JED Magazine 2012-02

FEBRUARY 2012 Vol. 35, No. 2

Asia-Pacific Also in this issue: Analog-to-Digital Converters: Expanding the Bottleneck

EW

BAE Systems a proven leader in electronic countermeasures, producing more aircraft self-protection systems than any other company in the world. The Advanced Threat Infrared Countermeasures system provides reliable, reusable jamming to defeat current and future threats, and is credited with saving soldiers in complex engagements from IR-guided missiles. Our unsurpassed electronic countermeasures heritage demonstrates how We Protect Those Who Protect Us® and deliver real advantage to warfighters.

www.baesystems.com Photo Courtesy of U.S. Army

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February 2012 • Volume 35, Issue 2

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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US Air Force Photo by Master Sgt. Val Gempis.

News

The Monitor 15 US Navy Seeks Advanced CREW Technology. Washington Report 20 $487B in Defense Cuts Just the Beginning? World Report 22 Saudi Arabia Confirms F-15 Deal.

Features

EW in the Asia-Pacific Region

ADCs and DACs in EW: Far More Than Bit Players 32 Barry Manz

Often considered the choke point in today’s EW systems, ADC manufacturers are trying to change the game one bit at a time.

Departments 24

Martin Streetly

With China growing its military power, other countries in the Asia-Pacific Region are keen to acquire the most advanced EW available.

6 8 10 12 40 43 46 49 50

The View From Here Conferences Calendar Courses Calendar From the President Roost Profile EW 101 AOC News Index of Advertisers JED Quick Look

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The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

6

hen I first joined JED back in 1994, the US Air Force was in the process of transitioning the lethal SEAD mission from the twoseat F-4G Wild Weasel to the single-seat F-16CJ. At the time, there was a fair amount of discussion and concern within the EW community that a single pilot (without an EWO in the back seat) could perform the lethal SEAD mission. However, the EW technology that would enable this transition was mature, and the F-16CJ’s AN/ ASQ-213 HARM Targeting System (later supplemented by the AN/AAQ-33 SNIPER Targeting Pod) has managed to do the job quite effectively. Although, taking the EWO out of an aircraft performing an EW mission was controversial at the time, especially within the EW community, it was less controversial 15 years later when the US Navy transitioned from the four-seat (2 ECMO) EA-6B Prowler to the two-seat (one ECMO) EA-18G Growler. Again, EW technology had advanced far enough to enable this change without any loss in mission effectiveness. Today, we are entering an era when the next generation of EW systems will, in many cases, be hosted on aircraft with neither an EWO nor pilot onboard. Yes, there will be an EWO in a ground facility somewhere managing the EW aspects of mission (probably overseeing several EW aircraft at one time), but it is unlikely that this EWO will be “performing” the EW mission the way his predecessors had performed it from the back seat. This is, on the face of it, a good thing. Removing the human from the EW platform enables the use of smaller and stealthier aircraft that can operate in threat environments for much longer periods than a manned aircraft. However, this reliance on fewer and fewer EWOs to “operate” EW systems can lead military leaders to the erroneous conclusion that the EWO’s unique skills won’t be needed very much in the future. This would be a huge mistake. As the “apparent “need for EW operators on platforms declines due to technology advances, the “true” need for knowledgeable EMS professionals actually increases. After all, a modern networked fighting force is far more dependent on using the EMS than a fighting force from 20-30 years ago. Most military leaders have not understood how to quantify or articulate that need today. (Ironically, this is because most of them don’t have any EWOs on their staffs to identify or explain the problem.) Yet the pool of EMS warriors that are available to help plan, manage and execute increasingly complex military operations is dwindling rapidly because of outdated thinking that equates EWO production to the EW positions on its weapons systems. It’s time for our military leaders to understand that a significant gap is opening between the growing requirement for EMS skills and the shrinking number of well trained EMS warriors. – John Knowles

FEBRUARY 2012 • Vol. 35, No. 2

EDITORIAL STAFF Editor: John Knowles Managing Editor: Elaine Richardson Senior Editors: Glenn Goodman, John Haystead Technical Editor: Ollie Holt Contributing Writers: Dave Adamy, Barry Manz, Martin Streetly Marketing & Research Coordinator: Heather McMillen Sales Administration: James Ream

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Mr. Tom Arseneault President, Electronic Systems, BAE Systems Mr. Chris Bernhardt President, ITT Exelis Electronic Systems Mr. Gabriele Gambarara Elettronica S.p.A. Mr. Itzchak Gat CEO, Elisra CAPT John Green Commander, EA-6B Program Office (PMA-234), NAVAIR, USN Mr. Micael Johansson Senior Vice President and Head of Business Area, Electronic Defence Systems, Saab Mr. Mark Kula Vice President, Tactical Airborne Systems, Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems LTC James Looney Chief, Electronic Warfare Division, Directorate of Training and Doctrine, Fires Center of Excellence, US Army CAPT Paul Overstreet Commander, ATAPS Program Office (PMA-272), NAVAIR, USN Mr. Jeffrey Palombo Senior VP and GM, Land and Self-Protection Systems Division, Electronic Systems, Northrop Grumman Corp. Col Jim Pryor Chief, Electronic Warfare, Operational Capability Requirements Headquarters, USAF Mr. Kerry Rowe Vice President, ISR and Force Protection Systems, Electronic and Mission Systems,The Boeing Company Wg Cdr P.J. Wallace Chief of Staff, Joint Air Land Organisation, UK MOD Dr. Richard Wittstruck Director, System of Systems Engineering, PEO Intelligence, Electronic Warfare and Sensors, USA

PRODUCTION STAFF Layout & Design: Barry Senyk Advertising Art: Christina O’Connor Contact the Editor: (978) 509-1450, [email protected] Contact the Sales Manager: (800) 369-6220 or [email protected] Subscription Information: Please contact Glorianne O’Neilin at (703) 549-1600 or e-mail [email protected]. The Journal of Electronic Defense is published for the AOC by

Naylor, LLC 5950 NW 1st Place Gainesville, FL 32607 Phone: (800) 369-6220 • Fax: (352) 331-3525 www.naylor.com ©2012 Association of Old Crows/Naylor, LLC. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced by any means, in whole or in part, without the prior written authorization of the publisher. Editorial: The articles and editorials appearing in this magazine do not represent an official AOC position, except for the official notices printed in the “Association News” section or unless specifically identified as an AOC position.

PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 2012/JED-M0212/6779

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Singapore Air Show February 14-19 Singapore www.singaporeairshow.com.sg

Dixie Crow Symposium March 18-22 Warner Robins, GA www.crows.org

EW India (EWCI 2012) February 21-24 Bangalore, India www.aoc-india.org

Low Probability of Intercept/ ELINT Conference March 27-29 Monterey, CA www.crows.org

Information Operations Europe: Impact of Extremism 2012 February 22-23 NATO School, Oberammergau, Germany www.crows.org

RUGGED,

APRIL

MARCH

Training, Tactics and Testing in the Contested EMS Conference April 3-5 Las Vegas, NV www.crows.org SOF EW: Training, Test and Special Ops in the EMS April 10-12 Hurlburt Field, FL www.crows.org Australian AOC EW and IO Convention April 15-17 Adelaide, Australia www.oldcrows.org.au

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NRL/AOC Capitol Club 2011 EW Symposium April 20 Washington, DC http://aoccapitolclub.com

MAY ACIN: Legislative Initiatives for Small Business Integration Conference May 1-2 Camden, NJ www.crows.org 5th Annual EW Capability Gaps and Enabling Technologies Conference May 8-10 Crane, IN www.crows.org

Photo courtesy of Northrop Grumman

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

8 Share critical data across your netcentric architecture using COTS components such as the Vortex Data Transport System (DTS), a rugged, secure network file server. The Vortex DTS is a new family of ruggedized DZUS form factor Network Attached Storage (NAS) File Servers designed for use in sea, air, and ground vehicles, field stations and benign laboratories. More than a simple data loader/recorder, the Vortex DTS server allows any network device high-speed access to information such as mission, map, and maintenance data on removable SSD memory cartridges encrypted with FIPS or NSA Type 1 certifiable options. Features DZUS form factor < 10 lbs. < 35 Watts Four 1 Gb Ethernet ports 3 Memory cartridges

AOC/Shephard EW Europe 2012 May 9-11 Rome, Italy www.crows.org

JUNE Kittyhawk AOC & AFRL Sensors Directorate Technical Symposium June 4-7 Wright Patterson AFB, OH www.kittyhawkaoc.org Vortex Data Transport System (DTS) Rugged, high-performance DZUS secure network file server

EW, IO and Cyber Capabilities for Air, Sea Battlespace Operations Conference June 5-7 Charleston, SC www.crows.org

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Whidbey Roost 39th Annual EW Symposium June 11-14 NAS Whidbey Island, WA www.whidbeyroost.org International Microwave Symposium (IMS-2012) June 17-22 Montreal, Canada www.ims2012.org a

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AOC headquarters events noted in red. For more information, visit www.crows.org.

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Information Operations Europe 2012 Conference

INFOWARCON

The Rise of Extremism and the Role of Information Operations February 22-23, 2012 NATO School, Oberammergau, Germany The events surrounding “Arab Spring” awakened Western countries to the plight of disenfranchised populations in the Arab Region and Northern Africa. Large groups of disaffected people coalesced their anger to overthrow long-standing governments. These groups leveraged the information environment to communicate on a world stage while garnering support within their home nation, across their region, and from the entire world. This same information environment is available to other groups to advance their goals and objectives. This conference will explore how individuals and groups use the information environment to advance extremism within nation states.

Keynote Speakers Mr. Matt Armstrong, Executive Director, US Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Mr. Austin Branch, SES

Other Speakers COL Randy Rosin, J39, USCENTCOM COL Jim Skelton, J39, USCENTCOM Mr. Mark Laity, Chief, Strategic Communications, SHAPE (Belgium)

CDR Dai Roberts CDR Steve Tatham, UK Professor Sean Costigan COL Laurie Buckhout, USA (Ret) Air Commodore Graham Wright, UK (Ret) Mr. Thomas Nissen, Denmark

Ambassador Kurt Volker, USA Erasmus B. Dragon Gen Klaus Reinhardt, Germany (Ret) Mr. Neeraj Singh, India Mr. Steve Mehringer Eleanor Penobscot COL Arthur Tulak, USA COL Al Bynum, USA (Ret) COL Dave Grohoski, USA (Ret)

Visit www.crows.org for more information and to register. Scan with your smartphone’s QR scanner to go directly to the conference website.

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Essentials of 21st Century Electronic Warfare Course March 13-16 Alexandria, VA www.crows.org

Introduction to Radar and EW February 28-March 2 Alexandria, VA www.crows.org

Leveraging LPI Technologies Course March 26 Monterey, CA www.crows.org

MARCH Aircraft Survivability March 12-16 Shrivenham, Oxfordshire, UK www.cranfield.ac.uk

IR/Visible Signature Suppression March 20-23 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu

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Modeling & Simulation of RF EW Systems March 20-23 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu

APRIL Modeling & Simulation Course April 2-3 Las Vegas, NV www.crows.org DRFM Technology April 3-5 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu DIRCM: Technology, Modeling and Testing April 17-19 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu Basic RF EW Concepts April 17-19 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu Introduction to ISR Concepts, Systems and Test & Evaluation April 17-20 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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MAY Infrared Countermeasures May 8-11 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu Principles of Radar Electronic Protection May 15-18 Baltimore, MD www.pe.gatech.edu

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The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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I

s the word getting out? I’m speaking about the Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) and its criticality for all government, commercial and military users across the globe. In our profession as spectrum warriors, we think about this every day. For those outside our community, it’s not so obvious. We need to understand this gap and help to close it. Last month, I was invited to speak to officials from the General Accountability Office who were conducting background work to support a Congressional inquiry on DOD Spectrum use. These conversations quickly morphed into discussions about use of the EMS from a “whole of government” perspective. There are many entities within the US government that have a major stake in the EMS, but the DOD is easily the most vested stakeholder. For the last few years, the DOD leadership has shown greater interest in recognizing organization-wide problems with understanding, synchronizing and allocating the use of the EMS. In many ways, the DOD’s EMS challenges are simply a smaller image of our nation’s (and indeed our world’s), heavy dependence on, and limited understanding of, EMS needs and governances. The theme that continued to resonate in those GAO discussions was this: everyone uses the EMS, most people don’t realize how much they rely upon it, and nobody is in charge of “herding all the spectrum cats,” whether in the military, the rest of government, commercially or internationally. While some would say the FCC has this role, we can easily present situations that illustrate this simply isn’t the case. Imagine this is you will: an RF-controlled IED, perhaps detonated by a smartphone app, is placed at a Washington, DC, metro station. The IED is discovered before it can explode, and somehow, the DC police figure the right way to address this threat is to contact an organization that owns jammers (Army Explosive Ordinance Disposal?). Imagine the EOD folks bring in their jammer and are able to render the device safe. But in the meantime, that jammer also is impacting the RF links by which the Metro automatically controls its trains, causing a pile-up during rush hour, killing hundreds. How could this happen? An easier question to answer should be: who is in charge of ensuring it doesn’t? Sadly, the answer is, nobody. Spectrum control across our nation is a mish-mash of small and large agencies, organizations and authorities, with poorly-defined points of interface. Is it time for someone to step up to really be “in charge?” – Laurie Moe Buckhout, (COL (Ret.), USA

Association of Old Crows 1000 North Payne Street, Suite 200 Alexandria, VA 22314-1652 Phone: (703) 549-1600 Fax: (703) 549-2589 PRESIDENT Laurie Moe Buckhout VICE PRESIDENT Robert Elder SECRETARY Cliff Moody TREASURER David Hime AT-LARGE DIRECTORS Cliff Moody Linda Palmer Paul Westcott Michael Oates David Hime Tony Lisuzzo Ron Hahn Lisa Frugé Col Robin Vanderberry, USAF REGIONAL DIRECTORS Southern: Wes Heidenreich Central: Judith Westerheide Northeastern: Charles Benway Mountain-Western: Wayne Shaw Mid-Atlantic: Bill Tanner Pacific: Joe “JJ” Johnson International I: Robert Andrews International II: Gerry Whitford IO: Al Bynum APPOINTED DIRECTORS Donato D’Angelantonio Joe Hulsey James J. Lovelace Marc Magram IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Walter Wolf AOC STAFF Tanya Miller Don Richetti Member and Chapter Executive Director Support Manager [email protected] [email protected] Norman Balchunas Jennifer Bahler Director, Operations Registrar [email protected] [email protected] Mike Dolim Keith Jordan Director, Education IT Manager [email protected] [email protected] Shelley Frost Glenda M. ReyesDirector, Logistics Montanez [email protected] Business Manager Kent Barker reyes-montanez@ Conferences Director/ crows.org FSO Tasha Miller [email protected] Membership Assistant Glorianne O’Neilin [email protected] Director, Member Miranda Fulk Services Logistics Coordinator [email protected] [email protected] Tony Ramos Lauren Stewart Director, Logistics Coordinator Communications [email protected] [email protected] Brock Sheets Director, Marketing [email protected] Stew Taylor Exhibits Manager [email protected]

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the

monitor news

US NAVY SEEKS ADVANCED CREW TECHNOLOGY The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

The US Navy’s Office of Naval Research (ONR) has released a new Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) calling for development of new technologies for nextgeneration IED jammers. BAA 12-006 calls for a wide range of hardware and software innovation that will “improve virtually all aspects” of Joint Counter Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Device Electronic Warfare (JCREW) 3.3 systems, according to the solicitation. The research will address capabilities such as “simultaneous transmit and receive, on-mission wireless communications, interoperability with blue force communications, comprehensive spectral awareness and improved packaging,” according to the BAA. The improvements will essentially enable the CREW systems to provide much broader communications EW capability than the relatively narrow mission of detecting and defeating RCIEDs. ONR has issued previous BAAs (BAA 10-003 in 2010 and BAA 11-017 in 2011) that address JCREW technology development. The new BAA “expands the interest area” by including concepts and technology for distributed multi-function JCREW or what Navy program officials have dubbed a “d-CREW” system of systems. ONR is seeking research proposals in seven technology areas: highefficiency high-performance embedded computing; receivers and transmitters; modulators and techniques; comprehensive spectral awareness; electromagnetic compatibility; weight reduction and cooling; and multifunction and scalable open architectures. In the area of high-efficiency highperformance embedded computing, program officials want to develop components, architectures and concepts that will reduce by up to 50 percent the power consumption associated with signal pro-

cessing and system control. According to the BAA, “Some areas which present opportunities for improvement include embedded processing solutions with more efficiency than field reprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), such as softwaredefined application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or other flexible processing cores, fast Fourier transform (FFT) ASICs with a programmable length, as well as flexible demodulation ASICs.” Some of this work will support desired CREW capabilities, such as simultaneous EW and communications operation and coordinating precision geolocation and jamming between multiple CREW systems. The BAA also states that program officials are interested in receiver and transmitter technologies that “support scalable system design, including switches, filters, multiplexers, etc., that would be integral with developed hardware.” Specific areas of interest include simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) technologies (electronics and photonics) that eliminate the necessity of blanking the receiver while transmitting when using a single aperture; adjacent channel STAR (aSTAR);

and co-channel STAR (cSTAR). Another area of interest is distributed operation (d-CREW) among multiple CREW units. This work will include development of embedded resource management technologies that enable CREW systems to communicate with each other and with other communications and networked weapons systems in an operating area. Networked CREW systems will help prevent electronic fratricide, feed hostile and friendly emitter information to the battle network, coordinate distributed jamming between platforms, and optimize spectrum use. ONR is also interested in developing wideband receiver technologies that will maximize coverage “between the mid-LF to mid-EHF frequency ranges while maintaining wide instantaneous bandwidth with high dynamic range at 10’s of kHz resolutions.” ONR is also interested in transmitters and components that can support less than 100 MHz per channel instantaneous bandwidth, efficiencies of more than 40 percent and hundreds of Watts of output for fixed and mounted applications and tens of Watts of output for dismounted applications.

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In terms of modulators and techniques, program officials are seeking technologies that will support generation of “multiple simultaneous and coherent jamming waveforms with lownoise in response to detected RF emissions.” The BAA adds, “These jamming responses will require high-speed activation at up to gigahertz bandwidths and digitally controllable parameters and waveform selection to facilitate integration into closed loop architectures.” Based on this, ONR is seeking waveform generators (direct digital synthesizers, arbitrary waveform generators and digital RF memory technologies or some hybrid between these technologies) that can “switch between waveforms at nsec speeds to support on-demand signal delivery to transmitters.” ONR is also seeking development of intelligent jamming techniques that can defeat sophisticated IED threat devices without disabling the RF network that is being used by the device. The fourth area of interest is comprehensive spectral awareness. This research will focus on technologies

that enable a JCREW system to assess its surrounding signal environment by rapidly mapping the RF environment between mid-LF and mid-EHF in many dimensions (spatial, spectral, functional, etc.), according to the BAA. Based on this assessment, the JCREW system would perform real-time discrimination between hostile RF signals and background RF emissions. In addition to wideband spectral mapping and signal assessment, this work will also focus on providing direction-finding (better than 35 degrees), geolocation (better than 100m accuracy) and situational awareness data fusion for onboard and off-board systems. In the area of electromagnetic compatibility, ONR is seeking methods or techniques that mitigate or eliminate interference and/or coordinate operations between CREW and other friendly systems. “Multi-function techniques, subsystems and component technologies which support both communication and EW functionality are of particular interest,” the BAA notes. Another specific topic of interest in JCREW network

centric operations, which would support distributed jamming concepts, suggest optimal jammer deployment based on terrain and mission needs, and enable quick changes to system operating parameters. Another area of interest described in the BAA is weight reduction, packaging and cooling. “There is a need for material technologies and techniques that can help reduce the size, weight and power of the dismounted CREW systems while meeting performance requirements,” states the BAA. ONR is particularly interested in small and lightweight low-frequency (mid-LF to mid-EHF) antennas, thermal management for power amplifiers and digital processors, lowpower components, and non-algorithmic or clock-less techniques that dramatically lower power consumption. The last area of interest in the BAA addresses multifunction, scalable open architectures. Future JCREW systems “will require C-RCIED EW architectures which can be both networked via Blue Force communication (BFC) links to allow for the distribution of functionality

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

16

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t h e levels of visual degradation.” Two levels of high-intensity light are envisioned, one for warning at a distance up to 3000m (1.6 nm), and a higher-level for “temporary visual suppression” at up to 1800m (minimum 500m) range.” The new RFI specifically addresses Navy concerns regarding the detection of the use of magnifying optics (such as a rifle or spotting scope, or binoculars) by a potential target, because the use of such equipment greatly increases the likelihood of permanent eye injury from

NAVY REFINES “OCULAR INTERRUPTER” EFFORTS

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an LROI beam. System proposals must therefore include a definition of “acceptable risk of significant injury (RSI) to the target.” Interest in environmental adaptation and automated beam power control techniques are likewise closely related to ensuring the desired LROI effects, but with a low risk of significant injury. The RFI also specifically calls for a focus on identifying lightweight, small footprint, high power density, and expeditionary environmentally survivable power sources. Technology submis-

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

and which are scalable with the number of available platforms, assets and resources,” explains the BAA. Program officials are seeking a secure wireless link and associated network to demonstrate communications and coordinated operation between JCREW systems. Techniques that do not rely on GPS are desired, as are techniques that improve protection of the JCREW systems and mitigate the effects of network attack on JCREW devices. ONR plans to award multiple contracts valued between $300,000 and $750,000 per year for periods up to 3 years. ONR expects the program budget for these awards to total approximately $14 million over three years. BAA 12-006 is available at the ONR website (www.onr.navy.mil). White papers are due on March 9 and full proposals are due May 28. Awards are scheduled for November. The program point of contact is David Tremper, ONR Code 312 – EW Program Officer, e-mail [email protected]. – J. Knowles

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As part of ongoing development efforts, the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD), has released a request for information (RFI) for proven commercial solutions in the areas of magnifying optics detection, environmental adaptation, and automated variable power attenuation that could be potentially used in a long range ocular interrupter (LROI) program. The current LROI project, which is in a pre-Milestone A acquisition phase, is intended to provide the Fleet Expeditionary (specifically the Maritime Expeditionary Security Force) units with a portable maritime system to engage contacts of interest once they have been detected. The LROI device will issue “clear and unambiguous optically dazzling warnings” to personnel, vehicles, vessels, (and potentially aircraft) approaching Navy, Coast Guard or Army ships, ground assets, and critical maritime infrastructure. The LROI will “deliver a bright beam of light that produces a dazzling or glare effect on a closing target to warn and/or suppress potential threats through increasing

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sions should be at Technology Readiness Level 4 (TRL-4) or greater. The Navy’s FY2012 RDT&E budget includes $0.4 million to support system design/refinement and $0.9 million for testing of the Long Range Ocular Interrupter (LROI) as part of Project 3172, Joint Non-lethal Weapons. – J. Haystead

DARPA BAA TARGETS IMPROVED SENSORS AND OPERATION IN DEGRADED EM ENVIRONMENTS The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA’s) Strategic Technology Office (STO) has issued a broad agency announcement (BAA) for research, development, design and testing in support of new sensor concepts and improved operation in degraded electromagnetic environments. Specific areas of interest include Finding Difficult Targets; Communications, Networks and Electronic Warfare; Shaping the Environment; as well as Foundational Technologies that support multiple STO focus areas. The Finding Difficult Targets research area includes new and innovative

methods for combining sensor modalities, exploiting new algorithms, and developing new system concepts and processing techniques, as well as new approaches that measure secondary signatures (active and passive). DARPA is also interested in new approaches for the design of low-cost, adaptable sensors that leverage commercial technologies and processes. The Communications, Networks and Electronic Warfare area is seeking new system concepts and enabling technology that will assure high-bandwidth mobile wireless capabilities, with or without access to infrastructure, that match or exceed commercial wired infrastructure. Approaches may include new system concepts and technologies that improve network availability, increase network capacity and scaling, enhance spectrum efficiency in a congested spectrum, tolerate network degradation, defeat network reconnaissance and surveillance, and counter denial of service. The Shaping the Environment area targets concepts and technology that

can provide the warfighter with a more comprehensive understanding of the operational environment and allow uninterrupted operations under conditions in which critical capabilities (e.g., communication, navigation, mobility, access to energy supplies) are degraded, according to the BAA. Operation in extreme environments, such as the Arctic, and in degraded conditions such as in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations are of particular interest, as is enhancing the warfighter’s ability to counter easy-to-use weapons and deliver instant effects with minimal collateral damage. Proposals must be submitted by January 12, 2013. The BAA is DARPABAA-12-09. Agency contact is DARPA/ STO. E-mail: DARPA-BAA-12-09@DARPA. mil Fax: (703) 807-1770. – J. Haystead

IN BRIEF Dr. Robert H. Evans, an engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory, has been honored with the US Navy’s Meritorious Civilian Service Award. The award recognizes Dr. Evans “for the

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✪ ✪ ✪ BAE Systems (Nashua, NH) has received a $12.3 million contract to deliver T-Pod SIGINT systems under a Quick Reaction Program for the US Army’s MQ-

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1C unmanned aerial vehicles. Deliveries will be completed by December 2012.

✪ ✪ ✪ Alloy Surfaces Company (Chester Township, PA), a Chemring Group PLC subsidiary, has received a $7.2 million order under an existing indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract to manufacture M211 IR decoys for the US Army. Delivery of the IR decoys will begin in April and continue through November.

✪ ✪ ✪ SRC, Inc. (Syracuse, NY) has named Gary Bauer as vice president, business development. Based in the company’s Chantilly, VA, office, Sauer will develop and cultivate new business opportunities for SRC and SRCTec. In his previous position, Sauer was the general manager of the Defense Systems group at Applied Research Associates. In other company news, the US Army’s National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC) awarded a contract to SRC for analytical, production and process support for the Electronic Warfare Integrated Reprogramming (EWIR) database.

n e ws

Naval Sea Systems Command (Crane, IN) has released a solicitation for development of a Radiated Energy Tracking Subsystem (RETS). The system will be used to locate, track and measure the peaks of multiple, moving radio frequency (RF) beams simultaneously radiating from an electronic attack (EA) system or other RF system with similar performance. Proposals for the program, which is designated as a small-business set-aside procurement, are due on February 14. The solicitation number is N0016412RWS56. The point of contact is Kathy Gaither, (812) 854-8482, e-mail [email protected].

✪ ✪ ✪ Penn State University (University Park, PA) has received a $1.3 million US Navy contract for development and demonstration of next generation EW components based on Graphene technologies. The contract was awarded based on the university’s response to a Broad Agency Announcement from the Office of Naval Research (ONR BAA 11-006) for advanced JCREW technologies. a

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The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

development of outstanding new innovative techniques, methods, and hardware that over an extended period of time have successfully addressed the US Navy’s future requirements for effective electronic warfare capabilities.” According to a statement from NRL, his list of accomplishments includes “many innovative solutions in the areas of electro-optic/infrared and radio frequency countermeasures as applied to the defense of naval surface combatants against anti-ship cruise missiles. Dr. Evans is also commended for his exceptional contributions to the Effectiveness of Navy Electronic Warfare Systems (ENEWS) Program. His scientific and engineering efforts, in part, have laid the very foundations of modern electronic warfare.” Dr. Evans currently heads the Advanced Techniques Branch in NRL’s Tactical EW Division.

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wa s hi ng t o n rep ort $487B IN DEFENSE CUTS JUST THE BEGINNING?

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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In what can perhaps be viewed as a deep recon probe to evaluate the strength of opposition, the Obama administration and Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, have outlined the broad size and shape of upcoming defense cuts planned for the next decade with a proposed budget that puts the DOD on a path to save $259 billion over the next five years and $487 billion over the next decade. For FY2013, the Pentagon’s base budget request is set at $525 billion, with an additional $88.4 billion for overseas contingency operations (OCO) – mostly in Afghanistan. This is down from $531 billion and $115 billion, respectively, in the 2012 fiscal year. The specifics of the Pentagon spending plan will not be formally released until President Barack Obama officially unveils his budget in February, but some cuts have already been “pre-announced” including a reduction in ground forces of some 100,000 troops, including 80,000 personnel to be cut from the Army by 2017, which will partly be accomplished through eliminating two heavy brigades based in Europe. The Navy will retire seven older cruisers and two amphibious ships early, while the Air Force will eliminate six tactical air squadrons. Because of the troop cuts, the Air Force wants to cut its air transport fleet by 130 aircraft (27 C-5As, 65 C-130s and 38 C-27Js). The resulting airlift fleet will comprise 52 C5Ms, 222 C-17s and 318 C-130s. Following on the heels of DOD’s Strategic Guidance document, “Sustaining US Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense,” released earlier this year, Secretary Panetta says “the plan shifts the Pentagon’s focus from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan to future challenges in Asia, the Mideast and in cyberspace.” The budget will reportedly invest more funding into technologies to prevail in an anti-access, area-denial scenario; cyberspace; and will fund the next-generation bomber program and modernization of the submarine fleet. Panetta says the request will maintain the Navy’s current 11 aircraft carriers and 10 carrier air wings, will maintain the current Marine and Army posture in the Asia-Pacific region, and will include the basing of littoral combat ships in Singapore and patrol craft in Bahrain. Funding for a number of frontline acquisition programs will be delayed however, including the F-35 joint

strike fighter, built by Lockheed Martin, which will see 179 jets cut from the five-year budget and pushed to later years. Procurement of the Air Force’s remaining high-altitude Global Hawk Block 30 unmanned surveillance aircraft will be terminated, in favor of retaining the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. The Air Force does plan to develop a Block 40 variant of the Global Hawk in the future. President Obama will reportedly also ask Congress to approve a new round of domestic base closures Blowback to the proposed cuts has already begun, and is expected to become increasingly strong in an election year, particularly as the budget proposal completely avoids accounting for the “elephant-in-the-room” of over $500B in additional spending cuts due to take effect in January 2013 after lawmakers failed to agree on $1.2 trillion in deficit-cutting measures. According to Panetta, “My hope is that when members understand the sacrifice involved in reducing the defense budget by half a trillion dollars, it will convince Congress to avoid sequestration, a further round of cuts that would inflict severe damage to our national defense for generations.” But with thousands of DOD civilian and industry jobs at stake, many are not so sure. Bob Stevens, chief executive of Lockheed, has said his company and the defense industry in general has already worked hard to adapt itself to the $487 billion in cuts, but would struggle to cope with additional automatic reductions. “The impact on industry would be devastating with a significant disruption of ongoing programs and initiatives across the board. There would very likely be facility closures and personnel reductions that would severely impact areas like advanced manufacturing,” he said last month in a conference call to discuss quarterly earnings. Specific to EW employment and funding, Peter Hickson, Group Chairman of countermeasures manufacturer, Chemring (Fareham, UK) has said: “During the last year, many governments have struggled with increasing deficits and lower economic growth. This has affected defense procurement, leading to volume reductions and delays. The continuing problems of the Eurozone and the impact of possible sequestration in the US indicate that our traditional markets will not be any easier this year.” Chemring has already closed one plant in Philadelphia and is considering the closure of two more sites in the US. – J. Haystead a


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Save the Date:



AOC 2012 Conferences & Courses  




  
      

   

 

Information Operations Europe 2012 Conference

5th Annual EW Capability Gaps and Enabling Technologies Conference

February 22-23 NATO School, Oberammergau, Germany

May 8-10 Crane Lakeview Conference & Convention Center, Crane, IN

Introduction to Radar and EW Course

EW Europe 2012

February 28-March 2 Dick Wiley - Instructor AOC Headquarters, Alexandria, VA

May 9-11 Palazzo Dei Congressi, Rome, Italy

Leveraging LPI Technologies Course

June 5-7 SPAWAR, Charleston, SC

March 26 Dick Wiley - Instructor US Navy Post Graduate School, Monterey, CA

EW, IO and Cyber Capabilities for Air, Sea Battlespace Operations Conference

Characteristics & Performance of Modern SAM Conference

Low Probability of Intercept/ELINT Conference

June 19-21 Huntsville Redstone, Huntsville, AL

March 27-29 US Navy Post Graduate School, Monterey, CA

EMS Life Cycle Management Conference July 17-19 Dahlgren, VA

Modeling & Simulation Course April 2-3 Rio Hotel, Las Vegas, NV

AOC 49th Annual International Symposium & Convention

Training, Tactics, and Testing in the Contested EMS Conference

September 23-26 Phoenix Convention Center and Hyatt Regency, Phoenix, AZ

April 3-5 Nellis AFB, Las Vegas, NV

Global EW Emerging Technologies Conference

Military STEM & Special Ops in the EMS Conference

October 23-25 Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA

April 10-12 Hurlburt Field, Fort Walton Beach, FL

Land EW Conference

ACIN: Legislative Initiatives for Small Business Integration Conference

November 27-29 Shades of Green, Orlando, FL

May 1-2 Cherry Hill, NJ All dates subject to change. Refer to crows.org for the most up-to-date information.

w o r l d report SAUDI ARABIA CONFIRMS F-15 DEAL Government officials from Saudi Arabia and the US have signed a $29.4 billion “letter of offer and acceptance” (LOA) covering the sale of 84 new F15SA fighter aircraft and the upgrade of a further 70 F-15S aircraft already in service with the Royal Saudi Air Force. The deal, which the two governments had been negotiating for the previous 18 months, covers the provision of 170 APG-63(V)3 AESA radars, 100 Link-16 MIDS terminals and 338 Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing Sys-

tems. Under the deal the Royal Saudi Air Force also will buy 169 Digital EW Suites (DEWS) from BAE Systems. Saudi Arabia is the launch customer for the DEWS. Other EW aspects of the deal include 600 AGM-88B High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARMs), RR-188 chaff rounds, and MJU-7/10 flares. The one major feature the deal does not include is the front-aspect stealth technology that is offered by Boeing as part of its Silent Eagle package.

Deliveries of the upgraded F-15S aircraft will begin in 2014, while deliveries of the new F-15SA aircraft will commence in 2015. The Royal Saudi Air Force is expected to retire about 180 of its older F-15C/Ds. The Saudi government has also signed an LOA for 36 AH-64D Apache Block III helicopters. Further LOAs are expected for an additional 34 AH-64D Block IIIs, as well as AH-6i Little Bird and UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters. – J. Knowles

broadens the scope of responsibility to ensure the company works more closely with operational personnel to guarantee fleet availability, according to a Thales statement. ❍ AgustaWestland will deliver a Mission Planning and Analysis System (MPAS) to the Italian Navy for its fleet of NH90 NATO Frigate Helicopters. Under a contract signed between the company and the NATO Helicopter Management Agency, the company will deliver the MPAS around the time that the Italian Navy’s NH90s reach initial operational capability by the end of 2013. ❍ German defense companies Rheinmetall and Cassidian have agreed to form a joint venture to pursue unmanned aerial systems activities together. Cassidian will own 51 percent of the JV while Rheinmetall will own the remaining 49 percent. At its site in Bremen Germany, Rheinmetall manufactures the Kleinfluggerät Zielortung (KZO) UAV and supports the SAATEG electro-optic sensors program for the Luftwaffe’s Heron UAVs. ❍ Elbit Systems Ltd. has won a $50 million contract to supply its Hermes 900 unmanned aircraft system to

an undisclosed government in the Americas. The aircraft will be operated in perimeter security missions at multiple sites in the country. The deal also calls for the company to supply Universal Ground Control stations, the DCoMPASS electro-optic payload and satellite communications systems. ❍ Dassault Aviation presented its Neuron unmanned combat aircraft to officials from the program’s six government customers (France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) in a ceremony at the company’s Istres, France, facility. Engine tests began in December 2011 and will continue for the next five months. Afterward, flight tests will be carried out over a two-year period in France, Italy and Sweden. ❍ According to a Czech MOD statement, the Iraqi government may be interested in buying an undetermined number of Aero Vodochody’s L-159 light combat aircraft. The Iraqi Air Force has ordered 36 F-16IQ aircraft, and the L-159s would likely complement the F-16s by serving in a close air support role. The L-159s were part of a broader package of defense cooperation discussed by the two governments during meetings in Prague last month. a

IN BRIEF

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❍ ITT Exelis (Clifton, NJ) announced that it has successfully installed and tested its ALQ-211(V) Advanced Integrated Defensive Electronic Warfare System (AIDEWS) on an F-16 aircraft operated by an unnamed foreign customer. ❍ Selex Galileo (Luton, Bedfordshire, UK) has signed an agreement to provide EW training for Greek Army technicians and flight crews operating out of the Hellenic Army Aviation base at Megara, according to the company. The deal calls for Selex to provide six months of comprehensive training and then send field personnel to the base at Megara for a further six months. In 2003, the Greek Army selected the company’s Helicopter Integrated Defensive Aid Suite for its AH-64 Apaches. ❍ France’s Ministry of Defense has awarded a follow-on 10-year contract to Thales for support of radar, EW, avionics, optronics and communications systems on Rafale fighter aircraft in service with the French Air Force and French Navy. The contract, known as Maintien en condition opérationnelle des Equipements B et des moyens de Soutien Thales du Rafale Optimisé (MAESTRO),

shephardmedia.com/events

Exhibition & Conference 9-11 May 2012

Rome, Italy

Why you should attend as an exhibition visitor? > See the latest equipment > Hear about the latest developments in this fast-paced market > Make new contacts with electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) professionals > EW is the place to conduct business > It’s free to attend as an exhibition visitor. *1

*2

Free exhibition. Register as a visitor tinyurl.com/EWEurope2012 Supporting associations at 12 January 2012 *1 Courtesy of Northrop Grumman

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*2 Courtesy of Navantia

Confirmed 2012 exhibitors: Alloy Surfaces, Amplifier Technology, Annapolis Micro Systems, ATDI, Chemring Countermeasures, E2v, Elektrobit Wireless, Empower RF Systems, Enterprise Control Systems, ESL Defence, Grintek Ewation, IZT, Kilgore Flares, LS Telcom, MASS, Medav, Northrop Grumman, Patria Aviation, PLATH, Procitec, Roke, Tactical Technologies, TE Connectivity, Teledyne Defence, Ultra Electronics, Wallop Defence Systems

Previous exhibitors: Aeroflex, Amesys, Amphenol, ARA, Cassidian, Communications Audit UK, CST – Computer Simulation Technology, EB, ELDES, ELTA Systems, FS Antennentechnik, GE Intelligent Platforms, Gigacomp, ITT Electronic Systems, Kanfit, Linwave Technology, Lockheed Martin, Logica, M/A-Com, Meggitt Avionics, Microwave Marketing, Nautilus Marine and General Systems, Petards Joyce-Loebl, Poynting Antennas, Qinetiq, SSBV, Tektronix, Thales Communications, Tukom, Wojskowe Zaklady Uzbrojenia

By Martin Streetly

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Boou nded by the Bounded th he eastt coast co oast off A Africa frr icaa on oone n side ne siidee and the west th he we estt ccoast of America Am merr ica on the t hee other, the Asia-Pacific region boasts err, t he A ssia-Pacific -P ic reg r gion boaa sts two of the world’s great oceans; two of the world’s three largest economies; five of the world’s eight confirmed nuclear powers; growing religious strife; endemic national hostility; ferocious and frequently unpredictable weather and tectonic/volcanic activity; and an abundance of natural resources that range from timber through to such things as rare-earth minerals, oil and natural gas. Against such an outrageously unstable background, it will come as little surprise that the nations of the region are increasingly well armed, with the portfolio of available military technologies increasingly including electronic warfare (EW) provision. As it would be virtually impossible to cover all the Asia-Pacific EW users

in the space available, this article will focus on a selection of key players in the region.

AUSTRALIA In alphabetic order, Australia is both a developer and an importer of EW equipment and has made the decision to sit at the top table in terms of regional military technology. In terms of its own industry, the Australian EW base has had mixed fortunes. On the plus side, programs such as the BAE Systems Australia/Lockheed Martin Sippican Nulka active naval offboard decoy, Daronmont Technologies’ Blue Owl signals surveillance system, CEA Technologies’ WARRLOCK Direction-Finding (DF) equipment and BAE Systems’ land-based and shipboard PRISM Electronic Support (ES) systems have all found success at home and abroad. On the downside, BAE Systems’ ALR-2001 ES system and its ALR-2002 ComBat Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) have run into problems.

In the first instance, an upgrade of the ALR-2001 systems installed aboard AP-3C maritime patrol aircraft (Project AIR 5276/8B) was placed on Australia’s “projects of concern” list during October 2010 and continues to remain there. Key elements of this update include upgrading the system’s ES host and signal processors and refreshing its software to improve operational effectiveness. For its part, the ALR-2002 (which was originally intended to equip the majority of the Royal Australian Air Force’s frontline aircraft) is understood to have completed its concept demonstration phase during 1993, since which time, its proposed use has steadily been down scoped until today where its target platforms are restricted to the CH-47D and S-70A-9 helicopters under the national Project Echidna Phase 2A. In terms of known procurement trends, Australia continues to look to the US for the majority of its imported EW gear. Here, recent examples include the AN/ALR-67(V)3 RWR and the AN/ ALQ-214(V) Integrated Defensive Elec-

India’s DRDO has created the COMINT payload for the country’s Akashdeep surveillance aerostat. (DRDO/ADRDE photo)

Outside the US (and over time), Australia has also turned to Europe and Israel for EW equipment, with the Thales/Cassidian Threat Warning System fitted to the country’s Tiger attack helicopters and Elta Systems input in the ALR-2001 program being examples.

CHINA AND TAIWAN No survey of the Asia-Pacific region would be complete without mention of mainland China and its “mini-me” Taiwan. While often said, the cliché of China’s “enigma” status remains true in terms of what it “appears” to be able to

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

tronic Countermeasures (IDECM) suite for the RAAF’s F/A-18F fleet (with the AN/ALQ-67(V)3 also being an upgrade item aboard the service’s legacy F/A18A/B fighters) together with the ES3701 ES system that is being procured for installation aboard the Royal Australian Navy’s Hobart-class air warfare destroyers. Perhaps more interestingly, the RAAF has decided to wire its last 12 F/A-18F EA-18G Growler’s F/A 18F aircraft for the EA AN/ALQ-218(V) receiver system, thereby s enabling them to becomee EA-18G “Lite” platforms at some point in i the future if required. As of this writ writing, there was ti no clear indication as too whether Australia would pursue an AN/ALQ-99 or A Next Generation Jammer procurement Jammeer to create a fully capable EA-18G EA--1 type Electronic Attack ttr (EA) platform. ( In the same I sort of general timescale, gen ne it can also be assumed that the RAAF d will acquire the AN/ASQ-239 EW suite as AN/ASQ-22 part of its upcoming F-355 procurement.

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A US Navy MH-60S Seahawk helicopter approaches the Republic of Singapore Navy frigate RSS Supreme (73) during the RIMPAC 2010 exercise. (US Navy photo)

produce in terms of indigenous EW equipment and what it “should” be able to produce. As the second largest economy in the world, and a country that looks perfectly capable of achieving its stated goal of putting a manned space station into Earth orbit by 2020, one would expect China to have at least a second-tier EW capability, the more so in view of its apparent success in delivering active array radar technology for use in airborne and naval applications. While it is perfectly possible that mainland China does

possess advanced EA technology – and it certainly seems to have mastered both “stealth” technology (in the form of the J-20 fighter prototype), and elements of cyber warfare if media reports are to be believed) – the available evidence seems to point to a preponderance of first- or second-generation applications in both the airborne and naval arenas. Digging down, the People’s Liberation Army Air Force’s (PLAAF) FC-1, J-7, J-8, J-10 and J-11 fast jets are all known to be equipped with at least an RWR and

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The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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Countermeasures Dispensing System (CMDS), while both it and the People’s Liberation Army Navy make use of signals intelligence (SIGINT) platforms that are based on the Y-8 turboprop transport aircraft. While not confirmed, JED believes that most of the equipment used is indigenous, with confirmed legacy examples including the China National Electronics Import and Export Corporation’s (CEIEC) GT-1 CMDS; the Northeast Research Institute of Technology’s SE-2 ultra-violet passive missile approach warner and TM series laser warners; and the Southwest China Research Institute of Electronic Equipment’s (SCRIEE) KJ8602/8602A/8602B/8602BC RWRs and 6.5- to 40-GHz KG300G pod-mounted radar jammer. Of these, the SE-2 has been associated with the FC-1 (designated as the JF-17 in Pakistani service – see following), while usually reliable sources have made mention of a fast-jet radar jammer designated as the RKL800 and an additional pair of CMDSs designated as the GT-4 and the RKZ404E. Legacy land EW systems include CEIEC’s DZ9001/9002 electronic intelligence (ELINT) systems; DZ9300 manportable radar reconnaissance system; Bodyguard electro-optical defense system; and JN1105A and 1601 communications jammers. Within the naval arena, SCRIEE is known to have produced the legacy BM/HZ 8610 ES system, which is understood to be in fairly extensive service with the North Korean Navy. Mention of North Korea in this context points up the fact that China’s EW industry does export, with nationally produced airborne RWRs and CMDSs being likely to have been sold to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan and Sri Lanka on the back of F-7 series fast jet procurements. Again, Pakistan is co-producing the FC-1 (as the JF-17) with China, and examples shown in the West have been displayed alongside a range of Chinese EW products, a situation that strongly suggests a continuing push for exports. Like Australia, the “other” China – Taiwan – has frequently looked to the United States for EW equipment, with examples including the naval AN/SLQ32(V) threat detection system (designated as the Chang Feng equipment when produced locally), the AN/ALR-

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93(V) RWR and the AN/ALQ-184(V)7 / ( ) radar jamming pod. Elsewhere where in the world, France has supplied the country’s Navy and Air Force with the DR 3000 ES system and the airborne ne Integrated ed Countermeasures Suite (ICMS) CMS) that are arre associated with the Kang ng Ding-class Ding-classs frigate program and the Mirage 2000200005Ei/Di fast jets respectively. y. In terms oof indigenous activity, Taiwan an has develdevelloped the Tien Chien 2A anti-radiation anti-radiation missile and is currently looking ooking to upup pdate its military technology gy base with wit h upgraded equipment. While hile America Americca remains committed to Taiwanese wanese indeindeependence (and as a corollary, ry, willing to t supply it with modern weapons), pons), such support is unlikely to be maintained aintained in perpetuity and will very ery much depend on how Sino-US relations ations pan out over the coming decades. es.

INDIA

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Aside from being the world’s most mosst populous democracy, Indiaa is currently currentlly focused on the potential threats reats posed bby an increasingly unstable, nuclear armed armeed Pakistan and its growing military ties tiees with mainland China. Indeed, eed, the perperrceived threat from Pakistan (with whom it i has fought four wars during the 20th cencen ntury), is a long-standing Indian ian obsession, as is its ability to stand on n its own feet technologically as befits a regional military super power. This latter er impulse has resulted in an indigenous EW capability that encompasses tri-service applications and is built around design work carried out by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and manufacture undertaken by the Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) concern. Here, identified systems include the surface ship Ajanta P and Ajanta I naval ES/jamming systems, the Tarang RWR and the five element Sangraha program. Elsewhere (and most recently), BEL has come to market with a range of commercial EW equipment that includes a family of RWRs, helicopter and fixed-wing ES systems, land-based communications intelligence (COMINT) and jamming equipment, counter-improvised explosive device (IED) jammers and a cellular telephone jammer. Taking these in order, Ajanta P appears to have been developed in at least two variants, with the Indian Navy (IN) commission-

ingg seven Mk 1s into service duringg the period October 1995 to September 1999. As of 2011, usually reliable sources suggest that the Navy’s Khukri and Kora-class corvettes were equipped with the Ajanta P Mk 2. In terms of Ajanta I Mk 1 suites, official Indian sources report that four such architectures were commissioned into naval service during the period June p riod pe 1993 to April 2001. For its part,

Indian media sources report the Tarang RWR as having been installed aboard Indian Air Force MiG-21, MiG-27 and Su-30MKI fast jets and it is probably safe to assume a connection between this system and BEL’s commercially available product. Here, BEL describes d d ib the h family as offering frequency coverage up to 18 GHz and suggests its suitability for a range of aircraft types that includes the Jaguar, MiG-21/-23/-27/-29, Sea Harrier and Su-27/-30 fast jets, Il-76 and Gulfstream transports, the indigenous Tejas multi-role fighter and the Mi-8/-17/-24 helicopters. Launched in the mid-1990s, the Sangraha program has resulted in the development of the Eagle, Ellora, Homi, Kite and Porpoise systems for use in the naval arena. Here, available sources report the Homi airborne and the Porpoise submarine ES systems as being in development during 2004; a prototype of the Eagle architecture as having been test flown by the given date and the introduction of what is assumed to be the Kite ES equipment aboard Indian Navy Kamov anti-submarine warfare helicopters during November 2001. Again, a laboratory demonstration of the Ellora system (which has been variously described as being an ES system and an EW

suite)) is said to have taken place duringg p September 2002. As of December 2011, usually reliable sources were reporting Ellora installations aboard IN Delhiclass destroyers and Bramaputra and Shivalik-class frigates. Alongside such indigenous systems, India is a major purchaser of offshore EW equipment with recent examples including systems from France (ABD detector jammer and upgrade equipment for the IAF’s Mirage 2000H fleet), Israel (the EL/ L-8222 jam-

ming pod, DESEAVER naval decoy launcher and the SEWS surface ship EW suite), Italy (the TNQ-2 jammer and possibly ELT-568(V)2 jammer aboard Indian Navy MiG-29K fighters), Russia (PK-2, -10 and -16 naval decoy launchers) and the United Kingdom (Barricade and Corvus decoy launchers). d l h ) Last year, Tata Power Strategic Electronics Division and its Israeli teammate, Elbit Systems EW and SIGINT Elisra, Elisra were sese lected to provide the Indian Army with two Integrated Electronic Warfare Systems for Mountainous Terrain (IEWSMT). These will be operated along the country’s northeast border with China. For the future, US EW equipment is expected to appear on the back of procurements such as the C-130 and whichever aircraft wins the IAF’s ongoing Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) competition. This will bring with it the chosen platform’s standard EW fit – the Praetorian suite in the case of the Eurofighter Typhoon or the Spectra architecture if Dassault’s Rafale wins the fight. Another “one to watch” will be the re-capitalization of India’s airborne SIGINT capability that currently resides in a heterogeneous collection of mostly obsolete fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. Here, JED understands that a number of Brazilian ERJ-145 airframes

are being procured for the role, and it will be interesting to see whether their mission missio systems are produced in-country or procured from off-shore suppliers.

PAKISTAN PAKIS P

of licence-produced and original equipments that includes a land-mobile COMINT and emitter location system; the rotary-wing KHP integrated self-protection suite; an electronic bomb initiation jammer; the ALQ-200 radar jamming pod; an ES system for the Lynx helicopters operated by the South Korean Navy; a fast jet RWR; the Sonata shipboard EW suite; a family of acoustic torpedo decoys; the KSS-II/-III ES applications for submarines; a fixed-site COMINT and direction-finding system and a family of

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

The sub-continents other key player – Pak Pakistan – has traditionally benefittted ed from fro American largesse with its air force force receiving a range of equipment has in the past included such items tthat hat h as the AN/ALR-69(V) and AN/ALR-56M a RWRs and the AN/ALQ-131(V) jamming R pod. More recently, Pakistan has bought p M the AN/ALQ-211(V)Advanced Integrated the AN Defensive EW Suite (AIDEWS) made by Defens D ITT. This is being supplied in the interITT. Th nal (V)4 configuration on the Pakistan n (V Air Fo Force’s new F-16 Block 50/52 aircraft, A as well a wel as in the (V)9 pod configuration legacy F-16 A/B aircraft. Increasing ffor or leg military milita links with China and a rapid m ssouring ourin of relations between Islamabad and Washington looks set to reshape fua W ture US-Pakistan relations between the ture U two countries and American willingness two co to continue supplying Pakistan with adto con vanced military technology. Of course, v others may come forward to fill any such o void, and it may be that, like India, Pakiv a stan is looking to establish a degree of stan i EW in independence with programs such as the Mohafiz airborne CMDS and the charmingly named ECOM WisperWatch SIcharm GINT system for unmanned aerial vehicle s and aerostat applications.

try’s Hawker 800SIG platforms and fast jet related items such as the AN/ALR56C(V)1 and -56M RWRs and the AN/ ALQ-135M radar jammer. Other off-shore suppliers include France (the Dagaie naval decoy launcher), and Israel (an EW suite for up to 60 indigenous FA-50 light strike aircraft). Like other nations in the region, South Korea is looking for an increasing level of self-sufficiency in a range of military technologies including EW. Here, national contractor LIGNex 1 is a key player with a portfolio

29

KOREA Another potential regional flash point is the Korean peninsula, particularly in view of the December 2011 appointment of the relatively unknown Kim Jong-un as North Korea’s new supreme leader and his espousal of his predecessor’s “Military First” policy, which has made the relationship between the two Koreas so volatile. As might be expected, the US has been a strong supporter of South Korea since the end of the Korean War in 1953 and has, accordingly, provided the South Koreans with considerable military support in terms of both materiel and troops-onthe-ground. In the EW field, current US sourced provision includes the RBOC and Super RBOC naval decoy launchers, the SIGINT suite installed aboard the coun-

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satellite telephone monitoring systems. Elsewhere (and in view of a potential US drawdown in the country), South Korea is trying to beef-up its indigenous surveillance capabilities, with its latest such procurement being a pair of Dassault Falcon 2000 aircraft with which to replace some of its existing fleet of Hawker 800SIG/800RA platforms. As with India’s SIGINT aircraft re-capitalization, it will be interesting to see who will supply the mission equipment to be installed on the new platforms.

JAPAN The last country to be reviewed here – Japan – is another regional enigma in that its military stance belies its position as the world’s third largest economy behind China and America. As the only country to have suffered a nuclear strike, Japan’s post-1945 armed forces have been forbidden any power projection role and have, for the most part, been equipped with systems that have either been licence built in-country or which are indigenous in origin. Equally,

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28 28 28 28 28 28 28

0.85/1.5 1.25/1.95 0.85/1.50 1.25/1.9 0.85/2.6 1.25/3.1 1.6/5.50

12 12 15 15

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the country’s defense industry has not been allowed to export its products and has, as a result, maintained a fairly low profile concerning what has been delivered nationally. This said, JED identifies local contractor’s Fujitsu, Mitsubishi, NEC and Tokyo Keiki (formerly Tokimec) as all being involved in EW system manufacture. In more detail, legacy systems associated with Fujitsu include the surface ship ORL-9 radar threat warner and OLT-2 and -3 radar jammers, while Mitsubishi’s decades-long portfolio has included the NOLQ-2 surface ship EW suite, the F-2 attack fighter’s EW suite, the high-band collection sub-system for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force’s EP-3 SIGINT aircraft and licence production of the AN/ALQ-131(V) radar jamming and Analyseur de Signaux TACtiques (ASTAC) tactical electronic intelligence (ELINT) pod systems. For its part, NEC is credited with production of the NOLQ-1 and -3 surface ship EW suites, the NORL-6 and -8 surface ship ES systems and the EP-3’s low-band collection sub-system, while Tokyo Keiki’s portfolio includes the J/APR-2, -3, -4/4A/4B, -5 and -6/6A RWRs, together with the J/ALQ-6/-8 internally mounted airborne radar jammers. Looking to the future, Japan’s selection of the F-35 as a replacement for its existing F-4E aircraft suggests (if precedent is followed) some form of national involvement in the production of the aircraft and/or its sub-systems, while the December 2011 relaxation of the rules governing Japanese arms exports may be expected to see increased Japanese involvement in international defense projects. Hopefully the foregoing will have given the reader some feel for the EW activity in a region that is bound to become of increasing importance to the global EW industry as time goes by. As stated earlier, this review only scratches the surface of this fascinating subject and leaves such gems as Thailand’s use of Saab’s EWS39 EW suite on its JAS 39C/D Gripen multi-role combat aircraft or Malaysia’s mating of the same company’s Integrated Defensive Aids Suite (IDAS) with its Russian Su-30MKM fighters for future discussion. a F-15 and F-16 photos courtesy of USAF

“LPI Radar & Counter-LPI: Exploiting Diversity Techniques” With the recent unprecedented advances in Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) radar technology, the 3rd Annual Symposium on LPI Radar Design Strategies & Counter-LPI Technology has become the flagship LPI, non-cooperative intercept receiver conference sponsored by the AOC and other defense and industrial partners. It serves as a classified (S/NF) forum to promote the classified exchange of the latest advances in LPI emitter technology, waveform design and the intercept receivers and processing techniques for counter-LPI. Tours of the NPS Center for Joint Services Electronic Warfare will be offered as well.

Who Should Attend? Engineers, academia, SIGINT systems manufacturers, training and technical services providers and ELINT software producers.”

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ADCs and DACs in EW: By Barry Manz It is arguable that the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) determines the performance of an EW receiver to a greater extent than any other device. As the first major signal processing component behind the antenna, the fidelity with which it transforms the analog signal at its input to a digital bit stream at its output sets the benchmark for whatever functionality is achieved beyond it. The same scenario applies to digital-to-analog converters (DACs) which in a digital RF memory (DRFM) must, with equal fidelity, return the digitized (and probably modified), signal to analog form. As both enablers and limiters of system performance, converters are paradoxical devices whose advancements are keenly watched by the DOD, defense primes and subcontractors. However, this is somewhat like “Waiting for Godot,” with Godot played as an elusive additional bit’s worth of resolution with a less depressing cast and an eventual positive outcome. That is, unlike digital devices that fall in step with Moore’s Law, huge advances in converter resolution can be a long time in coming. EW is a “bleeding edge” application for both types of converters because it requires exceptional performance in every converter-related metric, from resolution to instantaneous bandwidth, spurious free dynamic range (SFDR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and others.

Any discussion of converters much also include FPGAs, as they are typically the recipients of the data onslaught coming from wideband ADC output streams. Designers can create systems that ingest huge bandwidths, but FPGAs and other processors are required to allow the captured signal information to be processed, moved around a system at high speed, and used for some worthwhile purpose. This could be jamming, picking out and analyzing signal content by type, modulation type, frequency and other characteristics from within a multi-gigahertz haystack, or analyzing spectrum activity over time for trend analysis.

IT ALL BEGINS AT THE FRONT As anyone remotely connected to EW, communications and radar system development is probably tired of hearing, the Holy Grail in signal processing is to convert signals from analog to digital form as close to the antenna as possible. This quest is pursued for the same reasons as for innumerable other applications, from music players to set top boxes and smartphones: Once converted to a digital bit stream, much more can be done with the data, faster, with fewer and less-expensive devices, in a smaller and lighter enclosure, and with much less (or no) need for analog devices.

EW is a “bleeding edge” application for both types of converters because it requires exceptional performance in every converter-related metric.

In an ideal environment, signals at every frequency from DC to light could be digitized this way, casting analog downconversion stages aside at various spectral points and avoiding the large, expensive, microwave subsystems and their potential performance variation with temperature and assorted other derogatory attributes associated with the technology. This being far from an ideal world, the ability to achieve complete digitization at very high frequencies is a long way off. However, it can be done well into the millimeter-wave region using

The Journal of Ele Electronic Defense ectr c on oni nicc D efeensse | FFebruary efe eb bruary 2012 0012 01 1

33 3 3

techniques such as operating the ADC in Nyquist zones above the first (doubling the RF input bandwidth with each successive zone). As always, something must be sacrificed in the name of bandwidth, and it is signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range. However, if the goal is simply to digitize to the greatest degree possible and the highest performance is not required, such “all-digital” solutions are currently possible. In addition, if the resulting performance still meets the demandingg requirements posed byy q p EW systems, it can be used in this aps ys yste tems te ms,, can be used i n th is apms p plication pl ic pl icat ati t io ion as well. ion wel ell ll. l.

THE “OLD” WAY Capturing signals instantaneously over enormous bandwidths has been performed using banks of scanning superheterodyne or channelized receivers that break up the spectrum into narrower chunks. As bandwidth increases, so does the number of required receivers, producing in some cases racks full of analog hardware. Replacing those receivers with smaller amounts of digital hardware is a key DOD target, as they power hungry y are big, g, heavy, y, p g y and can have static and instantaneous ca n have s ta tati ticc and in inst stan anta taa ne neou ouss freou fre quency blindness that produces q en qu ency cyy bli l nd ndne d neessss t ha h at pr p oduc od duc uces ces unacu na nacc-

ceptable probabilities of detection and even mission failure. When accomplished digitally, the problem gets more manageable, at least at the front end. “We’re seeing requests for direct digitization of a large swath of spectrum,” says Tony Fountain, business segment manager for data converters at Tektronix Component Solutions. “For higher frequencies like 18 GHz, we are talking about 1 to 3 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth using very wideband downconverters that deliver a veryy large g amount amou am ount nt ooff data data and a nd a wide w id idee spectrum spec sp ectr trum um at at an IF I F frequency f req freq fr qu ueeenc ncyy or DC. nc DC. So So instead i nst in stea tea ead d off havhav av--

ing 20 channelized bands using typical microwave solutions they can get the application done in two or three bands.

A WHOLE BAND IN A SINGLE GULP Two facts are important to remember for purposes of this discussion: The Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem mandates that the sampling rate will be twice the highest frequency contained within a signal. So if an ADC’s sampling rate is stated as 5 Gsamples/sec, its instantaneous RF input frequency range will be 2.5 GHz when operated in the first Nyquist zone. Next, an ADC’s effective number of bits (ENOB) and the number of bits used to define the device on its data sheet invariably differ, with ENOB the lower number. A 10-bit ADC might actually realize 8 bits in practice. Smaller differences between ENOB and the “data sheet number” theoretically translate into a higher level of signal quality that the device will be able to maintain. In terms of instantaneous bandwidth, the current stateof-the-art in merchant-market ADCs is represented by the TADC-1000 from Tektronix Component Solutions, which has a sample rate of 12.5 Gsamples/sec, instantaneous bandwidth of DC to 6 GHz, and 8 bits of “data sheet” resolution with an ENOB of 7 in practice. Putting this in the context of an EW receiver, this device can directly ingest the entire contents of the most widely-used frequencies that includes navigation, HF radio, AM, FM and TV broadcast, aviation, police, EMS and fire, every wireless service, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, some radars and satellite communications, industrial, scien-

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

34

COTS SIGINT TEN-TEC delivers best value COTS SIGINT solutions for HF/VHF/UHF signal collection

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The ability to capture 6 GHz of data does not automatically translate into the ability to do something with it. tific and medical applications, and a lot more. This DC-to-6GHz “digital” receiver would have no downconversion stages. Just think of all the analysis that could be performed with this much signal content. And that’s the problem – all that signal content translates directly into gargantuan amounts of data. For example, when capturing data using its full 6 GHz of bandwidth, X-COM Systems’ WARP (Wideband Acquisition Record and Playback) system (which uses the Tektronix device), will amass about 32 Tbytes of data in 44 minutes of continuous signal capture. If narrower bandwidths are chosen, the system can capture signals for much longer periods. The point is that the ability to capture 6 GHz of data does not automatically translate into the ability to do something with it. In the case of the WARP system, it is complemented by software designed to efficiently find, identify and analyze such mounds of data “at the user’s leisure”. However, in the case of an EW system, this much data is just too much to handle in the nanoseconds of time that a DRFM, for example, has to process it. Something has to give. Enter the FPGA, which has the task of processing and distributing the data captured by the ADC using its inherent strengths in massively parallel processing and high-speed serial communication to move it to the next stage, which is typically a microprocessor. The only practical way to make effective use of huge amounts of data in a reasonable time is by finding and keeping only the portion of spectrum and the signals within it that are of interest and discarding the rest. This is a function that the FPGA and succeeding stages can perform, dramatically reducing the amount of data to be handled. It also reduces the time required to analyze and potentially reconvert the data to its original analog form using a DAC, and then sending it to an upconverter for retransmission. An obvious question might be why it would be necessary to capture such a wide amount of spectrum in the first place, as all of it is not used, but in the case of an EW system, the signal or signals of interest may not be known, so it needs to have a wide view. However, communications and most radar systems do not need to look at such broad bandwidths, so designers can employ ADCs with narrower bandwidths and higher resolution, of which there are a large number to choose from. At sampling rates below 1 Gsample/sec and an instantaneous RF input bandwidth of 500 MHz, there are a variety of devices available, but as sample rates (and thus RF input bandwidths), increase to about 2 Gsamples/sec, the number of devices and the companies that manufacture them rapidly thins out. The most obvious reason for this is that, like so many other types of devices widely used in consumer and commercial applications, ADCs with the performance required by EW and other defense systems are well beyond the needs of 99% of the marketplace. Because of this, the market for converters

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that are suitable for EW applications is tiny, and few companies manufacture them. The companies that do so either have other uses for high-performance converters (such as test equipment), or have committed themselves to the defense marketplace, come what may. One company falling into the latter category is e2v, which unlike most converter manufacturers, focuses entirely on the high-performance end of the market and, in particular, RF sampling for reducing or eliminating downconversion stages. The company also takes a different approach to both how its devices are specified and how they are fabricated. For example, the performance of its converters is specified at Nyquist zones higher than the first, so their higher RF input bandwidths are higher than their sample rates. Their flagship 10-bit ADC has an RF input bandwidth of 5 GHz and a sample rate of 2.5 Gsample/ sec, and its flagship 12-bit DAC has an output bandwidth of 7 GHz and samples at 3 Gsample/sec. Most converters are also fabricated using CMOS (complementary metal–ox-

An obvious question might be why it would be necessary to capture such a wide amount of spectrum in the first place as all of it is not used, but in the case of an EW system the signal or signals of interest may not be known, so it needs to have a wide view. ide–semiconductor technology), but e2v fabricates its devices using a silicon germanium bipolar CMOS (SiGe BiCMOS) process typically used for microwave semiconductors. This, according to Nicolas Chantier, product marketing manager for the company’s High Resolution Semiconductor Solutions Division, “lets us design ADC cores up to 3 GHz, with 10 and 12 bits of resolution. SiGe also reduces the amount of parasitics between the digital and analog sides of the device. Our clock-induced transients are five to ten times less than they would be if we were using CMOS, which gives us high SNR and dynamic range. CMOS is used only for low-speed features.”

All of e2v’s high-end devices also use a single ADC core rather than several, or even very large numbers of interleaved cores, which is the most common approach. “We always push the performance of our ADC core as high as we can because EW customers do not like interleaving,” says Chantier. “Interleaving means you have to calibrate your system at warm-up for 20 to 30 seconds and recalibrate it when the temperature changes by 30 degrees Celsius. This is common on an aircraft, and it can happen quickly. A single core needs no calibration, so the device is available immediately at power-up, and there is no need for recalibration with

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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MODELING & SIMULATION COURSE April 2-3, 2012 Greg Rohling and Micah Coleman - Instructors Rio Hotel, Las Vegas, NV visit

www.crows.org for more information and to register.

Scan with your smartphone’s QR scanner to go directly to the conference website.

changes in altitude. The devices have only 0.5 dB variation across their temperature range.”

GETTING BACK TO GADOT…

ADC ENOB Versus Instantaneous Bandwidth (2008). Credit: Dr. Robert H. Walden, The Aerospace Corporation.

What Dr. Walden’s plot shows is that for converters of any sampling rate, in the eight years previous to his 1999 paper “Analog-to-Digital Converter Survey and Analysis”, an additional 1.5 bits of resolution appeared every six to eight years. However, the bits are worth the

wait, because gaining one “effective” bit of resolution endows the converter with an additional 6 dB of signal-to-noise ratio, which for an EW system designer is a goosebump-producing “Very Big Number” that, when fully exploited, can dramatically improve system performance.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

Converter development doesn’t follow Moore’s Law, doubling performance every 18 months. Converters instead have their own law, named (at least in this article), in honor of the man who spent more than 30 years amassing the data required to create the performance trends: Dr. Robert H. Walden, chief scientist at The Aerospace Corporation and 17-year veteran at HRL Laboratories. The plot he created in 1999, showing the advance of key converter metrics over time, has been cited, referenced, reproduced and otherwise used as “the” guide to converters ever since. An updated version produced in 2008 expands this timeline even further and is used as a reference in a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) for DARPA’s Remoted  Analog-to-Digital Converters  with De-serialization and Reconstruction” (RADER) program, discussed later.

37

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SO WHAT’S NEXT? The answer to that question is clear to Fountain. “Electrical clocking and jitter are the most significant impediments to improving ADC performance,” says Fountain, “above process changes – anything. Processes are not amenable to low-noise designs. In our opinion, SiGe is a better medium than pure CMOS for low-noise applications, but regardless, clock jitter has not significantly changed in a long time. There are slightly more accurate, potentially lower phase noise clocks, but

it’s like battery technology for electric cars. The cars would be much farther down the road, so to speak, if batteries improved at the rate everything else has, but they are the anchor that is slowing everything down.” Recognizing the pace of converter development and the essential role converters play in defense systems, DARPA in 2009 issued a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) for the RADER program. The goal of the program is to dramatically reduce development time

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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required to optimize converters through the use of advanced technologies. Specifically, its mission is to demonstrate the ability of a single system to deliver a “digital representation” of 10 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth at baseband, and 6 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth (IBW) centered at 15 GHz to the system’s processing elements, without static or instantaneous frequency gaps. DARPA defines a static frequency gap as a non-detectable band within the device bandwidth, such as guard bands in a channelized system. “An instantaneous frequency gap is characterized by the need to have non-detectable bands while digitizing another band within the IBW, such as a narrowband scanning filter at the input.” “Remote apertures” refers to the placement of ADCs separately from the antenna in a location away from harsh environments, which can alleviate problems arising from power delivery, thermal management and interference caused by the ADC. Participants were encouraged to use optical devices such as mode-locked lasers to overcome many of the problems noted by Fountain that limit the more rapid advancement of converter technology. Optical devices have more accurate pulse repetition rates, lower phase noise, and thanks to low-loss, interference-resistant fiber-optic cabling, could go a long way toward realizing reconfigurable remote signal sensing. “Optical sources have orders of magnitude less jitter than an electrical clock, and the RADER program exploits them to avoid their inherent problems,” says Fountain. “The RF signal is upconverted to the optical region and the RF signal is extracted from it using various and sometimes proprietary techniques.” The RADER program is currently midway through its second phase according to Fountain, which apparently will be its last, as funding for Phase 3 has been cancelled. Companies currently involved in the program will now have to determine whether to continue pursuit of the program’s objectives without the umbrella of a government program. Fountain points out that, using Dr. Walden’s famous timeline as an example, the RADER program would have achieved about 4.5 effective bits above what is

ly ly complex, com mp pllex ex,, so we we provide prov pr ovv id ovid ide the ide th he relevant relle re levantt leva information rather than requiring info in form rmat atio ion n ra rath ther er tha han n re requ quir irin ingg the the customer to find it.”

TOWARD A FRIENDLIER ENVIRONMENT

LIFE IN THE FAST LANE

Now that ADC and DAC performance has reached the point at which it can be employed widely for direct RF sampling, converter manufacturers should now be helping designers use them, according to Scott Kulchycki,  product marketing manager  for Signal Path Solutions at Texas Instruments. The company, which has offered a family of high-speed ADCs and DACs for 10 years, today has 8-, 10-, and 12-bit ADCs, and it has introduced RF sampling 12-bit ADCs in July 2011. Their flagship device samples at 3.6 Gsamples/sec, with an instantaneous bandwidth of 1.8 GHz. “The next step is to introduce additional functionality in ADCs, moving for example from parallel LVDS (low-voltage differential signaling), to serialized interfaces that reduce the number of pins required at the output,” Kulchycki explains. “In the future we will also improve noise and linearity performance with respect to direct RF sampling and focus on improving distortion and dynamic performance. It is also difficult to handle the data delivered by these high-end devices. Future devices will be geared toward trying to solve usability problems, that is, offloading processing and making them easier to drive.” The company is also trying to reinvent the device specification process. “One challenge we used to have,” says Kulchycki, “was that people would ask for a certain ENOB or SNR, but if they are not using the whole instantaneous bandwidth, then traditional specifications are not necessarily relevant. What is important is absolute noise floor and IMD [intermodulation distortion] performance. So, we are trying to add new specifications to the nomenclature that are really important in high-performance applications.” “These new specifications are really important in SIGINT,” he continues. “We take out the variable of comparing sampling rates and say that, if you do signal processing after the conversion, the best noise floor you can achieve is x. At very high sampling rates, the devices are high-

Regardless of their pace of development, ADCs and DACs today deliver the instantaneous RF input bandwidth required to make direct RF sampling a reality well into the microwave region and, in higher Nyquist sampling zones, into the millimeter-wave region as well. They have already effectively eliminated at least

one one downconversion down down do wnco conv co nver nv ersi sion ion stage sta tage tage g and and d will w il illl slowly slow sl low owlly ly continue to further infringe on cont co ntin inue ue to fu furt rthe herr in infr frin inge ge on territory terr te rrit itor oryy traditionally occupied by microwave devices. However, making effective use of the huge amounts of data produced by ADCs remains a challenge for designers, and they will rely increasingly on FPGAs and other processors to reduce it. Of course, the quest for the next effective bit of resolution will continue for as long as there is a need for better performance. EW systems will surely provide the motivation for that. a

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The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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roost

prof ile

Aardvark Roost:

South Africa’s Crows Nurture Home-Grown EW Technology and Doctrine

C

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

40

an you guess what animal native to South Africa has an extremely sensitive nose, hooves that are so hard they can dig into concrete, is nocturnal, has amazing survival capabilities and is so stealthy that its presence often goes unnoticed? Yes, you are correct. That would be the aardvark and, as recalled by Johannes Gerhardus “Gerrie” Radloff, president of South Africa’s Aardvark Roost, “when we were deciding on a name, we felt the aardvark described EW quite nicely.” The aardvark seems also an apt symbol of the resilience and adaptability of South Africa’s EW community as a whole. No one is completely sure when the Aardvark Roost actually started, but Radloff says it would have been some time in the early 1990s. In the early years, however, its activities were minimal. “It just wasn’t all that active and didn’t really achieve the aims of the AOC. The membership was below 20 and dwindling.” All that changed in 2008 when Radloff and a number of other like-minded individuals involved in EW, from both the military and industry, got together to address the problem. Today, the chapter has about 50 members in an overall EW community in South Africa that Radloff estimates at around 250-300 people. In 2010, it received the AOC’s “Chapter of the Year” award in the small chapter category. Interestingly, the chapter modeled itself after Sweden’s Viking Roost, eventually adopting that chapter’s AOC charter. “We recognized that they had quite an active and successful roost and took the position, ‘if it’s not broken, don’t fix it,’” Radloff explains. In fact, the country of South Africa itself had begun to establish a close relationship with the Swedes shortly after the end of Apartheid in 1994. With the international arms embargo lifted, the South African defense forces were again able to buy new equipment from a wider range of international suppliers, much of their existing equipment

c ha pter

prof ile

having become aged. Among the opportunities, Sweden’s Saab won a major contract for new fighter aircraft with its Gripen fighter and also eventually acquired the Avitronics group of Grintek, creating what would become part of Saab Electronic Defence Systems (EDS). Says Radloff, “What we were doing in EW, and what the Swedes were doing, complemented each other very well.” Today, the Aardvark Roost holds a number of regional “Little Crow” conferences as well as its biannual international “Big Crow” symposium. Says Radloff, “Although the EW community in South Africa isn’t that large, we have good participation from all three of the country’s military forces as well as industry.” Says Radloff, “Our conferences are open to the entire EW community and are definitely a great vehicle to increase membership.” The Aardvark Roost has substantial industry support. At the same time that South Africa was purchasing new platforms and systems internationally, its own domestic defense industry, includ-

ing EW companies, were also looking to expand their businesses into the export market. After decades of developing EW in relative isolation, it turns out that they had quite a bit to offer to the international market. This innovation continues to this day. One particular technology area is aimed at protecting combat vehicles against guided and ballistic weapons, such as anti-tank guided missiles and rocket-propelled grenades. The Saab EDS Land Electronic Defense Systems (LEDS), which detects, determines direction of arrival, and fires a projectile to intercept and deflect an incoming weapon, was developed for this purpose. Other South African EW companies of note include Grintek Ewation (GEW), a supplier of communication intelligence and security products and systems, and Sysdel Electronic Warfare Systems, which produces airborne, naval and ground based ESM, ELINT and ECM systems. South Africa also has a highly-active research and development organization, the Council for Sci-

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

42

entific and Industrial Research (CSIR). It includes centers of excellence in optronic sensors; IR countermeasures; EW and radar systems; and command, control and information warfare. Today, South Africa is not at war, but its defense forces are involved in peacekeeping operations in many parts of Africa. Because of this, they see firsthand how modern warfare and threats are evolving. Says Radloff, “although you can’t ignore the possibility of a conventional war, you’re much more likely to get into an irregular war. And there, the rules of engagement can be quite different, with the constant danger of turning the very population you are trying to protect against you. In addition, in irregular warfare, your adversary still has access to sophisticated, commercially-available technology that he can use against you. Finding ways to cope with this reality and counter these devices is difficult for all countries and is certainly one of the major issues facing South Africa and its EW community as well.” – J. Haystead a

The AOC has partnered with the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Coalition to support STEM programs for teachers and students at the US Department of Education, the National Science Foundation, and other agencies that offer STEM related programs. The goal of this conference is to inform and educate STEM students of the importance of STEM capabilities in the role of Special Ops.”

Who Should Attend? Academia, Engineers, Military Technical Recruiters, Government, Industry Technical Recruiters visit

www.crows.org for more information and to register.

Scan with your smartphone’s QR scanner to go directly to the conference website.

EW 101

Spectrum Warfare – Part 10

Digital Communication continued

By Dave Adamy

M-ARY PSK Figure 7 shows a digital waveform that carries more bits per transmitted baud. This is called an “m-ary” phase shift keyed signal. In this case, m is 16 because there are 16 defined phases. The radial vectors in the diagram show each of the transmitted phase vectors (without noise). There are four bits represented by the transmitted phase of each baud, as indicated in the diagram. This is a highly efficient modulation because four bits are sent in each baud. Thus, the transmitted bandwith is only onefourth of that required for transmission of any given data bit rate using one of the modulations shown last month. The shown 16-ary PSK requires approximately 7.5 dB greater predetection signal to noise ratio to provide the same bit error rate achieved by BPSK. This is because phase noise on the received signal causes each of the signal + noise vectors in figure 7 to move away from their transmitted phases. The closer the assigned

0010

0110

0001

0111 1000

0000 1111

1001

1110

1010 1011

1100

1101

Figure 7: An m-ary phase shift keyed modulation has m phase positions. In this case, there are 16 phase positions and each phase value defines four bits of information.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

B  

ecause this is a continuation of the discussion in DECISION last month’s column, the THRESHOLD TRANSMITTED figures for both columns MODULATION are numbered sequentially. VALUES Last month, we talked about bit errors caused by noise in the receiver which is added to the transmitLOW RFSNR ted signal and causes a signal + noise vector. Figure 6 shows additional deHIGH RFSNR tail on the process by which this signal + noise vector causes bit errors. The fourth figure last month showed the probability that the received signal will MODULATION DIMENSION be at any given modulation value. If the LOW RFSNR noise caused the received signal to be on HIGH RFSNR BIT ERROR ZONE the wrong side of the “1 vs 0 threshold,” BIT ERROR ZONE a bit error occurred. The red curve is the Figure 6: As the signal-to-noise ratio in a received digital signal increases, the bit error rate same as last month’s Figure 4. Now let’s decreases. see what happens to the diagram if the signal to noise ratio is increased. The phase angles are to each other, the greater the vulnerability to diagram changes to that represented by the blue curve. Nonoise. Thus, the requirement for greater signal to noise ratio for tice that the probability curves are much tighter to the transany required level of bit error rate. mitted modulation values, and that the area under the two curves, when the received signal (with noise), is on the wrong side of the threshold, is significantly smaller. Thus, the bit 0100 0011 error rate is reduced. 0101

43

E W 101

Q

0101

D 0100

0110

0111

D 0000

0001

Amplitude of 0001 vector

0010

0011

I

Phase of 0001 vector

EFFICIENT BIT TRANSITION MODULATION

D 1001

1000

1010

1101

1011

1100

1110

and the right-hand curve is for a modulation, which carries multiple bits per transmitted baud. Note that the shapes of the three curves are the same, but they are offset horizontally. It is important to note that the bandwidth required to carry the information by each of these modulations also varies. The left-hand curve is the least frequency efficient, and the right-hand curve is most frequency efficient.

Figure 10 shows two frequency efficient modulations. The top curve makes transitions between one and zero along a sinusoidal path. The bottom curve shows a minimum shift keyed (MSK)

1111

Figure 8: This I&Q modulation has sixteen amplitude and phase conditions, so each condition defines four bits of information.

I & Q MODULATIONS

MINIMUM SHIFT KEYED WAVEFORM

BER VS EB/NO FOR VARIOUS MODULATIONS Figure 9 directly compares the bit error rate vs. E b/No for three types of modulation. The left-hand curve is for the family of modulations, which carry one bit of data in each transmitted baud. The middle curve uses a particularly efficient waveform to move between one and zero modulation values,

10-2

BPSK

Bit Error Rate

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

44

SINUSOIDAL SHIFT KEYED WAVEFORM

Figure 8 shows an “I & Q” modulation. Each of the sixteen locations shown in this diagram is a transmitted signal state defined by the phase and the amplitude of the carrier. Since there are sixteen locations, each represents four binary bits. The advantage of I & Q modulation over m-ary PSK is that the locations can be more widely separated in parametric space and are thus less subject to bit errors caused by noise on the received signal.

16ary PSK

MAMSK

10-3

Figure 10: Shaped waveforms move between zero and one values in such a way that the transmission bandwidth is reduced.

modulation. This modulation is very efficient because the waveform moves between the zero and one positions in the most energy efficient way. Table 1 shows the null-to-null and 3-dB bandwidth for minimum shift keying vs. that for the less frequency efficient waveforms. Because the 3-dB bandwidth is typically taken as the required transmission bandwidth, an MSK signal requires only three-quarters the bandwidth.

TABLE 1: BANDWIDTH VS. WAVEFORM OF DIGITAL SIGNAL Waveform

Null-to-null Bandwidth

3-dB Bandwidth

BPSK, QPSK, PAM, etc.

2 x code clock

0.88 x code clock

MSK

1.5 x code clock

0.66 x code clock

10-4

10-5 4

6

6

10

12

14

16

18

Eb / N0 (dB) Figure 9: The bit error rate in a received signal is an inverse function of Eb /N0 .

WHAT’S NEXT Next month, we will discuss link margins in digital communication systems. For your comments and suggestions, Dave Adamy can be reached at [email protected]. a

Dixie Crow Symposium 37

““Countering the Threat Through EW and ISR Collaboration” March 18-22, 2012 Robins AFB Museum of Aviation, Warner Robins, GA

Join us for the 37th Annual Dixie Crow Symposium, March 18-22, at the Museum of Aviation in Warner Robins, GA. Registration is FREE, if postmarked by March 2. After March 2, fees apply. TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SPONSORSHIP PACKAGES Support the Dixie Crow Scholarship fund through this year’s sponsorship packages, listed below. And if your company wants to provide additional sponsorship dollars directly to the scholarship fund, please send a check with your registration made out to: Dixie Crow Education Foundation. The Educational Foundation tax ID is: 52-1496399 501(c)(3). Platinum ($5,000)

Gold ($2,500)

Silver ($1,000)

Bronze ($500)

Banner displayed in exhibit hall (company provides) Logo on sign near stage in exhibit hall Logo on sign in Hospitality suite Logo in Symposium brochure Logo on sign at golf tournament Golf hole sign Logo on webpage

Logo on sign near stage in exhibit hall Logo on sign in Hospitality suite Logo in Symposium brochure Logo on sign at golf tournament Golf hole sign Logo on webpage

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➤ Golf Hole sign only $100

DIXIE CROW SYMPOSIUM 37 • 18 – 22 March 2012 LATE FEES WILL BE ASSESSED IF FORM IS POSTMARKED AFTER 2 MARCH 2012 Name (Last, First): Street: Name to Appear on Badge (if different): Guest’s Name for badge (Limit One Per Registrant): Email Address (Optional):

City:

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Title/Rank: Zip:

Must be fi lled in if you want E-Mail confi rmation of our receipt of registration material or if you are using credit card to pay. Registration for the exhibits/symposium is Free; however, we request that you select the boxes below that apply.

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$25.00

GOLF TOURNAMENT (Monday, 19 March): (Visit www.dixiecrow.org for details.) Preferred Tee Time: ❑ Morning (8am) ❑ Afternoon (1pm) (Your tee-time is determined by order of arrival of registration form) Identify golfers on your team. Check the box of each golfer you are paying for with this registration. Name:

Handicap:

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Golf Tournament Price is $50.00/person

Name:

Handicap:

Name:

Handicap:

TOTAL AMOUNT FOR GOLF:

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Number

SPORTS BAR-B-QUE: (Monday, 19 March)

$15.00/each

SYMPOSIUM DINNER BANQUET: (Wednesday, 21 March) Make Checks Payable To: “The Dixie Crow Chapter: Credit Card Number:

❑ ❑

$45.00/each

(U.S. Funds Only) Exp. Date:

TOTAL FEES DUE:

❑ Visa

❑ MasterCard

Mail To: The Dixie Crow Chapter, Attn: Registration Chairman, P.O. Box 1331, Warner Robins, Georgia 31099-1311 INFO/FORMS FOR EXHIBITORS, SPONSORS, SECURITY, REFUNDS, MAPS:

www.dixiecrow.org ** Host Hotel - Marriott Courtyard, Warner Robins – Booking Code “DXIS” (478) 602-6200

❑ American Express

as soci a ti o n n e ws A AOC BIDS FAREWELL TO CAROLE VANN Last month marked the end of an era for the AOC. Carole Vann has been a devoted member of the A AOC staff for 27 years, and retired in January. Her A ssupport for the EW community has been unwaverHere are a ffew of her own words as she reflects back on her time iing. H with the Association.

When did you start with the AOC? I started work with the AOC on January 19, 1985. When I went to the office and saw “Association of Old Crows” on the door, I thought it wasn’t for real. Gus Slayton, the first paid executive director, showed me around the office. It was so “basic” that I wondered why he would do that. I had been working at a plush law firm with very nice furnishings.

What was the AOC like when you started?

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

46

There were seven people working in the rented office on Columbia Pike. The office had a computer the size of a refrigerator and “dumb” terminals on our desks. We had around 24,000 individual members (no corporate members) and about the same number of chapters as we have now.

What are the biggest changes you’ve seen in the Electronic Warfare community? How the association has expanded its focus on more than simply EW to many other areas of interest and importance to our members.

What do you think is the most important factor in the growth of the AOC? The Internet. We have been able to reach more people and also it has allowed our members to easily pay for membership dues, conferences and classes.

In your opinion, what has been the most important event in the history of the AOC? The most positive changes have been: adding corporate memberships, expanding our services to our members, improving our conventions and creating a wide-range of classes. In short, we have adapted to continue to do what an association should – put our members first and give them the service and information that they need to do their jobs better. The AOC is, and always has been, a forum for people in an industry that, by its nature, is secretive and makes it difficult to share information. I believe that the AOC has helped the EW community stay on the cutting edge of technology and philosophy and, therefore, the ability of our country to proudly and confidently defend itself. “I think we have the greatest group of dedicated members who it has been a pleasure to know.”

EW ASIA CONFERENCE A SUCCESS On December 6-7, 2011, the Shephard Group and the Association of Old Crows (AOC) combined the strength of their organizations to bring a first-of-its-kind event to the Pacific Rim. The inaugural 2011 Electronic Warfare (EW) Asia Pacific conference brought together national security, defense, academic and industry professionals from around the world at the Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. The conference featured workshops, a dedicated exhibition area and numerous social events dedicated to exploring the emerging criticality of the Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) to regional national security, diplomacy and economics. EW Asia 2011 was attended by more than 300 personnel from 20 nations and was supported by 20 exhibitors from six countries. The conference speakers explored a range of topics to include Electronic Warfare, Spectrum Management, Counter Improvised Explosive Device (C-IED) and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). The positive reaction by attendees, visitors and exhibitors alike provides a great baseline for EW Asia 2012!

NOMINATE YOUR COLLEAGUES FOR AN AOC INDIVIDUAL OR UNIT AWARD Recognize your colleagues by nominating someone for one of the AOC’s 2012 individual or unit awards. Nomination forms are due May 1, 2012 so don’t delay! Email the completed forms to [email protected].

METROPOLITAN CLUB CHAPTER AWARDS SCHOLARSHIPS donated by club sponsors. Proceeds of sales go directly to scholarships for the next year. “Thanks to the fantastic efforts, we raised $4,050, which will be used for future scholarships. This was a new record,” said Metropolitan Club Chapter President Steve Hogan. a

Three engineering students from New York colleges with scholarship awards received from the Association of Old Crows. (From left) Sam Klein, founding partner of Technology Associates, LLC; Steve Hogan, vice president, Information Operations and Electronic Attack at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems; Baruch Tabanpour, Alexander Stein, Joseph Argento and RADM Donald Gaddis, Program Executive Officer for Tactical Aircraft, Naval Air Systems Command.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

At its 46th Annual Scholarship Banquet in December, the Metropolitan Club Chapter of the Association of Old Crows (AOC) awarded scholarships totaling $10,000, to engineering students attending local colleges. The top two scholarship awards of the night were given to seniors from Manhattan College: Alexander Stein and Joseph Argento. The third award winner was Baruch Tabanpour, a junior at City College of New York. All three students have 3.94 or above GPA’s, and plan on furthering their education in Engineering - Stein with a PhD in quantum computing or robotics & artificial intelligence and Argento a masters in Electrical Engineering. Tabanpour has an interest in managing more efficient ways of producing and transmitting electrical power. Honored at the event with the chapter’s 2011 Distinguished Service Award, and presenting the students with their respective scholarships, was RADM Donald Gaddis, Program Executive Officer for Tactical Aircraft, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, Md. “We live in a time when the boundaries of technology, and what we can do with it seems almost limitless,” said Admiral Gaddis. “These award winners tonight have shown they intend on pushing those limits even further. “ During each scholarship dinner, raffle tickets are available to purchase for a chance to win a variety of prizes

47

Join the AOC

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AOC Industry and Institute/University Members SUSTAINING Agilent Technologies Applied Research Associates Inc. Argon ST BAE SYSTEMS The Boeing Company Chemring Group Plc DRS Defense Solutions Electronic Warfare Associates, Inc. Elettronica, SpA General Dynamics ITT Exelis Northrop Grumman Corporation Raytheon Company Rockwell Collins Saab TASC Thales Communications Thales Aerospace Division

INSTITUTE/UNIVERSITY Georgia Tech Research Institute Mercer Engineering Research Center MIT Lincoln Laboratory National EW Research and Simulation Center

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The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

48

453 EWS/EDW Research AAI Corporation Active Spectrum Inc. Advanced Concepts Advanced Testing Technologies Aeronix Aethercomm, Inc. Air Scan Inc. Akon, Inc. Alion Science and Technology Alpha Design Technologies Pvt. Ltd. American Systems AMPEX Data Systems Amplifier Technology Limited Anaren Microwave, Inc. Anatech Electronics Annapolis Micro Systems, Inc. Anritsu Applied Geo Technologies Applied Signal Technology ARIEL Group, Inc. ARINC, Inc. Aselsan A.S. ATDI ATK Missile Systems Company Atkinson Aeronautics & Technology, Inc. Avalon Electronics, Inc. Azure Summit Technologies, Inc. B&Z Technologies, LLC Battlespace Simulations, Inc. Bharat Electronics Ltd. Blackhawk Management Corporation Blue Ridge Envisioneering, Inc. Booz & Allen Hamilton

CACI International CAE CAP Wireless, Inc. Ceralta Technologies Inc. Clausewitz Technology ClearanceJobs.com Cobham DES M/A-Com Colorado Engineering Inc. Communications Audit UK Ltd. Comtech PST Concord Components Inc. CPI Crane Aerospace & Electronics Group CSIR CSP Associates Cubic Defense Curtiss-Wright Controls Embedded Computing CyberVillage Networkers Inc. DARE Electronics Inc. Dayton-Granger, Inc. dB Control Defence R&D Canada Defense Research Associates Inc. Delta Microwave DHPC Technologies, Inc. Dynetics, Inc. EADS Deutschland GmbH, Defense Electronics EADS North America Elcom Technologies, Inc. Electro-Metrics Elisra Electronic Systems, Ltd ELTA Systems Ltd EM Research Inc. Empower RF Systems EMS Technologies Inc. Eonic B.V. ESL Defence Limited ESROE Limited Esterline Defense Group ET Industries ETM Electromatic Inc. e2v Aerospace and Defense, Inc. EW Simulation Technology Ltd EWA-Australia Pty Ltd. GBL Systems Gigatronics Inc. Hittite Microwave Honeywell International Huber + Suhner Hutchins & Associates, Inc. Impact Science & Technology Innovationszentrum Fur Telekommunikation -stechnik GmbH (IZT) Integrated Microwave Technologies, LLC ITCN, Inc. iVeia, LLC Jabil Circuit JB Management, Inc.

JP Morgan Chase JT3, LLC Keragis Corporation KRYTAR, Inc. KMIC Technology KOR Electronics, Inc. L-3 Communications L-3 Communications-Applied Signal & Image Technology L-3 Communications Cincinnati Electronics L-3 Communications/ Randtron Antenna Systems LNX Corporation Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin Aculight Corporation Logos Microwave Longmont Machining Lorch Microwave LS telcom AG MacAulay-Brown MANTECH Security Technologies Mass Consultants MC Countermeasures, Inc. MegaPhase Mercury Computer Systems Micro-Coax, Inc. Microsemi Corporation Micro Systems MiKES Microwave Electronic Systems Inc. Miles Industrial Electronics Ltd. Milso AB MITEQ, Inc. The MITRE Corporation MRSL Multiconsult Srl My-konsult New World Solutions, Inc. Nova Defence Nurad Technologies, Inc Ophir RF Inc. Optocon USA, Division of Impulse Orion International Technologies Overlook Systems Technology Overwatch Systems Ltd. Parker Aerospace (SprayCool) Peralex Phoenix International Systems, Inc. Plath, GmbH Protium Technologies, Inc. QUALCOMM Queued Solutions, L.L.C. Rafael-Electronic Systems Div. Research Associates of Syracuse, Inc. RF Simulation Systems Inc. Rheinmetall Air Defence AG Rising Edge Technologies Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG RUAG Holding Science Applications International Corporation

Scientific Research Corporation SELEX Galileo Inc. The Shephard Group Siemens IT Solutions and Services Sierra Nevada Corporation Sivers IMA AB Soneticom, Inc. SOS International SOURIAU PA&E Southern Marketing Associates, Inc. SpecPro-Inc. Spectranetix, Inc. Spectrum Signal Processing by Vecima SRC, Inc. SRCTec, Inc. SRI International Strategic Influence Alternatives, Inc. Subsidium Sunshine Aero Industries SURVICE Engineering Co. Symetrics Industries, LLC Sypris Data Systems Systematic Software Engineering Systems & Processes Engineering Corp. SystemWare Inc. Tactical Technologies Inc. Tadiran Electronic Systems Ltd. TASC TCI International Tech Resources, Inc. Technical Information Products & Services LLC (TIPS) Technology Management Consultants TECOM Industries TEK Microsystems, Inc. Tektronix, Inc. Tektronix Component Solutions Teledyne Technologies Teleplan AS Teligy TERASYS Technologies, LLC TERMA A/S Thales Components Corp. Thales Homeland Security Times Microwave Systems TINEX AS TMD Technologies TRAK Microwave TriaSys Technologies Corp. Tri Star Engineering TRU Corporation Ultra Electronics Avalon Systems Ultra Electronics Telemus Vigilance VMR Electronics LLC Wavepoint Research, Inc. Werlatone Inc. Wideband Systems, Inc. X-Com Systems ZETA Associates Zodiac Data Systems

Index

of ad ve r tise r s

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Crane Aerospace & Electronics.......................www.craneae.com/electronics................................... 17

Periodicals postage paid at Alexandria, VA, and additional mailing offices. Subscriptions: JED, The Journal of Electronic Defense, is sent to AOC members and subscribers only. Subscription rates for paid subscribers are $160 per year in the US, $240 per year elsewhere; single copies and back issues (if available) $12 each in the US; $25 elsewhere.

Elisra Electronic Systems ..............................www.elisra.com ....................................................... 29

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D-TA Systems Inc. ..........................................www.d-ta.com ......................................................... 16 Elettronica SpA ..............................................www.elt-roma.com ................................................... 13 EW Simulation Technology Ltd......................www.ewst.co.uk.........................................................5 Grintek Ewation .............................................www.gew.co.za ........................................................ 19 Herley Industries ...........................................www.herley.com ...................................................... 38 Herley-CTI ......................................................www.herley.com ...................................................... 14 KOR Electronics ..............................................www.korelectronics.com.............................................3 MegaPhase......................................................www.MegaPhase.com ............................................... 10 Mercury Computer Systems, Inc. ...................www.mc.com ......................................................18, 37 Rohde & Schwarz ............................................www.rohde-schwarz.com .......................................... 11 Saab AB, Electronic Defense Systems............www.saabgroup.com...................................................7 SRC, Inc. .........................................................www.srcinc.com ....................................................... 27 TECOM .............................................................www.tecom-ind.com................................................. 26 Tektronix Component Solutions ....................www.component-solutions.tek.com ........................... 35 Teledyne Cougar .............................................www.teledyne-cougar.com ........................................ 30 Ten-Tec Inc. ....................................................www.tentec.com ...................................................... 34

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

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Curtiss-Wright Controls Defense Solutions ...www.cwcdefense.com .................................................8

X-Com Systems ...............................................www.xcomsystems.com ............................................ 39

49

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JED-M0911_Filler_ThirdSq_AS.indd 1

11/08/11 8:05 PM

JED

quick look

Details

Page #

Details

Page #

Aardvark Roost, profile..................................................................... 40

Gary Bauer, VP of Business Development for SRC ..................................19

AgustaWestland, MPAS for Italian Navy NH90s ................................... 22

General Accountability Office ............................................................12

Alloy Surfaces Co., M-211 order...........................................................19

Gerrie Radloff, Aardvark Roost .......................................................... 40

Analog-to-digital converters ..............................................................32

Global Hawk Block 30 cancellation..................................................... 20

AOC Metropolitan Club .......................................................................47

Grintek Ewation ............................................................................... 42

BAE Systems Australia, ALR-2002 RWR ...............................................24

Indian Navy, Ajanta shipboard EW system .......................................... 28

BAE Systems, ASQ-239 on F-35 .......................................................... 25

Iraq, possible acquisition of L-139 fighter aircraft .............................. 22

BAE Systems, DEWS for F-15SA .......................................................... 22 BAE Systems, T-Pod SIGINT payload for MQ-1C UAS...............................19 Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL), Tarang RWR ......................................... 28 Bob Stevens, Lockheed Martin .......................................................... 20 Carole Vann, retires from AOC............................................................ 46

ITT Exelis, ALQ-211 AIDEWS for Pakistan ........................................... 29 ITT Exelis, ALQ-214 on RAAF Super Hornets ........................................24 ITT Exelis, CS-3701 on RAN Hobart-Class destroyers ............................ 25 LIG-Nex 1, ALQ-200 jamming pod ...................................................... 29 Lockheed Martin MS2, Nulka decoy ....................................................24

Cassidian, UAV joint venture with Rheinmetall .................................. 22 CEA Technologies, WARRLOCK DF system .............................................24 China, PLAAF EW ..............................................................................26 CSIR ................................................................................................ 42 Darnomont Technologies, Blue Owl SIGINT system ...............................24

50

DARPA Strategic Technology Office, BAA ........................................... 18

The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2012

DARPA, RADER program .................................................................... 38

Long-Range Ocular Interrupter (LROI) RFI...........................................17 Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, LROI ..........................17 Northrop Grumman, ALQ-218 provision on RAAF Super Hornets ........... 25 Office of Naval Research, JCREW BAA..................................................15 Penn State University, EW contract from ONR ......................................19 Peter Hickson, Chemring PLC ............................................................ 20

Dassault Aviation, Neuron UCAV ........................................................ 22

Radiated Energy Tracking Subsystem solicitation ................................19

Dassault, Falcon 2000 SIGINT program................................................ 30

Raytheon, ALR-67(V)3 on RAAF Super Hornets ....................................24

Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) .................... 28

Rheinmetall, UAV joint venture with Cassidian .................................. 22

Digital Communication, EW 101 ..........................................................43

Saab, LEDS ....................................................................................... 42

Distributed CREW (d-CREW) concept ...................................................15

Saudi Arabia, F-15SA acquisition ....................................................... 22

DOD FY2013 defense planning ........................................................... 20

Selex Galileo, EW training for Hellenic Army ...................................... 22

Dr. Robert H. Evans, NRL .................................................................. 18

Selex Galileo, Praetorian EW Suite ..................................................... 28

Dr. Robert H. Walden, Aerospace Corp. ................................................37

SRC, EWIR contract from NGIC ............................................................19

e2v, ADC .......................................................................................... 36

Sysdel Electronic Warfare Systems ..................................................... 42

Elbit Systems Ltd., Hermes 900 contract ............................................ 22

Tata Power, IEWS-MT for Indian Army ................................................ 28

Elettronica, ELT-568(V)2 jammer ....................................................... 28

Tektronix Component Solutions, ADC ..................................................33

Elisra, IEWS-MT for Indian Army ....................................................... 28

Texas Instruments, ADC .....................................................................39

Elta, L-8222 jamming pod ................................................................. 28 EW Asia ........................................................................................... 46 F-35 procurement delay .................................................................... 20 Fujitsu, OLT-3 radar jammer .............................................................. 30

Thales, DR 3000 ESM system .............................................................. 28 Thales, MAESTRO contract for Rafale ................................................. 22 Thales, Spectra EW Suite ................................................................... 28 X-COM Systems, WARP ...................................................................... 34

With more than 50 years of electronic warfare experience, BAE SYSTEMS is pleased to sponsor the JED Quick Look.

You work in all kinds of conditions, so should your spectrum analyzer.

Worst-case scenario: You’ve got minutes to troubleshoot RF interference that has shut down communications on the ground, at dusk, in the desert.

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Best-case scenario: You’ve got the only spectrum analyzer with benchtop performance in a lightweight MIL-PRF 28800F Class 2 compliant handheld — with secure erase to keep classified data classified.

That’s thinking ahead. That’s Agilent.

Agilent and our Distributor Network Right Instrument. Right Expertise. Delivered Right Now.

800-732-3457 www.testequity.com/agilent

© 2011 Agilent Technologies, Inc. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Patrick Tharpe) (Released)

Handheld Spectrum Analyzers (HSA) Key Specs

N9344C

N9343C

N9342C

Frequency

1 MHz– 20 GHz

1 MHz– 13.6 GHz

100 kHz– 7 GHz

DANL

-155 dBm/Hz -155 dBm/Hz -164 dBm/Hz

Sweep time < 0.9 s

< 0.7 s

< 0.4 s

Weight with 3.6 kg (7.9 lbs) battery

3.6 kg (7.9 lbs)

3.6 kg (7.9 lbs)

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