JED Magazine 2012-04

APRIL 2012 Vol. 35, No. 4

The Evolving

RF Threat Also in this issue:

Profile: NSWC Crane Preview: EW 2012

With more than 50 years of electronic warfare experience, technology innovation, and commitment to the warfighter, BAE Systems has advanced the game for our naval forces with the Next-Generation Jammer. Partnering with the Navy and a dynamic industry team, we are developing a Jammer that disrupts and degrades enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum to observe and attack U.S. forces. Technology, experience, commitment— it’s the right combination.

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April 2012 • Volume 35, Issue 4

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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News

The Monitor 15 US Army Seeks Personal IED Jammer. Washington Report 22 Pentagon Leaders Discuss EW and EMS in Congressional Testimony. World Report 24 Russia Moves Toward Military Modernization.

Features

Modern SAM Threats – Unlearned Lessons

26

László Gábor Zord

The F-22 and F-35 may have encountered growing pains. However, the advanced SAM threats they are designed to defeat have been around for a while, and they continue to proliferate. Preview: EW Europe 2012 36 See who’s speaking and exhibiting at next month’s EW Europe 2012 Conference and Exhibition.

Organizational Profile: NSWC Crane 39 John Haystead

The personnel at the US Navy’s Naval Surface Warfare Center in Crane, IN, sustain the Navy’s inventory of air, land, surface and subsurface EW and SIGINT systems. It’s an important job that they take very seriously.

Departments 6 8 10 12 43 44 47 49 50

The View From Here Conferences Calendar Courses Calendar From the President New Products EW 101 AOC News Index of Advertisers JED Quick Look

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al Gershanoff, JED’s editor for 25 years and my former boss, once warned me never to write about EW policy in JED. “It puts people to sleep,” he told me. He was probably right. Unfortunately for JED readers this month, we need to think about EW policy because we need to get it right. The US is entering a period of declining defense budgets, yet with a growing list of national security challenges. EW will be essential to any fight the US enters over the next decade, and the DOD will rely on a wide variety of offensive and self-protection EW capabilities to support its operational needs. The fact that US national security strategy is “tipping” toward the Asia-Pacific region, or that DOD war planners anticipate the need for advanced EW and cyber capabilities to defeat sophisticated anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) threats in countries like China or Iran should not be the major force driving EW policy development. EW’s operational responsibilities are far greater than this, and DOD’s EW policy must be comprehensive (remember the SA-7s and IEDs that were such high priorities in Iraq not so long ago), and flexible enough to support whatever fight the US enters into – not just the anticipated strategy of the moment. Have you drifted off to sleep yet? No? Good. Here is the problem: Why does it make sense for OSD to assign the task of writing EW policy to the Information Operations (IO) Office at the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy? This is, after all, what OSD has done. Don’t misunderstand me. I do not doubt the intentions or competence of the IO Office. Nor do I doubt that the IO Office has a genuine desire to write good EW policy. My concern is that OSD leaders, who certainly deserve kudos for initiating new EW policy, should have pulled a wider set of EW users and experts into the process. IO planners have a limited EW perspective because they draw on a small fraction of the DOD’s EW capabilities – primarily ones limited to RF electronic attack. Even within this narrow RF electronic attack context, IO planners are increasingly focusing on those relatively few RF electronic attack systems that can (or will eventually), support cyber attacks. More importantly, IO planners don’t take much of an interest in EW self-protection, especially IR countermeasures, IED jamming and many aspects of radar jamming that don’t support cyber attack. Because these self-protection aspects of EW are not part of the IO planners’ professional DNA, I will be surprised (and delighted), if OSD’s new EW policy is nearly as comprehensive as it needs to be. However it turns out, the new EW policy will carry significant implications for the US EW community. The DOD is expected to face additional budget cuts over the next few years – deep budget cuts that are likely to land heavily on EW acquisition programs. If the DOD is pursuing a narrow EW policy that strongly emphasizes cyber-EW-IO fusion to defeat A2/AD threats, it is likely to lose focus (in the absence of supporting policy) on many of the EW self-protection capabilities that it also needs. In this scenario, DOD budget officials will prioritize accordingly, as will potential adversaries. – John Knowles

APRIL 2012 • Vol. 35, No. 4

EDITORIAL STAFF Editor: John Knowles Managing Editor: Elaine Richardson Senior Editors: Glenn Goodman, John Haystead Technical Editor: Ollie Holt Contributing Writers: Dave Adamy, Barry Manz, László Gábor Zord Marketing & Research Coordinator: Heather McMillen Sales Administration: Chelsea Johnston

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Mr. Tom Arseneault President, Electronic Systems, BAE Systems Mr. Chris Bernhardt President, ITT Exelis Electronic Systems Mr. Gabriele Gambarara Elettronica S.p.A. Mr. Itzchak Gat CEO, Elisra CAPT John Green Commander, EA-6B Program Office (PMA-234), NAVAIR, USN Mr. Micael Johansson Senior Vice President and Head of Business Area, Electronic Defence Systems, Saab Mr. Mark Kula Vice President, Tactical Airborne Systems, Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems LTC James Looney Chief, Electronic Warfare Division, Directorate of Training and Doctrine, Fires Center of Excellence, US Army CAPT Paul Overstreet Commander, ATAPS Program Office (PMA-272), NAVAIR, USN Mr. Jeffrey Palombo Senior VP and GM, Land and Self-Protection Systems Division, Electronic Systems, Northrop Grumman Corp. Col Jim Pryor Chief, Electronic Warfare, Operational Capability Requirements Headquarters, USAF Mr. Kerry Rowe Vice President, ISR and Force Protection Systems, Electronic and Mission Systems,The Boeing Company Wg Cdr P.J. Wallace Chief of Staff, Joint Air Land Organisation, UK MOD Dr. Richard Wittstruck Director, System of Systems Engineering, PEO Intelligence, Electronic Warfare and Sensors, USA

PRODUCTION STAFF Layout & Design: Barry Senyk Advertising Art: Christina O’Connor Contact the Editor: (978) 509-1450, [email protected] Contact the Sales Manager: (800) 369-6220 or [email protected] Subscription Information: Please contact Glorianne O’Neilin at (703) 549-1600 or e-mail [email protected]. The Journal of Electronic Defense is published for the AOC by

Naylor, LLC 5950 NW 1st Place Gainesville, FL 32607 Phone: (800) 369-6220 • Fax: (352) 331-3525 www.naylor.com ©2012 Association of Old Crows/Naylor, LLC. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced by any means, in whole or in part, without the prior written authorization of the publisher. Editorial: The articles and editorials appearing in this magazine do not represent an official AOC position, except for the official notices printed in the “Association News” section or unless specifically identified as an AOC position.

PUBLISHED APRIL 2012/JED-M0412/7042

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MAY

Australian AOC EW and IO Convention April 15-17 Adelaide, Australia www.oldcrows.org.au NRL/AOC Capitol Club 2011 EW Symposium April 18 Washington, DC http://aoccapitolclub.com

ACIN: Legislative Initiatives for Small Business Integration Conference May 1-2 Camden, NJ www.crows.org 5th Annual EW Capability Gaps and Enabling Technologies Conference May 8-10 Crane, IN www.crows.org

AOC/Shephard EW Europe 2012 May 9-11 Rome, Italy www.crows.org

JUNE Kittyhawk AOC & AFRL Sensors Directorate Technical Symposium June 4-7 Wright Patterson AFB, OH www.kittyhawkaoc.org EW, IO and Cyber Capabilities for Air, Sea Battlespace Operations Conference June 5-7 Charleston, SC www.crows.org

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Whidbey Roost 39th Annual EW Symposium June 11-14 NAS Whidbey Island, WA www.whidbeyroost.org Performance & Vulnerabilities of Modern IADs/SAMs Conference June 19-21 Huntsville, AL www.crows.org International Microwave Symposium (IMS-2012) June 17-22 Montreal, Canada www.ims2012.org

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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JULY Farnborough International Airshow July 9-13 Farnborough, UK www.farnborough.com/airshow-2012 Combat Systems Integration and Life Cycle Cost and Performance Improvements Conference July 17-19 Dahlgren, VA www.crows.org

AUGUST Educating the Spectrum Warrior: Harnessing STEM & Spectrum Management for Special Ops August 21-23 Hurlburt Field, FL (Fort Walton Beach, FL) www.crows.org

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APRIL DIRCM: Technology, Modeling and Testing April 17-19 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu Basic RF EW Concepts April 17-19 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu

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Introduction to ISR Concepts, Systems and Test & Evaluation April 17-20 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu

MAY Survey of EW Battle Management Applications May 7 Crane, IN www.crows.org

Infrared Countermeasures May 8-11 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu 2012 JASP Aircraft Survivability Short Course May 15-18 Monterey, CA www.bahdayton.com/jaspsc Principles of Radar Electronic Protection May 15-18 Baltimore, MD www.pe.gatech.edu

JUNE Survey of EW and Cyber Applications June 4 Charleston, SC www.crows.org Fundamental Principles of EW June 12-15 Alexandria, VA www.crows.org Basic RF EW Concepts June 19-21 Las Vegas, NV www.pe.gatech.edu

JULY

10 The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

DIRCM: Technology, Modeling and Testing July 10-12 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu Advanced EW Course July 17-20 Alexandria, VA www.crows.org

AUGUST Essentials of 21st Century Electronic Warfare August 7-10 Alexandria, VA www.crows.org Survey of Electromagnetic Battle Control Applications August 20 Fort Walton Beach, FL www.crows.org

SEPTEMBER Basic RF EW Concepts September 18-20 Atlanta, GA www.pe.gatech.edu a

AOC courses are noted in red. For more info or to register, visit www.crows.org.

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EW ADVOCACY

E The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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lectronic warfare (EW) needs advocates, and EW advocacy can be very complex. Who are the EW advocates, what types of EW capabilities are these people advocating for, and when do they advocate? In terms of who the EW advocates are, I know that in many countries the most vocal and most visible advocates are the EW officers (EWOs). In the US, for example, EWOs are loud and they are constant. However, US EWOs come from specific communities (Compass Call, Prowler and Growler, B-52, etc.), and they do not cover the entire EW waterfront. Outside the commissioned officer corps, there are other EW professionals among warrant officers and enlisted personnel, especially in the US Navy’s surface combatants and the US Army’s aviation community. Beyond these core EW professionals, who are the other EW advocates in the government and military? In times of war, various platform operators within the Services often become strong EW advocates, depending on the type of conflict. After 9/11 for example, air transport crews wanted IR countermeasures on their C-17s and C-130s, helicopter crews wanted improved aircraft survivability equipment (ASE) on their aircraft, and ground soldiers wanted EW in order to protect their convoys and dismounted patrols from remote-control improvised explosive devices (RCIEDs). During Iraq and Afghanistan operations, senior leaders at US Central Command also advocated for EW, not only because of the IR threats and RCIEDs, but also because they needed to address interoperability and spectrum management challenges. As fighting in Iraq began to intensify, and IEDs became the insurgents’ weapon of choice, the media focused on casualty figures. This led political leaders at OSD, the White House, and in Congress to become strong EW advocates, and they drove significant resources into counter-IED programs. In peacetime, these advocates do not face the problem of combat losses, and so their advocacy typically wanes to varying degrees. Yet their understanding and advocacy are still crucial for maintaining EW funding. Outside the military and government, the EW industry maintains the most consistent and the broadest interest in EW in terms of technologies, platforms and Service requirements. While industry can offer EW solutions, they cannot advocate to their military customers. Instead, they must rely on Congressional interest in EW in order to maintain any sort of pressure on DOD. There is one other core of EW advocacy that I have not mentioned yet. During war, or in peacetime, whether defense budgets are growing or declining, I know that the best EW advocate is the AOC. Why? Because AOC comprises the leading professionals from all of the groups mentioned above, and it has maintained an unwavering focus on EW for nearly 50 years. I can’t tell you exactly what the next 50 years of warfare is going to be like. But, I do know it is going to depend very heavily on the EMS domain, and we wily EW professionals will be in the thick of it. – Laurie Moe Buckhout, COL (Ret.), USA

Association of Old Crows 1000 North Payne Street, Suite 200 Alexandria, VA 22314-1652 Phone: (703) 549-1600 Fax: (703) 549-2589 PRESIDENT Laurie Moe Buckhout VICE PRESIDENT Robert Elder SECRETARY Cliff Moody TREASURER David Hime AT-LARGE DIRECTORS Cliff Moody Linda Palmer Paul Westcott Michael Oates David Hime Tony Lisuzzo Ron Hahn Lisa Frugé Col Robin Vanderberry, USAF REGIONAL DIRECTORS Southern: Wes Heidenreich Central: Judith Westerheide Northeastern: Charles Benway Mountain-Western: Wayne Shaw Mid-Atlantic: Bill Tanner Pacific: Joe “JJ” Johnson International I: Robert Andrews International II: Gerry Whitford IO: Al Bynum APPOINTED DIRECTORS Donato D’Angelantonio Joe Hulsey James J. Lovelace Marc Magram IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Walter Wolf AOC STAFF Tanya Miller Don Richetti Member and Chapter Executive Director Support Manager [email protected] [email protected] Norman Balchunas Jennifer Bahler Director, Operations Registrar [email protected] [email protected] Mike Dolim Keith Jordan Director, Education IT Manager [email protected] [email protected] Shelley Frost Glenda M. ReyesDirector, Logistics Montanez [email protected] Business Manager Kent Barker reyes-montanez@ Conferences Director/ crows.org FSO Tasha Miller [email protected] Membership Assistant Glorianne O’Neilin [email protected] Director, Member Miranda Fulk Services Logistics Coordinator [email protected] [email protected] Tony Ramos Lauren Stewart Director, Logistics Coordinator Communications [email protected] [email protected] Brock Sheets Director, Marketing [email protected] Stew Taylor Exhibits Manager [email protected]

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the

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US ARMY SEEKS PERSONAL IED JAMMER typically carry IED jammers. Manpack CREW systems that are currently deployed to Afghanistan, such as the Thor family of IED jammers, weigh approximately 14-17 lbs and are designed to provide a protection zone that covers multiple soldiers. However, these manpack systems are not deployed on each soldier in a unit, and they cannot easily cover soldiers that spread far apart during patrols or when in contact with enemy forces. The iCREW concept would provide better coverage and freedom of movement because the jammers would likely be carried by each soldier in the unit.

The Army’s Program Manager for EW (Program Executive Office for Intelligence, Electronic Warfare and Sensors – PEO IEW&S) is managing the iCREW acquisition program. It is seeking potential solutions that are inexpensive, will not restrict the soldier’s movements or vision and will not interfere with friendly communications or other Army systems. The threshold weight requirement is 12 lbs, with an objective weight of 7 lbs. The Army wants a system that provides anti-tamper features and will log events when it is jamming a suspected threat. Another interesting aspect of the program is the possibility that the

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

The US Army is planning to issue a solicitation soon for a new manpack remote-control improvised explosive device (RCIED) jammer that will address an urgent requirement from US Central Command (CENTCOM). Under the Individual Counter-RCIED Electronic Warfare (iCREW) program, the Army wants to buy a compact, off-the-shelf IED jammer that is designed primarily to protect the soldier carrying the system. Dismounted IED jamming has become important in Afghanistan, as operations against Al Qaeda and Taliban forces often require soldiers to patrol on foot instead of in vehicles, which

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Army may consider the iCREW a “throwaway” item rather than a system it will keep in its inventory for many years, according to a program description. At present, program officials are not planning to include contractor logistics support as part of the final solicitation. CENTCOM has stated an urgent need for up to 3,900 iCREW units, and program officials believe that off-the-shelf solutions are available. The Army wants to perform a first article test within 90 days of contract award. Initial deliveries would begin two months later, and all units are scheduled for delivery by May 2013. PM EW hosted an industry day in late March and requested that potential bidders bring a representative productionready system to the event to enable government officials to evaluate what is currently available from industry. As part of the source selection process, bidders also will be required to submit three-to-four systems that will be evaluated in an army lab and at a test range. The iCREW contracting point of contact is Gregory Coben, (609) 562-4109, e-mail [email protected]. – J. Knowles

DARPA PROGRAM FOCUSES ON SPECTRUM AWARENESS The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has issued a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) for a new program that will address the growing complexity and signal density that is increasingly affecting military operations in the electromagnetic (EM) domain. The effort, known as the Radio Frequency Mapping (RadioMap) program, will focus on a set of solutions that enable electronic systems and devices, such as radios and radars, to sense congested frequencies around their location and move to frequencies in which there is less congestion. The goal is to provide better understanding and visualization of spectrum occupancy across various times, frequencies and geographic locations to inform spectrum managers, small-unit leaders and EW operators how to better utilize the EM domain. The BAA covers three specific technical areas. The first, titled, RF Situational Awareness, will address RF mapping technologies and capabilities, such as electronic support functionality in radi-

os, radars and other RF sensors. RF mapping is not the same concept as emitter mapping or signal collection. The goal of RF mapping is to chart spectrum usage and congestion in real time at critical locations. The second task area will focus on coordinating RF mapping activities via command and control of a large network of diverse RF devices through development of the Wireless and Large Scale Distributed Operations (WALDO) system. The WALDO system will allocate tasks to electronics systems, deconflict between tasks and enable these systems to perform RF mapping tasks without any negative impact on the device’s primary mission. A third technical area will focus on EW/ISR functions that exploit the RF receivers and transmitters available in theater. With a projected total budget of $11.4 million, DARPA expects to award multiple contracts running up to two years under the RadioMap Program. Proposals are due April 17. The solicitation number is BAA-12-26, and it is available at the DARPA website (www.dapra.mil). The program’s technical point of con-

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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IN BRIEF

✪ ✪ ✪ Alloy Surfaces Company (Chester Township, PA) has received a $5.2 million order for M211 infrared decoys for use on US Army helicopters. This is the second M211 order from the US Army this year.

✪ ✪ ✪

✪ ✪ ✪ The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has awarded a $3.8 million contract to Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems (Tewksbury, MA) to develop technologies for the High-Power Efficient RF Digital-to-Analog Converter (HiPERDAC) Program. HiPERDAC aims to develop technologies that enable aircraft, naval platforms and ground vehicles to conduct jamming operations with minimal communications interference to friendly forces.

✪ ✪ ✪ The US Navy exercised a $19.6 million contract option under a contract with ITT Exelis that addresses software and firmware improvements to the ALQ-

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214(V)4/5 RF countermeasures system on F/A-18 C/D/E/F model aircraft. The upgrades will add countermeasure functionality to address emerging threats, update jamming technique functionality and improve wingman compatibility by implementing new digital signal processing techniques for better pulse measurement. Work under this option will run through February 2016.

✪ ✪ ✪ Kratos Defense and Security Solutions (San Diego, CA) has received a pair of contracts totaling $12.4 million for electronic warfare components and subsystems. The company’s Herley New York business unit (Syosset, NY) won a $6.7 million contract to supply 100 J-band transmitters for the US Navy’s Airborne Threat Simulation Office (ATSO) at the Naval Air Warfare Center-Weapons Division (Point Mugu, CA). Under a second contract valued at $5.7 million, the company’s Herley CTI subsidiary (Whippany, NJ) will supply electronic components for a US Navy electronic attack platform.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

ITT Exelis (Clifton, NJ) has protested the US Army’s selection of BAE Systems and Northrop Grumman to perform the Technology Development phase of the Common Infrared Countermeasures (CIRCM) program. The Army awarded a pair of CIRCM Technology Development contracts ($38 million for BAE Systems and $31 million for Northrop Grumman), in January. Exelis did not disclose the reason for the protest pending a decision from the Government Accountability Office that is expected in the coming weeks.

Northrop Grumman’s Land and Self-Protection Systems Division (Rolling Meadows, IL) announced it had received a $334 million contract from the US Air Force to provide AN/ AAQ-24 Large Aircraft IR Countermeasures (LAIRCM) systems and support through 2014.

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BAE Systems (Nashua, NH) has received a $14.2 million contract option to continue work on the Electronic Warfare Family of Systems for US Special Operations Command. The award covers accelerated fielding and enhancement for the Phase I capability and development of Phase II. Work under this contract option will be completed in August 2013.

ITT Exelis has named Henry Bourne to be senior director of engineering for its Electronic Systems Division in Clifton, NJ. His duties will cover three of the company’s business areas: integrated EW systems, airborne electronic attack and communications and force protection systems. Bourne joined the company in 2002 and was director of rotary-wing and customer service business in his previous company assignment.

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Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems (El Segundo, CA) has received a $77.3 million contract option from the US Navy for 89 AN/ALR-67(V)3 radar warning receivers for installation on its F/A-18 Hornet aircraft. The Navy also awarded a $45.3 million contract to deliver 16 AN/APG-79 AESA radar systems for installation on the Hornets. In a separate contract, Raytheon SAS received a $21.3 million contract modification to continue technology maturation efforts for the US Navy’s Next Generation Jammer (NGJ) program.

✪ ✪ ✪ MacAulay-Brown Inc. (Dayton, OH) has won a $24.1 million contract from the Air Force Research Lab (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH) to perform electro-optical (EO) threat warning research at the Lab’s Sensors Directorate. The research will focus on missile warning, hostilefire indication, sense and avoid, and space situational awareness and intelligence collection.

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Crane Aerospace and Electronics (Redmond, WA) has named Bob Tavares as president of its Electronics Group. His responsibilities include operations of Electronics Group locations and product solutions, including power, microwave and microelectronics. Prior to his recent appointment, he was president of e2v, and earlier he was vice president of Crane’s Microwave Solutions business unit.

✪ ✪ ✪ Purdue University’s Institute for Defense Innovation (West Lafayette, IN) is hosting a defense research summit April 30-May 3 that will cover three unique tracks on defense research trends, thermal management in defense systems, and electromagnetic spectrum management. More information is available at www.conf.purdue.edu/idi.

✪ ✪ ✪ The Air Force Research Lab’s Materials and Manufacturing Directorate (AFRL/RX) at Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, has released a Broad Agency Announcement for the Gallium Nitride (GaN) on Silicon Carbide (SiC)

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t h e Advanced EW Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Production Capability Project. The goal is to establish a domestic, economically viable, open-foundry merchant supplier production capability for high frequency, wide bandwidth (32-38 GHz), MMICs employing GaN epitaxy on 100mm SiC substrates. Proposals are due April 23. The program point of contact is Laura Ortiz, (937) 255-9883, e-mail [email protected].

(in length) than the base unit. All three configurations consist of a wide band receiver operating across a 4-GHz band and allocation of the multiple tunable RF converters and 8-bit, 650-MHz IBW DRFM modules assigned to the highest priority threats identified in the environment. Initial systems are configured for 7- to 11-GHz operation, but operation across the 1-18 GHz frequency range is supported as individual RF modules are completed. Units can be configured with as few as 1 RF converter and 1 DRFM up

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to as many as 8 RF converters and 13 DRFMs for the largest configuration. KOR Electronics also offers a number of DRFM card sets configured for laboratory operation utilizing VME standard form factors and interfaces. Supporting over 1 GHz of bandwidth and up to 7 seconds of storage for use in radar environment simulators and waveform capture and replace systems these configurations can easily be organized in COTS chassis to provide multiple channels of DRFM capability. a The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS Due to an editorial error, JED did not include KOR Electronics products in its survey of digital RF memories (DRFMs) in the March 2012 JED. The following description highlights the company’s DRFM offerings: KOR Electronics (Cypress CA, A Mercury Computer Company) has a number of Digital RF Memory products that are being supplied to both domestic and international prime contractors and direct to government defense organizations. Over 300 of the airborne model 1225 units have been delivered in over 20 different variations. A 3-bit phase encoded system that provides 1200 MHz of IBW, this unit has been supplied operating at E and I bands, with some units configured for customer-specified frequencies. Standard features include internally generated multiple simultaneous techniques of range and velocity deception, multiple false targets, noise and amplitude techniques, as well as input signal feature assessment. This 15 lb. unit is all packaged in a self-contained chassis enclosure that occupies 0.2 ft 3, is suitable for flight environments and operates off of a single 28VDC power input. A compact variation on the model 1225 is a conductively cooled DRFM Kernel consisting of the 3-bit phase converter and an E-Band quadrature RF converter packaged as a 2 slot, 6U VME form factor. The most recent product offering by KOR Electronics is the Modular Digital Receiver Exciter, or MoDREx. Offered in 3 size variations, with the smallest matching the enclosure of the model 1225 unit, the middle unit being approximately 35% larger (in length) and the largest unit approximately 70% larger 578433_URS.indd 1

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wa s hi ng t o n rep ort PENTAGON LEADERS DISCUSS EW AND EMS IN CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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Following release of the DOD’s FY2013 budget proposal in February, Pentagon leaders have been providing testimony to various panels of House and Senate defense committees. Some of the testimony has touched on EW and SIGINT programs and other EMS-related issues. During Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) hearings, Air Force Chief of Staff, Gen Norton Schwartz, was asked about China’s military modernization and what aspects of it concern him most. General Schwartz replied, “I would say there are areas in not so much hardware, but in integration of electronic warfare techniques, of cyber capabilities, and so on, with more traditional tools of the trade. They are becoming more sophisticated in this respect and that is the thing that I am paying the most attention to.” Later on, another senator asked General Schwartz what aspects of the Air Force’s FY2013 request were most important to supporting the concept of air-sea battle. “What’s important to us in this area? Electronic warfare, clearly,” said the General. “Long-range strike bomber is a case in point, and the family of systems more broadly.” During Navy testimony in front of the SASC, Chief of Naval Operations ADM Jonathan Greenert said in his opening statement, “While we currently dominate the undersea domain, cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum present a different set of challenges and a lower barrier to entry for our potential adversaries.” Later on, he said, “Cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum are a key area of emphasis for our future force development... Cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum are inextricably linked, and in our FY2013 budget submission, we fund a range of EW and electronic support systems including EA-18G, SEWIP, Next-Generation Jammer, shipboard prototype and demonstrator systems, Ship Signal Exploitation Equipment (SSEE), and the E-2D. These systems sustain our ability exploit the electromagnetic spectrum for sensing and communication, while denying our adversaries accurate or effective information. We are also developing the conceptual and doctrinal framework to fully exploit the electromagnetic spectrum as a warfighting domain.”– JED Staff

GAO REPORT WARNS OF DANGER FROM COUNTERFEIT ELECTRONIC PARTS IN DOD SUPPLY CHAIN The Department of Defense (DOD) supply chain, as well as the integrity of weapons systems and,

ultimately, the lives of troops are particularly vulnerable to threats caused by counterfeit electronic parts that can be purchased online, according to a report released last month by the Government Accounting Office (GAO). The GAO report summarized preliminary observations from the agency’s investigation into the purchase and authenticity testing of selected military-grade electronics that could enter the DOD supply chain. Though part numbers were altered for reporting purposes, the agency purchased items such as voltage regulators commonly found on multi-service platforms such as the Marine Corps’ MV-22 Osprey, the Air Force’s KC-135 and the Navy’s F/A-18 Super Hornet, as well as nuclear submarines. Creating a fictitious company, the agency gained membership to two Internet platforms that provide access to vendors selling military-grade electronic parts. Posing as this company, the GAO requested quotes from numerous vendors to purchase a total of 16 parts from three categories of products – obsolete and rare parts (using authentic part numbers); authentic part numbers with date codes from after the date the last part was manufactured and completely fake part numbers not associated with any authentic parts. The GAO concluded that suspected counterfeit and bogus part numbers (not associated with any authentic parts), for military-grade electronic parts can be easily found on internet purchasing platforms, as none of the 16 parts vendors provided to the agency were legitimate. The report notes that after submitting requests for quotes, GAO received responses from 396 vendors of which 334 were located in China; 25 in the US and 37 in other countries. Of the 16 parts purchased, the agency selected a vendor from those offering the lowest price that provided enough information to actually purchase the part. Using this methodology, the report notes that all 16 parts were provided by vendors in China. All 12 parts received after the agency requested rare part numbers, or parts with date codes after the last part was known to be manufactured, were listed as “suspect counterfeit.” That term is the strongest used by the agency’s independent testing lab and signifies “a potential violation of intellectual property rights, copyrights, or trademark laws or misrepresentation to defraud or deceive.” Multiple authentication tests, including Xray analysis and analysis with an electron microscope, showed that parts had been re-marked to display part numbers and manufacturer logos of authentic parts, though the parts were not to military standards. The GAO also received four parts from four vendors using invalid part numbers, showing a “willingness to supply parts that do not technically exist.” – E. Richardson a

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w o r l d report RUSSIA MOVES TOWARD MILITARY MODERNIZATION

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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After two decades of military atrophy – amid repeated plans to replace its aging Cold War era military forces – Russia appears to be undergoing a significant strategic and organizational transition. At the same time, the Russian government has increased its defense budget, enabling major buys of new aircraft. Russia’s defense strategy today is more focused on influencing its immediate neighbors rather than global power projection. Although it maintains a bomber fleet that still conducts flights along the European border and a blue-water naval force based near Murmansk, most of its military capabilities are increasingly being focused on regional power projection. The 2008 South Ossetia war against Georgia offers a good example. According to a report published last month by the Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Russia is growing its defense budget and undertaking a “comprehensive reorganization of its armed forces. The country’s overall military capability could increase considerably over the period to 2020.” According to Carolina Vendil, editor of the report, Russia is reducing its focus on mass mobilization in order to create a smaller and more agile force. “The Armed Forces that emerge at the other end of this process will look radically different compared to the military forces that Russia sent to war in Georgia in 2008.” A look into recent Russian military contracts appears to support these find-

ings. Last month, Russia’s MOD and Irkut Corporation signed a contract for 30 new Su-30SM aircraft through 2015, according to RIA Novosti. These aircraft are a twoseat version of the Su-27UB and Su-30MKI. In a separate deal, the MOD signed a contract that could see it buy 92 Su-34 bombers through 2020. These will replace aging Su-24 bombers. In late February, the JSC Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG signed a contract for 20 MiG-29K and 4MiG-29KUB fighters for the Russian Navy from 2013 through 2015. While these contracts represent an effort to modernize a decaying fleet, the aircraft designs date back decades and many of the electronic systems on the aircraft reflect a defense strategy based on quantity instead of quality. This sense was validated by Russian aircraft losses during the 2008 South Ossetia War. Western European EW manufacturers have been chipping away at the Russian aircraft export market for decades. The UK’s Chemring makes decoy flares that are compatible with many Russian-made airborne dispensers. Sweden’s Saab provided the EW suite for Malaysia’s Su-30MKM fighters. Most significantly, Elettronica of Italy is thought to be supplying its ELT-568 jammer for India’s MiG-29UPG mid-life upgrade program. While Russia may be investing in its aircraft industry once more heavily, its defense electronics suppliers have a long way to go before they catch up with their competitors or with the threat. – J. Knowles

RHEINMETALL REORGANIZES ITS DEFENSE BUSINESS Germany’s Rheinmetall has announced that it is reorganizing its defense units. The new structure comprises three divisions: Combat Systems, Electronic Solutions and Wheeled Vehicles (encompassing Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles or RMMV GmbH). The three divisions encompass what were six divisions under the previous company structure.

In terms of EW, the Combat Systems Division, led by Armin Papperger, comprises the bulk of the company’s activities. This includes Rheinmetall Waffe Munition, which makes IR decoys and obscurants for aircraft, ground vehicles and ships, as well as the MASS decoy launcher for ships. The division’s Protection Systems business unit manufactures active protection systems for ground vehicles. – J. Knowles

IN BRIEF ❍ According to a Seoul, South Korea military source quoted by the Yonhap news agency, North Korea has increased the number of anti-aircraft missiles deployed near its capital, reportedly in preparation for potential attacks by US and South Korean aircraft. The number of SA-5 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) was increased from two in 2000 to 40 in 2010, while during the same period, the number of SA-3 missiles jumped to 140 from seven, and SA-2 missiles increased to 180 from 45. North Korea also has about 12,000 portable antiaircraft missiles. South Korea’s Defense Ministry declined to confirm the report. ❍ According to a Defence Studies and Analysis report, India’s 2012-13 defense budget increased by $40.44 billion (18 percent), over the previous year. The Indian Army accounts for fifty percent of the budget, followed by the Air Force (25 percent), Navy (19 percent), and defense-related R&D at six percent. According to the report, the overall increase is driven more by increased manpower costs than force modernization efforts. However, the budget includes a fifteen percent increase in “Capital Expenditure,” most of which (89 percent) is targeted at force modernization. ❍ The second of three SIGMAclass frigates built by the Dutch Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding (DSNS) shipyards has been received by the Royal Moroccan Navy. The Sultan Moulay Ismail was delivered within four years from the effective date of the contract. The first Moroccan SIGMA-class frigate, Tarik Ben Zayid, was commissioned in September 2011, and construction of the third ship is well underway. a

This conference brings together small businesses, academic R&D, military, and major defense contractors to develop innovative solutions to logistical problems facing the Spectrum Warfare community. Vignettes to address and provide solutions include:

Vignette 1: EMS-enabled Life Cycle Management Solutions Presented by:  RFID TagSource

Vignette 2: Performance Based Logistics Support (PBL) for EW Products Presented by:  NSI

Vignette 3: Infrastructure Support to EMS Solutions Presented by:  The Oak Group

Vignette 4:  Transmitting Complex Sensor and Threat Information to a Pilot Presented by:  Chesapeake Technology International

Vignette 5:  Asymmetric Warfare Solutions

FEATURED PRESENTATIONS FROM DREXEL UNIVERSITY: EW and EMS Research capability overview in the Drexel College of Engineering Presented by: Kapil Dandekar, Drexel University

Presented by:  Channel Logistics

Vignette 6:  Using Smartphones to Provide Mobile Situational Awareness and C2 Capabilities for the Dismounted Warfighter

C2 at the Tactical Edge Presented by: Marcus McCurdy and Duc Nugyen, Drexel University

Presented by:  Drakontas

Vignette 7:  Managing the Drawdown & RESET of the Army’s C4ISR Assets Presented by:  The Lockwood Group

Visit

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Scan with your smartphone’s QR scanner to go directly to the conference website.

By László Gábor Zord Without questioning the credibility it has earned in the wars of the last two decades, it is a fact that Western air power, including electronic warfare (EW), is yet to face an adversary equipped with “modern” ground-based threats. Considering the baseline capabilities of these systems, fueled with advanced signal processing technology, performance upgrades, an exotic electronic order of battle (EOB), plus sound training and tactics, the term “anti-access/area-denial” (A2/AD), is hardly an understatement.

Protivo-Vozdushnaya Oborona or antiaircraft defense) systems from the beginning. But, it was their advances in electronic component technology and computers, as well as operational experience, that gave them impetus to work at overcoming this problem in radar design. First, conventional parabolic antennas were complemented with auxiliary antennas for sidelobe suppression, but the real solution came with the implementation

is known these days in Western terminology) required much higher manufacturing standards and tighter tolerances, which translated into significantly greater procurement costs. At the same time, FAR-equipped radars became more complex and sensitive systems, which led to higher maintenance costs. These factors, combined with the fact that the Eastern bloc’s economic performance began to deteriorate about the same time as FAR-

THE ADVENT OF “DOUBLE DIGIT” THREATS

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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Sidelobes are very important in EW and Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) calculations, as a large proportion of their effects materialize through these “parasite” radiation patterns of directional (radar) antennas used in Ground Based Air Defense (GBAD) systems. Accordingly, the successes Western EW and SEAD have accrued since the beginning of the Vietnam War were, to a large degree, possible because hostile emitters mostly used conventional parabolic reflector antennas and simple Yagi arrays, which radiate a fair share of their energy in their sidelobes, as well as receiving unwanted signals through them. To put it simply, while these systems see the outside world in a narrow main beam – and they try to engage targets according to the information received through it – their abundance of sidelobes cause them to be vulnerable to detection, electronic attack (EA) and antiradiation missiles (ARMs) from virtually any direction. Although a live tactical engagement involving these older radar systems can still present tremendous risks for aircraft, the tactical advantage lies with Western air power, especially when employing EA and SEAD against an Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) comprised mostly of Soviet-era technology. Vulnerability through sidelobes was well understood by the designers of Soviet PVO (the Russian acronym for

The turret of the SA-22 Greyhound vehicle with radars, guns and missile launchers.

of the phased array theory into workable tactical air defense radar designs. This led to low (-30 to -40 dB) and ultra-low (below -40 dB) sidelobe antennas with blankers (SLBs) or coherent cancellers (CSLCs) – and a corresponding electronic countercountermeasure capability to mitigate or deny EA and SEAD countermeasures against threats.

PHASED ARRAY ADVANCES Mass production, service introduction and proliferation of FAR (Russian acronym for Fazirovannaya Antennaya Ryeshyotka or phased array antennas) was, however, a different matter. Compared to conventional antennas, Passive Electronically Scanned Array technology (PESA – as it

equipped systems started to appear in the late 1970s, led to their very limited proliferation outside the Soviet Union by the time of its collapse in 1991. One of the first, but clearly the bestknown systems, which resulted from this last big technological effort of the Soviet PVO culture is the S-300, which actually materialized in two distinct families of surface-to- air missile (SAM) systems. One family was fielded for the home air defense troops, which used the S-300P (SA-10 in NATO terminology), and naval forces, which operated the S-300F (or SA-N-6 in NATO terminology). The other was designed for the land forces, which used the S-300V (or SA-12). The first transportable S-300PT versions became

was destined to replace 2K11 Krug (SA-4) systems in the army-level air defense role.

ENGAGING MULTIPLE TARGETS While significant sidelobe reduction was a huge step forward in the new radar systems’ electronic protect (EP or electronic counter-countermeasures) performance, it was only one of the gains offered by FAR-technology. The other was of course increased combat capability, the need for which became obvious in the Vietnam War and various Middle-Eastern conflicts in the 1960s and 1970s. As SA-2s and SA-3s were only capable of engaging a single target with two or three missiles at a time, these “single-digit” systems could easily be saturated by large formations, or they could even be attacked by simultaneous multi-direction SEAD strikes. In comparison, phased array radar systems, like the SA-10 or SA-12, used electronic beam steering technology, which provided the system with a new multi-target capability. These radar systems could engage 6-24 targets with 12-48 missiles simultaneously in their field of regard,

which is approximately 90 degrees wide in azimuth, but slewable. Together with a missile range of 47-92 km (the range of early-version and fast (Mach 3+) missiles), it meant that traditional strike or SEAD tactics involving direct attack (bombs and short range air-to-ground missiles), became unsustainable.

3D PERFORMANCE While the I-band, space-fed, transmission type planar array engagement radars of the SA-10 (5N63 Flap Lid/30N6 Tombstone) and SA-12 (9S32 Grill Pan) came as a real breakthrough, it is equally important to note the concurrent capability advances of acquisition radars, as well as surveillance radars that provide early warning. These improvements include 3-D functionality and a significant degree of improvement in detection, tracking and EP. ST-68, 36D6 or 19Zh6 (Tin Shield) is an E-F-band hybrid design that features a paraboloid cylindrical reflector, facing a single, serial-fed, vertical row of radiating elements to provide frequency beam steering in the vertical plane to qualify it

A veteran of Operation Allied Force, this Serbian S-125M Neva system was brought up to M1T standard by local industry.

Despite all of the EW lessons NATO learned during Kosovo air operations, the nastiest of surprises, the appearance of double-digit threats in the theater, did not happen.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

operational in 1981 and were assigned to air defense units outside Moscow. Within a few years, self-propelled S-300PS and PM versions followed, replacing S-25 (SA-1) battalions around the Soviet capital, as well as replacing S-75 (SA-2) and S-125 (SA-3) units all around the country. By 1987, an estimated 80 S-300 systems were in service with PVO troops. Although a number of Warsaw Pact states had plans and preliminary training to get S-300s, a very limited number of systems were actually exported before the disintegration of the Soviet military alliance. East Germany, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia each received a single PMU export variant. The last two are still operated by Bulgaria and Slovakia as the “crown jewels” of the air defenses around Sofia and Bratislava. In a twist of history, they have formed part of NATO’s Integrated Air Defense System (NATINADS) since 2004. Regarding the S-300V, which was oriented to a large degree toward the missile defense role, it appeared with land forces in 1986 and was deployed even to East Germany as part of the occupying Soviet forces. It

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as a 3D radar. It serves with S-300P units as well as radar units. The F-band 9S15 (Bill Board) has a linear phased array, with rows of parallelfed, horizontal-radiating elements atop each other, forming a flat antenna. Aside from being the primary all-around acquisition radar for the S-300V, it also serves with radar posts. Although featuring lower performance than the acquisition radar of the Buk 9K37 system (SA-11), the 9S18M (Snow Drift) shares a broadly similar design. Last, but not least, the increased combat capabilities of the S-300 family also required a higher level of coordination and control, and this led to two, virtually unmatched radar designs destined to serve regimental combat posts. One is the F-band 5N64/64N6 (Big Bird), the so-called “Janus faced” radar, capable of controlling the engagement of no less then six S-300P batteries. Both sides of the antenna have around 3,000 elements, with each side reflecting energy radiated by a horn feed on a long boom in front of the array face. The antenna is mechanically rotated, but it also has a stationary slant position for

5N63 (Flap Lid) engagement radar of a Ukrainian S-300PS system mounted on a 40V6 mast.

missile defense mode. The other unique radar is the 9S19 (High Screen), which performs sector (mostly missile defense) surveillance and acquisition for S-300V units using a space-fed, transmission-type planar array. With an antenna size larger than the shipborne Aegis system’s SPY-1,

these Soviet PESA radars had no performance and functional equivalents until the advent of the US TPY-2 and the Israeli Green Pine ABM radars that came along much later with Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) technology. Today, their tactical mobility is still unmatched. PESA on its own offered significant improvement in EP performance (low sidelobes, high effective radiated power, fast and adaptive scanning). Ensuring PESA radar performance in a jamming environment, however, was also improved by the concurrent introduction or refinement of coherent operations required for Doppler processing, intrapulse modulation (compression), frequency and parameter agility (where applicable), multi-channel receivers combined with monopulse tracking techniques and an overall increase in signal and data processing capacity through digital computers. Fortunately, the Cold War came to an end in 1991, before any (or at least a substantial number) of these systems proliferated to regions previously prone to proxy wars. In the same year, Western EW, led by the US and at peak capability

CALL FOR PAPERS:




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49th Annual AOC International Symposium & Convention















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“Arming the Spectrum Warrior” September 23-26 | Phoenix, AZ The 49th Annual AOC International Symposium & Convention provides insights and facilitates professional discussions that allow attendees and presenters to advance the discipline of Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) warfare. This convention reaches out to young professionals to showcase EMS professions and provide mentorship to advance EMS enabling careers. The AOC is seeking original papers that discuss advancements in EMS enabled technologies and strategies from their conceptual phase, through development & testing, and into the user’s hands The spectrum is critical for operations in all domains, all phases of conflict and successful day-to-day functions across many facets of daily life.  Your inputs as Electronic Warfare practitioners have never been more critical! Abstracts should be limited to one page of unclassified text. Deadline for abstracts is May 15, 2012.

For more details visit www.crows.org.

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PLEASE CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING TOPICS FOR SUBMISSIONS t Introduction of Advanced EW/EMS Concepts and Applications – What are Future Game-Changers? t How our EMS profession can reach out to young professionals and engage our best and brightest? t Joint, Coalition, Interagency  and Commercial EMS capabilities and Interoperability; especially facing enemies crossing our southern border t Cross Domain Integration to Include All Elements of Advanced Electronic Attack (Cyber Integration) t Lessons Missed or Lessons Learned t Life Cycle Management with a Focus on Requirements

3/29/12 11:32:19 AM

®

and capacity (F-4G, EF-111, EC-130H and EA-6B to name a few), helped to win the Gulf (air) War with flying colors against an Iraqi IADS equipped with the previous generation of GBAD-systems, including single-digit SAMs. The last iteration of Soviet PVO technology, which collectively became known in the US as “double-digit threats,” had not proliferated to Iraq and so they did not factor into the EW “lessons learned” from the Gulf War.

In many cases, scarce government funding resources do not allow countries to replace their single-digit threat systems with more expensive double-digit systems.

POST COLD WAR COMPLACENCY After (and to a certain extent, even before), the collapse of the Soviet bloc, Western experts immediately took advantage of the various opportunities to obtain examples of Eastern European threat equipment. Warsaw Pact governments, many of which would eventually join NATO in the following years, provided hands on inspection and tests of hardware previously kept secret behind the Iron Curtain. Very often, Western governments would buy small numbers of these systems, if possible, for the sake of exploitation, threat simulation and EW development. Because of these

Armenia received used S-300PT (SA-10A) systems from Russia. From left to right: 5N66 (Clam Shell) low level acquisition radar, missile launchers, 36D6 (Tin Shield) acquisition radar, 5N63 (Flap Lid) engagement radar.

acquisitions, NATO (re)learned a lot about single- and double-digit SAMs, as well as other GBAD systems (radars and radardirected anti-aircraft artillery), in the years since the Cold War. The accession of former Warsaw Pact states to NATO and the European Union since 1999 also helped in this process. As the leading nation of the Western military alliance and the country with the most extensive EW infrastructure,

the US utilized the opportunity to acquire Warsaw Pact threat systems. Due to the downsizing of its armed forces, budget cuts and the lack of an imminent threat, the detailed knowledge gained from this threat exploitation activity did not drive much EW investment in the 1990s. To the contrary, the US military’s overall EW capacity and capability dwindled, and many EW programs were cut back or cancelled.

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IMS2012

17-22 June 2012 - MONTRÉAL, CANADA

Sign up now and save up to 25% Off of your registration! Don’t miss your chance to see the latest RF/Microwave technology advancements while accessing the technologies and services of MORE THAN 500 COMPANIES. Visit http://IMS2012.MTT.org for complete details and to download your Program Book. Review technical sessions, workshop descriptions and exhibiting companies so you can get the most of your time at Microwave Week!

Visit http://IMS2012.mtt.org for full details.

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CHANGING THREAT TACTICS

that some NATO EA and SEAD assets had a difficult time geolocating these threats, jamming them and targeting them with anti-radiation missiles. The Kosovo air campaign was also a watershed event in that Western EA and SEAD aircraft had the first opportunity to engage a surveillance radar equipped with ultra-low-sidelobe antennas. However, this was not a Soviet or Russian system, but was the US-made AN/TPS-70 (E/Fband) radar exported to Yugoslavia in the 1980s. The presence of this radar also

We’ve condensed a l l t h e p owe r, performance and function of our rack-mounted amplifier systems into a highly

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

At the same time, during the “peace support operations” of the 1990s, such as those in Bosnia and Kosovo, the realization of a traditional SEAD rollback campaign became far more difficult. This was due, in part, to politically set rules of engagement that impacted flexible air operations. More importantly, adversaries no longer followed the Soviet textbook approach to air defense tactics. It is still incredible to recall that immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union, how fast the lessons of Desert Storm (especially the overwhelming EW success against the Iraqi air defenses), spread into the worldwide GBAD (PVO) community that used Soviet equipment. As a result new tactics and technologies were developed. Emission control, mobility, decoys and deception became the name of the game as threat operators practiced a passive form of force protection. It was combined with a “sniper type” shooting concept – to wait in emission silence for the best possible conditions before engaging a target aircraft, even if it meant giving up on the basic air defense function of preventing attackers from roaming the assigned airspace. These events reminded Western military and civilian decision makers that complacency in EW can be dangerous even for stealth platforms in an operational environment with just single-digit threats. Limited technological, tactical and organizational advances followed the “cold showers” of these events. The case of Basher 52 (F-16CG vs. SA-6) in 1995 over Bosnia during Operation Deny Flight resulted in the wide scale deployment of RF towed decoys (ALE-50), which proved very effective against early-design monopulse missile seekers over Kosovo four years later. The shoot down of Vega 31 (F-117 vs. SA-3) over Serbia in 1999 led to the realization that there is a need for jamming and SEAD support for stealth aircraft and improved interaction between the stealth and EW communities. The loss of Hammer 34 (F-16CG vs. SA-3) showed the need for rapid geolocation of threat emitters and handoff for precision strike (This last aircraft even lent its call sign to the Trial Hammer series of SIGINT/ SEAD NATO exercises and demonstrations).

Operation Allied Force also showed that it is not easy to deny a motivated enemy from building an air picture, especially when the enemy uses a range of modest but diverse radar types that can collectively utilize a wide range of frequencies. Old Soviet, rapidly-deployable radars, like the P-12 and P-18 (Spoon Rest), provided Serbian air defenses with the ability to use VHF frequencies (A-band) to detect low-radar-cross-section (RCS) targets, such as F-117s. Their low operating frequency range also meant

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demonstrated that in future air operations, Western air power will not necessarily always engage Soviet-Russian equipment. Despite all of the EW lessons NATO learned during Kosovo air operations, the nastiest of surprises, the appearance of double-digit threats in the theater, did not happen. However, it should be noted that the Serbs clearly had plans to acquire these advanced threats, and Serb personnel received S-300 training in Russia, which ultimately failed to deliver the systems.

SLOW BUT STEADY DOUBLE-DIGIT PROLIFERATION The first big proliferation wave of the S-300 family was sparked by the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which meant that besides Russia, the military forces of Ukraine, Belorussia and Kazakhstan inherited such systems. The first significant foreign (non Warsaw Pact) customer for S-300PMU became China, which received its first systems in 1993. China, which was by then cut off from Western defense technology, clearly benefitted from the difficult economic situation

Buk M2 (SA-17 Grizzly) on wheeled chassis. Russian GBAD manufacturing has, for years, been consolidated under Almaz-Antey.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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These two days will be filled with insight and professional dialogue designed to frame the theme of how technology will drive convergence across target sets common to EW, IO and Cyber. The conference will comprise of an unclassified day at the Citadel, followed by a classified day at SPAWAR facility. Charleston June 5-6 is the PLACE TO BE for updates from senior leaders regarding: + + + + + +

OSD response to the GAO audit on the status of EW OSD’s initial draft on the EW Policy/Enterprise ATL update’s on EW STRATCOM update on JEMSC Updates on GAO IO surveys/Investigations Joint Staff update on IO range status and way ahead regarding EW, IO and Cyber testing and modeling and simulation + OSD update on the IO way-ahead + Do we have the right organizational structures in place to maximize these capabilities? + Initial way ahead and updates from Air Sea Battle Stake holders.

For more information visit

580919_Editorial.indd 1

This conference features a truly interactive symposium format, and a Benefit Reception aboard the USS Yorktown. It also coincides with the Charleston Spoleto festival; a huge treat to area visitors that same week. More importantly it takes the convergence discussion right down to the operational level; focusing on how we need to prepare for future combined arms conflicts in the South China Sea environment.

Scan with your smartphone or QR code scanner to go directly to the conference website.

www.crows.org. 3/29/12 11:30:17 AM

Russia, while Azerbaijan bought PMU-2 Favorit versions. Although no confirmation is available, Algeria and Venezuela may soon become S-300 operators. The significance of these systems was confirmed in the case of Iran, which has sought S-300PMU-1 systems. The US and Israel have waged intense diplomatic efforts to prevent delivery of these threats, for which Iran has contracted with Russia and made partial payment. Finally, Russia decided to cancel the order and compensate Tehran for not fulfilling it. Instead, Iran, which has a number of different indigenous SAM and radar projects, voiced its intent to develop an equivalent capability. It is also worth noting that North Korea paraded an S-300 lookalike in 2010. Russia, meanwhile, began to deploy the S-400 Triumph (SA-21 Growler) systems around Moscow, while the development of the follow-on S-500 system is already taking place. The S-400 features three different missiles with ranges of 400 km (40N6 missile), 250 km (48N6 missile) and 120 km (9M96 missile). Its longest range missile is designed to attack large sensor and EW

aircraft, such as E-3D AWACS, RC-135 Rivet Joint, EC-130H Compass Call and E-8 Joint STARS. The range of this missile effectively drives these aircraft back beyond their sensor range in an attempt to deny their ability to monitor the battlespace. Although Russian officials emphasize that the S-400 is a domestic system, there are several interested potential customers, including Turkey, which will decide soon on the acquisition of high-performance SAM systems. Although the S-300/S-400 class acquisition remains financially and politically demanding for many countries, it is straightforward, and a single system can fulfill requirements normally met by several lower-tier SAM systems. Belonging to the double-digit line of systems is the 9K37/9K317 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly and SA-17 Grizzly) medium-range SAM system. While in the original system, the transporter erector launchers (TELAR) had the radome-covered conventional parabolic antenna of the 9S35 engagement radar, from the M2 version and later, it is replaced by a 9S36 PESA radar that is capable of tracking and illuminating

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

Russian manufacturers found themselves in during the 1990s. China was able to buy a significant number of S-300 systems, which may not have been sold to them under any Soviet government. Later on, several S-300PMU-1 and PMU-2 (SA-20 Gargoyle) deliveries were made, the last of which was accepted in 2010. These were improved variants of the original SA-10, with virtually the same layout of improved radars, launchers and C3 elements, but with longer-range (150-195 km) 48M6E or E2 missiles. The Chinese Navy also received two S-300FM shipboard systems. The appearance of the S-300 family clearly inspired China’s own radar and SAM development programs. These indigenous efforts resulted in the HQ-9/ FT-2000 system, which is now available on the export market, as well. Following China, Vietnam and Cyprus bought a small number of S-300 systems, the latter of which were accepted by Greece, because of Turkish objections to deployment on Cyprus. Two warring former Soviet republics also received S-300 systems recently: Armenia has acquired some old PT and PS versions as a gift from

33

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four targets simultaneously. This radar can also be fitted to a 21-meter mast, thus improving its capabilities against low flying targets. Although basically a semi-active system, it is known that an active seeker head is being developed for the 9M317A missile version. Originally developed for the land forces, Buk components were installed on tracked vehicles. At the MAKS 2011 exhibition in Moscow, however, a version installed on a new 6x6 wheeled chassis was displayed publicly for the first time. The Buk became famous in 2008 when Georgia used the system (supplied by Ukraine), to shoot down Russian attack aircraft, claiming a Tu-22M bomber and Su-25 strike aircraft. The incident underlined how unprepared the Russian Air Force was in EW and SEAD, and the threat was removed when Russian land forces captured the Georgian equipment. Just before that conflict, Abkhazian separatists claimed that they used Buk systems to shoot down Hermes 450 reconnaissance drones of the Georgian forces. Different (including naval) versions of the system were exported to Finland, China, Cyprus, Egypt, Syria and Venezuela.

Firing of an 5V27 missile of a modernized Polish Newa-SC (SA-3) system.

The 9K330/9K331/9K332 Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) was the first short-range system equipped with a low-element-count PESA engagement radar, part of the Scrum Half system that also includes a 360-degree acquisition radar. Newer M2 versions were given a more capable radar system in which the parabolic acquisition antenna was replaced by a flat one, while the

engagement radar received a more sophisticated PESA array with wider field of regard. Reflecting a new role of intercepting precision guided munitions next to potential target areas, from 2007, Tor also has a wheeled version. The system’s most famous buyer recently was Iran, which received 29 examples. China, Cyprus, Greece, Venezuela and Egypt also have bought the system.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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Conference Objectives Provide the latest findings from ongoing, all-source analysis of high interest threat air defense systems to include:

Threat System Capabilities and Vulnerabilities Status of New Development Programs Current and Projected Proliferation

Scan with your smartphone or QR code scanner to go directly to the conference website.

Who Should Attend? Attendance at this conference is appropriate for those involved in the design, development, testing, evaluation and employment of electronic warfare systems, cyber operations in theater, techniques and tactics for protection of U.S. and allied aircraft and RPAs.

For more information visit

580927_Editorial.indd 1

www.crows.org. 3/29/12 11:39:04 AM

The 9K22 Tunguska (SA-19 Grison) and 96K6 Pantsir (SA-22 Greyhound) are the close range elements of the Russian double-digit threat, combining a missile and a gun system. India, Morocco, Algeria, Jordan, Syria and the UAE ordered substantial numbers of these threats, and the change from tracked to wheeled chassis also indicates a shift in the role from troop defense to point defense against munitions.

UPGRADES

Although proliferation of modern ground-based air defense systems over the past 20 years has been fairly limited, it is an ongoing trend. The likelihood is increasing that Western air forces will soon face an adversary that operates these advanced threats with potentially devastating results. At the same time, capability and networking upgrades to legacy (Cold War-era) threat systems can keep large numbers of these threats operational. The diverse nature

of commercial technologies available on the market also makes for a correspondingly diverse set of upgrade solutions and systems integration variations, which makes it more challenging and more important to assess threat capabilities, develop capable EW self-protection systems and prepare fully for future air operations, including SEAD campaigns. Together, these factors clearly increase the risks to air operations, which may lead to the eventual realization of the A2/AD theory. a

Wherever they go, there you are.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

In many cases, scarce government funding resources do not allow countries to replace their single-digit threat systems with more expensive double-digit systems. In many countries, especially in the developing world, new threat acquisitions are ruled out altogether. Because of these constraints, a thriving industry has emerged based on performing upgrades to older PVO systems. Virtually all countries inheriting such systems have upgrade programs, although companies in Russia, Ukraine and Belorussia are leading the market. For most SA-2 and SA-3 operators, mobility is of paramount importance because it enhances survivability and supports “shoot and scoot” tactics. The Polish Newa-SC program, for example, saw the UNV-M (Low Blow) fire control radar installed on an 8x8 Scud chassis, while the quad missile launchers are installed on a T-55 main battle tank chassis. As the 5V27 missile stocks bought in the 1970s and 1980s do not show serious signs of deterioration, they are being upgraded rather than replaced. Regarding surveillance radars, upgrades include solid-state receiver architectures and a digital plot extractor to allow air defense networks to conduct rapid information sharing. However, some users take the next step as well. The Ukrainian P-180U upgrade of the venerable P-18 (Spoon Rest) introduced a new solid-state transmitter, which enables better performance through the introduction of intrapulse modulation. Although most upgrades aim to provide capability improvements, sometimes sustainability upgrades and connectivity are also important, as old sources for spares dry up, or the radars are operated in advanced networks to which old analog interfaces cannot easily be connected.

A MATTER OF TIME

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2/22/12 2:48:13 PM

EW 2012 ROME “Electromagnetic Operations in a Complex Environment” May 9-11, 2012

Palazzo Dei Congressi, Rome

Speaker Highlights

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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COL (Ret.) Laurie Buckhout, President, AOC

Lt Gen Giuseppe Bernardis, Chief of Staff, Italian Air Force

Mr. Paul Pulsifer, Deputy Director General, Defence Research and Development Canada

Brigadier Alan Hill, British Army, Head of Information Superiority UK Land Forces

Professor Steve Roberts, VP Capability & CTO, Selex Galileo

Capt Peter Kenward, Royal Navy, Director NATO Joint EW Core Staff CAPT Paul Overstreet, US Navy, Program Manager, Advanced Tactical Aircraft Protection Systems (PMA-272), Naval Air Systems Command Lt Col Matt Stovin-Bradford, Royal Marines, Commanding Officer 30 Cdo Information Exploitation Group LTC Paul “Tim” Brooks, US Army, NATO EW Advisory Committee Secretary, NATO HQ LtCol Jason “Dizzy” Schuette, USMC, EW Branch Head, Cyber Integration Division, Marine Corps Combat Development Command WO2 MP Bowles, Royal Marines, Ops WO Y Sqn (EWSI) RM 30 Cdo IX Group WO1 Geoffrey “Clem” Cleminson, Royal Navy, UK Fleet EW Support Group

Maj Gen (Ret.) Anukul Chandra AVSM, Indian Army Mr. Mike Crapanzano, Deputy Director, ISR Chief US Army Reprogramming Analysis Team (ARAT) CommunicationsElectronics Command (CECOM) Software Engineering Center

Plus briefings including: EW Architecture for Land Operations by Mr. Roberto Scoto di Vettimo, Elettronica, Italy Formal Countermeasures Language as an Enabler of Future EW Capability by Richard Rudd-Orthner, Senior Consultant, MASS, UK Maritime Platform Missile Defence by Mr. Shawn Charland, Sky Industries, Canada Aerospace EM Operations by Mr. Bill Haraka, SSBV, Netherlands

Exhibitors

Sponsors

As of March 15, 2012. Subject to change. LS Telecom MASS MEDAV Northrop Grumman Patria PLATH GmbH Poynting Antennas Procitec GmbH Raytheon Rohde & Schwarz Roke Saab AB Selex Galileo/Selex Elsag SSBV Defence and Security Tactical Technologies Inc. TE Connectivity Teledyne Defence Ltd Thales Ultra Electronics TCS Virtuallabs Srl Wallop Defence X-Com Systems

HOST SPONSORS: Selex Galileo/Selex Elsag

PLATH GmbH

Elisra, a Member of Elbit Systems

Current Program As of March 15, 2012. Subject to change.

Wednesday, May 9 Intelligence workshops, sponsored by PLATH GmbH

Thursday, May 10 8:00-9:00 a.m. ............. Refreshments and Exhibition 9:00-10:15 a.m. ........... Session 1: Welcome 10:15-10:45 a.m. .......... Refreshments and Exhibition 10:45 a.m.-12:30 p.m.... Session 2: Complex Operational Environments 12:30-2:00 p.m. ........... Lunch and Exhibition 2:00-3:40 p.m. ............. Session 3: Future Electromagnetic Operations 3:40-4:10 p.m. ............. Refreshments and Exhibition 4:10-6:00 p.m. ............. Session 4: EW Developments (Industry)

Friday, May 11 8:00-9:00 a.m. ............. Refreshments and Exhibition 9:00-10:15 a.m. ........... Session 5: Leadership Perspectives on Electromagnetic Operations (EMO) 10:15-10:45 a.m. .......... Refreshments and Exhibition 10:45 a.m.-12:30 p.m.... Session 6: Current EMO by Domain 12:30-2:00 p.m. ........... Lunch and Exhibition 2:00-3:20 p.m. ............. Session 7: EM Technology 3:20-3:40 p.m. ............. Refreshments and Exhibition 3:40-4:30 p.m. ............. Session 8: EMO From an Industry Perspective

For more details visit www.crows.org and www.shephardmedia.com.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

AAI/ESL Defence Ltd. Alloy Surfaces Amplifier Technology Annapolis Microsystems ApisSys SAS Army Reprogramming Analysis Team (ARAT), US Army ATDI Chemring Group plc Defence Research and Development Canada e2v Eldes srl Elektrobit Elettronica Elisra Empower RF Systems, Inc. Enterprise Control Systems GE Intelligent Platforms Grintek Ewation IZT GmbH Kilgore L-3 Communications

37

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profile

Providing For a Solid EW Technology Base By John Haystead test ranges and mobile RF and infrared threat simulators. Organizationally, most of Crane’s EW capabilities are managed through the Spectrum Warfare Systems Department. As with all of the Navy’s warfare centers, most of its funding comes through work it performs for various program acquisition offices, both Navy as well as the other Services, and through a number of research and development programs and organizations. As described by Department Manager, Janna Foxx, “We’re very much a customer-driven operation, and one of the most important jobs we do here is making sure we have the expertise, facilities and equipment needed to support our customers’ EW technical requirements, not only for today’s work in EW, but in the future as well.” Today, the emphasis is squarely on providing cross-domain and multi-spectral EW testing and technology development capabilities. Says Foxx, “Crane’s strength lies in our in-depth and comprehensive understanding of EW-related technology across the spectrum and across domains, and in its application from components to subsystems to full

systems. It’s the total package that sets us apart. Instead of looking at each domain area as a stovepipe, we’re focused on fully utilizing and integrating all of our capabilities to deliver the big picture in a multi-domain way.”

MARITIME SYSTEMS The Spectrum Warfare Department comprises several divisions, one of which is the Maritime EW Systems Division. This division’s most familiar support activity is for the AN/SLQ-32, RF countermeasure system. Originally developed in the late 1970s, some variant of the SLQ-32 is now installed on every US Navy surface ship. The division provides full life-cycle engineering and logistics support for the system, including new front-end system design work in partnership with the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and other laboratories. The Navy’s Surface EW Improvement Program (SEWIP) provides incremental upgrades to the system through a series of scheduled steps. As part of this, the division is currently in the process of installing and fielding the Block 1B2 variant of the system which adds the AN/SSX-1 specific emitter identification (SEI) ELINT capability. They are also preparing for developmental and operational testing for the Block 2 version that will completely replace the passive receiver portion of the system and also working with the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and NRL on the Block 3 effort, which will upgrade the electronic attack (EA) side of system. As described by Stacey Skinner, division manager, “In line with our other activities, the task with the SLQ-32 is very much geared toward keeping a very close eye on, and

TThe Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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aval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Crane, is located on the world’s third-largest naval installation, covering approximately 100 square miles of south-central Indiana. Among the expanse’s resources is a timber reserve known as “Constitution Grove,” which provides the reconstructive white oak used for maintaining and repairing the famous and venerable USS Constitution. This oak, and its purpose, is also perhaps an apt metaphor for the responsibilities and accomplishments of NSWC Crane itself, which provides the solid technology base for the development, maintenance and full-life cycle support of a host of maritime, air and ground EW systems, as well as the expertise to guide the design, development, testing and deployment of next-generation technology and systems. The nearly $2 billion facility hosts the DOD’s only warfare center with co-located facilities working across all three domains, and with more than 500,000 square feet of dedicated EW facilities, including specialized labs and indoor anechoic chambers, in addition to several outdoor

39

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

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keeping pace with the evolving threat, so we can field improvements and do the necessary engineering design changes to keep the system viable into the future.” The division is also responsible for the decoy side of maritime EW, spanning the range of full life-cycle support and engineering for the MK 214 and MK 216 chaff decoys through to the advanced “Nulka” active decoy system. A joint program of the US and Australia, the active electronic Nulka decoy is launched to seduce advanced anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs). Most recently, the division is partnering with NRL on its Advanced Offboard Countermeasures activity, evaluating and testing concepts and engineering designs for next-generation, persistent decoys for surface ships, as well as working on the EW assessment, threat library development, EW operator training and sea-trial preparation for the Navy’s new Littoral Combat Ships (LCS). According to Skinner, “One of the strengths and benefits of our multidomain expertise and experience is our ability to accurately replicate and test in a real-world, congested, and contested EM environment.” For this, the division has developed a multi-domain EW test & evaluation system that integrates and networks multiple capabilities including EW, EO, radar and other emitters and sensors into a virtual environment. In partnership with the Joint Electronic Warfare Center (JEWC), they recently demonstrated this capability at the “Emerald Warrior 2012” special forces exercise, and Skinner believes these capabilities would also be of great utility to other national exercises as well. “We were able to not only replicate the congested EM environment, but also bring opposing forces into the scenario.” In addition, Skinner points out that their participation not only provides an environment for training or T&E, but also “allows us to collect extensive analytical data regarding how systems performed in the environment – how they responded and the second- or third-level cascading effects.”

EXPEDITIONARY SYSTEMS Driven by the deadly emergence of remote controlled improvised explosive devices (RCIEDs), in October of 2007, NSWC created an all-new division to de-

velop and advance the science of Counter RCIED Electronic Warfare (CREW) technology. Now known as the Expeditionary EW Systems Division, it was able to heavily leverage from NSWC’s existing repository of surface and airborne EW, as well as radar expertise to stand up a group of some 150 people in six months. As described by Division Chief Engineer, Tim Vance, although the technology of early RCIEDs was fairly simple, today they have become increasingly sophisticated, sometimes incorporating frequency-hopping and spread-spectrum techniques. “It became obvious that we couldn’t expect to defeat these devices with just brute force jamming anymore,” says Vance. As a result, the division has formed a dedicated RCIED threat evaluation and exploitation team that works in conjunction with other labs across the country to develop techniques capable of surgically defeating these threats. For example, the division works with the Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate (I2WD), a component of the Army Communications-Electronics RD&E Center (Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD), on one of the first Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization (JIEDDO)-funded initiatives aimed at counter-RCIED. Says Vance, “The entire CREW community is looking at the threat, but we’ve broken it up into different classes to maximize and target each participant’s expertise and resources. The idea is to have a bunch of smart guys breaking these threats down, determining how they work, and designing new ways to defeat them.”

To support its CREW technology development efforts, the division has frequently needed to conduct extensive performance and compatibility/interoperability testing at both Yuma Proving Grounds and at the Navy’s China Lake, CA, range facilities. But, as pointed out by Vance, this can be very costly. So, to minimize this range time, the division has developed the Multi-Agent Radio Frequency Path Simulator (MARPS), where multiple threat devices and multiple CREW systems are injected into a synthetic, or pre-recorded, environment representative of an actual theater communications scenario. They are then able to evaluate how the systems will perform, make adjustments and improvements, and deliver a new threat load to the field. Says Vance, “It’s really more of a virtual environment than a simulation, with a combination of hardware-in-theloop, taking a lot of inputs and outputs from multiple sources.” Dave Jenkins, EW advocate at Crane, agrees that MARPS is anticipated to provide a dramatic reduction in the amount of range testing time required and in the associated costs, which can reach over $100,000 per week. “If we can decrease the amount of time in the field environments out there, obviously the sponsor saves a lot of money.”

AIRBORNE ELECTRONIC ATTACK The Airborne Electronic Attack Division has been supporting the EA-6B Prowler for more than 40 years, as well as the migration of its capabilities to the EA-18G Growler, modifying the design

points out, “This is not as easy as it might sound when you realize a lot of this stuff is 25 lbs/sq. ft., and we’re putting in thousands of pounds of it.” The division is also developing a radiated-energy tracking system to support the new chamber that will allow testing of both conventional and active-array-based systems, dynamically tracking the steering of radiated beams, frequency change, polarization, etc. As they continue to support their current program office requirements, Dalheim says they’re also casting an eye

568922_OPHIR.indd 1

toward Next Generation Jammer (NGJ), “where we expect we will probably use these testing systems as well.”

IR/RF SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY DIVISION The IR/RF Systems Technology Division, headed by Ted Smock, supports the design and development of IR countermeasures to protect Navy and Marine aircraft from IR-guided missiles. Once again, threat assessment is a big part of their work. Says Smock, “Our scientists The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

and making changes to the AN/ALQ-99 and the AN/ALQ-218 systems. The division also supports the ONR’s Next Generation Airborne Electronic Attack Future Naval Capability Technology Development Program. The division is also working on the Communications Electronic Attack Surveillance and Reconnaissance (CEASAR) pod, which they developed organically and have fielded for the US Army. As related by Tom Dalheim, chief engineer of the division, work on CEASAR dates back to the early days of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom, where the EA-6B was tasked to perform missions in direct support of irregular warfare and ground troops – something it had never done before. “Because of our experience with communications countermeasures, in the form of the AN/USQ113 on the Prowler and the Growler’s AN/ ALQ-227, we recognized the need for an EA capability to be flown on a platform that could provide more persistence and at much lower support costs,” Dahlheim says. Ultimately, the Army joined the effort and, within 24 months, the division had hosted the capability on two C-12 aircraft, which are still operational overseas. The Army is now evaluating the possibility of re-hosting the CEASAR system on a UAV platform. Dalheim points out that the EA division has maximized the synergies of other systems as well, such as the EA-18G’s tactical jamming system receiver and the ESM system on the P-8 Multi-mission Maritime Aircraft (MMA). “A lot of the support work that we do for the ALQ-218 (V2), we’re also starting to do for the P-8 ESM. “ To further advance its laboratory test and evaluation capabilities, the division has modified one of its larger anechoic chambers to conduct high-power radiated energy testing indoors. Says Dalheim, “We’ve always been challenged to do outdoor testing, usually having to fly far off the coast or far up north to be able to radiate freely. The new Electronic Attack Test & Evaluation System (EATES) will allow us to bring much of this testing inside the facility.” EATES essentially involves the addition of a large quantity of very high-power-RF absorbing material into the current chamber, but as Dalheim

41

3/9/12 5:10:29 PM

and engineers work on threat technology exploitation, gaining intimate knowledge of how these systems work internally, and from this, either developing new techniques or procedures to use with current decoy systems or, if necessary to protect against an emerging advanced threat, to develop an all-new countermeasure.” Clearly, the threat has been continually evolving, and Smock notes that likewise their approaches to countermeasures have also become more sophisticated. “We started out with just pyrotechnictype solutions, progressed to pyrophorics, and now we’ve moved to laser-based solutions as well.” The division supports the DoN Large Aircraft IR Countermeasures (LAIRCM) program office with experts aiding in the engineering assessment and fielding of that system, liaises with the Army on its Common IR Countermeasures (CIRCM) effort, and also works closely with the Air Force LAIRCM Program Office at Wright Patterson AFB, OH. Twice yearly, they conduct a joint meeting with all of the Service tactical program offices to discuss acquisition and development ef-

forts. “Through this,” says Smock, “we’re able to leverage off each other’s lessonslearned or identify opportunities for joint acquisition.” In addition to IR technology development and support, the division also serves a role in technique and maneuver training for pilots, giving them an opportunity to fly against simulated, IR threat seekers, and then measuring how they responded to that stimulus. Some of this capability has been used with the Marine Corps’ Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics (MAWTs) group at Yuma. Expanding on this, the division is developing a smaller, lighter-weight test capability that can be housed in a van for quick relocation – the idea being that pilots will not be able to know in advance where the “threats” will be. Smock says the ultimate plan is to have three of the systems, allowing them to provide, simultaneous, or near simultaneous, illumination by up to three threat systems. “The benefit comes both in evaluating the response and performance of the countermeasure system, as well as the effectiveness of the techniques.”

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

42

Meanwhile, work continues on staying ahead of the threat. For example, says Smock, “We now see the threat technology beginning to move into image-based systems, so we’re working to come up with techniques to deal with this.” The division is also preparing its facilities to support the IR decoys to be carried by the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF).

SOLVING EMS CHALLENGES Erika White, EW Joint Mission Office director, sums up a common theme of the EW professionals at NSWC Crane. “Today, DOD leadership is very much aware of the importance of EW and of electromagnetic spectrum warfare. We feel it’s our responsibility to provide them with our input, and help guide future plans based on our informed perspective, to help them maximize the investment that’s been made and apply it to national-level requirements. One of our primary focus areas is making sure that we have the right skill-sets to solve these problems. It’s more than just having the critical mass; it’s having the right skills to solve the problems.” a

Today’s EW combat systems are expensive and likely to remain in the DoD’s inventory longer as downturned budgets struggle to procure replacement systems. To ensure these systems remain effective, both performance insertion and cost reduction will be critically important to EW’s future. This conference discusses in-depth how all the Services and other DoD agencies insert performance enhancements into legacy systems. We will discuss cost reduction concepts including combat systems integration, and use, as a case study, the Navy’s new product-line approach to improve the vertical integration of its EW systems. Scan with your smartphone or QR code scanner to go directly to the conference website.

For more information visit

580925_Editorial.indd 1

www.crows.org. 3/29/12 11:36:40 AM

new

products

WIDEBAND TWT AMPLIFIER

FPGA CO-PROCESSOR CARD Xilinx has introduced the PEX6-COP, a FPGA co-processor card integrating a Virtex6 FPGA computing core with and industry-standard FMC IO module on a half-length PCI Express desktop or server card. The FPGA computing core features the Xilinx Virtex 6 FPGA family, in densities up to LX550 and SX475. The SX475 operates at up to 500 MHz. The FPGA core has two 9MB QDRII+ SRAM banks, two 256MB LPDDR2 DRAM banks and a 128MB DDR3 bank. Each memory is directly connected to the FPGA and is fully independent. The PEX6-COP has a PCI Express and a secondary x4 port; the PCIe port is a x8, Gen2 interface capable of up to 2 GB/ sec sustained operation with 4 GB/sec burst rate. The PEXCOP family power is less than 15W for typical operation. The card is available rated for wide-temperature (-40 to 85C) and 100% humidity with conformal coating. Xilinx; San Jose, CA; www.xilinx.com

EIGHT-WAY POWER DIVIDERS EIG Krytar has introduced two new eightway high-frequency power dividers for w use in broadband EW systems and complex switch-matrix applications. Model 8010180 covers the 1- to 18GHz frequency range, with 17-dB isolation and ±1.0 dB amplitude tracking. Model 8020180 covers 2-18 GHz, with 17-dB Isolation and ±1.0 dB Amplitude Tracking. Both models have a loss of 5.5 dB across the frequency range. And both models feature compact packages that weigh 1.65 lb, measuring 5.96 x 4.75 x .52 inches. The devices use standard 3.5-mm coaxial female connectors and are also designed for use in emerging broadband wireless designs and test and measurement applications. Krytar; Sunnyvale, CA; www.krytar.com

Mercury Computer Systems has introduced two new mixed signal modules that detect, locate and capture signals in real-time across frequencies. The Echotek® Series RFM-251-XMC Tuner converts detected signals to digital intermediate frequency (IF) supporting a range of frequencies from 20 MHz to 2.5 GHz. The IF is pre-digitized via a high fidelity analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and routed onto a Virtex-6 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for filtering and protocol processing. The Echotek Series DCMV6-XMC Digital Transceiver combines an ADC with a highspeed, high-resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and dual Virtex-6 FPGAs. The transceiver features direct digitization of L-Band signals and can operate at ultra high speeds. Both modules are available in ruggedized versions. Mercury; Chelmsford, MA; www.mc.com

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING CARD MiKES has launched the DSP-3UVPX, High Performance Digital Signal Processing Card. Compatible with ANSI VITA 46.0 VPX standard, DSP-3UVPX provides connectivity via Gigabit Ethernet, Serial RapidIO and Aurora, and a mezzanine interface. The DSP-3UVPX board uses a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA and ANSI VITA 57.0 compatible FMC LPC mezzanine cards, which are connected to the FPGA. The DSP-3UVPX is designed for harsh environments and features conduction and air cooling that allows operation up to 80 degrees C board edge. The device is fully supported by detailed Test Software (BIT) with OS support planned for VxWork and Linux. MiKES; Ankara, Turkey; www.mikes.com.tr

SIGNAL AND SPECTRUM ANALYZER Rohde & Schwarz’s FSW signal and spectrum analyzer comes in three models covering the frequency ranges 2 Hz to 8 GHz, 13 GHz or 26.5 GHz. It features a multiview function 12.1-inch touchscreen, allowing signal analyses tracking and making it easier to find errors without switching between measurement applications. The FSW features a number of options – in the FSW-K6 configuration, it supports comprehensive analysis of pulsed signals. Broad analysis bandwidth of up to 160 MHz allows the FSW to measure wideband, hopping and chirp signals. The analyzer’s broad demodulation bandwidth and multi-standard radio analysis function also allow simultaneous measurement of multiple mobile radio and wireless standards at different frequencies. Rohde & Schwarz; Munich, ch, Germany; www.rohde-schwarz. com/product/fsw a

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

dB Control has introduced the dB-4410 traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) featuring instantaneous bandwidth from 7.5 to 18 GHz and providing 300 W of continuous wave output power at altitudes up to 75,000 feet. The unit uses gain linearization to provide more power for a variety of applications, including X- and Ku-Band airborne data links, electronic countermeasure (ECM) transmitters and EEW threat simulators for manned aand unmanned platforms. The db-4410 weighs 70 lb and mead ssures 10.71 x 8.89 x 19.33 inches, iincluding liquid cooling in the standard model, with alternative sst cooling methods available as cusco o tomizable options. to tomi iz dB Control Control; Fremont, CA; www.dbcontrol.com

MIXED SIGNAL MODULES

43

EW 101

Spectrum Warfare – Part 12

Digital Communication continued

By Dave Adamy

L 

ast month, we started a discussion of link specifications, focusing on the link margin. This month, we will continue that discussion. Because this is a multiple-month discussion, we will continue the numbering sequence for figures and tables. Please refer back to Table 1 in the March 2012 “EW 101” for the following discussion.

MINIMUM LINK RANGE

MAXIMUM RANGE

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

44

S + M = ERP - 32 - 20 log(d) – 20 log(F) + GR Solving for the range term: 20 log(d) = ERP – 32 – 20 log(F) + GR – S – M Then solve the 20 log(d) term for distance, which is the maximum range in km: d = antilog {[20 log(d)]/20} or 10{[20 log(d)]/20}

The maximum range is the distance at which the received signal is equal to the sensitivity plus the specified operating margin. Note that there is a trade-off between margin and maximum range, and that for the moment, we are ignoring any weather-related losses. To determine the maximum range, start with the received power formula given last month. Then expand the loss term (L) for the appropriate propagation model. In most data link cases, this will be the line of sight model, making the received power formula: PR = ERP - 32 - 20 log (d) – 20 log (F) + GR Where: PR = the signal strength into the link receiver (in dBm) d = the link distance (in km) F = the operating frequency (in MHz) GR = the receiving antenna gain (dB) Both the ERP and the GR values are reduced by the appropriate antenna pointing losses. Then, set PR equal to the sensitivity (S) in dBm + the required link margin (M) in dB. The above equation is now:

The minimum link range must also be considered. This is impacted by the dynamic range of the link’s receiving system and by the angular tracking rate. The dynamic range is the range of received power over which the receiver can operate properly without saturation. In the March 2007 “EW 101” column, dynamic range was discussed as it applies to EW and reconnaissance systems. These systems must have a wide instantaneous dynamic range to allow reception of weak signals in the presence of strong interfering signals, and cannot typically include automatic gain control (AGC). However, a data link receiver is designed to receive only its intended data signal – so it can use AGC to allow operation over a very wide range of received signal strength levels. The link angular tracking rate is discussed below.

DATA RATE The data rate is the number of data bits per second that can be carried by the link. Note that this is not the total number of transmitted bits per second, because there will be synchronization, address and parity or error-correction bits as shown in Figure 4. This relates to bandwidth. Typically the transmis-

Transmitted Digital Signal

Synchronization Bits

Address Bits

~ 10% of Total

Data Bits

Parity or EDC Bits

Less than 10% to more than ߐ 100% of Data Bits

Figure 4: A transmitted digital signal contains synchronization, address, information and parity or EDC bits, in addition to the data bits.

E W 1 0 1

SIGNAL STRENGTH

CARRIER FREQUENCY

3 dB

3 dB Bandwidth

TOTAL BIT RATE

TOTAL BIT RATE

TOTAL BIT RATE

NULL

narrow-beam antennas, the pedestals on which those antennas are mounted must be able to track the other link terminal at the maximum cross-range velocity at the minimum specified range as shown in Figure 6. This diagram illustrates a fixed-link transmitter and a moving-link receiver. It could also use a fixed receiver with a moving transmitter, or both elements could be moving.

TOTAL BIT RATE

One of the important factors in the selection of links connecting moving platforms is the requirement for narrow-beam antennas. Because the transmitted data rate dictates the required transmission bandwidth and receiver sensitivity varies inversely with bandwidth, wide bandwidth links may require significant antenna gains at the transmitting or receiving ends (or both) to achieve adequate link performance. Increased antenna gain implies reduced antenna beamwidth, which increases the criticality of antenna pointing accuracy. In general, a low-data-rate link can be implemented with simple dipoles or similar antennas on moving platforms and relatively wide-beam antennas on fixed-link terminals. This minimizes antenna pointing problems. On the other hand, a wideband link may require directional antennas at both ends. This can make antenna pointing requirements a significant issue.

Figure 5: The typical transmission bandwidth for a digital signal is the 3-dB bandwidth of the digital signal spectrum of the full digital signal.

sion bandwidth would be the 3-dB bandwidth of the digital spectrum shown in Figure 5. Relating this to the sensitivity discussion last month, this bandwidth is the “B” in kTB.

BIT ERROR RATE The bit error rate is the ratio of incorrectly received bits to the total number of bits sent. Last month, we covered the definition of Eb/N0. The pre-detection signal-to-noise ratio (RFSNR) defined in this discussion is part of last month’s sensitivity calculation.

ANGULAR TRACKING RATE The link angular-tracking-rate specification relates to the geometry of the link application. If one or both of the ends of the link are on moving platforms and have

Link Operating Distance

LINK XMTR

Cross Range Velocity

Moving Platform with Link RCVR

Figure 6: The required angular tracking rate for a link is a function of the maximum cross-range velocity of the other link terminal and the minimum operating range.

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

TRACKING RATE VS. LINK BANDWIDTH AND ANTENNA TYPES

FREQUENCY

45

E W 101 WHAT’S NEXT Next month, we will discuss weather impact on the link, anti-jam and anti-spoof requirements, and a detailed list of items

impacting link margin. For your comments and suggestions, Dave Adamy can be reached at [email protected]. a

ABOUT ANTENNA ALIGNMENT LOSS Last month, this column suggested that the right way to assign a link budget loss for antenna misalignment was to get the antenna gain pattern from the manufacturer and read the gain loss relative to bore-sight gain for the angle equal to the pointing accuracy specification. This is still a good idea, but it is very handy to have a formula for the loss vs. pointing error for an ideal parabolic antenna. The following formula gives the 3-dB beam-width as a function of wavelength and antenna diameter: α = 70λ/D Where: α = the 3 dB bandwidth in degrees λ = the wavelength in meters D = the diameter of the antenna in meters If it is more convenient to input operating frequency than wavelength, the formula becomes: α = 21000/D F Where: α = the 3-dB bandwidth in degrees F = the operating frequency in MHz D = the diameter of the antenna in meters

The formula for the gain reduction as a function of the error angle and the 3 dB beamwidth (for relatively small offset angles) is: ΔG = 12 (θ/α)2 Where: ΔG = the gain reduction in dB because of antenna misalignment θ = the antenna pointing accuracy in degrees α = the 3-dB beamwidth A convenient dB formula for the gain reduction as a function of frequency, antenna diameter and antenna pointing accuracy is: ΔG = -0.565 + 20 log(F) +20 log(D) + θ2 Where: ΔG = the gain reduction in dB because of antenna misalignment θ = the antenna pointing accuracy in degrees F = operating frequency in MHz D = antenna diameter in meters

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

46

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AOCMembership_HALFPG_EditorialAd.indd 1

1/4/11 1:42:42 PM

as soci ati on ne w s

The AOC Capitol Club announces the Joseph R. Pitts Electronic Warfare Scholarship Program to assist noncommissioned officers serving in the US armed forces in pursuing postsecondary education degrees to advance their military and career direction in fields related to electronic warfare. The scholarship is named after Joseph R. Pitts in recognition of his military service, career as an educator and public official, and his lifetime support of the electronic warfare discipline. The $2500 scholarship will be awarded annually. The application deadline for the inaugural award is May 15, 2012. The awardee will be announced in June and the scholarship will be awarded through the selected student’s educational institution. For more information or to download an application, please visit the AOC Capitol Club website at www.aoccapitolclub.com.

The Tidewater Chapter of the Association of Old Crows will be holding a meeting on 11 May 2012 from at 3:30pm at the WBB Office located at 22 Enterprise Parkway, Suite 310, Hampton, VA. Plan to attend if you are a current AOC member or you are interested in re-connecting and networking with the Tidewater area’s community chartered to promote Electronic Warfare and Information Operations.  If you have questions contact Greg Kern at [email protected] in Hampton Roads or Glorianne O’Neilin at the AOC National HQ at [email protected]. The Tidewater Chapter will be conducting officer elections in the near future. If you are interested in running for President, Vice-President, Secretary, or Treasurer of the Tidewater Chapter or would like to assist with other areas please e-mail Greg Kern at [email protected].

JOIN THE AOC COMMUNITIES OF INTEREST The largest benefit of being an AOC member is the network of relationships that are built within the Spectrum Warfare community. These personal relationships can pave the way for professional development and lifelong friendships. They also can produce partnerships that lead to tremendous innovations and breakthroughs in advancing Spectrum Warfare. Now, we’re making these relationships easier. Our Communities of Interest (COI) are the newest feature for the AOC community to engage with like-minded individuals. They will allow you to connect and share ideas with folks that share similar interests within the broad scope of Electromagnetic Spectrum Warfare. Communities include: • AOC Open Forum • 48th Annual Convention • Convergence • RPA/UAV • Electronic Attack

• • • • •

Information Operations Collaborative EW Life Cycle Navigation Warfare Pacific Region ...Can’t find a community that you’re interested in? No problem! Ask us how to create a new community, and invite others to join!

The AOC is mobile! You can also access these COI’s via your smartphone. The mobile app is available for iOS, Android and BlackBerry. Visit www.crows.org or see eCrow for the link. This service is free to all AOC members! If you need any help accessing your login information, please contact Glorianne O’Neilin at [email protected]. For any questions that you may have about the Communities of Interest, contact Tony Ramos ([email protected]). a

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

CAPITOL CLUB ANNOUNCES SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM

RECONNECT WITH THE TIDEWATER CROWS

47

AOC Industry and Institute/University Members SUSTAINING Agilent Technologies Applied Research Associates Inc. Argon ST BAE Systems The Boeing Company Chemring Group Plc DRS Defense Solutions Electronic Warfare Associates, Inc. Elettronica, SpA General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems ITT Exelis Northrop Grumman Corporation Raytheon Company Rockwell Collins Saab Electronic Defense Systems TASC Thales Communications Thales Aerospace Division

INSTITUTE/UNIVERSITY Georgia Tech Research Institute Mercer Engineering Research Center MIT Lincoln Laboratory National EW Research and Simulation Center

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

48

GROUP 453 EWS/EDW Research AAI Corporation Advanced Concepts Advanced Reconnaissance Corp Advanced Testing Technologies Aeronix Aethercomm, Inc. Air Scan Inc. Akon, Inc. Alion Science and Technology Alpha Design Technologies Pvt. Ltd. American Systems AMPEX Data Systems Amplifier Technology Limited Anaren Microwave, Inc. Anatech Electronics Annapolis Micro Systems, Inc. Anritsu ApisSys SAS Applied Signal Technology ARIEL Group, Inc. ARINC Engineering Services Aselsan A.S. ATK Defense Electronic Systems Atkinson Aeronautics & Technology, Inc. Avalon Electronics, Inc. Azure Summit Technologies, Inc. Battlespace Simulations, Inc. Bharat Electronics Ltd. Blackhawk Management Corporation Blue Ridge Envisioneering, Inc.

CACI International CAE CAP Wireless, Inc. Clausewitz Technology ClearanceJobs.com Cobham DES M/A-Com Cobham Sensor Systsems Communications Audit UK Ltd. Comtech PST Concord Components Inc. CPI Crane Aerospace & Electronics Group CSIR CSP Associates Cubic Defense Applications Inc. Curtiss-Wright Controls Embedded Computing CyberVillage Networkers Inc. dB Control Defence R&D Canada Defense Research Associates Inc. Delta Microwave DHPC Technologies, Inc. Dynetics, Inc. e2v Aerospace and Defense, Inc. EADS Deutschland GmbH, Defense Electronics EADS North America Elbit Systems and EW - Elisra Elbit Systems of America Elcom Technologies, Inc. Electro-Metrics ELTA Systems Ltd EM Research Inc. EMCORE Empower RF Systems EMS Technologies Inc. Eonic B.V. ESL Defence Limited ESROE Limited Esterline Defense Group ET Industries ETM Electromatic Inc. EW Simulation Technology Ltd EWA-Australia Pty Ltd. GBL Systems Gigatronics Inc. Hittite Microwave Honeywell International Hutchins & Associates, Inc. Impact Science & Technology Information Warfare Technologies Inc. Innovationszentrum Fur Telekommunikation -stechnik GmbH (IZT) Integrated Microwave Technologies, LLC ISPAS as ITCN, Inc. iVeia, LLC Jabil Circuit

JB Management, Inc. JP Morgan Chase JT3, LLC Keragis Corporation KMIC Technology KOR Electronics, Inc. L-3 Communications L-3 Communications-Applied Signal & Image Technology L-3 Communications Cincinnati Electronics LNX Corporation Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin Aculight Corporation Logos Microwave Longmont Machining Lorch Microwave LS telcom AG MacAulay-Brown MANTECH Security Technologies Corp MASS Consultants MC Countermeasures, Inc. MegaPhase Mercury Computer Systems Micro-Coax, Inc. Microsemi Corporation MiKES Microwave Electronic Systems Inc. Miles Industrial Electronics Ltd. Milso AB MITEQ, Inc. The MITRE Corporation MRSL Real-Time Systems Laboratory, Inc. Multiconsult Srl My-konsult New World Solutions, Inc. Nova Defence Nurad Technologies, Inc Optocon USA, Division of Impulse Orion International Technologies Overlook Systems Technology Overwatch Systems Ltd. Parker Aerospace (SprayCool) Peralex Phoenix International Systems, Inc. Planar Monolithics Industries PLATH, GmbH Protium Technologies, Inc. QUALCOMM Queued Solutions, L.L.C. Rafael-Electronic Systems Div. Research Associates of Syracuse, Inc. RFHIC USA, LLC Rising Edge Technologies Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Rohde & Schwarz Norge AS Rotating Precision Mechanisms, Inc.

RUAG Sat Corporation Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) Scientific Research Corporation SELEX Galileo Inc. The Shephard Group Siemens IT Solutions and Services Sierra Nevada Corporation Sivers IMA AB SOURIAU PA&E Southern Marketing Associates, Inc. SpecPro-Inc. Spectrum Signal Processing by Vecima SRC, Inc. SRCTec, Inc. SRI International Strategic Influence Alternatives, Inc. Subsidium Sunshine Aero Industries SURVICE Engineering Co. Symetrics Industries, LLC Sypris Data Systems Systematic Software Engineering SystemWare Inc. Tactical Technologies Inc. Tadiran Electronic Systems Ltd. TASC TCI International Tech Resources, Inc. Technical Information Products & Services LLC (TIPS) Technology Management Consultants TECOM Industries Tektronix, Inc. Tektronix Component Solutions Teledyne Technologies Teleplan AS Teligy TERASYS Technologies, LLC TERMA A/S Thales Components Corp. Thales Defense & Homeland Security Times Microwave Systems TINEX AS TMD Technologies TRAK Microwave TriaSys Technologies Corp. Tri Star Engineering TRU Corporation Ultra Electronics Avalon Systems Ultra Electronics Telemus ViaSat, Inc. – RF Signal Environment Generation Division VMR Electronics LLC Wavepoint Research, Inc. Werlatone Inc. Wideband Systems, Inc. ZETA Associates Zodiac Data Systems

Index

of ad ve r tise r s

JED, The Journal of Electronic Defense (ISSN 0192-429X), is published monthly by Naylor, LLC, for the Association of Old Crows, 1000 N. Payne St., Ste. 200, Alexandria, VA 22314-1652.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to JED, The Journal of Electronic Defense, c/o Association of Old Crows, 1000 N. Payne St., Ste. 300, Alexandria, VA 22314-1652. Subscription Information: Glorianne O’Neilin (703) 549-1600 [email protected]

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

Periodicals postage paid at Alexandria, VA, and additional mailing offices. Subscriptions: JED, The Journal of Electronic Defense, is sent to AOC members and subscribers only. Subscription rates for paid subscribers are $160 per year in the US, $240 per year elsewhere; single copies and back issues (if available) $12 each in the US; $25 elsewhere.

AAI Corporation .............................................www.aaicorp.com............................... inside back cover Agilent Technologies Inc. ..............................www.agilent.com .......................................................9 BAE Systems ...................................................www.baesystems.com ................... inside front cover, 50 Comtech PST Corp. .........................................www.comtechpst.com............................................... 31 DRS Defense Solutions ...................................www.drs-ds.com .............................. outside back cover Emhiser Research ..........................................www.emhiser.com .................................................... 10 Empower RF Systems, Inc. .............................www.empowerrf.com ................................................ 13 EW Simulation Technology LTD .....................www.ewst.co.uk.........................................................5 Grintek Ewation .............................................www.gew.co.za ........................................................ 19 Hawker Beechcraft Corporation ....................www.hawkerbeechcraft.com ..................................... 35 Herley-CTI ......................................................www.herley.com ...................................................... 14 IMS 2012 .........................................................www.mpassociates.com ............................................ 30 Keragis Corporation .......................................www.keragis.com ..................................................7, 17 KOR Electronics ..............................................www.korelectronics.com.............................................3 MegaPhase......................................................www.megaphase.com .................................................8 Mercury Computer Systems, Inc. ...................www.mc.com ......................................................18, 33 MiKES Microwave Electronics Systems Inc. ... www.mikes.com.tr ..................................................... 16 OPHIR RF ........................................................www.ophirrf.com ..................................................... 41 Rohde & Schwarz ............................................www.rohde-schwarz.com .......................................... 11 ROHDE & SCHWARZ USA, Inc. ........................www.rohde-schwarz.com/usa ................................... 23 SRC, Inc. .........................................................www.srcinc.com ....................................................... 29 Ten-Tec Inc. ....................................................www.tentec.com ...................................................... 16 URS Corp ........................................................www.urscorp.com..................................................... 21 X-COM Systems ...............................................www.xcomsystems.com ............................................ 20

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JED

quick look

Details

Page #

Krytar, eight-way power dividers........................................................43

AFRL, BAA for GaN on SiC Advanced EW Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Production Capability Project .................21

MacAulay Brown, AFRL contract for electro-optic research .................. 20

AOC, Communities of Interest .............................................................47 BAE Systems, SOCOM contract for EW family of systems ...................... 20 Bob Tavares, named president, Electronics Group, Crane Aerospace ...... 20 Bosnia and Kosovo, changing threat tactics of the 1990s .....................31 Capitol Club, Joseph R. Pitts Scholarship Program ................................47 China, S-300 deployments ..................................................................33 Communications Electronic Attack Surveillance and Reconnaissance (CEASAR) pod ................................................41

Mercury Computer, mixed signal modules ............................................43 MiKES, digital signal processing card ..................................................43 Modern SAM threats ..........................................................................26 Northrop Grumman, LAIRCM contract .................................................19 North Korea, increased anti-aircraft missiles .......................................24 NSWC Crane, profile ...........................................................................39 PEO IEW&S, upcoming solicitation for manpack IED jammer..................15 Phased array devices .........................................................................26 Purdue University, defense research summit ...................................... 20

Counter-IED support ......................................................................... 40

Radio Frequency Mapping (RadioMap) program, BAA ...........................16

DARPA, BAA for congested EM domain solutions ..................................16

Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems, contract for High-Power Efficient RF Digital-to-Analog Converter (HiPERDAC) program.........19

Dave Jenkins, NSWC Crane ................................................................ 40 dB Control, TWT amplifier ..................................................................43

Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, ALR-67(V)3 contract ............... 20

DoN Large Aircraft IR Countermeasures (LAIRCM)............................... 42

Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, Next-Gen Jammer technology maturation contract................................................... 20

Double-digit threats ..........................................................................27 EA-6B Prowler support ...................................................................... 40

The Journal of Electronic Defense | April 2012

Page #

ADM Jonathan Greenert, congressional testimony .............................. 22

Alloy Surfaces, M211 contract ............................................................19

50

Details

Electronic Attack Test & Evaluation System (EATES) ............................41 Elettronica, jammer for MiG-29UPG .....................................................24 Erika White, NSWC Crane .................................................................. 42 EW advocacy .....................................................................................12 EW and EMS in congressional testimony ............................................. 22 EW Europe preview ........................................................................... 36 EW, writing new DOD policy ................................................................ 6 GAO report, counterfeit electronic parts ............................................ 22 Gen Norton Schwartz, congressional testimony .................................. 22

Rheinmetall, defense reorganization ..................................................24 Rhode & Schwarz, spectrum and signal analyzer..................................43 Russia, military modernization .........................................................24 Russia, S-400 deployment ..................................................................33 S-300 proliferation ............................................................................32 SA-19 Grison .....................................................................................35 SA-22 Greyhound...............................................................................35 Saab, EW for Malyasian Su-30MKM ......................................................24 SAM threats, post-Cold War ............................................................... 30 Sidelobes in ground defense systems ..................................................26

Henry Bourne, named senior director of engineering, ITT Exelis .......... 20

Spectrum Warfare Systems Department, NSWC Crane ...........................39

India, increase in defense budget .......................................................24

Spectrum warfare, part 12 ................................................................ 44

Individual Counter-RCIED EW (iCREW) program....................................15

Stacey Skinner, NSWC Crane ...............................................................39

Irkut, new Su-30SM aircraft for Russia ................................................24

Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) ..........................................26

ITT Exelis, ALQ-214(V)4/5 contract .....................................................19

Ted Smock, NSWC Crane .....................................................................41

ITT Exelis, protest of CIRCM contracts .................................................19

Tidewater Chapter, upcoming event and elections................................47

Janna Foxx, NSWC Crane ....................................................................39

Tim Vance, NSWC Crane ..................................................................... 40

JSC Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG, new MiG-29s for Russian Navy ....24

Tom Dalheim, NSWC Crane ..................................................................41

KOR, digital RF memories (DRFMs) ......................................................21

US Army, manpack IED jammer...........................................................15

Kratos, Herley contract for US Navy transmitters .................................19

Wireless and Large Scale Distributed Operations (WALDO) system .........16

Kratos, Herley CTI components contract ..............................................19

Xilinx, FPGA co-processor card ...........................................................43

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