line mfantry rai-i has adopted the practical Issue khaki jacket and reinforced khaki breeches tucked mto officer's leather boots. Since the cap band IS the only place to Indicate branch of service. It has now changed from lme yellow to mfantry red. HIS rank is shown by the 1893 system of braid rings and stars as used on the cuffs of the old white summer Uniforms - here. three nngs above a Single star To aVOId telltale reflections hIS sword scabbard has been wrapped With khaki cloth, G2: Private, 18th Inlantry Regiment This tough looking veteran from the 3rd Infantry o.VISlon wears the standard uniform ISSUed to most Japanese troops In Manchuna dunng lhe latter part 01 the war. HIS khakI jaCket has hiS 1st class pflvate's rank stripe on

the cuffs in infantry scarlet, matching his cap band. The khaki of his cotton trousers does not match the Jacket; there were noticeable differences in the eltact shades, from one soldier to another and even between parts of the same soldier's uniform ThiS man's khaki cap cover has an attached sun flap, which was ot great use in the blaZing heat of the Manchurian summer plains. HIS gaIters are the old white canvas type re-dyed khakI. A Japanese soldier would normally carry 120 rounds of rifle ammunillOll, but thiS would be Increased to 230 when gOing Into actIon. 03: Medical orderly nus soIdter of the mschcal corps, dlsplaYll'lQ the red cross on a brassard and on hIS bag of dressings, IS weanng the 1904 khaki uruform WIth breaSI pockelS added to the ,acket either by the soIdl8l" hImself or by a local tal!or. Supporting branches generally had a low pnonty for the Issue 01 the new khaki clothing, but the medICal personnel who shared the hazards 01 the lront bne With the Inlantry did rOC91ve It. Here canvas Q3Jters are worn above local Chinese shoes. The medICal corps colour 01 green IS displayed 10 the cap band and hIS cuff rank stnpe 04: Trooper, 13th Cavalry Regiment, 1 st Independent Cavalry Brigade The khaki uruform was worn by some of the Japanese cavalry In the fl9ld, although the old coloured uniform was also worn concurrently. thIS trOOpel'" has tu<:ked the 'havelock' sun nap up Inside hIS cap He IS also weanng a pair of wllen gloves, whICh were probably sent to him In a comfort package from hts relatIVes at home Cavalry eQUipment featur-ed only a SIngle nght-hand ammuOitIOrl pouch on hiS hlP, and a standard water boUle. The rest of hIS equipment. Including eltua ammumtlon for hiS Ansaka carbine, would be stowed In hiS saddlebags.

H: JAPAN: WINTER UNIFORMS H1: Captain, 19th Infantry Regiment, 9th Division thiS officer, from a unit of Gen Nogi's third Army besieging Port Arthur, IS wearing a khakI M1904 greatcoat With a large hood, over the top of his dark blue M 1900 uniform. Japanese officers were allowed a great deal 01 licence in the unitorms they wore, and items from various dress regulations were worn together. His rank is nol displayed on the greatcoat but is indicated by the two black stripes, divided by a red piping, around hiS red cap band. Over hiS right shoulder he has an adjutant's yeilow and white sash - obscured here are the two tassels at the end, The sword was worn Japanese loldle.. photographed at nl;ht art.r landing at Chemulpo (Inchonll" Kore•. They ....ear heavy duty khaki ....Inter eo.11 ....Ith ~tskin lining _ He PI.te H2 _ which seem to have been Issued " ..t to tnte unIts such a. the Imperial Guard, Som. lorelgn 00Mrv... reported tkal thll coat was wom on top 01 the M t 8811 da" blu. greo.tcNt; r... lortunat. units had to make 60 with that atone. (Authof"t; collectionl

underneath this greatcoat With only the hilt emerging from a slash In the waist. H2: Private, 47th Infantry Regiment, 12th Division thiS Infantryman from the diVIslOrl's 12th Bngade IS on the march In cold weather, weanng the overcoat made from blanket matenal and sheepskin whICh could be worn over the top of the old M 1586 blue greatcoat Although he IS relatiVely well dressed for winter he, like many of hIS comrades has not been Issued WIth a pair of gloves Of mittens H3: Second Lieutenant, 3rd Cavalry Regiment Although pictured late In the war, thiS offICer IS stIli weanng - under his rather flamboyant pnvately purchased fur jacket and tall felt boots - the coloured cavalry uniform. The cap nas cavalry green Piping and a band With a black rank stnpe. The dar\( blue ·Atllla' has black corel lrogglng: NCOs and men had yellow tnm on lhe J3Cket, but all ranks wore the red breeches WIth green piping or slnpes down the Olrtseam. HIS SIdearm IS the Type 26 revolver- whICh was slandard cavalry Issue, and he has an Ml886 company otl"ll;:e(s sword. The system 01 sword knots fOf thIS penod IS not fully known. but company offICer'S are reported 10 have had them III gold braid. H4: Sergeant, 5th Siege Artillery Battalion Artillerymen were usually the last In IlIle 10 r8C81Ve the new Issue of khaki umforms and many cont,nued to wear the old dar\( blue until lhe end 01 the WSl thiS NCO diSplays yellow artillery dlStlf1CtlOrlS, and the cuff rank InSlQnla 01 gun-so _ two narrow yellow stnpes above one medium gold He has aCQUired a sheepsklll lerkln surcoat. combining warmth WIth freedom of movement HIS only armamenl IS the Ml886 artillery shortsword or 'hanger', whICh was slandSld Issue to all gunners; although designed as a defenSive weapon It seems 10 have been used more often as a Culling tool.

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The uniforms, equipment, history and organisation of the world's military forces, past and present

The RussoJapanese War

1904-05 TIle Russo-Japanese War in r..·lanchuria was the first 20th century conflict fought between the regular armies of major jX>wers, employing the most modem means - machine guns, trench warfare, minefields and telephone communications; and the battle of Mukden in March 1905 was the largest clash of armies in world history up to that date. Operations were followed by many foreign observers; but the events of 1914 in Western Europe suggest

that not aW of them drew the correct conclllsions. For the first time in the West the armies of this distant but important war are described and IllllstratE'
OSPREY PUBLISHING

www.ospreypublishing.COlll

Photographs

military illustra.tor.

ISBN 1-84176-708-5